A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-BeneƒTs

ISBN 978-4-88788-088-7 IGES Policy Report 2012-02 A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benets

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT) Thammasat University, Rangsit Campus 99 Moo 18, Paholyothin Road, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand Tel: +66-2-9869009 Fax: +66-2-9869112 URL: http://www.siit.tu.ac.th

Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan Tel: +81-46-855-3720 Fax: +81-46-855-3709 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iges.or.jp

Sustainable Consumption and Production Group, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

An eco-friendly waterless printing method was used which does not yield harmful waste water. VOC free ink was used to print this report. IGES Policy Report 2012-02 A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benets

Authors

Alice Sharp Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT)

Janya Sang-Arun Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Reviewers

Magnus Bengtsson Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

Ainhoa Carpintero International Environmental Technology Centre, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP/DTIE/IETC)

Chettiyappan Visvanathan Asian Institute of Technology (AIT)

Supporting organization

Asia-Pacifi c Network for Global Change Research (APN) Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan Tel: +81-46-855-3720 Fax: +81-46-855-3709 E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://www.iges.or.jp

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-benefits

No parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from IGES.

Although every effort is made to ensure objectivity and balance, the publication of research results or translation does not imply IGES endorsement or acquiescence with its conclusions or the endorsement of IGES financers. IGES maintains a position of neutrality at all times on issues concerning public policy. Hence, conclusions that are reached in IGES publications should be understood to be those of the authors and not attributed to staff members, officers, directors, trustees, funders, or to IGES itself.

The Sustainable Consumption and Production (SCP) Group aims to contribute towards sustainable patterns of consumption and production in Asia, with a focus mainly on low and middle income countries in the region. Special attention is given to the flows of materials through society, activities by consumers and producers, and the environmental impacts associated with material flows. The group’s research is based on life-cycle thinking and explores how different actors, institutions, and policies can influence society’s utilization of natural resources in a more sustainable direction.

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT) is a semi-autonomous international institute established under the statute of Thammasat University. SIIT is a well-known institute in terms of modern curriculum and research work that strongly responds to the needs of society, including environmental related issues. The faculty members at SIIT work in close proximity with government, private sectors, and citizens toward sustainable development of the country.

ISBN: 978-4-88788-088-7 Printed in Japan Foreword

The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES) is an international research institute conducting practical and innovative research for realising sustainable development in the Asia-Pacific region. During 2009-2011, IGES received funding from the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) through the APN CAPaABLE Programme for the project Promoting Sustainable Use of Waste Biomass in Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Thailand: Combining Food Security, Bio-energy and Climate Protection Benefits. This multilateral, collaborative project aims to promote the use of climate-friendly technology for waste biomass conversion for food and energy production in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Thailand.

In the three studied countries, the problem of managing urban organic waste is more severe than agricultural waste management, while the situation and progress on solid waste management varies significantly. The idea of country-specific publications to facilitate the implementation of urban organic waste utilization technology was thus born. Through these publications, it was envisioned that experiences and lessons learnt in Thailand, which is more advanced in waste biomass utilization, could be shared with and transferred to neighbouring countries in the form of South-South cooperation.

In this report, the authors describe and analyze the current situation of urban organic waste Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining management in Thailand through field surveys and interviews with local stakeholders, including national and local governments, the private sector, and non-governmental organizations. In addition, the authors introduce various organic waste utilization technologies that are implemented in Thailand. In the latter part of the report, the authors provide a comparative analysis of urban organic waste utilization technology. They emphasise that careful selection of technology and proper implementation is required to ensure successful adoption by local governments, and they provide a practical guide for technology selection and proper implementation in the latter part of this report. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A i I congratulate the authors for completing this challenging assignment and believe that the findings will have value for local governments, policy makers and practitioners responsible for organic waste management, not only in Thailand, but also in other countries at a similar stage of economic development and facing similar waste management challenges.

Hideyuki Mori

President Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A ii Foreword

Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT) is an international educational institute in Thailand that emphasizes producing high-quality graduates and research of faculty members that responds to social needs. Cooperation between IGES and SIIT under APN CAPaABLE Programme, not only means an expansion of research networks, but also an answer to the needs of society to improve well-being and quality of life.

In Thailand, solid waste has been identified as one of the major environmental problems due to the fact that the waste generation rate has increased drastically together with a lack of awareness of local citizens. Local governments who are responsible for the management of solid waste often lack the capability to solve problems as a result of financial and personnel constraints.

One common problem for local governments is to select appropriate waste treatment technology. It is, therefore, important for most local governments to understand the differences between various types of technology available. The authors of this report have reviewed the status of solid waste management issues and also intensively studied country specific waste management technology being used. Such information is made available to local governments both in English and in local languages in order to strengthen clear

understanding of the technology available. The implementation of solid waste management Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining projects, especially those that deal with organic waste, is made easier by leaning from practices of other cities that are included in this report.

Apart from being able to select appropriate technology for each locality, the local governments are now equipped with the knowledge of the benefits of proper solid waste management, which include food, energy, and climate benefits. Extension of this knowledge to local citizens, together with other organizations will progressively lead the countries toward sustainable consumption and production. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A iii I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the authors for their dedication to produce high quality report that will assist all stakeholders in solid waste management to reach national goals for sustainable waste management.

Prof. Chongrak Polprasert

Director Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A iv Preface

The objective of this report is to facilitate local governments in decision making and implementation of urban organic waste utilization projects that can contribute to sustainable solid waste management and national agendas on food, energy, and climate change. This report provides an overview of national policy, regulations, and institutions related to municipal solid waste management, and examples of municipal solid waste management practices in some cities. Furthermore, this report reviews advantages and disadvantages of each technology. In the latter part, this report provides guidance for technology selection and implementation of technology that is selected.

Organic waste is the major composition of municipal solid waste in developing Asian countries. Most of this waste is being discarded by means of open dumping and landfill. Thus, it is generally known as a food source of pest and disease carriers such as houseflies and rodents. In addition, it degrades rapidly and generates foul odor and polluted areas.

On the other hand, this waste can be used as a source of nutrients for soils and bio-energy. In addition, proper management of this waste can significantly contribute to climate change mitigation. Some municipalities see these benefits as an opportunity to improving their waste management practices. Some of them implement organic waste utilization projects such as

composting and anaerobic digestion. However, many implementers confront challenges and Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining constraints during the implementation. Therefore, other municipalities hesitate to implement similar activities.

Thailand, a developing Asian country, set a national goal to promote 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) and increase utilization of organic waste. There are many pilot projects funded by various donors that are implemented by local governments. Lesson learned from these projects would be beneficial for not only other local governments in Thailand but also for other developing countries which have similar local circumstance and socio-economic conditions. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A v The earlier version of this report was published in Thai and distributed to local governments and other stakeholders participating in the workshop “Capacity Building on Accounting and Utilizing GHG Emission Reduction Measures for Local Waste Management Actor in Thailand” held on 25-27 January 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand. The workshop was co-organized by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology (SIIT), and Pollution Control Department (PCD) with financial support from the Ministry of Environment of Japan (MOEJ) and Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN). The organizers are impressed with positive responses from participants and their willingness to implement urban organic waste utilization projects.

The authors believe that this guide would also be useful for other local governments in Thailand and other countries that could not attend the workshop. Therefore, the authors revised the document, rearranged the story-line, and brushed-up the language. The Thai version is also being revised according to this English edition which will be useful for many local governments that are not familiar with a foreign language.

In addition to this report, there is guidance for promoting urban organic waste utilization projects that reflect local conditions and capacities of local governments in Cambodia and Lao PDR, which are also available in both the local language and English.

The authors welcome feedback and comments on this guide, which can be sent to Dr. Janya Sang-Arun ([email protected] or [email protected]) and Dr. Alice Sharp (alice@siit. tu.ac.th).

Janya Sang-Arun

Policy Researcher Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A vi Preface

Selection of solid waste management technology in Thailand has proved to be one of the difficulties for local governments since the municipality officers may not be able to make such decision by themselves. Consequently, many municipalities tend to end up with very advanced technology that does not fit with the characteristics of the waste that they have to deal with. This report focuses on treatment technology for organic waste as the authors believe that proper treatment of organic waste, which is the major component of solid waste in Thailand, will help reduce the quantity of waste entering final disposal sites. Additional benefits from the treatment of organic waste are also emphasized in order to provide incentives and raise awareness of local citizens.

This report covers five main types of technology: composting, anaerobic digestion, mechanical-biological treatment, biodigestion, and landfill gas recovery from sanitary landfill. The authors have travelled to various cities that operate each type of technology to collect waste management data as well as to collect baseline information for each technology.

Technologies were then compared based on a set of 12 criteria such as suitable waste characteristics, products from treatment technology, contribution to food security, contribution to energy security, and contribution to climate change mitigation. Each of the

studied technologies has different advantages and disadvantages, thus it is not possible to Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining rank the priority of technologies to be used. Decision makers should make use of information provided in this report as a guideline and ensure that the selected technology corresponds to local conditions and provides the highest combined benefits. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A vii The authors are well aware that technology development is progressing at a very high speed, therefore, this report shall be used as the status quo of organic waste management in Thailand. Other countries that share the same social characteristics may also apply the knowledge from Thailand to their specific conditions. Additional comments, suggestions, best practices, and lessons learned from all related parties are all welcome for the benefit of global society.

Alice Sharp

Associate Professor Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A viii Acknowledgement

The authors owe a debt of gratitude to the Asia-Pacific Network for Global Change Research (APN) for funding the development of A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy and Climate Co-benefits through the APN CAPaBLE Programme in FY2009 and FY2010. We are also grateful to the Ministry of Environment, Japan for providing the necessary financial support to publish the report and organize the capacity building workshop for local governments in Thailand.

The authors are also grateful to all stakeholders in Thailand who kindly donated their time, providing us valuable information which was useful for development of this document. Furthermore, the authors would like to thank Dr. Magnus Bengtsson (IGES) and Ms. Ainhoa Carpintero (UNEP.IETC) and Prof. Chettiyappan Visvanathan (AIT) for their substantial comments on the drafts of the report.

Last but not least, we sincerely thank the Pollution Control Department (PCD) for their great support as co-organizer of the workshop in Thailand.

