DOCSLIB.ORG

Organ Transplantation Compassion and Commerce

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Organ Transplantation Compassion and Commerce Organ Transplantation Compassion and commerce Selected readings from IJME Editors Sanjay Nagral, Sandhya Srinivasan, Meenakshi D’Cruz INDIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS Organ Transplantation Compassion and Commerce Selected readings from IJME Editors Sanjay Nagral Sandhya Srinivasan Meenakshi D’Cruz Forum for Medical Ethics Society, Mumbai Organ Transplantation: Compassion and commerce Selected readings from IJME January 2017 Published by Forum for Medical Ethics Society O-18, Bhavna, Veer Savarkar Marg, Prabhadevi, Mumbai 400025 India. Editors Sanjay Nagral, Sandhya Srinivasan, Meenakshi D’Cruz Acknowledgements The editors wish to thank all the authors whose articles have been reprinted in this volume. They sincerely appreciate the meticulous work of Shraddha VK in the production of the volume. They thank Satish Kulkarni for handling the layout of the anthology in a very short time, Vijaykumar Sarang for the cover design. Cover Image Picasso’s painting of the Minotaur, part human - part bull, from Greek mythology. Many cultures have myths about half animal, half human figures. In modern transplantation, xenotransplantation, in which animal organs have been transplanted into humans with poor success, has spawned much ethical debate. Printed at Vibha Offset, Royal Industrial Estate, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031 Selected readings 1 Contents Introduction 4 Sanjay Nagral Ethical problems in renal transplantation: a personal view 8 M K Mani Organs for sale 15 Janet Radcliffe-Richards Organs for sale (continued) 21 Anil Pilgaonkar The ethics of organ selling: a libertarian perspective 26 Harold Kyriazi The case against kidney sales 34 George Thomas Should brain death be recognised as a clinical end point of care? 39 Sunil K Pandya Why our cadaver donation programme doesn’t work 44 Harsha Deshmukh Issues in organ transplantation 47 B N Colabawalla Human organ sale: the Kerala story 56 Jayakrishnan T, Jeeja M C Ethical dilemmas in living donor liver transplantation 60 A S Soin Living donor liver transplantation 64 A V Srinivas Response: Living donor liver transplantation 70 M Veera Prasad 2 Organ Transplantation Asia’s organ farms 77 Aamir M Jafarey, George Thomas, Aasim Ahmad, Sandhya Srinivasan Working towards ethical organ transplants 82 Sunil Shroff Deceased-donor kidney transplantation in Iran: trends, barriers and opportunities 87 Behzad Einollahi, Mohammad-Hossein Nourbala, Saeid Bahaeloo-Horeh, Shervin Assari, Mahboob Lessan-Pezeshki, Naser Simforoosh Sex imbalances in kidney transplants in Iran 96 Mohammad Hossein Nourbala, Vahid Pourfarziani, Eghlim Nemati, Saeed Taheri, Mahboob Lessan-Pezeshki, Behzad Einollahi Organ transplant and presumed consent: towards an “opting out” 100 Jyotika Kaushik Presumed consent: a problematic concept 109 Aamir M Jafarey, Farhat Moazam Will presumed consent make transplantation accessible, ethical and affordable in India? 115 Sanjay Nagral Issues related to non-heart-beating organ donation 120 Rajesh Bardale Are we ready for non-heart-beating organ donation in India? 128 Sanjay Nagral Living unrelated kidney donors: ethical aspects of living kidney donation in Brazil 132 Gustavo Fernandes Ferreira, Clarissa Diniz Guedez Pakistan’s experience with kidney transplantation and trade: a call for international solidarity 139 Farhat Moazam, Aamir M Jafarey Selected readings 3 Deceased donor renal transplantation and the disruptive effect of commercial transplants: the experience of Oman 155 Mohsin N, Al-Busaidy Q, Al-Marhuby H, Al Lawati J, Daar AS Reaching self-sufficiency in deceased organ donation in Asia: harsh realities and ethical concerns 165 Mustafa Al-Mousawi Deceased organ donation in India: Where do we go from here? 174 Sanjay Nagral, J Amalorpavanathan After presumed consent: a review of organ donation in Singapore 187 Jacqueline JL Chin, Theodora H Kwok Organ donation in the Philippines: Should the dead do more? 198 Leonardo D De Castro Unrelated renal transplantation: an ethical enigma 219 Gaurav Aggarwal, Samiran Adhikary Trade in kidneys is ethically intolerable 230 Dominique E Martin Living kidney donation and masked nationalism in Israel 239 Miran Epstein The unfair trade: Why organ sale is indefensible 249 Siby K George Contributors 268 List of articles on transplantation published in IJME 272 4 Organ Transplantation Introduction SANJAY NAGRAL Organ transplantation must surely count amongst the worst ethical quagmires for medical professionals in particular and for society in general – one that, paradoxically, has been created by the tremendous advances of modern medicine. Given its very premise of desperate patients dying of organ failure and a massive demand supply deficit, it provokes sharp, passionate debates and opinions. The subject therefore makes a huge demand on the discipline of bioethics, touching upon morality, religion, politics, gender, economics and