DOCSLIB.ORG

Socwxa Ne(L)S VOLI'me XI NWBER I SEPTEMBER1987 SEPTEI4BER20 MEETINGFEATURES TALK on STRAW HAT SHUL Dr

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Socwxa Ne(L)S VOLI'me XI NWBER I SEPTEMBER1987 SEPTEI4BER20 MEETINGFEATURES TALK on STRAW HAT SHUL Dr L()(rk to the aock tRon'r.rthich J(tu arrene hearrn .ltJ-bp o''fJrt 19t1; trt cl)rcclc,o JecL)rsl) brstoretcol socleXy socwxa ne(L)s VOLI'ME XI NWBER I SEPTEMBER1987 SEPTEI4BER20 MEETINGFEATURES TALK ON STRAW HAT SHUL Dr. VishnyTo DiscussAnshe Sholom TOURS At B'nai ZionCongregation IN SOCIETY'STENTH SEASON PROVEPOPULAR AND SUCCESSFUL The colorful story of one of Chica- go '" oldest East-European congregations Localand 0ut-of-Town TriDs will be the subject of the September Are Informative,Enjoyable 20 neeting of the Chicago Jewish Histori- ca1 Society. Dr. Michele Vishny has tit- The end of the sumner saw the close led her speech Sholom, Chieago: A "Anshe of another successful season of sunner bus Congregation Founded on a Straw Ilat.rl tours sponsored by the Society. According to longEioe tour chairman Leah Joy Axel- The meeting, which will be held at rod, the last tour, that of the old Jewish Congregation Brnai Zion, 6759 North Green- West Side held on August 9, was a sellout view Avenue, will begin with a social hour as usual. The other tours hrere siurilarly tour and of the B'nai Zion building at weI1- at t ended. 1:00 p.m. The prograu beginning at 2:00 They included two entirely new tours, p.ur. will also include a short presenta- one to small Jewish conununities in the tion by Edward Bernstein, 16, whose exhib- southwest and far south sides of the city it on his grandfather Sam Lesner won a and one to Ligonier, Indiana, site of an grand prize at this yearrs Chicago Metro important rural Jewish cournunity in the History Fair. last century. An account of one new tour Free Bus Service Available appears elsewhere in this issue; the other will be discussed in the next issue. rrour Free bus service, available at the thanks are due to Charles Bern- Marriott Hotel at Rush and ohio Streets, stein, Dr. Irving Cutler and Mark Mandle, r.'i11 take members to and from the meeting. who served as tour leaders this year," Departure will be at l2:30 p.m.; return said Mrs. Axelrod. Presiden! Nornan will be at 4:30 p,m. and no stops will be Schwartz coumented that there would have made along the route. been no tours at all without the careful The subject of the prograx0 is today planning and arrangements nade by Mrs. known as Anshe Sholom Brnai Israel Congre- Axelrod. gation and is located at 540 West Melrose. Suggestions for 1988 tours will be Dr. Vishny will trace its development from welcomed by Mrs. Axelrod, who can be its unusual beginnings on the Near reached at 432-7OO3. West Side of Chicago over a century ago. B'nai Zion Plays Interesting Role which is playing an unusual role in its conrmunity, " said President Nornan Schwartz "This neeting will provide mernbers who advised people to come early enough to and guests with an opportunity to learn tour the B'nai Zion buildiag. not only about Anshe Sholom but also about Speakers will- be introduced by pro- our host congregation, Brnai Zion, [continuedon nexr page] L SOCIETYBUS TRIP VISITS VANISHED JE}IISHCOMMUNITY IN LIGONIER All-DayTour Views Remains 0f UnusualRural Settlement by Mark Mandle For lhe second in this year's series of summer tours the Society nade a pil- grimage outside Chicago to rural Indiana to visit the remnants of a once thriving Jewish comnunity. I was unfamiliar with Ligonier, Indiana, and curious about what the tour would be 1ike. I should have realized thaE if Chuck Bernstein, noted genealogist, and Joseph Levine, ex- ecutive secretary of the Indiana Jewish Historical Society, were in charge' it had to be good. Our packed but very comfortable Lour 120-year-o1d ex-synagoguevisited on Ligonier Tour bus quickly traveled the 140 miles from --Photo by Les Axel"rod Chicago to Ligonier. 