15 May 2012

The authors Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A ix Table of Contents

Foreword i Preface v Acknowledgement ix Suggested reading xiv Acronyms xv Executive Summary xvii 1. Introduction 1 2. Existing municipal solid waste management policy, legislation and institutional framework in Thailand 5 2.1 National Environmental Policies and Plans 6 2.2 National Integrated Waste Management Policy 6 2.3 National 3Rs strategy 8 2.4 National Climate Change Strategies 8 2.5 Overview of legislative framework 9 Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining 2.6 Institutional framework 10 2.7 Discussion of existing policy, legislation and institution framework 15 3. Current municipal solid waste management in Thailand 17 3.1 Waste generation 18 3.2 Municipal solid waste characteristics 19 3.3 Municipal solid waste management practices 19 3.4 Examples of municipal solid waste management in studied cities 22 3.4.1 Bangkok Metropolitan Administration 22 3.4.2 Nakhon Ratchasima City Municipality 32 3.4.3 Koh Samui Town Municipality 34 3.4.4 Rayong City Municipality 39 3.4.5 Phitsanulok City Municipality 41 3.5 Discussion of municipal solid waste management in Thailand 43 A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A x 4. Urban organic waste utilization in Thailand 45 4.1 Composting 46 4.2 Anaerobic digestion 49 4.3 Integrated bio-digester 55 4.4 Mechanical-Biological Treatment for unsorted organic waste 56 4.5 Sanitary landfill of unsorted waste for gas recovery 58 4.6 Analysis of Technology from the viewpoints of food and energy security and climate change mitigation 59 5. Guidance for implementation of urban organic waste utilization project 65 5.1 Overview of barriers in urban organic waste utilization 66 5.2 Selection of appropriate technology 67 5.2.1 Technical criteria 67 5.2.2 Economic criteria 68 5.3 Improvement in waste separation and collection 69 5.4 Encouraging public participation 70 5.5 Local capacity building 71 5.5.1 Institutional capacity building 71 5.5.2 Financial capacity building 72 5.5.3 Communities capacity building 72 6. Conclusion 73 References 76 Appendices Appendix I Summary of Regulatory Framework on Solid Waste Management 79 Appendix II Institutional Framework of Solid Waste Management in Thailand 89 Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xi List of Tables

Table 2.1 Targets for reduction, reuse, and recycling 9 Table 2.2 Summary of regulatory framework related to SWM in Thailand 11 Table 2.3 Summary of forms of local governments in Thailand 14 Table 3.1 Waste compositions of different regions in Thailand in 2003 19 Table 3.2 Waste compositions of selected municipalities 20 Table 3.3 Composition of waste collected by BMA 25 Table 3.4 Quantity of waste reduced after waste reduction campaigns and estimation of costs saved 27 Table 3.5 Summary of hiring the private sector to treat and dispose of solid waste 30 Table 3.6 Waste composition bases on utilization capacity at BMA in fiscal year 2008 31 Table 3.7 Waste composition of NCM 32 Table 3.8 Quantity of waste generation in Koh Samui Town Municipality 36 Table 3.9 Waste compositions of Koh Samui at the disposal site 36

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Table 3.10 Contribution of waste generation from major generators 39 Table 4.1 Comparison of waste characteristics of collected waste, Reject A, and Reject B 49 Table 4.2 Technical design and installed capacity of anaerobic digestion facility at Rayong City 52 Table 4.3 Investment cost for anaerobic digestion system 53 Table 4.4 Estimated income from operation of anaerobic digestion system if the system is operating at full capacity 53 Table 4.5 Fuel Equivalents of Landfill Gas (LFG with 50% methane) 59 Table 4.6 Comparison on different types of urban organic waste management technology 62 A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xii List of Figures

Figure 2.1 Central government organizations related to solid waste management 13 Figure 3.1 Trends of waste generation in Thailand during 2000-2008 18 Figure 3.2 Waste segregation at the source is not generally practiced in BMA 22 Figure 3.3 Location of studied cities in Thailand 23 Figure 3.4 MSW generations in Bangkok in relation to the population growth and waste generation rate during 1999-2007 24 Figure 3.5 Sorting and management of solid waste in BMA 26 Figure 3.6 Flows of waste management in BMA in 2008 26 Figure 3.7 Community Waste Bank for recyclable waste collection 28 Figure 3.8 Mass balance of compost production processes 31 Figure 3.9 The proposed design (process flow diagram) of an integrated solid waste treatment system in NCM, which can manage the MSW up to 240 tons/day 35 Figure 3.10 Waste compositions of Rayong City Municipality 39 Figure 3.11 Food waste Separation and collection activity in RCM 40 Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Figure 3.12 Rayong city waste management model 41 Figure 3.13 Waste reduction through 3R practices in Phitsanulok Municipality 42 Figure 4.1 Process flow chart of BMA composting plant 48 Figure 4.2 Local community composting system 50 Figure 4.3 Process flow diagram of RCM anaerobic digestion facility 51 Figure 4.4 A small-scale anaerobic digestion tank 54 Figure 4.5 Example process diagram of bio-digester 55 Figure 4.6 Bio-plastic bags, waste collection from household, collected waste for digester, and digested materials/soil conditioner at Kradangng Municipality 56 Figure 4.7 MBT process at Phitsanulok Landfill site 57 A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xiii Suggested reading

1. Solid waste management standard, the Department of Local Administration

2. Guideline on composting, Pollution Control Department

3. Guideline and Basic Regulation for Waste Reduction and Utilization, the Pollution Control Department

4. National 3R Strategy, Pollution Control Department Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xiv Acronyms

1 Baht Thai currency, equivalent to 0.0334 USD 3Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle AD Anaerobic digestion AFP Area-Function-Participation B.E. Buddhist Era BMA Bangkok Metropolitan Administration BOD Biological oxygen demand CBM Community based solid waste management CDM Clean Development Mechanism C/N Ratio Carbon per Nitrogen Ratio DOLA Department of Local Administration FET Front-End Treatment GHG Greenhouse gas GTZ or GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit I-TEQ International-Toxicity Equivalents JBIC Japan Bank for International Cooperation JOECF Japanese Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund Kg Kilogram 3 KgVM/day.m Kilogram volatile matter per cubic meter per day Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Km kilometer Km2 Square kilometer kWh Kilowatt-hour LFG Landfill gas MBT Mechanical-biological treatment MEA Metropolitan Electricity Authority MoIND Ministry of Industry MoINT Ministry of Interior MoNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MoPH Ministry of Public Health MSW Municipal solid waste Mt One million tons NCM Nakhon Ratchasima City Municipality A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xv NEB National Environmental Board NEQA Enhancement and Conservation of National Environmental Quality Act ng 1/1,000,000,000 gram NGO Non-governmental organization Nm3 Normal cubic meter PAO Provincial Administration Organization PCD Pollution Control Department PCOA Public Cleanliness and Orderliness Act PPP Polluter Pay Principles RCM Rayong City Municipality RDF Refuse Derived Fuel SWM Solid waste management TAO Sub-district Administration Organization or Tambon Administration Offices

tCO2eq Ton carbon dioxide equivalent Ton 1,000 kilograms UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USD U.S. dollar Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xvi Executive Summary

Organic waste utilization in Thailand

• Most waste in Thailand has high organic composition, similar to other Asian countries. It has potential for utilisation for food and energy production. However, these wastes are being dumped into landfills and they release pollutants, including greenhouse gas into the environment.

• Some municipalities have initiatives on diversion of waste from final disposal site (e.g. composting in BMA, anaerobic digestion in Rayong, MBT in Phitsanulok). In addition, BMA installs landfill gas recovery systems to utilize methane gas for electricity generation.

• Organic waste separation at source is being promoted in some cities. However, it is not sustained due to various reasons such as the system to receive waste for further treatment is not well maintained, markets of products are not well established, or economic incentives are not significant.

• Increasing utilization of urban organic waste can significantly contribute to improve the urban solid waste management, and minimize environmental impacts from the final

disposal site in Thailand. In addition, depending on the technology employed, it can Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining contribute to increasing crop productivity, provide alternative energy, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance resource efficiency, and generate income. Urban organic waste utilization can contribute to a national policy on creating a recycling society.

• To strengthening the 3R implementation, the Pollution Control Department (PCD) drafted the National 3R Strategy and the 3R Act to promote and support the 3Rs implementation in Thailand. The 3R Strategy aims to increase organic waste utilization by 50% before 2026. This target can greatly contribute to climate change mitigation by avoiding landfill gas emissions, supply organic fertilizer for cultivation, and generating alternative energy. Unfortunately, these drafts were not yet approved or entered into force. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xvii Organic waste utilization technologies employed in Thailand

• Each municipality employs a different waste management system but all of them, to some extent, implement urban organic waste utilization technology. Technologies listed in this report include centralized composting and landfill gas recovery, as used in the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration, anaerobic digestion (AD) system of the Rayong City Municipality, mechanical biological-treatment (MBT) at Phitsanulok City Municipality, integrated solid waste management technology of Nakhon Ratchasima City Municipality, and community composting and bio-digestion at Kradangnga Municipality.

• Composting, anaerobic digestion and bio-digestion are suitable for sorted organic waste while MBT and sanitary landfill with gas recovery are appropriate for unsorted waste.

• Composting technology is varied from a simple one like windrow composting that is applied on a small scale at household and community levels to a complicate one like in- vessel composting that is implemented in BMA. Composting can contribute to food security and climate change mitigation. Compost can be sold for financial revenue. However many municipal composts are distributed as incentives for waste separation.

• Anaerobic digestion is a complicated and expensive treatment compared to composting. However, it can contribute to food, energy and climate co-benefits. Under good management, anaerobic digestion releases a smaller amount of GHG emissions than composting. In addition, anaerobic digestion can treat liquid waste efficiently, while compost requires a proper adjustment of moisture content. However, an anaerobic digestion system requires enough quality waste input to ensure sufficient gas for energy use.

• Bio-digestion is a new technology in Thailand. Therefore it is very expensive in terms of capital investment per ton of waste. However, the cost is affordable by small municipalities

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining as the system is designed for a small scale treatment facility. This system can be considered as pre-treatment prior to composting and anaerobic digestion as a system can efficiently separate solids and liquids. The solid fraction can be applied directly as soil additive. The liquid fraction can be processed by either anaerobic digestion or bio- extraction (fermentation). The discharge after fermentation can be used as a soil additive, thus increasing crop productivity. There is no concise investigation on GHG emissions reduction; however it can be assumed that it is similar to in-vessel composting.

• MBT is an alternative to pre-treatment for unsorted waste prior to landfill. It can contribute to extending the lifetime of landfills, enhancing resource efficiency, and avoiding greenhouse gas emissions. The GHG emission reduction potential of MBT is similar to composting. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xviii • These four organic waste treatment technologies are preferable to sanitary landfill with a gas recovery system in terms of effectiveness of enhancing resource efficiency, reducing environmental impacts, and mitigating climate change. However, sanitary landfill gas recovery is a desirable option where the municipality does not have an organic waste separation program and the Central Government provides a feed-in tariff for power generation.

Guides for technology selection and successful implementation of urban organic waste utilization projects

• As the size of local administrative offices varies, the ability in solid waste management is also different. Common constraints that can be found include lack of trained personnel, and financial constraints as technology can be expensive for a local government to purchase.

• Appropriate technology for one locality does not mean that it is appropriate for other places. Selection of technology should be made based on local conditions, budget availability, personnel skill requirements, users, or marketing of the products, and so on.

• In the selection of appropriate urban organic waste utilization technology for each locality, there are at least two main groups of criteria that the local government authorities should take into consideration: technical criteria (e.g. characteristics of municipal solid waste, effectiveness in waste utilization, land area required, operation and maintenance procedure, flexibility of the system, environmental impacts) and economic criteria (e.g. capital investment, operation and maintenance costs, income/by-products from the treatment). Sometimes, the most environmental friendly technology may not be selected due to the constraints on technology and economic issues. Public hearings should be carried out prior to technology selection in order to minimize risk of: termination of the project, due to strong public opposition, or failure in implementation due to lack of public cooperation. Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining • Even though an organic waste utilization project is introduced, waste reduction should be promoted to maintain or decrease the total waste generation because the waste collection capacity of local governments is limited.

