DOCSLIB.ORG

Human Exploration of Phobos Andrew F

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Human Exploration of Phobos Andrew F Human Exploration of Phobos Andrew F. J. Abercromby Michael L. Gernhardt Steven P. Chappell Wyle Science, Technology and National Aeronautics and Wyle Science, Technology and Engineering Group Space Administration Engineering Group Wyle/HAC/37C 2101 NASA Parkway Wyle/HAC/37C 2101 NASA Parkway Houston, TX 77058 2101 NASA Parkway Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] [email protected] David E. Lee A. Scott Howe National Aeronautics and Jet Propulsion Laboratory Space Administration 4800 Oak Grove Dr. 2101 NASA Parkway Pasadena, CA 91109 Houston, TX 77058 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—This study developed, analyzed, and compared system) and as an EVA platform, both on Phobos and for mission architectures for human exploration of Mars’ moons contingency EVA on the Mars transit habitat. within the context of an Evolvable Mars Campaign. CONCLUSIONS: Human exploration of Phobos offers a METHODS: All trades assumed conjunction class missions to scientifically meaningful first step towards human Mars Phobos (approximately 500 days in Mars system) as it was surface missions that develops and validates transportation, considered the driving case for the transportation architecture. habitation, and exploration systems and operations in advance All architectures assumed that the Mars transit habitat would of the Mars landing systems. remain in a high-Mars orbit (HMO) with crewmembers transferring between HMO and Phobos in a small crew taxi TABLE OF CONTENTS vehicle. A reference science/exploration program was developed including performance of a standard set of tasks at 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................. 1 55 locations on the Phobos surface. Detailed EVA timelines 2. PHOBOS MISSION ARCHITECTURE CASES AND were developed using realistic flight rules to accomplish the reference science tasks using exploration systems ranging from ASSUMPTIONS................................................... 2 jetpacks to multi-person pressurized excursion vehicles 3. EXPLORATION SYSTEMS CONCEPTUAL combined with Phobos surface and orbital (L1, L4/L5, 20 km DEVELOPMENT AND DOWN-SELECT................ 3 distant-retrograde-orbit [DRO]) habitat options. Detailed models of propellant mass, crew time, science productivity, 4. REFERENCE SCIENCE / EXPLORATION radiation exposure, systems and consumables masses, and REGIONS, SITES, AND TASKS ........................... 8 other figures of merit were integrated to enable quantitative 5. PHOBOS SURFACE TRANSLATIONS .................. 9 comparison of different architectural options. Options for prestaging assets using solar electric propulsion versus 6. EVA TIMELINES ............................................. 10 delivering all systems with the crew were also evaluated. Seven 7. COMPARISON OF MISSION ARCHITECTURES . 11 discrete mission architectures were evaluated. RESULTS: The 8. CONCLUSIONS ................................................. 14 driving consideration for habitat location (Phobos surface versus orbital) was radiation exposure, with an estimated REFERENCES ....................................................... 15 reduction in cumulative mission radiation exposure of up to BIOGRAPHY ........................................................ 17 34% (versus a Mars orbital mission) when the habitat is located on the Phobos surface, compared with only 3% to 6% reduction for a habitat in a 20-km DRO. The exploration 1. INTRODUCTION utility of lightweight unpressurized excursion vehicles was limited by the need to remain within 20 minutes of solar Human exploration missions to the moons of Mars have particle event radiation protection combined with complex been proposed as an intermediate step for eventual Mars guidance, navigation, and control systems required by the surface missions [2, 3]. As explained by Korsmeyer et al. nonintuitive and highly-variable gravitational environment. [4], human missions to Mars’ moons would result in the Two-person pressurized excursion vehicles as well as mobile development and operation of new technologies, systems, surface habitats offer significant exploration capability and operational benefits compared with unpressurized and ops concepts, many of which will be required for extravehicular activity (EVA) mobility systems at the cost of eventual Mars surface missions, without the added increased system and propellant mass. Mechanical surface complexity and risk associated with Mars descent, ascent, translation modes (ie, hopping) were modeled and offered and long-duration surface systems and operations. The potentially significant propellant savings and the possibility of opportunity to perform low-latency teleoperation (LLT) of extended exploration operations between crewed missions. robotic Mars surface systems could provide significant Options for extending the use of the crew taxi vehicle were benefits not only for scientific exploration purposes, but examined, including use as an exploration asset for Phobos also in the scouting and preparation of landing sites in surface exploration (when combined with an alternate mobility U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright 1 advance of human surface missions [4, 5]. The manufacture, selected for use within the seven overall mission transportation, and transfer of propellant, oxygen (O2), architectures. The representative regions of scientific and/or other products produced via