0n the way we went Isaac and Jacob. through Amish country and saw several by Jews named Abraharn, of the Amish families and wagons. We also saw the Jewish Part Ligonier Cemetery with t\to imposing maus- Two Families Began Jewish Settlement oleums and scores of well-kept graves. Ligonier is a snral l but PreEty town The Jews Di s appear whose population has never exceeded 2,500. As the Jews prospered, their children We first stopped in the Jewish Room of the coLlege and did not return. Ligonier Public Library, ful1 of relics of went away to Members of the straus farnily rnoved to the townrs Jewish cornmunity' Mr. Levine prominenE as briefly told us the Ligonier Jer,rish saga. Chicago where lhey became Today only It is a fascinating story of the Straus and bankers and financiers. in Lig- Mier families who transformed an Indiana che relics rernain. The Iast Jew years town into the second wealthiest smalI town onier died several ago. bY in America in the 1890's. The families The lour was ski11fu1lY Planned a fascinat- established banks, bought farmland and Leah Joy Axelrod. It offered sma11- manufactured buggies. ing glirnpse of a once-flourishing Jewish communitY. The first Straus, Frederick Wi11ian, town (known as F.h1. Straus) came to Ligonier in 1854 because the railroad \tas coming SeptemberMeetins (cont'd) through Ligonier. The Ligonier Jewish Icontinued from Pageone 1 conmrunity numbered about 55 families at gram Chairman Burt Robin. Refreshments its height. Ligonier Jews started a syn- will be supervised by Hospitality Chairman agogue in 1865 which lasted until the Shirley Sorkin. 1940's. Like many German-Jer,rish conmuni- Dr. Vishny Specially Qualified To Speak ties in the U.S., the synagogue was found- ed as Orthodox and became Reform in a gen- Dr. vishny is a specialist in art his- eration. tory and has published widely in that field. She has served as a professor, Town Full of Jewish Relics prirnarily at Northwestern University, but The tour visited the charming former also at other area c olleges and universi- synagogue, whieh is today a church. We ties during the past twenty Years. saw the section of town cal1ed "Jew Town" It is par!icularly aPProPriate that because many Jews lived there. she speak about Anshe Sholom because of her One inEersection with four gracious familyts record of involvement and promin- corner houses was called Piety Corner be- ence in local Orthodox Jewish insritu!ions cause three houses were formerly occupied and affairs. FIRSTZIONIST LIADER IN CITYVJAS IIETHODIST I'lINISTER INITIATEDI89O CONFERENCE, SOUGHT A JEWISHSTATE IN PALESTINE In 1890, before political Zionism becarne a gleam in the eye even of I'heodore ELerzL, a by Walter Roth local Christian minister made a concerted effort to have PalestiDe re-created as a Nearly every person dwelt upon by H. Jewish state. Through conferences, peti- L. Meites in his monumental work, HisLory tions and other tireless efforts he sought of the Jews in Ch icago, was a Jew. Christian.and Jewish support for his Zion- Yet he included a story on the Reverend isE ideas. In this article, Valter Roth, William E. Blackstone, a Methodist minister attorney and CJES board member, looka into who lived in Chicago in the late nineteenth the motivation, technique and results of and early twentieth centuries. This inclu- the efforts of Reverend llillian E. Black- sion aroused my interest, and after re- stone. search on the Reverend Blackstone, I learn- ed that he was indeed an unusual man who played an interesting role in local Jewish left the business arena to live a life de- history. voted to their religious missions. I learaed that he had written a booi< Pre-dated Theodore Herzl cal1ed Jesus Is Coming using the literary pseudonym "W.E.B.,' The book had sold uril_ Blackstone, however, added a factor to lions of copies since its first publication his activities whieh brought hin in close in Chicago in 1878. It is still on Lhe and welcomed contact with the Jews of Chi- evangelical best selIer 1ist, and copies cago and America. l{e became a Zionist be- are avaiLable at the Moody Bible Institute fore the rise of Jewish political Zionism Bookshop in Chicago and at other Protestant and before the call by Theodore llerzl for bookstores. It has been translated into the First Zionist Conference. His trip many languages, including both Hebrew and to Palestine in 1888 was ten years before Yiddish. In Hebrew the book is called, Ilerz 1 arrived there . rrHofaat I'a Ha Mashiash lla-Shnia,'r The Second Like Herzl, he saw Palestine as Appearance of the Messiah. Blackstone had land L'ithout a people and a people h'ithout many copies of the book stored in Petra, a land.rr He was impressed