• Once the selected technology acquires sorted organic waste input, such as composting, anaerobic digestion and bio-digestion, the local governments should establish supporting mechanisms which includes improving waste separation and collection systems, encouraging public participation and increasing local capacity (both local government and communities). Otherwise, the local governments will confront various constraints and may have to terminate the project. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A xix

1. Introduction IGES Policy Report 2012-02

1. Introduction

1.1 Background of the Report manage their solid waste as they do not have sufficient trained staff or there is a Municipal solid waste management in lack of budget for investment in solid waste Thailand has long been considered as one management. Immediate solutions to solid of the most severe environmental problems. waste problems thus, are open dumping As the country grows economically, the and landfill as these are cheap disposal quantity of solid waste has also increased methods with minimum skills required. The while many of the existing disposal sites complexities of solid waste management have reached carrying capacity. Obtaining become the challenges for authorities new disposal sites faces several constraints. as each type of waste requires a unique First of all it is difficult for a local government treatment and management scheme. to secure a budget to buy a large land area to be used as a solid waste disposal site. Realizing that the mismanagement of solid Secondly, even if there is a resource to buy waste could bring about other irreversible new disposal site, there is also a problem damage to human health and ecosystems, of public opposition, to construct a solid the Government of Thailand has given waste disposal site near their communities. priority to the problem and aims to promote Lastly, when a local government selects effective and appropriate technology to be

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining technology to be used at a disposal site, they used in solid waste management. do not have sufficient scientific information to support their decision making process. When solid waste is properly managed, Consequently, some technology used may various benefits can be derived from not be suitable with the characteristics of the the action. For instance, pressure on solid waste produced. environmental quality will be minimised and human health will be protected as direct In terms of the agency responsible for solid benefits. Other benefits include job creation waste management, local governments are and income generation for communities usually designated to be responsible for and obtaining by-products such as feed for providing solid waste management services. animals, compost for soil improvement and They also have the sole ownership right crop production, as well as biogas and fuel over waste once it has been placed outside briquette for energy use, at the local levels. a home or building for collection. However, On the global level, appropriate solid waste not all local governments can properly management can contribute to the reduction A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 2 offices, should, therefore, perceive perceive therefore, with management waste solid appropriate should, government offices, Local programs. reduction emission GHG for building capacity local for budget of amount certain a allocated have government national the as well as agencies funding International acceptance. waste public gained reduce widely solid has may emission a that GHG system level, management global the On management systems. waste the improve and administer to managerial skills and technical with staff and sufficient budgethave not governmentsdo local most while landfill, from emissions organic alsofacingproblemwaste,istheGHGit of of proportion high a containing MSW its to Due exception. no future. is Thailand the in emissions GHG higher to lead may waste) plastic of burning open and recovery gas without waste organic of landfill and dumping open (e.g. waste of management improper high, is waste has of waste developing countries, where organic organic content contributed waste, themostthisinaspect. mostIn of types various from emissions GHG Regarding countries. those in waste employed systems improper management and generation waste increasing from result al, the et is This 2011a). Sang-Arun 2009; Bengtsson, and (Sang-Arun substantially increased have MSWemissionsper-capitafrom thatGHG from MSW in ten Asian countries suggested GHG emissions. A study on GHG emissions for sourcesimportant the of one is (MSW) waste solid Municipal warming. global of impactsincreaseddegreeofhave the GHG of emissions the that accepted widely is It of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. 3 are composting, anaerobic digestion, bio- digestion, anaerobic composting, are organic Thailand. Technologies included inthis part in employed technology disseminates utilization waste part third The on data existing available secondary technology. of reviews on were based cities of Selection Phitsanuok. and (BMA), Rayong, Samui, Koh Ratchasima, Nakhon Administration Metropolitan Bangkok are study this in covered employed. Cities systems management waste solid municipal on situation the of picture clear a give to order in presented are cities and current managementgeneration in Thailand. waste Data the from various solid of reviews situation part second The on solid waste management in Thailand. andlegislative andinstitutional frameworks management,waste solid to relevantplans presents part nationalfirst policies Theand sections. main four of consists report The impacts on environment and climate. its reducing thus treated; properly be can locality.eachfororganicurbanThus, waste technique appropriate an select to makers decision and authorities government local each of facilitate to intends report The technique. feasibility the of comparison a as well as Thailand in available currently techniques are study this in covered Also sites. disposal entering waste of quantity the reduces that technique a and waste, of techniquea promotesthattoutilization the energy to waste transforms that technique a from ranging techniques, treatment utilization and waste organic urban various of of types review the covers study This and increase capacitybudget of local a government staff. secure to order in priority, their as emissions GHG reduce to aim the Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

digestion, mechanical biological treatment (MBT), and sanitary landfill with gas recovery. Comparison of the technologies studied and criteria for selection of appropriate technologies are presented as a decision-making tool for local government authorities, private sectors, and other stakeholders.

The last part presents guidance for improvement of urban organic waste management including discussion of barriers, recommendations to improve waste separation and collection services, encouragement of public participation, and local capacity building. Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 4 2. Existing municipal solid waste management policy, legislation and institutional framework in Thailand IGES Policy Report 2012-02

2. Existing municipal solid waste management policy, legislation and institutional framework in Thailand

2.1 National Environmental and safely disposing of it by at least 30%; Policies and Plans • Establishing a center for municipal hazardous waste management in each According to the Natural Resources region. and Environmental Policy (1997-2016), the Government has implemented an To achieve these targets, integrated waste environmentally sound waste disposal management is included in the national system and improves waste disposal agenda. capacity of local government agencies. The Government also encourages the role of private sector in research and development 2.2 National Integrated Waste for recycling of raw material and clean Management Policy technology. Additionally, the Government will strictly control the trans-boundary Solid waste management in Thailand has waste to prevent Thailand from becoming moved toward national environmental an end receiver of waste. policies and plans. The policy is developed mainly for integrated solid waste and In response to the Natural Resources wastewater management (UNEP, 2012).

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining and Environmental Policy, the National Environmental Quality Management The national integrated waste management Plan has been developed every four years. policy aims to minimize waste generation The current plan is effective during 2007- by promoting 3Rs hierarchy including 2011. Targets of the policy on solid waste promotion of waste reduction and management are summarized as follows: separation at source, waste materials recovery for composting, materials and • Reducing municipal solid waste energy uses. As for waste treatment facilities, generation rate to not more than 1kg/ the country will promote an establishment person/day; of central solid waste management disposal • Utilizing municipal solid waste by at facilities with appropriate technology to be least 30%; shared among municipalities. Privatization • Increasing coverage of sanitary disposal of waste management services is also of municipal solid waste by at least 40%; needed in order to high efficiency as well as • Separating municipal hazardous waste to attract investment from the private sector. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 6 and related stakeholders, and raising and the local public. raising citizens and among awareness environmental stakeholders, related and officers l government a for t n building e capacity m n technologies, o sound r i v development n e environmentally and in f o research n o i t education, o m o including r p d e e n h measures o t i t n e m potential e v implementation o other b a also are e h there t m measure, o r f t r a p A of monitoring environmental quality. and solid management in waste participate to community local for program the and reduction, waste for schemes subsidy fees, service are updated Examplemattersof thatshould regularlybe appropriate. when revised and updated be all to partiesdistributed involved. Lawand and regulation should updated be shall systems management waste for Databases Pay Principles (PPP) for all waste generators.Polluter employ shall management waste solid implementation, policy Concerning grouped into five major categories. impacts on local residents. The policy can be disposal technology that will have minimum waste and waste recovery, material rate, segregation, generation waste of control the at aimed has management waste solid general,In thenational policymunicipal on 2.2.1 ii) i) Assistance to local government government local to Assistance Monitoring of waste generation generation waste of Monitoring technically. The assistance shall shall and assistance The financially technically. both authorities e t s a w g n i d u l c generation. n waste i of sources s and n o characteristics i t a u t i s waste management policy National municipal solid 7 management action plan. plan quality environmental provincial management the and are waste which national the implementation, of two means through achieved be can policy The objectives; main two fulfill to In aims plan the general, management. waste solid municipal e t s a w toemphasize the importance of appropriate d i l o s l 2004, a and wasin adopted p as a national i agendaapproved c was i n plan u The m management. r o f y c n e g a responsible the as designated is Environment (MoNRE) and Resources Natural of cabinet resolution onthe January 21,of 2003. The Ministry plan result a as developed management was waste national The 2.2.1.1 iii) iv) v) i) To effectively manage municipal municipal manage effectively To hierarchy starting from source source material recovery, and disposal. from transportation, collection, separation, starting hierarchy management waste whole the cover of waste to be disposed of. The The of. have not shall disposed scheme management be to waste of quantity the minimizing and recovery The materialmaximizing emphasizes concept. plan management waste integrated an following waste solid Awareness raising for both local local both for raising Awareness Development of appropriate municipal Involvement of stakeholders in in stakeholders of Involvement government authorities and public. and implementation guidelines. regulations management waste solid municipal solid waste management. management plan National waste Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

adverse impacts on environment and i) Production and distribution – enhance local communities. proper designing of goods and packages, promote manufacturing and ii) To promote participation of all distribution of eco-friendly products, stakeholders in municipal solid waste etc.; management in order to achieve the target set for waste generation rate and ii) Consumption - increase public waste disposal. participation in using reusable, recyclable, and eco-friendly products, 2.2.1.2 Provincial environmental etc.; quality management action plan iii) Reuse, recycling, treatment, and disposal - promote waste The provincial environmental quality separation at source, enhance the management action plan is prepared use of biodegradable waste for based on the concept of Area-Function- soil amendment and energy use, Participation (AFP), which has aimed for a encourage the use of non-recyclable management system that is suitable with waste for thermal recovery, etc. the situation, problems, and resources of the locality. However, it is not limited to The national targets for reduce, reuse, and the development of a separate plan for each recycle under the national 3Rs strategy are municipality or Sub-district Administration shown in Table 2.1. The government aims Organization (TAO), but also includes to increase recovery rate from 22% to 30% action plans for adjoining areas that may by 2016, 62% by 2021, and 90% by 2026. share both problems and resources. Currently, organic waste utilization is not widely practiced. Therefore, the target was set to 5% by 2016. However, it is expected 2.3 National 3R strategy that Thailand could achieve a higher organic waste utilization rate of 30% by 2021.