philosophy. Indeed, the global ethics conversation has attempted to engage with this subject regularly and in depth. There is an unfortunate dimension to organ transplantation in the poorer regions of the world, especially South Asia, in the form of an organ market. Unethical transplant practices in the region, as much as they are a failure of regulation and ethical oversight, are also about the fault lines of society, that include class and gender. It is no surprise therefore that the Indian Journal of Medical Ethics, which is grounded in activism, has from its very beginning devoted significant attention and space to the subject. As IJME enters its 25th year of publication, we thought of putting together what we believe is a rich and critical contribution to the transplant debate in the form of an anthology. As the reader may appreciate, IJME has traversed the spectrum of the transplant ethics discourse over the years, beginning with brief and often personalised comments and moving to more complex analyses. The transformation of IJME from a small newsletter to an academically robust journal is also reflected in this anthology. Transplantation is a subject that pops up in the form of scandal with a sickening regularity every few years in the media in India. Selected readings 5 Whilst the media has often performed the role of a whistle blower, its focus is usually on the sensational, and its interest transient. As for academia, with some exceptions both mainstream medical journals and social science publications have largely chosen to ignore the issue. Non-governmental organisations working in the area have generally focussed on public campaigns to promote deceased donation. Thus IJME has partially filled the need for a thorough analysis through the moral, social and cultural prisms that this subject deserves, but the debate should continue. The articles in this collection are presented in the order that they were published, and are not grouped according to any theme. Given the nature of the subject, it is unavoidable that certain issues have been revisited more than once over the years. The articles were chosen as they flag some of the critical themes and represent viewpoints of some of the key players. The contributors include medical professionals at the forefront of efforts to ensure ethical transplant programmes. For example, the essays by Mani (1995) and Colabawalla (2001) are commentaries on ethical dilemmas by two senior physicians who were pioneers of transplantation in India. The responsibilities of medical professionals are repeatedly mentioned in the articles here. There are, of course, debates on the ethics of paid transplants and a regulated trade – in the form of arguments supporting it, by Radcliffe Richards (1996) and Kyriazi (2001), with responses by Pilgaokar (1996) and Thomas (2001). More recently the argument was resurrected by Aggarwal (2016), with a response from Martin (2016). A report by Jayakrishnan and Jeeja from Kerala (2003) is illustrative of how the kidney trade works and of the inadequate response by monitoring agencies, the police, and professional associations. In 2007, a joint editorial by Indian and Pakistani authors (Jafarey, Thomas, Ahmad and Srinivasan) focussed on South Asia as the theatre of this phenomenon. In the last few years, deceased donation has been at the centre of public and media focus in India. Promotion of deceased donation has resulted in an increased rate of deceased donation in some states. However, it has led to its own set of dilemmas, especially the unfortunate manner in which the Indian law has linked brain 6 Organ Transplantation death and withdrawal of life support for donation. One of the articles (Pandya 2001) specifically looks at this issue.The role of authorisation committees formed under the Transplantation of Human Organs Act is also examined in a report (Shroff 2007). A comment by a transplant coordinator describes the barriers to strong deceased donation programmes (Deshmukh 2001).Articles have also explored the pros and cons of methods to increase availability of the deceased donor pool, such as presumed consent (Kaushik 2009; Jafarey and Moazam 2009; Nagral 2009) and non- heart beating donation (Bardale 2010; Nagral 2010). In 2014, IJME devoted a theme section to deceased donation. The contribution from India (Nagral and Amalorpavanathan) traces the history of this movement in India whilst also identifying its problems. The experiences of deceased donation programmes in Pakistan (Moazam and Jafarey), Kuwait (Mousawi), Oman (Mohsin et al) and the Philippines (De Castro) form a part of this group. The need for coordinated and sustained efforts by governments
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Trafficking in Persons for the Removal Of
    TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF ORGANS IN INDIA: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL FACTORS ON VULNERABILITY AND PROTECTION By KATHERINE FINDLEY A dissertation submitted to the School of Graduate Studies Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey In partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Social Work Written under the direction of Dr. Patricia Findley And approved by ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ ____________________________________ New Brunswick, New Jersey October, 2018 TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS FOR THE REMOVAL OF ORGANS IN INDIA: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL FACTORS ON VULNERABILITY AND PROTECTION By KATHERINE FINDLEY Dissertation director: Dr. Patricia Findley This dissertation explores how influences on the individual, family, community, and governmental level impact susceptibility to trafficking in persons for the removal of organs (TPRO) in India. Two of the research questions examine specifically what impacts vulnerability and protection among a sample of 43 individuals living in a community in India. The third research question explores the role of the living organ donor assessment process in the prevention of trafficking. In this dissertation, the theoretical understanding of how choices are made, or not made, particularly by vulnerable individuals, is explored. Qualitative interviews were conducted with persons trafficked for organ removal and persons not trafficked for organ removal who are living within the same socio-economic environment, but who were not all trafficked for organ removal. Study data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory methods. Findings from this study show that economic, cultural, and social influences affect both protection from and susceptibility to trafficking.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Trafficking for the Purpose of Organ Removal
    HUMAN TRAFFICKING FOR THE PURPOSE OF ORGAN REMOVAL Jessica de Jong Human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal Jessica de Jong Copyright © 2017, Jessica de Jong Cover art: Roger Klaassen Layout cover: Liedewij Vogelzang ISBN 978-90-393-6817-6 Financial support by the National Police is gratefully acknowledged. All rights reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without prior written permission of the author. Human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal Mensenhandel met het oogmerk van orgaanverwijdering (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 20 oktober 2017 des middags te 4.15 uur door Jessica Elisabeth Clasina de Jong geboren op 24 februari 1986 te Driebergen-Rijsenburg Promotoren: Prof. dr. D. Siegel Prof. dr. C.R.J.J. Rijken Voor Koos, mijn grote liefde Contents List of abbreviations 9 Introduction 11 1. Research and analysis process 15 1.1 Research methods 16 1.1.1 Desk research 16 1.1.2 Case studies 17 1.1.2.1 Interviews 20 1.1.2.2 Court documents 23 1.1.2.3 Documentaries 23 1.1.3 Expert meetings 25 1.2 Analysis methods 26 1.3 Validity and triangulation 26 1.4 Ethical issues 27 1.5 Limitations of the study 28 2. Prohibition, violation and enforcement 29 2.1 The prohibition and its influence 30 2.1.1 WHO’s Guiding Principles 30
    [Show full text]
  • Open 1-Megan Shivy Thesis.Pdf
    THE PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY SCHREYER HONORS COLLEGE DEPARTMENT OF SUPPLY CHAIN AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS THE OPTIMIZATION OF ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION MEGAN KAITLAN SHIVY SPRING 2015 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a baccalaureate degree in Supply Chain and Information Systems with honors in Supply Chain and Information Systems Reviewed and approved* by the following: Robert Novack Associate Professor of Supply Chain Management Thesis Supervisor John Spychalski Professor Emeritus of Supply Chain Management Honors Adviser * Signatures are on file in the Schreyer Honors College. i ABSTRACT The purpose of this thesis is to give a high level overview of the supply chain process associated with organ transplantation in the United Sates. Using information on organ transplantation programs from other areas of the world coupled with input from transplant expertise this thesis will highlight areas for logistical improvement to improve the success rate of organ transplantation in the United States. This thesis concluded that while the ultimate solution of improving the success rate of organ transplantation may take legislative action, standardization of transportation by organ is a viable option to save the lives of people waiting for life saving transplants. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Partnering with Your Transplant Team the Patient’S Guide to Transplantation