by the new Jew- Jordan, for use by Jews who he believed ish settlements there and saw them as proof r would go there at the "time of Jacob s that great events were at hand. Like the trouble,rr read the book, convert to Chris- Reverend Jerry Falwe11 today, he saw the tianity, and save themselves from destruc- return of the Jews to their land as t ion. a fulfillment of biblical propheeies and affirmation that the second cominq was at Played Seminal Role as Zionist hand , But Meites obviously did not include Chica€o Christians in Old Palestine Blackstone in his book on Chicago Jews be- cause of the Reverendrs conversion activi- While in Jerusalem, Blackstone visited I ties ; he did so because of Blackstone s an old friend, Anna Spafford, who was a role as an early Christian Zionist. Christian evangelist from Chicago. Anna In 1888, Blackstone, then a resident Spafford and her husband Horatio had suf- of Oak Park, visited Palestine lrith his fered a great tragedy when four of their daughter Flora.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • John Hagee, Christian Zionism, Us Foreign Policy and the State of Israel
    JOHN HAGEE, CHRISTIAN ZIONISM, U.S. FOREIGN POLICY AND THE STATE OF ISRAEL: AN INTERTWINED RELATIONSHIP Master’s Thesis Presented to the Near Eastern and Judaic Studies department Brandeis University S. Ilan Troen, Advisor In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts By Michael Kupferberg May 2009 Copyright by Michael Kupferberg May, 2009 ABSTRACT John Hagee, Christian Zionism, U.S. Foreign Policy and the State of Israel: An Intertwined Relationship A thesis presented to the Near Eastern and Judaic Studies department Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Brandeis University Waltham, MA By Michael Kupferberg Christian Zionism while originating in England over two centuries ago is currently experiencing a reinvigoration, especially in the political world. Christian Zionists are using politics as a way to fulfill Biblical prophecy, by influencing powerful politicians in all levels of government to support Israel. The most vocal, and prominent leader within the Christian Zionist movement is Pastor John Hagee. Through the establishment of his organization Christians United for Israel, Hagee has localized and given a tangible center for Christian Zionist activists. Additionally, the movement has gained membership as it was established in the model of a grassroots organization. Hagee has become a well known figure in the political community, and garners national media attention. While it has become fashionable in recent times to criticize Jewish organizations such as AIPAC, it is the Christian Zionist organizations which yield a large portion of power in Washington. However, it is crucial to realize that while CUFI and groups like it may yield some power in Washington, and account for some of the decision making that goes into U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE (1723-1780) and REVEREND WILLIAM E
    SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE (1723-1780) and REVEREND WILLIAM E. BLACKSTONE (1841-1935) The right of colonists as Christians may be understood by reading and carefully studying the institutes of the great Law Giver and Head of the Christian Church, which are to be found clearly written and promulgated in the New Testament. “By the act of the British Parliament, commonly called the Toleration Act, every subject in England, except Papists, &c., was restored to, and re-established in, his natural right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. And by the charter of this Province, it is granted, ordained, and established (that is, declared as an original right) that there shall be liberty of conscience allowed in the worship of God to all Christians, except Papists, inhabiting, or which shall inhabit or be resident within, such Providence or Territory. Magna Charta itself is in substance but a constrained declaration or proclamation and promulgation in the name of King, Lords, and Commons, of the sense the latter had their original, inherited, indefeasible natural rights, as also those of free citizens equally perdurable with the other. That great author, that great jurist, and even that court writer, Mr. Justice Blackstone, holds that this recognition was justly ordained of King John, sword in hand. And peradventure it must one day, sword in hand, again rescued and preserved from that destruction and oblivion.” “All persons born in the British American Colonies are, by the laws of God and nature and by the common law of England, exclusive of all charters from the Crown, well entitled, and by acts of the British Parliament are declared to be entitled to all the natural, essential, inherent and inseparable rights, liberties, and privileges of subjects born in Great Britain or within the realm.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Judiciary Square Historic District