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining The Pollution Control Department (PCD) has finalized the draft of the National 3Rs Strategy to achieve the targets of 2.4 National Climate Change integrated solid waste management that Strategies focus on the 3Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle). The 3Rs strategic plan aims to reduce waste Thailand reported to the United Nations generation and enhance waste segregation, Framework Convention on Climate reuse, and recycling in every community. Change (UNFCCC) that GHG emission from the solid waste treatment in 2000

The strategies include promotion of resource was 4.89 MtCO2 equivalents which were - efficiency, sustainable consumption, waste approximately 2.1% of total GHG emissions reduction and recycling, and technology - (ONEP, 2010). Emissions from solid waste based treatment and disposal. The strategies management tend to increase over time cover whole stages of resource life cycle: due to population growth and changes in consumption patterns. Sang-Arun and A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 8 Source: Draft of National 3Rs Strategy, PCD, 2011 energy and composting are recommended. to Waste recovery.resource and utilization waste enhance to promoted is separation management.waste refill, repair) for Waste and recycle, reuse, (reduce, 5Rs landfill, the promoting sanitary to dumping open from technology disposal waste upgrading disposal, for waste in composition waste ChangeStrategies includereducingClimate organic National The sector. energy after the priority second the the as put sector waste (2007-2011) Climate Strategies National Change the sector, waste the from emissions GHG growing the to Due dumping to landfill. waste of open of upgrading and services, collection increase generation, waste of Table 2.1Targetsforreduction,reuse,andrecycling MtCO 5.3-13.2 as high as be can emissions GHG waste in Thailand and found that paper the and current food of landfill from emissions GHG estimated roughly (2009) Bengtsson 5. 3. 2. 1. Total achievements (targets 1, 2) Total recovery Utilization of solid waste and recycling materials Waste reduction 2.3 2.2 2.1 (composting, anaerobic digestion) Biodegradable recovery Waste to energy (thermal recovery) Material recycling 2 equivalents due to the increase increase the to due equivalents Strategies 9 be found in Appendix I can legislation some of description Details waste promote reduction, reuse,to and recycling. law master a drafted on policy Therefore,PCD3Rs. andrecoveryresource national the with not is associated which generated, is that disposal waste the of controlling on focused are level national the at laws these general, In follow. to obliged are governments local that law in Table2.2. The Public summarized Health Act is the main is legislation country. Significant the in generated waste supervision solid the of overseeing Technical and Guidelines Standards, each Laws/Acts, At Regulations, of number a are levels. there local level, and provincial, national, levels; three into stratified be canThailand in (SWM) management waste solid municipal to related regulations The 2.5 (2012 – 2016) 1-5 years 31 30 20 5 5 1 framework Overview of legislative Reduction targets (%) Sharp andSang-Arun (2017 – 2021) 5-10 years 65 62 30 10 22 3 1 . (2022 – 2026) > 10 years 95 90 50 15 25 5

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

2.6 Institutional framework 2.6.2 Provincial and local levels

Institutions involved in SWM are distributed Local administration is classified into five into three administrative levels; national, classes of local self-government units: provincial, and local levels. •Provincial Administration Organization 2.6.1 National level (PAO) •Bangkok Metropolitan Administration There are four ministries: the Ministry (BMA) of Natural Resources and Environment •City of Pattaya (MoNRE), the Ministry of Public Health •Municipalities (with three sub-classes: (MoP), Ministry of Industry (MoIND), City, Town, Sub-district) and the Ministry of Interior (MoINT), •Sub-district Administration involved with agencies under each of the Organization (TAO) ministries to oversee the issue of solid waste management. These local government authorities are given their legal status by the Parliament. Principally, the ministries set the national Forms and characteristics of local environmental policy and the departments government are summarized in Table 2.3. and agencies under the ministries are Details regarding institutional framework responsible for implementing the provisions can be found in Appendix II. of the law through regulations and technical guidelines. The diagram showing central At the provincial and local levels, the government organizations related to the Provincial Administrative Organizations SWM is presented in Figure 2.1. (PAO), municipalities and Tambon (Sub- district) Administrative Organization In respond to NEQA 1992, the National (TAO) are primarily responsible for Environmental Board (NEB) has been waste collection, transport, treatment, formed to oversee the management and disposal. During the last few years,

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining of the country’s natural resources and the government has implemented the environmental quality. However, under Decentralization Action Plan in order to Section 18 of the Public Health Act of 1992, transfer functions, budget, and personnel the disposal of sewage and solid waste in from the central government to nearly 8,000 the area of any local government shall be the local governments. mandate and duty of such local government.

1 Parts of Summary of Regulatory Framework appearing in Table 2.2, Appendix 1 and Institutional Framework in Appendix 2 were previously published in many reports under UNEP Waste Management Focal Area. Detailed reports can be downloaded from http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/spc/activities/GPWM/table3_projects.asp under waste plastic project for Bangkok and Chiang Mai. It should be noted that the translation of Thai laws can be found in many websites such as: http://www.mekonglawcenter.org/download/0/thai.htm http://www.pcd.go.th/info_serve/en_reg_relatedlaw.html http://www.env.go.jp/earth/coop/oemjc/thai/e/thaie3.pdf A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 10 Table 2.2SummaryofregulatoryframeworkrelatedtoSWMinThailand. of solid waste Management Management management and disposal Household Hazardous Focal Area Sanitation Industrial in Waste Overall Stream Waste Waste waste cleaner technology production and plan on the cleaner National master None None Quality Environmental for Country’s Framework Policy Management Solid Waste National Policies/Plans 2001 Substance Act, Hazardous 1992 Substance Act, Hazardous Factory Act, 1992 Act (PCOA), 1992 and Orderliness Public Cleanliness 1992 Public Health Act, (NEQA), 1992 Quality Act Environmental of National and Conservation The Enhancement (2007) Thailand B.E.2550 of the Kingdom of The Constitution Laws/Acts 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • None (2004) Hazardous waste manifest system B.E. 2547 Notification of Ministry of Industry Re: manufacture and use of toxic substances 1982 Notification of Ministry of Industry concerning Industrial Effluent Standards 1982 Notification of Ministry of Industry Concerning 1973 Poisonous Substances Act 1967, amended in Storage and Disposal of Toxic Substances 1982 Notification of Ministry of Industry Concerning Concerning Factory Wastes 1988 Notification of the Ministry of Industry for Consideration as Service Fee 1998 Haulage, or Elimination Business which is made BMA Ordinance: Control of Waste Collection, 1996 Construction of Building and Public Utilities BMA Ordinance: Specifying Requirements for and Unclean Things 1978 BMA Ordinance: Disposal of Garbage, Refuse, Assessment. Preparing Reports on Environmental Impact Conditions, Procedures and Guidelines for Technology and Environment, Re: Specifying Notification of the Ministry of Science, Dated 13 February, 1996 the NEQA, and Published in the Royal Gazette Technology and Environment #3, Issued under Notification of the Ministry of Science, Dated 7 August, 1997 the NEQA, and published in the Royal Gazette Technology and Environment, Issued under Notification of the Ministry of Science, Regulations/Standards Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Table 2.2 (continue) Focal Area Policies/Plans Laws/Acts Regulations/Standards in Waste Management Stream Source Strategic Plan on Industrial Estate • Solid waste management standard, DOLA Reduction Packaging and Act, 1979 • Manual of strategy and basic regulation for Packaging Waste waste reduction and utilization, PCD Management None Construction Building Control Act, 1979 None City Planning Act 1975 Segregation National 3Rs 3R Act (draft) • Solid waste management standard, DOLA of waste Strategy (draft) • Manual of strategy and basic regulation for waste reduction and utilization, PCD Waste National 3Rs • Solid waste management standard, DOLA Collection Strategy (draft) • Manual of strategy and basic regulation for waste reduction and utilization, PCD • BMA’s Technical Guideline for Solid Waste Operator Landfills None Factory Act, 1992 • Notification of Ministry of Industry Concerning Storage and Disposal of Toxic Substances 1982 Incinerator None • Notification of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment B.E.2540 (1997) dated June 17, B.E.2540, published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 114 Part 63, dated August 7, B.E. 2540 (1997) • Notification of Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment : Emission Standard for Infected Waste Incinerator published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 120 Special Part 147 D, dated December 25, B.E. 2546 (2003) Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining • Notification of Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment : Infected Waste Incinerator is designated as Pollution Point Source which its emission must be controlled published in the Royal Government Gazette, Vol. 114 Special Part 147 D, dated December 25, B.E. 2546 (2003) Recycling • Integrated waste 3R Act (draft) management scheme • National 3Rs Strategy (draft) Resource • Integrated waste 3R Act (draft) Recovery management scheme • National 3Rs Strategy (draft) A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 12 13 Sharp andSang-Arun Figure 2.1 Central government organizations related to solid waste management

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Table 2.3 Summary of forms of local governments in Thailand. Population Form of Local Government Chief Executive Legislative Body Size 1. Provincial Administrative 300,000 – Chief Executive, Assembly elected for a Organization (75 Provinces) 1,700,000 elected by popular 4-year term, size varies with votes population 2. Bangkok Metropolitan 8,249,117 (2010) Governor, elected One council member elected Administration (BMA) by popular votes by votes in each electoral area 3. City of Pattaya 104,318 (2007) Mayor, elected by 24-member council elected popular votes for a 4 year term 4. Municipality Urban Population Mayor, elected by Council elected by popular (1,619 municipalities in 3 categories) 7,000 – 300,000 popular votes votes 4.1 City Municipality 50,000 – 300,000 Mayor, elected by 24-member council elected (23 municipalities) popular votes for a 4 year term 4.2 Town Municipality 10,000 – 150,000 Mayor, elected by 18-member council elected (140 municipalities) popular votes for a 4 year term 4.3 Tambon Municipality 7,000 – 100,000 Mayor, elected by 12-member council elected (1,456 municipalities) popular votes for a 4 year term 5. Tambon Administration Rural population Chief, elected by Minimum 6-member council, Organization (TAO) 200 – 40,000 popular votes consisting of 2 elected (6,157 organizations) members from each village

Each office is independent in making management plan, public participation, decisions within legal boundaries. With facility development, involvement of private reasonable cause, the local government sector, and technologies for solid waste may entrust any person with the solid treatment. waste management tasks on its behalf under the control and supervision of the Based on this standard, composting is highly local government or may permit any person recommended for organic waste treatment,

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining to operate the disposal of sewage or solid but compost quality control is required. waste. Waste to energy is also promoted in the form of electricity generations and to be sold to In response to the national solid the public grid with a premium price which waste management plan and policy, the can be calculated from the base-price of Department of Local Administration electricity plus an adder or feed-in tariff. As (DOLA) in collaboration with the of 2008, the adder tariff from different raw Engineering Institute of Thailand under materials varies; the adder tariff for biomass H.M. the King’s Patronage published a Solid was 0.30-1.30 Baht/kWh while the adder Waste Management Standard aiming at tariff for waste was equal to 2.50-3.50 Baht/ enabling local governments to implement kWh. the national policy effectively. The standard provided a framework, guidelines and recommendations to local authorities on solid waste administration, waste A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 14 among stakeholders. environmentbehaviorandregardingwaste waste on appropriatecreatecitizensawarenesstofor education an providing while of levels all at built be mustmunicipality staff capacity management, waste solid of from residents. In order to increase efficiency staff, and lack of awareness and cooperation municipality of capability conflicts, political aslimited number of personnel and budget, suchfactors various to due is This laws. by solidwastemanagement clearlyisspecified for authority responsible the that fact the havenot been carried out effectively despite may measures management waste the of authorsThefound implementationthatthe interaction with citizens. less has it end-of-pipeassolution the with familiar more are governments local the addition, blocking In site. disposal a to accessibility resistance social and impacts environmental negative experience they as sites disposal final of improvement on However, localgovernmentsmostattentionmore put site. disposal waste final and improving solid 3Rs the promoting by management sustainable intends promote Thailand to in Government The 2.7 institution framework policy, legislation, and Discussion on existing 15 Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits

