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Phytochemical Analyses of Bioactive Compounds in the Roots of Cassia Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 2009 Phytochemical Analyses of Bioactive Compounds in the Roots of Cassia Alata Linn and the Anti- Angiogenic Evaluation of Rhein as a Therapeutic Agent against Breast Cancer Cells Vivian Esther Fernand Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations Part of the Chemistry Commons Recommended Citation Fernand, Vivian Esther, "Phytochemical Analyses of Bioactive Compounds in the Roots of Cassia Alata Linn and the Anti-Angiogenic Evaluation of Rhein as a Therapeutic Agent against Breast Cancer Cells" (2009). LSU Doctoral Dissertations. 2412. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/2412 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please [email protected]. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN THE ROOTS OF CASSIA ALATA LINN AND THE ANTI-ANGIOGENIC EVALUATION OF RHEIN AS A THERAPEUTIC AGENT AGAINST BREAST CANCER CELLS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Chemistry by Vivian Esther Fernand B.S. University of Suriname, 1998 M.S. Louisiana State University, 2003 May, 2009 DEDICATIO To my LORD and Savior, the Lover of my soul: Jesus Christ LORD GOD Almighty, all throughout my life and education, as I went through the valleys and hills, You have been always there for me. In the course of my studies, You lovingly strengthened and patiently carried me in Your arms, while gently comforting me and instilling your principles in me, as well as building my character. You gave me bountiful grace and mercy to run my challenging educational race with wisdom, perseverance, diligence, and endurance. Thank You for Your grace and mercy upon my life and for lifting my head up, especially during tough times. You have been Faithful! To my dear parents: Rudi Fernand and Elize Fernand-Buyne Dad and Mom, your parenting, immense love, constant prayers, encouragement, and support guided me on my path toward accomplishing my educational goal. You are and have been a tremendous blessing from the Lord. Thank you for patiently and lovingly caring for me. To my loving siblings: Andrea Jubithana-Fernand, Earl Fernand, and Mavis Fernand Your love, understanding, prayers, and support were an enormous motivation for me along my educational pathway. Thank you for cheering me on through this challenging journey. To my spiritual family: In the United States of America, Suriname, and the etherlands Your uplifting prayers, love, advice, and encouragement kept me moving towards this finish line, and revealed God’s purpose for my life in a unique way. You have been like parents and siblings to me. Thank you for reminding me constantly of how faith works and how to make it a part of my life, especially when it storms. The LORD GOD is my strength; He will make my feet like deer’s feet, And He will make me walk on my high hills. Habakkuk 3:19 (KJV) ii ACKOWLEDGEMETS The Omnipotent God and Creator of the Universe , for giving me the strength, wisdom, and knowledge to pursue my doctoral studies. Lord Jesus, I praise you for who you are and I am grateful to you for all you have done for me. I never could have made it without your loving kindness and faithfulness. To God be the glory for all He has done! My father and mother: Rudi and Elize Fernand, for your love, constant prayers, and support that brought me to this milestone in life. Thank you for everything you have done for me and for encouraging me throughout my education. May the Lord bless you! Prof. Isiah M. Warner, for your professional and financial support, and confidence in me. It is no doubt that your excellent mentorship stirred up the scientific gifts within me. Thank you for recognizing my capabilities and for believing in me from the start. I am very grateful to you. Prof. Jack . Losso, for introducing me to angiogenesis disease-related research. Thank you for your professional advice, guidance, support, and helpful discussions. Your scientific contribution to my research has been tremendous. Prof. Doug Gilman, Prof. Jayne Garno, and Prof. Meredith Blackwell, for your support, time, and helpful comments over the years. Prof. Stanley Carpenter, Prof. iels de Hoop, Dr. Lydia Ori, and Dr. Rick van Ravenswaay, for your contribution to my graduate studies, support, and encouragement. Ms. Diann Fenn, for your tremendous care, love, constant prayers, encouragement, support, and advice. Thank you for being my spiritual mother and “helping a sister out”! My siblings: Andrea Jubithana-Fernand and family, Earl Fernand, and Mavis Fernand, for your love, support, encouragement, and prayers. May God bless