    GOVERNMENT OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA HISTORIC PRESERVATION OFFICE HISTORIC PRESERVATION REVIEW BOARD APPLICATION FOR HISTORIC LANDMARK OR HISTORIC DISTRICT DESIGNATION New Designation _X_ Amendment of a previous designation __ Please summarize any amendment(s) Property name Judiciary Square Historic District If any part of the interior is being nominated, it must be specifically identified and described in the narrative statements. Address Roughly bounded by Constitution and Pennsylvania Avenues, N.W. and C Street, N.W. to the south, 6th Street to the west, G Street to the north, and 3rd and 4th Streets N.W to the east. See Boundary Description section for details. Square and lot number(s) Various Affected Advisory Neighborhood Commission 2C Date of construction 1791-1968 Date of major alteration(s) Various Architect(s) Pierre Charles L’Enfant, George Hadield, Montgomery C. Meigs, Elliott Woods, Nathan C. Wyeth, Gilbert S. Underwood, Louis Justement Architectural style(s) Various Original use Various Property owner Various Legal address of property owner Various NAME OF APPLICANT(S) DC Preservation League If the applicant is an organization, it must submit evidence that among its purposes is the promotion of historic preservation in the District of Columbia. A copy of its charter, articles of incorporation, or by-laws, setting forth such purpose, will satisfy this requirement. Address/Telephone of applicant(s) 1221 Connecticut Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20036 Name and title of authorized representative Rebecca Miller, Executive Director Signature of representative _______ _____ Date ____10/25/2018______ Name and telephone of author of application DC Preservation League, 202.783.5144 Office of Planning, 801 North Capitol Street, NE, Suite 3000, Washington, D.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Jewish-Christian Hostility in the United States: Perceptions from a Jewish Point of View
    1 Jewish-Christian Hostility in the United States: Perceptions from a Jewish Point of View JONATHAN D. SARNA y medieval ancestors would have had no difficulty with my sub­ M ject here. "Jewish-Christian hostility?" they would have ex­ claimed, somewhat incredulously. "Why that is due to the fact that Christians hate Jews. That is all there is to it." This censorious attitude did not merely reflect age-old prejudice. It also seemed to comport with reality as experienced on a day-to-day basis: the abuses, the vilifications, the persecutions. With a few notable exceptions, medieval Jews quite generally viewed interreligious hatred as something inevitable, and they found rabbinic exegesis that supported their claims. Rabbinic midrash taught that "all the nations of the world hate Israel"; Rabbi Simeon bar Yokhai considered the fact that "Esau [interpreted as Christianity] hates Jacob" to be an "axiom."l With the coming of the Enlightenment and the gradual theological shift toward an emphasis on love, these attitudes began to change. Jews and Christians became far better acquainted with one another; they dis­ covered how much they held in common, and gradually a few brave souls replaced the old rhetoric of enmity with a new rhetoric of tolerance and amity. Moses Mendelssohn, the great German-Jewish philosopher of the Enlightenment, boasted that he had "the good fortune of having for a friend many an excellent man who is not of my faith. We sincerely love I am grateful to Professor Michael Cook for his invaluable comments on an earlier draft of this paper, and to the American Council of Learned Societies and the Memorial Founda­ tion for Jewish Culture for supporting some of the research upon which this essay is based.