3. Current municipal solid waste management in Thailand IGES Policy Report 2012-02

3. Current municipal solid waste management in Thailand

3.1 Waste generation introduced due to the increasing numbers of municipalities and increasing population In general, waste generation in Thailand in the municipality area. Consequently, the has increased during 2000-2008 (Figure population and quantity of waste produced 3.1). However, there is fluctuation of outside municipalities decreased. waste generation in Bangkok, within the municipality and outside the municipality On average, waste generation rate in area. Waste generation in Bangkok Thailand is 0.63 kg/day/capita: 1.5 kg/day/ has decreased after 2004 due to the capita in Bangkok, 1.0 kg/day/capita in implementation of the 3Rs policies for municipalities and Pattaya city, and 0.4 kg/ waste reduction, reuse, and recycling. Waste day/capita outside municipality areas (PCD, generation in municipalities increased 2011). continuously even after the 3Rs policy was Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining

Figure 3.1 Trends of waste generation in Thailand during 2000-2008 (Compiled from Summary of State of Thailand’s Pollution, Pollution Control Department) A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 18 Table 3.1Wastecompositionsofdifferentregions in Thailand2003. level. global the at humankind affecting is that gases greenhouse of emission the reduce eventually and utilized are components waste that way a in technology treatment waste organic appropriate implement to of quantity the waste to be disposed of. Thus it is importantreduced drastically can waste of components organic in reduction A nature. organic of is Thailand in waste majorcomponentthethatseenbe ofcan It Table 3.2). content organic recyclablefollowed byand(Tablewaste 3.1 high of same characteristics the shares Thailand in waste solid the of generated.wasteHowever,municipal most composition and style, regulation quantity and affect living patterns, location, consumption Geographical 3.2 Source: PCD, 2003 Other waste Cloth Rubber/Leather Wood Metal Glass Plastic Paper Organics and Food Waste Density (kg/m Waste Components (% of wet weight) characteristics Municipal solid waste Total 3 ) 179.47 North 18.52 63.81 3.40 1.22 0.32 0.85 1.59 3.11 7.18 100 Central 185.28 17.62 64.49 3.99 1.51 0.36 1.30 1.54 19.0 7.31 100 19 North-East Regions of Thailand in accordance to locality. systems. disposal modifiedcomponentsHowever, bethe can and transportation, waste systems, recycling considered; mechanisms, reduction be to l a s o p s components i main d four are e there v i general, t In c e products. f f e d valuable and into n waste a convert to , technology reuse ) g n i (both l c y c e waste r of generation, utilization waste of by of minimization disposed the be to the waste of reduce to quantity order in implemented is system management waste integrated An national policy.the with comply to system management waste their improved have country the in where appropriate; many local governments waste implementedbe shallsystem management nation’s waste the integrated an in policy, management stated is it As 3.3 176.82 15.26 69.55 2.28 1.00 0.49 0.44 1.81 3.19 6.01 100 • Waste reduction mechanismsreductionWaste on waste minimization should be be should include may Campaigns implemented. minimization waste on management practices Municipal solid waste 167.28 18.58 59.34 East 4.43 1.89 0.57 0.91 2.60 3.31 8.40 100 Sharp andSang-Arun 209.40 South 18.14 10.24 59.10 3.44 1.40 0.63 0.43 2.27 4.37 100 :

campaigns Average 17.624 63.258 183.65 3.508 1.404 0.474 0.786 1.962 6.596 7.828 100

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02 26.75 78.44 81.95 47.98 84.06 34.05 176.00 265.00 144.40 196.46 260.00 Waste Waste 8,897.00 tons/day generation generation 35,672 67,164 55,240 65,043 38,380 93,554 90,386 18,916 174,057 174,235 270,077 5,759,726 Population * 8,676 5,324 31,569 67,010 21,657 16,790 15,476 28,279 27,014 95,179 No. of of No. 1,625,438 households 1.76 3.17 3.50 3.41 3.97 0.84 4.47 0.65 2.54 1.27 2.11 10.04 Others – – – 1.20 0.10 0.30 6.90 0.76 1.82 0.89 0.84 leaf 11.42 Wood/ – 3.39 2.60 0.64 0.41 0.41 4.68 2.29 0.91 1.51 2.72 2.07 Cloth – – – 0.77 0.90 0.03 0.10 0.28 2.57 0.29 0.36 0.32 leather Rubber/ 1.61 0.85 2.10 0.35 0.88 0.36 3.54 1.93 0.97 1.45 0.71 1.12 Metals 2.03 1.87 9.60 4.09 0.81 6.63 0.46 1.61 5.53 10.51 10.04 10.21 Glass Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Waste composition (% of wet weight) wet of (% composition Waste 11.29 19.16 15.10 19.28 17.27 13.17 10.88 13.61 13.65 20.59 13.95 14.92 Plastic 8.92 7.49 6.56 4.07 8.07 4.64 2.53 6.46 4.86 11.00 18.03 12.09 Paper 57.40 68.87 54.00 65.64 48.73 79.76 42.68 58.83 76.90 68.59 69.00 63.55 Food Local Government Local Samut Songkram Town Songkram Samut City Ratchasima Nakorn Chiang Mai City Mai Chiang Phuket Town Phuket City Rayong Nakorn Sawan City Sawan Nakorn Studied Cities Studied Metropolitan Bangkok Koh Samui Town Samui Koh Nakorn Pathom City Pathom Nakorn Phitsanulok City Phitsanulok Pathum Thani Town Thani Pathum Nonthaburi City Nonthaburi Table 3.2 Waste compositions of selected municipalities (PCD, 2003) A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 20 collection and transportation, and waste waste and waste transportation, and source, collection the at segregation waste waste generatedinclude threemajor components: integrated of managementhandlesystemwastebeingto practices The and awareness raisingeducation campaigns. mainstreaming on some effort in put extent authorities local where some municipalities to successful is practice management waste integrated an constraints, personnel and budget to Due • • • Disposal systems Disposal Transportation Recycling systems Recycling systems. utilization gas landfill with equipped anaerobic digestion, and sanitary landfill composting, as such systems treatment wasteseparation andmixturea ofwaste into a waste disposal center by including Current disposal site can be transformed employed.be shoulddisposalwaste for transportation costs. the reduce to used be should stations transfer involved, are distances longer when hand, other the On site.the disposal to directly transported be should activities base should be promoted. voluntary other and activitiesrecycling theofpublic. Recycling centers the support to should arranged be system collection waste and Containers promoteto wasteseparation recycling. and reuse for source the at recyclingseparationstartingwastefrom to related aspects all cover to designed of non-degradable materials, and instance. and materials, education and awareness use campaigns, for the of non-degradable of minimization products, friendly environmental of utilization materials, packaging of reduction the : for short distances, waste : an integrated system system integrated an : : a system should be be should system a : 21 disposal technology. ii) i) facilities and equipment. these maintaining and operating procedures for the and for transfer MSW equipment and vehicles point, transferunit,storage temporaryMSW of consists station transfer typical A facilities. MSW the a to with distance long of together amount expected, is large waste a when be may needed stations Transfer theaters. as such movie and cafeterias,estates, housing areas populated highly in stationscollection should be identified, especiallywaste system, waste collection effective an have to order In collection trucks, (3) waste collectors. waste (2) containers, waste household/ building (1) components: main and collection transportation systemconsists threeof MSW general A the materials that have market and recyclable value. for mainly level is segregation community at are exist (Figure 3.2). Most of the practices procedure separation a on guidelines although out, carried formally not is At present, waste segregation at source correctly.waste segregate to collectors waste of bags forpossible plastic it make to different colors and labels proper with bins waste includes separation appropriate point. support to generation Equipment the at both or mechanically, manually, done be can waste management system. Separation importantcomponentintegratedan in an as considered is separation Waste Collection and transportation Waste separation at source Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Figure 3.2 Waste segregation at the source is not generally practiced in BMA

In Thailand, local government 3.4 Examples of municipal offices such as municipalities and solid waste management Tambon Administration Offices in studied cities (TAO) are responsible for collection, transportation, and disposal. Waste This study covers 5 cities which are Bangkok collection in Bangkok is higher than Metropolitan Administration (BMA), 90% in contrast to 37% collected in Nakhon Ratchasima City Municipality municipality areas and 6% collected (NRM), Koh Samui town Municipality, outside municipality areas (Kaosol, Rayong City Municipality (RCM), and 2009). Phitsanulok City Municipality. Map and location of each city is shown in Figure 3.3. iii) Waste disposal In Thailand, open dumping is the most 3.4.1 Bangkok Metropolitan commonly used method of MSW disposal Administration (BMA)

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining as a result from unavailable waste collection systems in many municipalities Bangkok Metropolitan Administration and TAO. Other commonly employed (BMA), the capital city of Thailand, is located methods are landfill and sanitary in the center of the country on the plain landfill. As of 2009, there are 97 disposal of the Chao Phraya river basin. The city facilities including 91 sanitary landfills, is divided into 50 districts and 154 sub- 3 incinerators, and 3 integrated-system districts. Urbanization has expanded to facilities that are properly designed cover almost half of the city area. There are (Kaosol, 2009). three main types of land use; residential area (23%), agricultural area (23.58%), and the remaining area for commercial, industrial, and government use.

With an area of 1,568.74km2, the total registered population in Bangkok as of A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 22 Figure 3.3Locationofstudied citiesinThailand Source: http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/thailand_map2.htm 23 Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

2008 was 5,710,883, which corresponded to processed for reuse and recycling (Table approximately 9% of the total population of 3.3). However, not all the recyclable waste is Thailand. being utilized.

