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Biological Removal of Chloroform in a Controlled Trickle Bed Air Biofilter Under Acidic Conditions

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Biological Removal of Chloroform in a Controlled Trickle Bed Air Biofilter Under Acidic Conditions Biological Removal of Chloroform in a Controlled Trickle Bed Air Biofilter under Acidic Conditions A thesis submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati In partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In the Department of Biomedical, Chemical and Environmental Engineering of the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences November 2016 By Keerthisaranya Palanisamy B. Tech. Energy and Environmental Engineering, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 2012 Thesis Committee Members Dr. George A. Sorial (Chair) Dr. Endalkachew Sahle-Demessie Dr. Soryong (Ryan) Chae Abstract This dissertation includes a detailed review on the application of two different biofiltration systems, 1. Classical biofilters and 2. Biotrickling filters, for the removal of various air pollutants. The biofiltration of volatile organic compounds, fuel emissions, biogas, off gases and malodorous gases are studied in detail. The removal mechanisms including aerobic and anaerobic processes involved in the breakdown of the gas phase contaminants within natural and synthetic biofiltration units are studied. This is followed by an experimental evaluation of the performance of a controlled trickle bed air biofilter (TBAB) for the removal of chloroform. Chloroform is a higher chlorinated methane and a highly volatile compound. It is directly emitted into the atmosphere through several industrial sources such as pharmaceutical, pulp and paper industries. It is also formed as a byproduct of chlorination disinfection in water and wastewater sources and subsequently volatilized into the atmosphere. Chloroform, also known as trichloromethane, contains three chlorine atoms making it very recalcitrant and stable in the environment. It is also a highly hydrophobic compound making it an extremely difficult candidate for biodegradation. In this study, this challenge is overcome by evaluating the biodegradation potential of chloroform in the presence of a cometabolite, ethanol, and using filamentous fungi as the principle biodegrading consortium within the TBAB. The TBAB receives chloroform and ethanol in its gas phase and enriching nutrients in a buffered liquid phase. Chloroform and Ethanol were supplied at different feed ratios including 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40 with ethanol concentrations ranging from 25 to 200 ppmv. A removal efficiency of 80.9% was observed 3 when treating 5 ppmv of chloroform with 200 ppmv of ethanol and an elimination capacity of 0.238 g/m .h was achieved. The study further extends to the determination of the removal kinetics for chloroform and quantifying the COD consumption and nitrogen utilization rates of filamentous fungi species. In addition, an extensive carbon mass balance is performed to identify the usage of carbon within the biofilter. ii The thesis is concluded by evaluating all points for improvement and drawing vital conclusions from the experimental research. Future recommendations for the enhanced treatment of chloroform in the trickle bed air biofilter are also highlighted. iii iv Acknowledgment I am extremely grateful for the opportunity of pursuing my Master’s research under the guidance of Dr. George A. Sorial. I extend by deepest appreciation and many thanks to Dr. Sorial for taking me in as part of his research team and offering me the much needed guidance and support. I would also like to thank Dr. Endalkachew Sahle - Demessie, Mr. Bineyam Mezgebe and Mr. Dhawal Chheda for having helped me during many phases of my research and for their invaluable inputs. I am thankful to Dr. Soryong Chae for his time and for his constructive feedback. I would like to mention, that my Master’s would not have been possible without my family and friends. I would like to show my utmost gratitude to my friends for their encouragement and moral support. Last but not the least, I wish to mention that my parents and my brother were instrumental for the completion of my Master’s program at the University of Cincinnati and would like to sincerely thank them for this wonderful experience. Thank you all! v Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgment .......................................................................................................................................... v Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 2 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Objective of Study .............................................................................................................................. 2 1.3 Structure of Thesis .............................................................................................................................. 3 2 A review on the application of biofilters and biotrickling filters for the removal of air pollutants ........... 4 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Keywords ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 4 2.2 Operational parameters of biofiltration systems ..................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Biodegrading media ......................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 System configuration ....................................................................................................................... 9 2.2.3 Contaminant flow mode ................................................................................................................. 10 2.2.4 Development of microbial population ........................................................................................... 11 2.3 Application of Biofilters ....................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Aerobic and Anaerobic degradation .............................................................................................. 12 2.3.2 Cooxidation and Cometabolism ..................................................................................................... 15 2.3.3 Reductive Dehalogenation and Halorespiration............................................................................. 17 2.3.4 Nitrification and Denitrification ..................................................................................................... 19 2.3.5 Odor Control .................................................................................................................................. 21 2.4 A comparison between classical biofilters and biotrickling filters ....................................................... 24 2.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................ 25 2.6 References ............................................................................................................................................. 31 3 Biofiltration of chloroform in a trickle bed air biofilter under acidic conditions .................................... 43 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 43 Keywords .................................................................................................................................................... 43 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Materials and Methods .......................................................................................................................... 48 vi 3.2.1 Chemicals ....................................................................................................................................... 48 3.2.2 Trickle bed air biofilter (TBAB) .................................................................................................... 48 3.2.3 Analytical methods ........................................................................................................................ 49 3.2.3.1 Gas Sampling .......................................................................................................................... 49 3.2.3.2 Liquid Sampling
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