    [Show full text]
  • Messianic Terminology
    One New Man Conference A Glossary Of Hebrew Terminology A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I-J-K-L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T-U-V-W-X-Y-Z -A- Abraham An ancient Semite called out of ancient Babylon to serve the One God, and become the father of the nation of Israel. Abrahamic Covenant The contract (or "promise") God made with Abraham as recorded in the book of Genesis, in which He promised to make him a great nation and gave him the Land of Israel. See article. Aggadah The narrative material in the Talmud. Anno Mundi Latin for "In the Year of the World." The Jewish year is given in terms of "Anno Mundi," meaning the count is meant to reflect the number of years since the Creation of the World. Anti-Semitism Attitudes and actions directed against the Jewish people. Aravah Willow, one of the Four Species used in the ceremonial celebration of Sukkoth. See article on Sukkoth. Ashkenazi Jewish person of Eastern European descent. See also Sephardi. Atonement Reconciliation with God through the expiation of sin. Hebrew Kapparah. See also Yom Kippur. -B- Beit ha-Mikdash or Beis ha-Mikdah-- A Hebrew term for the Jerusalem Temple. Blackstone Memorial -- A petition resulting from a congress called by William E. Blackstone, and presented to President Benjamin Harrison on March 5, 1891, concerning Jewish persecutions in Russia. Blackstone proposed an international conference with the goal of restoring the land of Palestine to the covenant people Israel "and to promote in all other just and proper ways the alleviation of their suffering condition." The petition has come to be known as the Blackstone Memorial.
    [Show full text]
  • WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, DEFENDER of the JEWS Palestine in 1920
    WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, DEFENDER OF THE JEWS Palestine in 1920 was a desert wasteland in the hands of the unfriendly Turks—America held much greater promise than returning there. In fact, the Jews in the United States came to view America as their Promised Land. They were comfortable in America’s graces and felt no need to seek peace elsewhere. This great sentiment was not without its repercussions, however. As the poor Jews of Europe flooded to America, it not so much answered “The Jewish Problem” as brought it to America. The United States felt it could not hold them all, and sought some other answer. As a result, in 1921 Congress passed a quota targeting mostly Europeans who were unskilled workers. Another law was passed in 1921 that limited each country to sending the equivalent of only 3 percent of its nationals already living in America in 1910. This law limited immigration to 357,000 people. Three years later the Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction of 1924 lowered this quota to 2 percent, while also lowering the base year to 1890—when only 150,000 people were allowed in. The government’s restrictive immigration policy thus cut immigration from 800,000 in 1921 to 23,000 in 1933. Ellis Island’s role quickly changed from a depot to a detention center. In 1915, Ellis Island admitted 178,000 immigrants; by 1919 that number fell to 26,000. Something would different would have to be done to solve the Jewish Problem in Europe rather than shipping Jews to the United States. However, before any of this even really started, God had appointed someone to step forward with a solution—William Eugene Blackstone.
    [Show full text]
  • American Christian Zionism and U.S. Policy on Settlements in the Palestinian Occupied Territories
    Lauer American Christian Zionism and U.S. Policy on Settlements in the Palestinian Occupied Territories Erin Lauer American University School of International Service Honors in International Studies Senior Capstone Advisor: Boaz Atzili Spring 2009 - 1 - Lauer “If America forces Israel to give up the Golan Heights or the West Bank (Judea and Samaria), it will clearly violate scripture. We are giving the enemies of Israel the high ground in the coming war for Israel’s survival. It’s time for our national leaders in Washington to stop this madness.” Reverend John Hagee President, Christians United for Israel In Defense of Israel , 2007 - 2 - Lauer Foreword This research is the culmination of spending nearly 2 years living and working in different aspects of the Arab- Israeli conflict. Living with the Mhassan family, who fled from Ramallah to Amman, Jordan during the 1967 war, shaped my passion for the conflict, as I saw several aspects of the Palestinian Diaspora experience in my time abroad from September 2007-June 2008. The past academic year has been focused on the American political connection to the conflict, experienced through my time interning at the American Task Force on Palestine and the Foundation for Middle East Peace. These experiences have been critical to my development as a student and as a researcher, and I can say certainly that without these experiences, this research would not have happened. In the course of this research, I have received great help from people on all sides of this issue, and without them, this paper would not be the piece it is today.