3.4.1.1 Solid waste generation 3.4.1.2 Solid waste management and composition practices

The volume of municipal solid waste In order to improve waste management generated in BMA increased by 10% of BMA, the office has divided waste during 1980-1997 as a result of economic management activity into four programs, development and immigration of rural which are 1) Waste reduction and population to the city. BMA has introduced separation, 2) Waste collection 3) Waste waste reduction and source separation transfer and transportation, and 4) Waste program which reduced the waste treatment and disposal. generation figure by 1.5% during 2003-2007 (Figure 3.4). 1) Waste reduction and waste separation for recycling In 2008, waste collection in BMA was 8,780 BMA promotes waste reduction and tons/day, which accounted for 21% of the separation for resource recovery, urban solid waste generated in the country including campaigning for public (PCD, 2009). In 2009, waste collection awareness and cooperation. Waste in BMA increased to 8,787 tons/day. The separation at the source is promoted by study on waste composition from the three introducing three waste bins for different disposal sites during 2000 to 2009 indicated types of waste as shown in Figure 3.5. that more than 60% of waste could be The containers provided can be classified Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining

Figure 3.4 MSW generation in Bangkok in relation to the population growth and waste generation rate during 1999-2007 (Department of Environment- BMA, 2007) A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 24 Source: BMA, 2010 Table 3.3CompositionofwastecollectedbyBMA(Unit:percent) is not efficiently practiced by residents. recycling because waste and separation at sourcecomposting for appropriate waste of amount entire the recover not could BMA is sites thethatseenbe can Figure shownIt3.6.in disposal at management Waste Composting Category Non-recyclable plastic Non-recyclable paper Waste category/Use Recyclable category waste separation program. in the metropolis are cooperating with the residents of 30% that indicated BMA by thesegregation program. Asurvey done adopted very community of number program, limited segregation waste on enforcementlow of result a asHowever, waste. hazardous household and waste, recyclable waste, food types; three into Rocks and ceramics Clothes and textiles Leather and rubber Landfill category Recyclable plastic Sticks and leaves Recyclable paper Bones and shells Food waste Others Metal Foam Total Glass 2000 17.15 33.21 46.88 60.41 0.35 0.51 6.43 0.11 8.66 1.49 2.57 0.59 1.73 0.00 6.38 6.76 6.77 100 2001 17.50 33.15 46.92 61.00 1.29 1.00 4.00 0.78 8.58 1.64 2.30 0.42 1.49 0.00 5.85 6.56 7.52 100 2002 15.37 11.14 35.60 15.08 34.16 49.32 1.74 0.58 4.58 2.19 2.18 5.07 1.02 4.37 2.44 8.57 6.59 100 25 2003 18.30 11.55 40.13 10.62 10.13 30.59 49.25 0.92 0.68 8.10 0.58 1.33 2.55 1.35 3.53 1.86 8.53 100 the BMA reduced the quantity of waste waste of period, quantity the years reduced five BMA the this during total In shown in Table 3.4. is years implementation the during saved EstimatedcostBaht/ton. 1,000 averagedat are saved Costs decreased. generated was thatwaste ofquantity the that seen be can waste of collected to the expectedamount waste generated, it the 2009. comparing to When 2007 from especially constant, the amount of waste collected was relatively Consequently, source. at wastes separate launched variety of campaigns to reduce and city The 2005. from year per 10% by waste BMA started to implement a policy to reduce 21.68 37.36 13.60 34.74 54.51 2004 Fiscal Year 0.84 0.34 4.77 0.22 0.87 2.97 0.98 2.42 0.89 6.17 9.51 8.13 100 24.46 39.78 44.32 50.53 2005 0.45 0.53 4.58 0.83 2.06 3.16 1.20 2.55 0.72 5.11 8.93 9.69 1.10 100 Sharp andSang-Arun 21.26 38.50 10.44 44.99 51.06 2006 0.92 0.26 1.03 1.62 1.65 1.44 3.77 1.96 6.07 9.83 0.00 100 5.2 19.63 36.66 13.68 42.11 49.66 2007 0.79 0.61 0.95 1.76 2.72 2.01 4.87 2.32 7.55 5.28 9.40 0.00 100 20.00 36.66 41.95 50.02 10.62 2008 1.21 0.99 1.93 1.95 2.55 1.22 3.86 0.35 8.07 5.31 9.93 0.00 100 19.18 36.66 44.34 50.01 10.29 10.70 2009 1.54 0.81 1.95 1.71 2.70 1.44 3.25 1.19 5.67 5.52 0.00 100

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Figure 3.5 Sorting and management of solid waste in BMA (Department of Public Cleansing, 2002) Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining

Figure 3.6 Flows of waste management in BMA in 2008 (PCD, 2009)

generated by more than 5,000 tons per day. three main principles to ensure suitability The total cost saved during the period was with each target group. approximately 1.9 Billion Baht. i) 3Rs Principles: These principles The waste reduction campaigns contain were used to encourage people A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 26 Source: BMA, 2010 Table 3.4 iii) Year ii) 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 Zero waste management: It is based based is It management: waste Zero and to increase local job opportunities. to improve local business development integratedtax materialrawwiththe price, a collect to material, recycled of composed to items of uses goods, encourage friendly environmental minimizeto wastevolume, produce to raw choose recycled, mostly be to can that materials messages, key implies the concept The technologies. be eliminateefficientwithresttotheand waste can minimize to it aims It where reused”. value its has economic “waste that concept the on minimization towards sustainable development. sustainable towards minimization pollution and uses resource and site; disposal to transferred load waste the waste relieve to reduction waste separation; reusable in encouragement for participation; and aimed raising awareness campaigns recyclable The as well waste. as leaves, sticks and waste, food of uses make to Community based solid waste waste solid based Community waste management methods as well well as methods management solid waste community the selecting and on discussing in relies activities It participatory (CBM): management Expected waste estimation ofcostssaved Quantity ofwastereducedafterreductioncampaignsand (Tons/day) generated 10,000 9,847 9,706 9,546 9,388 (Tons/day) Collected waste 8,787 8,780 8,718 8,377 8,496 1,213 (12.13%) 1,067 (10.84%) 1,169 (12.30%) (Tons/day) 988 (10.20%) 892 (9.60%) 27 reduced Waste recycling has been put on encouraging encouraging on put on been has effort An recycling participation. informal by dominated are practices recycling BMA, In to 22% in 2005. 2000,in increased7% fromhaswastesolid municipal of rate recovery The recycling. improvementrecoveryshownwasteandin and sectors NGOs. The implementationprivate of activities hasand public by both waste, of reduction to and recycling promote conducted been have activities Many service just once a week. communitywastecollectionneedsthe (no waste containers of food waste). Sometimesodorless a and volume smaller to due frequency lower a at also was services public of collection Waste landscape. clean a and clean, housethe offront in areakeepingthe to leading waste, non-reusable and waste food for bins 2 of preparation the as such measures encouragement some also are There or animals. feeding fertilization, biological liquid for inputleaveswithdryingredient,anas composting for collected were leaves and sticks, waste, Food sold. and out screened firstly was waste recyclable localwastethelevel.atgeneral, In the separating and implementing in as (Baht/day) cost saved Estimated 1,213,000 1,067,000 1,169,000 988,000 892,000 Sharp andSang-Arun Total cost saved (Million Baht/ 442.75 389.45 360.62 426.68 325.58 year)

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

communities to establish waste banks sell the valuable items in their waste (Figure 3.7) and composting facilities. A stream. In 2000, it was estimated that waste bank is a form of community or school the residents of BMA separated and activity that collects and sells recyclable sold 1,500 tons/day of recyclable waste waste in the same manner as a financial to junk shops. cooperative system. Under the waste bank program, households who participate (b) Waste pickers and tricycle waste in waste bank activities will receive the buyers in towns. benefits, both in the form of money Apart from household separation, and improving environmental quality. remaining waste can be sorted for Management of waste bank programs valuable items by informal sector varies from place to place, however. A such as waste pickers and tricycle general waste separation campaign will waste buyers. Waste pickers search for be implemented, and recyclable materials valuable item and sell them to tricycle were collected and stored at a community waste buyers or directly to the waste center. Separated waste will be sold trading shops. Tricycle waste buyers regularly. Monetary benefits arising from purchase materials directly, both from selling of recyclable materials are returned to waste generators and waste pickers. members of the project. The Pollution Control Department has estimated that the number of tricycle In general, waste separation for reuse and waste buyers could be as high as recycling is practiced throughout the waste 2,100 tricycles in Bangkok alone. The stream due to its economic incentive. There study also estimated that each tricycle are various stakeholders involve in this waste picker/buyer can collect 158 kg/ process: waste generators, waste pickers, tricycle/day. Therefore, the amount of and authorized waste collection personnel, recyclable materials collected can be as as well as BMA’s waste collection workers. high as 332 tons/day.

(a) Residents (c) Collection workers

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Some residents separately store and BMA’s collection workers also separate

Figure 3.7 Community Waste Bank for recyclable waste collection (Photo by Dr. Alice Sharp) A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 28 2) (d) trucks is required. The approaches approaches The employed are: required. is trucks wastes.Appropriate routing for collection fordropping waste, to reduce uncollected places and time proper on cooperation public requirescollection waste Effective of the 50 districts. fleet managedtheare separately most by of operations maintenance The rented. year garbage2007,almostoftrucks65%were fiscal In maintenance. vehicle of to rented vehicleunavailabilitysolveare problems and trucks Collection 7,000 over staff. and fleet, vehicles 2,610 a with done is The wastes solid waste. of collection uncollected collection minimize to effective on focuses BMA Waste collection i) Assigning of waste dropping and and dropping waste of Assigning collection schedule • directly to end-users. sell or traders waste to these sell and temporally piled at the transfer stations collectrecyclable materials fromwaste who pickers waste are there station, transfer a reached has waste Once an recycle can estimate of 413 tons of waste trucks per day. collection BMA’s station. located transfer the to nearby traders waste to these materials sell and materials station out sort to transfer to trip the during stopmay truck Each collection route. waste regular their during collected waste the from materials recyclable Waste pickers at the transfer stations Main streets, minor streets and and streets minor streets, Main market places: b) a) 08:00 p.m. to 03:00 a.m. Collection completed by 06:00 06:00 by completed Collection 29 3) Positioning System should be introduced. and Global the as such technologyinformation re-arranged be should maps route collection,collectionwasteimprovefurther to addition, In system. management waste of efficiency the improve to identified be methodsto be used with these areas should collection appropriate and recorded, and surveyed be should areas settlement new problemuncollectedsolvetheof waste, the waste generated in communities. In order to of23% as highwasteuncollected as be can of quantity the that found was it situation, one of the studies on the waste management In communities. in huge waste a solid of quantity leaving thus, trucks, car by collector or accessed be cannot which narrow roads, very have normally areas These areas. settlement new mainly are collected not is waste where and areas The transferred. collected were generated wastes of 99% that estimated has BMA present, At from BMA. Therefore, three waste transfer sanitary the at landfill. The disposal waste site is located further the of to dispose operators private contracted BMA Waste transfer and transportation ii) Wastecollection typesbyincreaseand collection frequency. • • • • Hazardous wastes - 1 Recyclable wastes - Every Sunday General wastes - Daily or every other for daily made is Collection day based on location. collection point. a to it take and source at waste collect volunteers trucks, collection by inaccessible areas For communities,smallroadslanes.and month a.m. Sharp andSang-Arun st and 15 th of the

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

stations are established to reduce cost of agreement to transport solid waste from transportation and public nuisance caused each transfer station to designated sanitary by waste transportation. landfill sites.