    Partnering With Your Transplant Team The Patient’s Guide to Transplantation U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Health Resources and Services Administration This booklet was prepared for the Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS). PARTNERING WITH YOUR TRANSPLANT TEAM THE PATIENT’S GUIDE TO TRANSPLANTATION U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Health Resources and Services Administration Public Domain Notice All material appearing in this document, with the exception of AHA’s The Patient Care Partnership: Understanding Expectations, Rights and Responsibilities, is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission from HRSA. Citation of the source is appreciated. Recommended Citation U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2008). Partnering With Your Transplant Team: The Patient’s Guide to Transplantation. Rockville, MD: Health Resources and Services Administration, Healthcare Systems Bureau, Division of Transplantation. DEDICATION This book is dedicated to organ donors and their families. Their decision to donate has given hundreds of thousands of patients a second chance at life. CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1 THE TRANSPLANT EXPERIENCE .........................................................................................3 The Transplant Team .......................................................................................................................4
    [Show full text]
  • Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal
    TRAFFICKING IN HUMAN BEINGS FOR THE PURPOSE OF ORGAN REMOVAL A Comprehensive Literature Review Assya Pascalev - Bulgarian Center for Bioethics, Bulgaria Jessica de Jong - Central Division of the National Police, the Netherlands Frederike Ambagtsheer - Erasmus MC University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands Susanne Lundin - Lund University, Sweden Ninoslav Ivanovski - University of St. Cyril and Methodius, Macedonia Natalia Codreanu - Renal Foundation, Moldova Martin Gunnarson - Lund University, Sweden Jordan Yankov - Bulgarian Center for Bioethics, Bulgaria Mihaela Frunza - Academic Society for the Research of Religions and Ideologies, Romania Ingela Byström - Lund University, Sweden Michael Bos - Eurotransplant International Foundation, The Netherlands Willem Weimar - Erasmus MC University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands December 2013 This report is published with the financial support of the Prevention of and Fight against Crime Programme European Commission – Directorate General Home Affairs. The HOTT project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the authors, and the European Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which can be made of the information contained therein. Trafficking in Human Beings for the Purpose of Organ Removal Please do not cite this report This report will be published in 2014 as: Pascalev A, De Jong J, Ambagtsheer F, Lundin S, Ivanovski N, Codreanu C, Gunnarson M, Yankov J, Frunza M, Byström I, Bos M, Weimar W, Trafficking in human beings for the purpose of organ removal: a comprehensive literature review. Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers 2014. This review is the first delivery of a series of reports forthcoming under the HOTT project: 1. Literature review (December 2013) 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A GLOBAL PRESENCE Common Objectives for a Common Humanity
    ... and its Sections Tribune l Cell Transplant Society l International Hand and Composite Tissue Allotransplantation Society l International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association l l International Society for Organ Donation & Procurement l International Xenotransplantation Association l Intestinal Transplant Association l Transplant Infectious Disease l May 2013 • Volume X • Issue I OFFICIAL NEWSLETTER OF THE TRANSPLANTATION SOCIETY A GLOBAL PRESENCE Common Objectives for a Common Humanity PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE — THE GLOBAL PRESENCE OF THE TRANSPLANTATION SOCIETY efore the end of this calendar year, The Transplantation Society will expand its membership to include more than 7000 professionals around the world representing more than 100 countries with Btransplantation services. Francis L. Delmonico TTS President TTS indeed has a global presence. The mission of TTS is to be engaged with transplant professionals, transplant professional societies, dialogue with representatives in the medical industry that support transplantation, as well as government representatives often from Ministries of Health — in fostering the clinical care, science, education and ethics of transplantation. continued on page 2 IN THIS ISSUE TTS GLOBAL EDUCATION IN PRESENCE 3-5 ACADEMY 6 MEMORIAM 8 Tribune is published three times per year by The Transplantation PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE (CONT.) Society (TTS). TTS gratefully acknowledges the Corporate Partners whose The recent partnership of TTS with the Pan Arab Liver generous support makes the work of the Society possible: Transplant Society at its Congress in Qatar, exemplifies Astellas that partnership mission of TTS. Engagement of TTS Bristol-Myers Squibb Novartis throughout the world is witnessed in China by the One Lambda development of a new program of deceased donation Part of Thermo Fisher Scientific Pfizer that provides an alternative ethical source of organs to Roche the executed prisoner, in Israel supporting the objective Sanofi of self-sufficiency in providing organs for Israelis within Editor in Chief: Nancy K.