    [Show full text]
  • William Blackstone and American Christian Zionism
    Scholars Crossing Article Archives Pre-Trib Research Center May 2009 William Blackstone and American Christian Zionism Thomas D. Ice Liberty University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/pretrib_arch Recommended Citation Ice, Thomas D., "William Blackstone and American Christian Zionism" (2009). Article Archives. 56. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/pretrib_arch/56 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Pre-Trib Research Center at Scholars Crossing. It has been accepted for inclusion in Article Archives by an authorized administrator of Scholars Crossing. For more information, please contact [email protected]. WILLIAM BLACKSTONE AND AMERICAN CHRISTIAN ZIONISM Tom’s Perspectives by Thomas Ice Benjamin Netanyahu in his book, A Place Among The nations: Israel and the World, recognizes American William Eugene Blackstone (1841–1935) as one of the most outstanding examples of a Christian Zionist. Netanyahu notes that such Christian activity antedates the modern Zionist movement by at least half a century.”1 (Actually, Christian Zionism dates back to the late 1500s in England.)2 Early Christian Zionists were known as restorationists, since they desired a restoration of the Jews to Israel. The name of William Blackstone is highly esteemed by Jewish Zionist since the modern state of Israel named a forest after Blackstone in recognition of his early attempts to influence others to reconstitute the nation of Israel. BLACKSTONE’S BEGINNINGS Blackstone was born in Adams, New York in 1841 and reared in a pious Methodist home, where he became a Christian at age 11.3 When he married he moved to Oak Park, Illinois in the Chicago area and became a very successful businessman as a real estate magnate.
    [Show full text]
  • Branford Historical Society Manuscript Collection
    BRANFORD HISTORICAL SOCIETY MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION RECORD GROUPS 1. FAMILY PAPERS 2. BUSINESS PAPERS 3. PUBLIC PAPERS 4. CLUBS & ORGANIZATIONS 5. MISCELLANEOUS The Branford Historical Society archive collection was originally stored at the Society’s museum, Harrison House, at 124 Main Street. When the Blackstone Memorial Library was renovated in 1994, a mutual agreement was reached for most of the archives to be housed at the library for better access and environmental conditions. Larger items and the Towner albums remain at the Harrison House (2017). The photograph and negative collection, cataloged separately from the archives, is also housed at the library. Previously to 1999, the library and historical society kept separate Branford history archive collections. It was decided at that time to add new material to the Branford Historical Society archives. Papers and photographs at the library that were never cataloged were also added to the society’s archives or photo collection. The Blackstone Library archives of Branford history material before 1999 was kept as a separate collection and was organized by Betty Linsley. Papers relating strictly to library business are kept separately from the historical society archives. Since the death of Betty Linsley in 1993, Jane Bouley has maintained the historical society collections. Branford Historical Society Archives Collection RECORD GROUP #1 FAMILY PAPERS REGINALD S. BALDWIN BAXTER-DEEVEY BEACH BEACH-DAVIS-BRAGG DAVID DUNCAN BEACH BLACKSTONE FAMILY BLACKSTONE LIBRARY BRADLEY-HOADLEY COREY JOHN CUNNINGHAM DIBBLE FOOTE FOOTE-PRANN-BRADLEY FOWLER FRISBIE FULLERTON-BOSTWICK GAYLORD ALICE POND GORDON GREGORY HAMMER ARCHIBALD HANNA HARRISON IVES-TAINTOR JOHNSON JOURDAN-LINSLEY JIM KELLY KELSEY Branford Historical Society Archives Collection RECORD GROUP #1 FAMILY PAPERS LANPHIER BETTY M.