in-situ resource interest, subsites, and standard set of scientific exploration utilization (ISRU) on the Mars surface could significantly tasks used in this study are described in Section 4. Section 5 decrease the mass that must be landed to support human describes analysis of Phobos surface translation techniques surface missions; however, these tasks are complex, mission and Delta-V requirements that were incorporated into an critical, and in some cases must be performed before any integrated model along with crew time and consumables human landings have occurred. The capability to perform estimates from detailed EVA timelines, which are described low-latency teleoperations in support of ISRU could in Section 6. Results of the quantitative comparison of mitigate some of the associated risks and decrease the level mission architectures are presented and discussed in Section of autonomy required of the ISRU systems [5]. Although 7 along with a qualitative assessment of the potential for Phobos and Deimos differ significantly from each other commonality and evolvability of the Phobos mission with respect to the latitudes, duration, and frequency with architecture elements within the EMC. Conclusions are in which line-of-sight to Mars is achievable, both moons offer Section 8. frequent and operationally useful periods of time and latitudes within which low-latency teleoperations of Mars 2. PHOBOS MISSION ARCHITECTURE CASES AND surface assets could be performed [6]. Selection of specific ASSUMPTIONS landing sites on each moon and/or use of communication relays would further increase teleoperations capabilities. This paper describes the results of a single phase of study of Low-latency teleoperations may also include collection and Mars mission architectural options within the EMC launch of Mars samples into Mars orbit for retrieval and framework. All trades assumed conjunction class missions return as part of a human mission to Mars’ moons. to Phobos (330 to 550 days in Mars system) as it was considered the driving case for the transportation The aforementioned benefits of a human mission to Mars’ architecture. The HAT is undertaking more detailed analysis moons can also be said of human Mars orbital missions or of Phobos and Deimos mission architectures at the time of even, to a lesser extent, a Mars fly-by mission [4]. Indeed, writing. Ongoing work also includes analysis of human for the purposes of this study, it is assumed that assisted sample return options and development and testing crewmembers are first transported in a Mars transit vehicle of LLT systems and ops concepts. (MTV) on a conjunction class trajectory and inserted into a one-sol high-Mars orbit (HMO) where the MTV would Mission Architecture Cases remain until the Earth-return transit is initiated. The primary benefits of then sending crewmembers from HMO to Seven mission architecture cases are summarized in this Phobos or Deimos in a smaller crew-taxi spacecraft are that section and shown in Table 1. Detailed explanations of the 1) meaningful scientific exploration of Mars’ moons can /be exploration systems and down-select process that resulted in performed by humans [4, 7] and 2) the radiation dose to the seven mission architectures are provided in Section 3. which crewmembers are exposed may be significantly reduced compared with HMO because of the shielding Table 1 – Mission Architecture Cases A-G. PEV is the effect of the moons [6]. pressurized excursion vehicle, described below and in Section 3. This paper describes a study to systematically develop, analyze, and compare several different human Phobos mission architectures within the context of the Evolvable Mars Campaign (EMC) [8] being developed by NASA’s Human Spaceflight Architecture Team (HAT). Specifically, architectures were evaluated that incorporated different crew sizes, mission durations, crew taxi concepts, habitat concepts and locations, and EVA mobility systems. Figures of merit focused on radiation dose, scientific exploration productivity, and mass estimates of systems, propellant, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution Alex Soumbatov-Gur
    Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution Alex Soumbatov-Gur To cite this version: Alex Soumbatov-Gur. Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution. [Research Report] Karpov institute of physical chemistry. 2019. hal-02147461 HAL Id: hal-02147461 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02147461 Submitted on 4 Jun 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Phobos, Deimos: Formation and Evolution Alex Soumbatov-Gur The moons are confirmed to be ejected parts of Mars’ crust. After explosive throwing out as cone-like rocks they plastically evolved with density decays and materials transformations. Their expansion evolutions were accompanied by global ruptures and small scale rock ejections with concurrent crater formations. The scenario reconciles orbital and physical parameters of the moons. It coherently explains dozens of their properties including spectra, appearances, size differences, crater locations, fracture symmetries, orbits, evolution trends, geologic activity, Phobos’ grooves, mechanism of their origin, etc. The ejective approach is also discussed in the context of observational data on near-Earth asteroids, main belt asteroids Steins, Vesta, and Mars. The approach incorporates known fission mechanism of formation of miniature asteroids, logically accounts for its outliers, and naturally explains formations of small celestial bodies of various sizes.