    [Show full text]
  • Top 10 Male Indian Singers
    Top 10 Male Indian Singers 001asd Don't agree with the list? Vote for an existing item you think should be ranked higher or if you are a logged in,add a new item for others to vote on or create your own version of this list. Share on facebookShare on twitterShare on emailShare on printShare on gmailShare on stumbleupon4 The Top Ten TheTopTens List Your List 1Sonu Nigam +40Son should be at number 1 +30I feels that I have goten all types of happiness when I listen the songs of sonu nigam. He is my idol and sometimes I think that he is second rafi thumbs upthumbs down +13Die-heart fan... He's the best! Love you Sonu, your an idol. thumbs upthumbs down More comments about Sonu Nigam 2Mohamed Rafi +30Rafi the greatest singer in the whole wide world without doubt. People in the west have seen many T.V. adverts with M. Rafi songs and that is incediable and mind blowing. +21He is the greatest singer ever born in the world. He had a unique voice quality, If God once again tries to create voice like Rafi he wont be able to recreate it because God creates unique things only once and that is Rafi sahab's voice. thumbs upthumbs down +17Rafi is the best, legend of legends can sing any type of song with east, he can surf from high to low with ease. Equally melodious voice, well balanced with right base and high range. His diction is fantastic, you may feel every word. Incomparable. More comments about Mohamed Rafi 3Kumar Sanu +14He holds a Guinness World Record for recording 28 songs in a single day Awards *.
    [Show full text]
  • Proceedings of the Workshop
    ADVANCED TRANSPLANT COORDINATORS’ WORKSHOP 2nd Consultative Meeting PROCEEDINGS Edited by Dr. Sumana Navin & Dr. Hemal Kanvinde Organised by MOHAN Foundation Supported by Sir Ratan Tata Trust & Navajbai Ratan Tata Trust 30th January 2015 - Ramada Egmore, Chennai This volume contains the proceedings of the Advanced Transplant Coordinators’ Workshop held in Chennai on 30th January 2015. Title: Proceedings of the Advanced Transplant Coordinators Workshop – 2nd Consultative Meeting 2015 Citation: Navin S and Kanvinde H. Proceedings of the Advanced Transplant Coordinators’ Workshop - 2nd Consultative Meeting, MOHAN Foundation, Chennai, 2015. Cover design: Mr. Sridhar For copies contact: MOHAN Foundation, 3rd Floor, Toshniwal Building, 267, Kilpauk Garden Road, Chennai-600 010, Tel - 044 26447000 `1800 419 3737 Download - http://www.mohanfoundation.org/proceedings/index.asp Website – www.mohanfoundation.org Email- [email protected] Contents 1. Message from MOHAN Foundation – Dr. Sunil Shroff -1 2. Agenda -2 3. Welcome Address -3 4. Sessions I. Problems in deceased organ donation in a corporate hospital -3 II. Post-mortem in the case of organ donation -6 III. Fallacies in declaring brain death -8 IV. Optimising potential organ donors -8 V. Peripheral blood stem cell donation and transplant -9 VI. Promoting organ donation in minority ethnic communities in UK -10 VII. The UK experience in organ donation and transplantation -11 5. MoU between MOHAN Foundation and NHS Blood and Transplant, UK -12 6. List of delegates -13 7. List of faculty -14 8. Photographs -15 1. Message and Important Highlights of the Workshop The second Advanced Transplant Coordinators’ Workshop - 2nd Consultative Meeting held at Chennai has been another milestone that focussed on grey areas in the field of deceased donation and provided many learning opportunities to senior transplant coordinators.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Analysis of the Current Status and Unmet Needs in Kidney Transplantation in Southeast Asia
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by eScholarship - University of California UCSF UC San Francisco Previously Published Works Title A Comprehensive Analysis of the Current Status and Unmet Needs in Kidney Transplantation in Southeast Asia. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f05m9ch Authors Chan-On, Chitranon Sarwal, Minnie M Publication Date 2017 DOI 10.3389/fmed.2017.00084 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California REVIEW published: 23 June 2017 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00084 A Comprehensive Analysis of the Current Status and Unmet Needs in Kidney Transplantation in Southeast Asia Chitranon Chan-on1,2* and Minnie M. Sarwal2 1 Division of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 2 Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States To address the unmet needs in the face of a growing demand for end-stage renal failure management and kidney transplantation in Asia, we have conducted a critical analysis of published literature and national registries to evaluate clinical outcomes and the rates of organ donation in Southeast Asia and the challenges facing these regions with regards to regulation, choice of donor source, and funding. Based on the available data, sug- gestions are proposed for an advancement of rates of organ donation and access, with emphasis on improved regulation and public education. Edited by: Asha Moudgil, Keywords: organ donation, organ access, transplant policy, transplant law, kidney transplantation, health Children National Medical Center, financing, donor compensation, kidney graft survival United States Reviewed by: Matthew Michael James Edey, Hull and East Yorkshire Hospitals INTRODUCTION NHS Trust, United Kingdom Bassam G.