Each of the transfer site has the Environmental conditions of the three responsibility related to the solid waste transfer stations were found to be unsanitary transportation, sanitary landfill, repairing due to piles of waste accumulated at the and maintenance of buildings, vehicles, sites. machinery and equipment, providing equipment to facilitate and support for 4) Waste treatment and disposal cleansing of collection trucks and other Waste arrived at the transfer station will duties2. The names of the stations are as be classified based on their potential follows: utilization (Table 3.6) as follows:

• On Nuch Solid Waste Disposal Center; • Waste to be composted or fermented • Nong Khaem Solid Waste Disposal (50%), Center ; and • Waste to be recycled (10%), and • Sai Mai Solid Waste Disposal Center • Waste to be disposed of by landfill or incineration (40%) Waste collection trucks arrive in these transfer sites on a daily basis. Waste is The BMA could not recover the entire shared among the three transfer stations. amount of waste appropriate for composting Three private firms were hired to take solid and recycling because waste separation waste from transfer stations to be disposed at source is not efficiently practiced by in the nearest sanitary landfills (Table 3.5). residents. However, since 2005, BMA The On Nuch Solid Waste Disposal Center contracted a private company to operate a has added the process of compaction and composting and material recovery facility plastic wrapping before sanitary landfill. that receives approximately 1,200 ton/day Each project is done based on contract of unsorted waste. The facility is located at Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Table 3.5 Summary of hiring the private sector to treat and dispose of solid waste Treatment/Disposing Transfer Sanitary landfill Term of Contract Starting date Method site site (Years) Sanitary landfill by On Nuch Phanomsarakham, 10 December 2005 compaction and plastic Chachoengsao wrapping Composting On Nuch Phanomsarakham, 5 December 2010 Chachoengsao Sanitary Landfill Sai Mai Kamphangsan, 10 November 2005 Nakornpathom Sanitary Landfill Nong Kheam Kamphangsan, 10 November 2005 Nakornpathom

2 http://office.bangkok.go.th/environment/pdf/swdisposaldiv.pdf A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 30 Source: BMA, 2010 Table 3.6 at farms agricultural and households to sold been has station transfer Nuch On at fertilization(Figure soil 3.8). Compost produced for available compost of ton/day 300 around produce can and waste recyclable of ton/day 80 approximately recover can OnNuch waste transfer station. This facility Figure 3.8Mass balanceofcompostproduction processes(Nithikul, 2007) Bone and Shell Stone and Ceramic Cloth and Textile Leather and Rubber Plastic (non-recycled) Paper (non-recycled) Landfill type Metal Glass Foam Plastic (Recycled) Paper (Recycled) Recycle Type Others Wood & Leaves Food Ferment Type Type of Waste Utilization 2008 Waste compositionbasesonutilizationcapacityatBMAinfiscalyear On Nuch 18.74 11.66 37.22 10.74 45.65 52.04 1.38 0.68 4.38 0.38 1.64 3.79 1.18 3.27 0.86 6.39 – Percent of waste at transfer Station Nong Khaem 31 The waste that cannot be composted is is composted be cannot that waste The compost quality. desired for tested been has compost The product. compost of control quality the to due widely used been has compost BMA Kilogramscompost.40Theof per Baht 250 20.34 10.16 40.54 10.20 41.29 51.49 2.28 1.49 1.35 2.67 0.18 7.97 2.09 2.15 4.59 1.21 – Sharp andSang-Arun Sai Mai 11.09 20.91 10.03 42.38 38.90 46.53 1.94 2.38 1.12 5.65 0.15 0.14 6.95 4.20 7.63 – – Average(%) 20.00 10.62 40.05 41.95 50.02 1.95 2.55 1.22 3.86 0.35 9.93 1.21 0.99 5.31 1.93 8.07 –

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

transferred to two sanitary landfill sites in NCM was equal to 1.05 kg/capita/day in located at Phanom Sarakam district, 2004 (DEE Foundation 2005). Chacheongchao province (2,244 ton/ day) and Kampaengsaen district, Nakorn The main component of municipal solid Pathom province (5,455 ton/day) (Figure waste in NCM is organic waste, which 3.6). contributes to more than 60% of total waste generated (Table 3.7). The second and third 3.4.2 Nakhon Ratchasima City largest components are plastics (21.0%) and Municipality (NCM) paper (6.4%).

The Nakhon Ratchasima City Municipality Table 3.7 Waste composition of NCM (NCM) covers an area of 37.50 sq. km. It is Percentage Waste items located 255 kilometers to the northeast of of Waste (%) Bangkok. The municipality total population Organic waste 61.1 as of 2010 was 164,206 from 33,487 Plastics 21.0 households (77,968 males; 86,238 females). Paper 6.4 In addition to registered population, a non- Glass 2.2 Metals 1.3 registered population in NCM city can be Polystyrene 1.2 over 90,000 as of 2007 estimation. Others (rubber, cloth, wood, ceramics) 6.4 Hazardous waste 0.4 The high number of population of NCM and associated large service sector and Apart from municipal solid waste, there growing industrial activities contribute to are also other waste streams including a large volume of solid waste generated. separated food waste, market waste, night This creates two distinct problems: (i) a soil, and garden waste. The total quantity lack of cleanliness around the city due of waste expected to enter the treatment to uncollected waste and (ii) appropriate system is 240 tons of waste per day. solid waste disposal. Accumulations of garbage around the city have resulted from 3.4.2.2 Solid waste management Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining unsystematic littering by the residents and practices workers. 1) Waste reduction and waste separation for 3.4.2.1 Solid waste generation recycling and composition The NCM introduced a public participation program in solid waste management Solid waste in the NCM is generated from in 2001. Starting from 2004, the NCM local communities, government offices, continuously runs the organic waste commercial districts, and industrial zones. separation campaign at the source, As the city has been growing rapidly, the resulting in the reduction of organic waste quantity of waste generated has also grown (both for direct and indirect utilization) at an alarming rate. The quantity of waste of up to 26 ton/day from approximately collected within the NCM is approximately 110 tons/day. However, as the treatment 182 ton/day. It has been estimated that the system for organic waste was not in place waste generation rate per capita for citizens at the time, the quantity of organic waste A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 32 recycling as follows: wastereduction wasteandseparation for NCMexperienced difficulty promotingin waste reduction activities. and separation waste on understanding better a gained participants the of 71% campaign the of end as the By high ton/day. 16 as be can reduction waste for potentialthethoughcampaign, even the of end the at tons/day 8 by of disposed be to waste reduce to aimed NCM The of on. so and fertilizer liquid production and compost symbol, city green for training for waste separation, competition department stores. The activities included 3 and markets, 7 institutes, academic 19 communities, 29 include to stakeholders on expanding emphasized the network by involving NCM more the 2005, In entering landfill site bounced back again. • • • Food Waste Separation - The project project The - Separation Waste Food NCM of Residents - fertilizer Liquid waste of number the – Banks Waste to manage the food waste that is is that waste separated. food the manage to the systemestablished a yet not however, has NCM residents; local from cooperation of lot a received actually fertilizerliquid yet. for market certain no is there and fertilizer, liquid making for starter productionof buytheyneedtocost, as liquid of fertilizer as a burden, production especially in terms the consider project. the of charge take from to community the personnel no is there as level to difficult is continue the it program at the community However, schools. in especially increasing, are projects separation waste recyclable and banks 33 3) reduces the lifetime of the vehicles. and fuel of cost theincreases which waste, collectall toorder frequently moreinroute waste total same the repeat the to have Trucks generated. of 72% is trucks approximately collector specified. waste of be capacity cannot The also collection schedule at of the and waste point collect collection to every able not are trucks done be cannot completely still within the NCM. The collection collection Waste 2) iii) The landfill is located at an experimental an at located is landfill The hazardous waste. dust leachates, of and of separation treatment of infectious and contamination, odor prevention and of, to disposed waste of be quantity the an of control with as such system landfill protection on the environmental to relies up NCM, in present, disposal Waste can be categorized into 3 main types. Collection method for solid waste in NCM Waste treatment and disposal Waste collection ii) i) Curb-side collection - there will be be will there - collection Curb-side Door to door collection - household household - collection door to Door collector trucks later. waste by collected be to disposal for wherelocal residents bring their waste bins waste community’s for locations front of their houses. putintoitplastic bagswasteor binsin owners will collect their own waste and WasteStations wastestations willbe hospitals, and hotels. markets, as such areas business busy in normally is stations waste for area The collect. to trucks collector waste for containers large with placed and sides three on walls with constructed Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

farm of the Royal Military II and has an yard waste, branches, and the sludge area of 302,000m2. Onsite management from the AD system. of solid waste first involves sorting by scavengers, followed by regular covering iii) Electricity generation system of waste layers with soil. iv) Refuse derived fuel system (RDF) In addition to solid waste generated within the NCM, 7 other municipalities v) Sanitary landfill and sub-district offices of smaller size and capacity also transport their waste of A process diagram of new designed solid 19 tons/day to be treated at the landfill waste integrated treatment system is shown facility of NCM. In total, 201 tons of waste in Figure 3.9. There are five sources of waste, are disposed daily at the landfill site of which are 180 tons of mixed municipal NCM. waste, 15 tons of food waste, 30 tons of market waste, 10 tons of night soil, and 5 3.4.2.3 Plan for improvement tons of garden waste where each type of of waste management waste has its own pretreatment. The end practice products for the system include RDF pellets, electricity, and compost. RDF pellets will be The current sanitary landfill site has almost sent to an external incinerator or be used in reached its capacity. Therefore, NCM industrial processes, to substitute for other plans to implement an integrated solid fuels such as coal. Electricity will be used waste treatment system to enhance waste within the treatment facility, and compost and resource recovery. The system under can be sold to private sectors or used within construction since August 2008 consists of 5 the waste treatment facility. main sub-systems as follows:

i) Front-end facility to separate wastes that have not been separated from the

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining generator

ii) Biological treatment for organic components:

• Anaerobic Digestion (AD) system: The AD system is for recovery of energy and nutrients from food waste and market waste. Waste entering the system will be homogenized before entering the reactor for the fermentation process to take place, and • Composting system where the raw materials will come from garden and A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 34 35 Sharp andSang-Arun

Figure 3.9 The proposed design (process flow diagram) of an integrated solid waste treatment system in NCM, which can manage the MSW up to 240 tons/day

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

3.4.3 Koh Samui Town Samui and a single hotel room at around Municipality 1.2kg of trash per day and 2.9kg per day, respectively. Therefore, 8,625 hotel rooms Koh Samui is an island on the east coast (in 2004) generated about 26 tons per day, of Surat Thani Province, Thailand. It is about a third of the total garbage generated Thailand´s second largest island, with an on the island for that year (IPEN, 2006). area of 228.7km2 (see footnote3). The island is about 35km northeast of Surat Thani town Table 3.8 shows an average quantity of solid (9°N, 100°E). The island measures 21 km waste generated from 1998 to 2008. It can at its widest point, and 25 km at its longest. be seen that the waste generation rate has The island is surrounded by sixty other increased dramatically, almost doubling in 5 islands, which are part of the Ang Thong years. Marine National Park. Table 3.8 Quantity of waste generation Koh Samui has a population of about 55,000 in Koh Samui Town and the economy of the island is based Municipality primarily on the tourist industry, and exports Average Quantity of Waste Year of agricultural products such as coconut and (tons/day) rubber. Economic growth from tourism has 1998 30 brought both prosperity and environmental 2003 66 2004 80 and cultural impacts. 2005 96 2006 118 There is no appropriate planning document 2007 116 for the development and growth of Koh 2008 124 Samui as a tourism destination. This lack of planning has caused the deterioration of the As the design and budget requirements for natural environment, depletion of available solid waste treatment depend on seasonal water resources, and accumulation of waste, variation of waste quantities, it is worth and other pollutants. noting that seasonal variation of waste

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining quantity on the island is high. The ASEAN 3.4.3.1 Solid waste generation Center for Energy (2004) reported that the and composition quantity of waste generated has notably increased during the high season for tourism As a result of high population and visitors, (December – January). over 120 tons of solid wastes have been generated daily on the island. It can be seen from Table 3.9 that the quantity of non-degradable waste is greater Tourists are accountable for producing a than that of other types. The largest portion large portion of Koh Samui’s total waste. of waste is plastics, comprising about The Department of Public Work for Koh 30%. The combustible content was high, Samui reported the quantity of waste contributing to approximately 75% of wet generated by each Thai resident of Koh weight.