    [Show full text]
  • An Impacting Descent Probe for Europa and the Other Galilean Moons of Jupiter
    An Impacting Descent Probe for Europa and the other Galilean Moons of Jupiter P. Wurz1,*, D. Lasi1, N. Thomas1, D. Piazza1, A. Galli1, M. Jutzi1, S. Barabash2, M. Wieser2, W. Magnes3, H. Lammer3, U. Auster4, L.I. Gurvits5,6, and W. Hajdas7 1) Physikalisches Institut, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, 2) Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden, 3) Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria, 4) Institut f. Geophysik u. Extraterrestrische Physik, Technische Universität, Braunschweig, Germany, 5) Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Dwingelo, The Netherlands, 6) Department of Astrodynamics and Space Missions, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands 7) Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland. *) Corresponding author, [email protected], Tel.: +41 31 631 44 26, FAX: +41 31 631 44 05 1 Abstract We present a study of an impacting descent probe that increases the science return of spacecraft orbiting or passing an atmosphere-less planetary bodies of the solar system, such as the Galilean moons of Jupiter. The descent probe is a carry-on small spacecraft (< 100 kg), to be deployed by the mother spacecraft, that brings itself onto a collisional trajectory with the targeted planetary body in a simple manner. A possible science payload includes instruments for surface imaging, characterisation of the neutral exosphere, and magnetic field and plasma measurement near the target body down to very low-altitudes (~1 km), during the probe’s fast (~km/s) descent to the surface until impact. The science goals and the concept of operation are discussed with particular reference to Europa, including options for flying through water plumes and after-impact retrieval of very-low altitude science data.
    [Show full text]
  • Marathon 2,500 Years Edited by Christopher Carey & Michael Edwards
    MARATHON 2,500 YEARS EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS BULLETIN OF THE INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SUPPLEMENT 124 DIRECTOR & GENERAL EDITOR: JOHN NORTH DIRECTOR OF PUBLICATIONS: RICHARD SIMPSON MARATHON – 2,500 YEARS PROCEEDINGS OF THE MARATHON CONFERENCE 2010 EDITED BY CHRISTOPHER CAREY & MICHAEL EDWARDS INSTITUTE OF CLASSICAL STUDIES SCHOOL OF ADVANCED STUDY UNIVERSITY OF LONDON 2013 The cover image shows Persian warriors at Ishtar Gate, from before the fourth century BC. Pergamon Museum/Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin. Photo Mohammed Shamma (2003). Used under CC‐BY terms. All rights reserved. This PDF edition published in 2019 First published in print in 2013 This book is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. More information regarding CC licenses is available at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ Available to download free at http://www.humanities-digital-library.org ISBN: 978-1-905670-81-9 (2019 PDF edition) DOI: 10.14296/1019.9781905670819 ISBN: 978-1-905670-52-9 (2013 paperback edition) ©2013 Institute of Classical Studies, University of London The right of contributors to be identified as the authors of the work published here has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Designed and typeset at the Institute of Classical Studies TABLE OF CONTENTS Introductory note 1 P. J. Rhodes The battle of Marathon and modern scholarship 3 Christopher Pelling Herodotus’ Marathon 23 Peter Krentz Marathon and the development of the exclusive hoplite phalanx 35 Andrej Petrovic The battle of Marathon in pre-Herodotean sources: on Marathon verse-inscriptions (IG I3 503/504; Seg Lvi 430) 45 V.
    [Show full text]
  • Mars, Phobos, and Deimos Sample Return Enabled by ARRM Alternative Trade Study Spacecraft
    Mars, Phobos, and Deimos Sample Return Enabled by ARRM Alternative Trade Study Spacecraft Jacob A. Englander,∗ Matthew A. Vavrina,† Bo Naasz ,‡ Raymond G. Merill,MinQu§ ¶ The Asteroid Robotic Redirect Mission (ARRM) has been the topic of many mission design studies since 2011.1 The reference ARRM spacecraft uses a powerful solar electric propulsion (SEP) system and a bag device to capture a small asteroid from an Earth-like orbit and redirect it to a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) around the moon. The ARRM Option B spacecraft uses the same propulsion system and multi-Degree of Freedom (DoF) manipulators device to retrieve a very large sample (thousands of kilograms) from a 100+ meter diameter farther-away Near Earth Asteroid (NEA). This study will demonstrate that the ARRM Option B spacecraft design can also be used to return samples from Mars and its moons - either by acquiring a large rock from the surface of Phobos or Deimos, and/or by rendezvousing with a sample-return spacecraft launched from the surface of Mars. I. Introduction The Asteroid Robotic Redirect Mission (ARRM) Option A concept, first introduced in 2011,1 is a mission design to capture and return a small near-Earth asteroid (NEA) to cislunar space. The ARRM Option B concept is a similar spacecraft, but designed to return a very large sample from a more difficult to reach NEA.2 In this work we show that the spacecraft designed for ARRM Option B is also well-suited to sample return from Mars and its moons. This work presents low-thrust interplanetary trajectories from cislunar space to Mars and back, including descent from the Martian sphere of influence (SOI) to the desired orbit altitude and ascent to the SOI after the sample retrieval is complete.