you! My aunt: Hillegonda Fernand-Kyler, for your love, support, and prayers. I thank God for you! iii Dr. Sayo Fakayode, for your helpful advice and contribution to my research. Thank you for taking the time to provide honest feedback so that I could become a better scientist. Post Doctoral Researchers: Dr. Mark Lowry, Dr. Kristin Fletcher, Dr. Xiaodong Huang, Dr. Min Li, and Dr. Santosh Challa, for your intelligence, talents, and expertise. Undergraduate Students: David Dinh, Karlie Plaissance, Abiodun Ishola, and Emily Villar, for all your tremendous help towards the successful completion of my studies. Thank you for your dedication and spending lots of hours in the lab. You are the best! Dr. Robert Truax, for diligently setting-up all cell culture studies. It did not matter how many times I needed to repeat an experiment. Thank you! Samuel Washington, Ph.D, for transferring your outstanding knowledge of HPLC and MS to me. Thank you for your time, helpful discussions, and assistance in LC-MS studies. Gerald Richard and Rosaly Manaois , for your excellent talent, time, and friendship. Monica Sylvain, Dominique Sams, J.D., and Denise Linton, .P., for your friendship, prayers, and meticulously reading of my dissertation. Administrative assistants: Carla Garic and Elmonia Collins, for all your administrative help and proofreading of my dissertation. Both of you are always ready to help. You are a blessing! Aaron Tesfai and David Bwambok, for your friendship and support. Thank you for being my “brothers” during graduate school. Warner Research Group, for your support, friendship, and professional development. All My Friends, for your prayers, encouragement, concern, and time we spent together. iv TABLE OF COTETS Page DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………………….. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………….. iii LIST OF TABLES …………………………………………………………………………... viii LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………….. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………….. xiv TERMINOLOGY …………………………………………………………………………… xviii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………………. xx CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………. 1 Part I Natural Products in Drug Discovery ………………………………………… 1 1.1 Importance of Natural Products …………………………………………. 1 1.2 Medicinal Plants in Drug Discovery …………………………………….. 4 1.2.1 Principles of Secondary Metabolites ………………………………. 5 1.2.2 Secondary Metabolites as Antineoplastics ………………………… 7 1.2.3 Selection Criteria for Investigation of Plants ……………………… 9 1.3 Cassia alata L. …………………………………………………………... 10 1.3.1 Description and Ethnobotanical Use………………………………. 10 1.3.2 Pharmacological and Phytochemical Investigations ……………… 12 1.4 Physiology of Quinones …………..…………………………………….. 12 1.4.1 Biosynthesis and Occurrence ……………………………………... 12 1.4.2 Chemical Structure and Classification ……………………………. 14 Part II Background on Cancer ……………………………………………………… 16 1.5 Characteristics of Cancer Cells …………………………………………. 16 1.6 Breast Cancer …………………………………………………………… 19 1.6.1 Incidence and Risk Factors ……………………………………….. 19 1.6.2 History and Pathologic Types …………………………………….. 20 1.7 Role of Angiogenesis in Cancer ………………………………………… 22 1.7.1 Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis ……………………. 22 1.7.2 Hypoxia Tumor Angiogenesis ……………………………………. 25 1.7.3 Angiogenesis and Breast Cancer …………………………………. 30 1.8 Inhibition of Tumor Angiogenesis ……………………………………… 31 1.8.1 Angiogenesis as Therapeutic Target ……………………………… 31 1.8.2 HIF-1α and NF-κB as Therapeutic Target ………………………... 33 1.8.3 Natural Compounds as Antiangiogenic Agents against Cancer ….. 34 1.9 Scope of Dissertation ………………………………………………….... 36 1.10 References ……………………………………………………………... 37 CHAPTER 2 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES USED IN THIS STUDY ………………….. 50 2.1 Chromatographic Methods ……………………………………………………… 50 v 2.1.1 History, Description, and Classification …………………………………… 50 2.1.2 Fundamental Theory and Terminology …………………………………..... 53 2.1.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography ……………………………….. 60 2.1.4 Thin Layer Chromatography ……………………………………………..... 67 2.2 Mass Spectrometry ……………………………………………………………..... 69 2.3 Spectrochemical Methods ……………………………………………………….. 74 2.3.1 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy ………………………………………….. 75 2.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy ……………………………………………………... 77 2.3.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ……………………………..... 79 2.4 Bio-analytical Methods …….…………………………………………………..... 83 2.4.1 In Vitro Angiogenesis Assays ……………………………………………... 83 2.4.2 Enzyme-Linked
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