    [Show full text]
  • Federalism and Foreign Affairs: Congress's Power to "Define and Punish...Offenses Against the Law of Nations"
    William & Mary Law Review Volume 42 (2000-2001) Issue 2 Article 10 October 2000 Federalism and Foreign Affairs: Congress's Power to "Define and Punish...Offenses Against the Law of Nations" Beth Stephens Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr Part of the Constitutional Law Commons, and the International Relations Commons Repository Citation Beth Stephens, Federalism and Foreign Affairs: Congress's Power to "Define and Punish...Offenses Against the Law of Nations", 42 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 447 (2000), https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol42/iss2/10 Copyright c 2000 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. https://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr FEDERALISM AND FOREIGN AFFAIRS: CONGRESS'S POWER TO "DEFINE AND PUNISH... OFFENSES AGAINST THE LAW OF NATIONS"* BE=H STEPHENS** TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................... 449 I. THE MODERN DISPUTE OVER THE MEANING OF THE OFFENSES CLAUSE ........................... 458 II. AT THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION ............... 462 A. The Binding Importance of the Law of Nations ...... 463 B. Crafting a Government Capable of Enforcing the Law of Nations ................... 465 C. Adoption of the Offenses Clause .................. 469 III. JUDICIAL APPLICATION OF THE OFFENSES CLAUSE: FEDERAL POWER OVER THE EVOLVING LAW OF NATIONS.. 477 IV. THE UNSUBSTANTIATED CRIMINAL LAW RESTRICTION ... 483 A. The Eighteenth-CenturySignificance of Offenses Against the Law of Nations ........... 484 1. Offenses Against the Law of Nations in Blackstone's Commentaries ................ 485 2. The Framers'Views of Offenses Against the Law of Nations .......................... 490 3. Eighteenth-Century Usage of "Offenses"....... 496 4. "Offenses" in the Constitution ..............
    [Show full text]
  • The Challenge of Being in the Minority: Palestinian Christian Theology In
    Luther Seminary Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary Master of Theology Theses Student Theses 2017 The hC allenge of Being in the Minority: Palestinian Christian Theology in Light of Christian Zionism Post-1948 Medhat S. Yoakiem Luther Seminary Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/mth_theses Part of the Christianity Commons, Comparative Methodologies and Theories Commons, Islamic World and Near East History Commons, Missions and World Christianity Commons, and the Religious Thought, Theology and Philosophy of Religion Commons Recommended Citation Yoakiem, Medhat S., "The hC allenge of Being in the Minority: Palestinian Christian Theology in Light of Christian Zionism Post-1948" (2017). Master of Theology Theses. 7. http://digitalcommons.luthersem.edu/mth_theses/7 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Theses at Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master of Theology Theses by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Luther Seminary. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE CHALLENGE OF BEING IN THE MINORITY: PALESTINIAN CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY IN LIGHT OF CHRISTIAN ZIONISM POST-1948 by REV. MEDHAT S. YOAKIEM A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Luther Seminary In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF THEOLOGY THESIS ADVISER: DR. GUILLERMO HANSEN ST. PAUL, MINNESOTA 2016 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful for everyone who works for peace and justice in the Middle East, and for all the theologians, in the past and present, who work to dismantle theologies of fear and prejudice. I am equally grateful for my teachers and my family who guide me and support my efforts.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Zionism 1 History of Zionism
    History of Zionism 1 History of Zionism Zionism as an organized movement is generally considered to have been fathered by Theodor Herzl in 1897; however the history of Zionism began earlier and related to Judaism and Jewish history. The Hovevei Zion, or the Lovers of Zion, were responsible for the creation of 20 new Jewish settlements in Palestine between 1870 and 1897.[1] Before the Holocaust the movement's central aims were the creation of a Jewish National Home and cultural centre in Palestine by facilitating Jewish migration. After the Holocaust, the movement focussed on creation of a "Jewish state" (usually defined as a secular state with a Jewish majority), attaining its goal in 1948 with the creation of Israel. Since the creation of Israel, the importance of the Zionist movement as an organization has declined, as the Israeli state has grown stronger.[2] The Zionist movement continues to exist, working to support Israel, assist persecuted Jews and encourage Jewish emigration to Israel. While most Israeli political parties continue to define themselves as Zionist, modern Israeli political thought is no longer formulated within the Zionist movement. The success of Zionism has meant that the percentage of the world's Jewish population who live in Israel has steadily grown over the years and today 40% of the world's Jews live in Israel. There is no other example in human history of a "nation" being restored after such a long period of existence as a Diaspora. Background: The historic and religious origins of Zionism Biblical precedents The precedence for Jews to return to their ancestral homeland, motivated by strong divine intervention, first appears in the Torah, and thus later adopted in the Christian Old Testament.
    [Show full text]