    [Show full text]
  • Transplantation the Official Journal of the Transplantation Society
    Supplement to June 15, 2011 ா Volume 91 Number 11S Transplantation The Official Journal of the Transplantation Society www.transplantjournal.com Contents - Note from the Secretariat ................................................... S27 - The Madrid Resolution on Organ Donation and Transplantation .................... S29 - Executive Summary ....................................................... S32 - Report of the Madrid Consultation Part 1: European and Universal Challenges in Organ Donation and Transplantation, Searching for Global Solutions ................... S39 - Report of the Madrid Consultation Part 2: Reports from the Working Groups ......... S67 - Working Group 1: Assessing Needs for Transplantation........................... S67 - Working Group 2: System Requirements for the Pursuit of Self-Sufficiency ........... S71 - Working Group 3: Meeting Needs through Donation ............................. S73 - Working Group 4: Monitoring Outcomes in the Pursuit of Self-Sufficiency ........... S75 - Working Group 5: Fostering Professional Ownership of Self-Sufficiency in the Emergency Department and Intensive Care Unit ........................................ S80 - Working Group 6: The Role of Public Health and Society in the Pursuit of Self-Sufficiency ........................................................ S82 - Working Group 7: Ethics of the Pursuit of Self-Sufficiency ......................... S87 - Working Group 8: Effectiveness in the Pursuit of Self-Sufficiency - Achievements and Opportunities .........................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Epistemic Communities, Human Rights, and the Global Diffusion of Legislation Against the Organ Trade
    social sciences $€ £ ¥ Article Epistemic Communities, Human Rights, and the Global Diffusion of Legislation against the Organ Trade Fikresus Amahazion Department of Sociology and Social Work, National College of Arts and Social Sciences, Asmara 12423, Eritrea; Tel.: +291-711-8538; [email protected] Academic Editor: Martin J. Bull Received: 11 August 2016; Accepted: 19 October 2016; Published: 27 October 2016 Abstract: Over the past several decades, over 100 countries have passed legislation banning commercial organ transplantation. What explains this rapid, global diffusion of laws? Based on qualitative data from in-depth interviews, historical analysis, and secondary sources, this paper explores the role played by the medical epistemic community and human rights in the global spread of laws against the organ trade. In addition to shaping, guiding, and influencing norms and approaches to transplantation, the epistemic community has been instrumental in the development of various resolutions, policy initiatives, recommended practices, statements, legislation, and model laws. Moreover, the epistemic community helped position the organ trade as an issue of societal and global importance, and it persistently encouraged states to undertake actions, such as implementing legislation, to combat the organ trade. Critically, the epistemic community’s efforts against the organ trade incorporated the concepts of human rights, integrity, and dignity, which had diffused globally and become institutionalized in the period after WWII. Keywords: world culture; human rights; organ trafficking; policy diffusion; epistemic communities; law; policy 1. Introduction Transplantation, the process of replacing failing organs in one individual with healthy organs from another, is “hailed as one of the great miracles of modern science” ([1], p.
    [Show full text]
  • IFLA Journal Volume 46 Number 3 October 2020
    IFLA Volume 46 Number 3 October 2020 IFLA Contents Articles Designing a mentoring program for faculty librarians 197 Erla P. Heyns and Judith M. Nixon Transformational and transactional leadership and knowledge sharing in Nigerian university libraries 207 C. I. Ugwu, O. B. Onyancha and M. Fombard Knowledge management and innovation: Two explicit intentions pursued by Spanish university libraries 224 Ana R. Pacios National and international trends in library and information science research: A comparative review of the literature 234 Mallikarjun Dora and H. Anil Kumar Taxonomy design methodologies: Emergent research for knowledge management domains 250 Virginia M. Tucker The effect of information literacy instruction on lifelong learning readiness 259 Leili Seifi, Maryam Habibi and Mohsen Ayati Semantic modeling for education of library and information sciences in Iran, based on Soft Systems Methodology 271 Amir Hessam Radfar, Fatima Fahimnia, Mohammad Reza Esmaeili and Moluk al-Sadat Beheshti Abstracts 290 Aims and Scope IFLA Journal is an international journal publishing peer reviewed articles on library and information services and the social, political and economic issues that impact access to information through libraries. The Journal publishes research, case studies and essays that reflect the broad spectrum of the profession internationally. To submit an article to IFLA Journal please visit: journals.sagepub.com/home/ifl IFLA Journal Official Journal of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions ISSN 0340-0352 [print] 1745-2651 [online] Published 4 times a year in March, June, October and December Editor Steve Witt, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 321 Main Library, MC – 522 1408 W. Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL, USA.
    [Show full text]