    [Show full text]
  • Deimos and Phobos As Destinations for Human Exploration
    Deimos and Phobos as Destinations for Human Exploration Josh Hopkins Space Exploration Architect Lockheed Martin Caltech Space Challenge March 2013 © 2013 Lockheed Martin Corporation. All Rights Reserved 1 Topics • Related Lockheed Martin mission studies • Orbital mechanics vs solar cycles • Relevant characteristics of Phobos and Deimos • Locations to land • Considerations for designing your mission • Suggested trades 2 Stepping Stones Stepping Stones is a series of exploration 2023 missions building incrementally towards Deimos Scout the long term goal of exploring Mars. Each mission addresses science objectives relating to the formation of the solar 2031-2035 system and the origins of life. Red Rocks: explore Mars from Deimos 2024, 2025, 2029 2017 Plymouth Rock: Humans explore asteroids like Asteroid scout 1999 AO10 and 2000 SG344 2018-2023 Fastnet: Explore the Moon’s far side from Earth-Moon L2 region 2016 Asteroid survey 2017 SLS test flight 2013-2020 Human systems tests on ISS Lockheed Martin Notional Concept Dates subject to change 3 Deimos photo courtesy of NASA-JPL, University of Arizona Summary • A human mission to one of the two moons of Mars would be an easier precursor to a mission to land on Mars itself. • Astronauts would explore the moon in person and teleoperate rovers on the surface of Mars with minimal lag time, with the goal of returning samples to Earth. • “Red Rocks” mission to land on a Martian moon would follow “Plymouth Rock” missions to a Near Earth Asteroid. • Comparison of Deimos and Phobos revealed Deimos is the preferred destination for this mission. • We identified specific areas on Deimos and Phobos as optimal landing sites for an early mission focused on teleoperation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Moon (~1700Km) an Asteroid (~50Km)
    1) inventory Solar System 2) spin/orbit/shape 3) heated by the Sun overview 4) how do we fnd out Inventory 1 star (99.9% of M) 8 planets (99.9% of L) - Terrestrial: Mercury Venus Earth Mars - Giant: Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Lots of small bodies incl. dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Eris Maybe a 9th planet? Moons of Jupiter Inventory (cont'd) 4 Galilean satellites (Ganymede, Callisto, Io & Europa), 3 Many moons & rings ~10 km (close to Jupiter, likely primordial) Mercury: 0 Venus: 0 Earth: 1 (1700km) Mars: 2 (~10km) Jupiter: 69 + rings Saturn: 62 + rings Uranus: 27 + rings Neptune: 14 + rings 2001J3: 4km Even among dwarf planets, asteroids, Kuiper belt objects, and comets. E.g., Pluto: 5 Eris: 1 Moons of Mars: Deimos & Phobos, ~10km Atmosphere no thick thick little thick Inventory (cont'd) ~105 known small objects in the - Asteroid belt (Ceres ~300 km) - Kuiper belt (Eris, Pluto, Sedna, Quaoar, ~1000 km) Estimated: ~1012 comets in the - Oort cloud (~ 104 AU) Associated: - zodiacal dust (fre-works on the sky: comets & meteorites) What are planets? IAU (for solar system): Orbits Sun, massive enough to be round and to have cleared its neighbourhood. More general: 6 1) no nuclear fusion (not even deuterium): Tc < 10 K 2) pressure provided by electron degeneracy and/or Coulomb force (l ~ h/p ~ d) (d ~ atomic radius) 3) can be solid or gaseous (with solid cores) --- similar density Mass & Mean r M [g/cm3] R~M J Jupiter 1.0 1.33 R R~M1/3 Saturn 0.3 0.77 R~M-1/3 Neptune 0.05 1.67 Uranus 0.04 1.24 Earth 0.003 5.52 Venus 0.002 5.25 planets brown dwarfs stars Mars 0.0003 3.93 Mercury 0.0002 5.43 3 MJ 13 MJ 80 MJ M Orbits inclination: largely coplanar (history) direction: all the same eccentricity: a few percent (except for Mercury) Titus-Bode (ftting) law (1766) planetary orbits appear to (almost) satisfy a single relation 'Predict' the existence of the asteroid belt (1801: Ceres discovered) coincidence or something deeper? other systems? Computer simulations indicate that planets are as maximally packed as allowed by stability.
    [Show full text]
  • Phobos and Deimos CCD Observations,
    A&A 487, 755–758 (2008) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361:200809498 & c ESO 2008 Astrophysics Phobos and Deimos CCD observations, C. H. Veiga Observatório Nacional, Rua General José Cristino 77, Bairro Imperial de São Cristóvão Cep:20921-400 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Coordenação de Astronomia e Astrofísica e-mail: [email protected] Received 1 February 2008 / Accepted 14 May 2008 ABSTRACT Aims. This paper give positions of Martian satellites system from CCD observations obtained at the Cassegrain focus of a 1.6 m reflector for the years 1995 and 2003. Methods. These positions were reduced using the scale and orientation parameters, determined from star field positions of Uranus and Pluto systems’ observations that were made in the same night as Mars observations. Results. They are compared with the theoretically calculated positions from JPL Development planetary Ephemeris – DE405. The standard deviations of the residuals, observed minus calculated positions, right ascension and declination of Phobos and Deimos, respectively are σ = 0. 079 and σ = 0. 072. Key words. celestial mechanics – astrometry – ephemerides 1. Introduction of 11.8 and 12.9, respectively, while the magnitude of the planet is −1.5, for two years observations, 1995 and 2003. Due to the The modern observations of the main planets and their satel- great difference in magnitude between them, and their orbits to lites are accomplished by spacecraft missions. These observa- be very close to the planet, 8.178 and 17.750 km, correspond- tions are important because the spacecraft flybys allow us to see ing to the mean distance for 1995 and 2003 missions, the strong the planet’s physical characteristics in greater detail.
    [Show full text]
  • Nagy Commentary on Euripides, Herakles
    Informal Commentary on Euripides, Herakles by Gregory Nagy 97 The idea of returning from Hades implies a return from death 109f The mourning swan... Cf. the theme of the swansong. Cf. 692ff. 113 “The phantom of a dream”: cf. skias onar in Pindar Pythian 8. 131f “their father’s spirit flashing from their eyes”: beautiful rendition! 145f Herakles’ hoped-for return from Hades is equated with a return from death, with resurrection; see 297, where this theme becomes even more overt; also 427ff. 150 Herakles as the aristos man: not that he is regularly described in this drama as the best of all humans, not only of the “Greeks” (also at 183, 209). See also the note on 1306. 160 The description of the bow as “a coward’s weapon” is relevant to the Odysseus theme in the Odyssey 203 sôzein to sôma ‘save the body’... This expression seems traditional: if so, it may support the argument of some linguists that sôma ‘body’ is derived from sôzô ‘save’. By metonymy, the process of saving may extend to the organism that is destined to be saved. 270 The use of kleos in the wording of the chorus seems to refer to the name of Herakles; similarly in the wording of Megara at 288 and 290. Compare the notes on 1334 and 1369. 297 See at 145f above. Cf. the theme of Herakles’ wrestling with Thanatos in Euripides Alcestis. 342ff Note the god-hero antagonism as expressed by Amphitryon. His claim that he was superior to Zeus in aretê brings out the meaning of ‘striving’ in aretê (as a nomen actionis derived from arnumai; cf.
    [Show full text]
  • Hesiod Theogony.Pdf
    Hesiod (8th or 7th c. BC, composed in Greek) The Homeric epics, the Iliad and the Odyssey, are probably slightly earlier than Hesiod’s two surviving poems, the Works and Days and the Theogony. Yet in many ways Hesiod is the more important author for the study of Greek mythology. While Homer treats cer- tain aspects of the saga of the Trojan War, he makes no attempt at treating myth more generally. He often includes short digressions and tantalizes us with hints of a broader tra- dition, but much of this remains obscure. Hesiod, by contrast, sought in his Theogony to give a connected account of the creation of the universe. For the study of myth he is im- portant precisely because his is the oldest surviving attempt to treat systematically the mythical tradition from the first gods down to the great heroes. Also unlike the legendary Homer, Hesiod is for us an historical figure and a real per- sonality. His Works and Days contains a great deal of autobiographical information, in- cluding his birthplace (Ascra in Boiotia), where his father had come from (Cyme in Asia Minor), and the name of his brother (Perses), with whom he had a dispute that was the inspiration for composing the Works and Days. His exact date cannot be determined with precision, but there is general agreement that he lived in the 8th century or perhaps the early 7th century BC. His life, therefore, was approximately contemporaneous with the beginning of alphabetic writing in the Greek world. Although we do not know whether Hesiod himself employed this new invention in composing his poems, we can be certain that it was soon used to record and pass them on.
    [Show full text]
  • An Analysis of Heracles As a Tragic Hero in the Trachiniae and the Heracles
    The Suffering Heracles: An Analysis of Heracles as a Tragic Hero in The Trachiniae and the Heracles by Daniel Rom Thesis presented for the Master’s Degree in Ancient Cultures in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Annemaré Kotzé March 2016 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Declaration By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract This thesis is an examination of the portrayals of the Ancient Greek mythological hero Heracles in two fifth century BCE tragic plays: The Trachiniae by Sophocles, and the Heracles by Euripides. Based on existing research that was examined, this thesis echoes the claim made by several sources that there is a conceptual link between both these plays in terms of how they treat Heracles as a character on stage. Fundamentally, this claim is that these two plays portray Heracles as a suffering, tragic figure in a way that other theatre portrayals of him up until the fifth century BCE had failed to do in such a notable manner. This thesis links this claim with a another point raised in modern scholarship: specifically, that Heracles‟ character and development as a mythical hero in the Ancient Greek world had given him a distinct position as a demi-god, and this in turn affected how he was approached as a character on stage.
    [Show full text]
  • Greek Mythology and Medical and Psychiatric Terminology
    HISTORY OF PSYCHIATRY Greek mythology and medical and psychiatric terminology Loukas Athanasiadis A great number of terms in modern psychiatry, Narcissus gave his name to narcissism (ex medicine and related disciplines originate from treme self-love based on an idealised self-image). the Greek, including pathology, schizophrenia, He was a young man extremely proud of his ophthalmology, gynaecology, anatomy, pharma beauty and indifferent to the emotions of those cology, biology, hepatology, homeopathy, allo who fell in love with him. A goddess cursed him pathy and many others. There are also many to feel what it is to love and get nothing in return. terms that originate from figures from ancient He subsequently fell in love with his own image Greek mythology (or the Greek words related to when he saw his reflection in the water of a those figures) and I think that it might be fountain, and believed that this image belonged interesting to take a look at some of them. to a spirit. Every time he tried to embrace the Psyche means 'soul' in Greek and she gave her image it disappeared and appeared without names to terms like psychiatry (medicine of the saying a word. At the end the desperate soul), psychology, etc. Psyche was a mortal girl Narcissus died and was turned into a flower that with whom Eros ('love', he gave his name to still bears his name. erotomania, etc.) fell in love. Eros's mother Echo was a very attractive young nymph who Aphrodite had forbidden him to see mortal girls. always wanted to have the last word.
    [Show full text]
  • Solar System 3 Part Cards
    Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Venus is the hottest planet in our solar Mercury is the planet closest to the sun. The sun is a star. It is the closest star system. The thick clouds on Venus It is the smallest of all the big planets. to Earth. hold the heat in. During the day on Mercury it gets very The sun is very hot. Its warmth and The sun’s lights reflect off Venus’s hot and at night it is very cold. light keep plants and animals alive on clouds making it look like the brightest Earth. star in the night sky. It takes only 88 days for Mercury to go around the sun. The sun is about 93 million miles away Venus is the closest planet to Earth. from Earth. Most of Venus is covered in lava and The sun is at the center of our solar volcanos. system. The planets in our solar Venus spins clockwise, the opposite system travel around the sun. It takes direction to Earth. 1 year or 365 days for the Earth to go around the sun. Venus spins slower than Earth. Jupiter is the biggest planet in our solar Mars is the most like Earth of all the Most of the Earth is covered with system. planets. oceans. Jupiter has a huge storm that’s been Mars has huge volcanoes. Earth is the 5th largest planet. blowing for hundreds of years called Mars has two small, funny shaped Earth has 1 moon. the Great Red Spot. moons called Phobos and Deimos.
    [Show full text]