3 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Samui A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 36 Source: ASEAN Center for Energy (2004) 3.4.3.2 1) Table 3.9 Refuse that cannot be burned Other burnable type Wood Rubber, film Cloth Paper Plastics Food include individuals, businesses, local local Tourism the government, organizations, businesses, individuals, include project the of Participants environment. preservebothto improve and natural the environment, carefully, out the carried be should activities on impacts have activitieshuman As stakeholders.Samui Koh among awareness environmentally develop and network a establishto aims IslandprojectProjectlaunched.Thewas Green the 2007 in However, practiced. widely been yet not has and stageinitial its in is program separation waste The routes or near the disposal sites. truck the alonglocatednormallytraders, waste or shops junk to sold be to items other and metalsplastics, paper, as such sort workers materialsvaluable for waste the through collection garbage the throughprimary separation at the source, evaluated. However, after waste has been not were disposal and collection waste in contributions sectors’ informal other as well as segregation waste Household Waste reduction and separation for for separation and reduction Waste recycling practices Solid waste management Item Samui atthedisposalsite. Waste compositionsofKoh Percentage of waste 20.14 31.55 28.15 1.26 3.18 3.23 5.90 6.59 37 2) commercial buildings. For local residential intotwotypes; localresidential areasand generators waste of type by the plan grouping collection waste a developed has Municipality Town Samui Koh the Thus island. the on problem a transportation been has and collection Waste has to make 2-3 trips a day. truck garbage each waste of 80% collect to order in that, estimated was It plant. then are incineration Wastes waste solid a to transferred daily. collected is generated waste of 80% Approximately activities. all of implementation the through them guide to management green practices that hotel a have will school Each beds. vegetable/flower school to applied be of Compostsproducedwill biomasswaste. utilization the understand children making projectswereintroduced orderinhave to fertilizer liquid and Compost waste). garden and waste, kitchen paper waste, waste, have (recycling up bins set been garbage of kinds different school, each At island. green a become hometown their help can they how and awareness future their toward children the among environmental create to gardens organic and composting,banks, recycling up set to schools 10 with done been has project pilot the year, first the Island,hotelsthedeveloped.onwas For buddysystemabetween schoolsthe and which under program, Island Green the Low Carbon School project, supported by KohSamuiTown Municipality initiated a Later,theThaiHotel Association andthe and NGOs, tourists. Thailand, of Authority Waste collection Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

areas, measures include separate waste waste at 140 tons/day (two furnaces bins provided for each household and of 70 tons/day each) and can run at a waste bins provided at the collection areas minimum of 75 tons per day. In the in local communities, especially where the beginning, the island did not generate road is too narrow for collector trucks to waste at its maximum capacity; therefore enter. the incinerator used only one furnace to burn garbage once every 10 days. The For commercial buildings such as hotels, periods between burning were used for department stores and restaurants, each maintenance of the furnace. building shall have their own waste collection system that the waste collector The two furnaces were supposed to run trucks can access easily. alternatively (one operates while the other is under maintenance), however, Increasing quantity of municipal solid later on they were run 24 hrs a day and waste on the island has seriously 7 days a week, to cope with the quantity constrained the waste collection system. of waste generated. This has resulted in The island’s tourism businesses have low maintenance for both of the furnaces, added a large quantity of solid waste to be which eventually broke down. The landfill collected by authorities. area that was supposed to be used for fly ash and bottom ash is now used as a 3) Waste treatment and disposal landfill site for fresh waste. A major disposal method of solid waste generated on the island is based There were several problems encountered on incineration. Koh Samui Town in the operation of the incinerator. employs a stoker-type incinerator in the First, as the waste was not treated solid waste management system. The properly and there was a lack of waste Incineration Plant is located in the area of separation practice, the incinerators Kok Khanoon Village, Nah Muang sub- have deteriorated before their expected district, Koh Samui (IPEN, 2006). operational lifespan. This has pressured

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining the Koh Samui Town Municipality The construction was funded by the Office to spend a huge amount of Japanese Overseas Economic Cooperation budget on repairing and maintenance Fund (JOECF) or presently known as of the incinerators. Additional to budget Japan Bank for International Cooperation problems, since both incinerators are (JBIC). The construction was completed in to be shut down for maintenance, the 1998 and started its operation in 1999. municipality has to rely on the use of landfill. At present, the landfill site has At first, the municipality hired the Thai reached its capacity and creates further French group Palcon-Montaney to environmental problems, such as odor manage the incinerator. This cost the and leachate contamination to lowland government an additional 50 million Baht communities. per year. The nature of MSW, with high water The incinerator has a capacity to burn content, leads to a high volume of A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 38 incinerator. frequentreasontheforshutdowns the of mainthe wasisland the insupplypower inadequate The 40%. than less is boilers and the of small efficiency is conversion energy the incinerators the of size the because generation electricity with Finally,incineratorsthe equippednotare disposal of ashes.the from contamination water ground over concern also reached is There has capacity. site its landfill ha the 1.6 rai), of (10 area landfill limited to Due process. combustion the from produced is ash of ton/day 42 – 35 Approximately larger than 1 ton per day. a b tetd Apoiaey 5m Approximately treated. be can produced leachate the of portion a only leachate is approximately 50,000mg/L and of concentration (BOD) demand oxygen leachate, 10 – 12m – 10 leachate, I-TEQ/Nm ng 30 for set Thailandis standardin The that of less than 0.08 ng I-TEQ/Nm ng 0.08 than to less of gas that flue in dioxin of concentration the reduce will waste of ton per carbon carbon activated an injection unit. Injection of of 1.6 kg activated the by solved installation was problem dioxin of emission the 2006, In control emission. dioxin emission air controlof includethe notequipment did original The corrosion of the combustion with chamber. the accelerates pH, low leachate, and BOD high untreated this Thus, combustiontemperaturethechamber. in of controlling for used is leachate of day 3 for an incinerator of capacityincineratorofan for 3 /day. The biological biological The /day. 3 3 / . 39 accommodates as high as 30,000 from from 30,000 as nearby areas and non-registered high laborers. as accommodates also city Rayong population, registered to addition In females). 31,266 males; (28,359 households 29,443 from 59,625 was 2010 of as area city Rayong in population total municipality The Bangkok. of east the to and kilometers 179 Phra, located is It Nuen. Nuen Cheang Nam, Pak Pradu, Tha an area of 16.95km of area an covers (RCM) Municipality City Rayong 3.4.4 Rayong City Municipality Table 3.10 significantly has site landfill to delivered waste day2005.in However, theamount solid wasteof general of increased from 71 ton/day in 2001 to 85 ton/ quantity The generator each is shown in Tableby 3.10. generated waste of The contribution stores. department and businesses, local and markets community, generators RCM: in waste major three are there that indicated 2002 in conducted study A caused serious environmental problems. increasing quantity of to solid waste,leading which has industries, various for a location as well as most destinations, the tourist of popular one is province Rayong As 3.4.4.1 Source: DEE Foundation, 2006 Department Stores Markets and local businesses Community Waste Generator and waste composition Solid waste generation generators. generation frommajor Contribution ofwaste Sharp andSang-Arun 2 in four sub-districts; sub-districts; four in Quantity (%) Waste 17 81 2

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

decreased from 68 tons per day in 2001 3.4.4.2 Solid waste management to 62 tons per day in 2005 due to the practices implementation of organic waste separation for composting and anaerobic digestion 1) Waste reduction and separation for (Wanapruek et al, 2007). recycling As a result of increasing municipal solid Most of municipal solid wastes are organic waste, the original landfill site has reached waste, followed by plastics and recyclable its capacity. To extend the life span of materials and others (Figure 3.10). the landfill, source separation initiatives were introduced in 1999. The initiatives include education for the local community to separate recyclable waste and food waste, production of liquid fertilizer from food waste, and the utilization of liquid fertilizer produced. Citizens of RCM have come to understand the concept of waste separation, types of waste, and utilization of waste separated. Figure 3.11 Figure 3.10 Waste compositions shows food waste separation activities (Percent) of Rayong City implemented in RCM. Municipality (RCM, 2004) Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining

Figure 3.11 Food waste Separation and collection activity in RCM (RCM, 2004) A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 40 2) Figure 3.12 system. ADand the for stock feed waste organic also material recyclable both increase also communitieswill pilot ofExpansion separated. be can waste recyclable more activities, implementation proper with thatseen be can It3.12.Figure in shown Rayong City waste management model is and collection system was developed. The separation waste food a waste, organic foodAswaste themajoris component of in introduced communities. were waste eggs and for bank, trading waste bank, community waste school as such Activities waste. total the of third one almost accounted for that waste recyclable with deal to program the into brought were dealers waste Recyclable households. 3,500 of The consisting communities, pilot activities. three with of implemented were activities kinds the various stakeholders to in all waste involving by the of system feed smooth a ensure to model management waste a developed has RCM the tank, anaerobic digester the in used be to feedstock Concerningthequantity oforganic waste Waste collection (RCM,2004) management model Rayong citywaste 41 3) approximately 90,000 people. whole waste are food waste. The average average The waste. food are waste whole waste highorganic content, solid more than 47% of the contains city Phitsanulok municipal of characteristics fresh Typical is waste and generation tons/day generated rate is 0.93kg/person/day. 84 waste of approximately quantity The 3.4.5.1 km 18.26 of area an covers Thailand. municipality of The part northern lower the at located is Municipality City Phitsanulok 3.4.5 to the organic waste treatment facility. sanitarylandfill adjacenta in disposedof anaerobicofdigestion compostingand is means by treated be cannot that Waste the at source. separation waste for to incentive an as distributed communities pilot from is residents Compost digestion process. anaerobic the for suitable not is that waste food the of some and waste green for applied is Composting with mixed compost. and compressed is waste tothe provincial grid. Slurry of fermented electricityforused generationis soldand digestion anaerobic by generated Biogas explainedsectionis4.inRCM applied in system digestion anaerobic The waste. organictreatcomposting facilities toand digestion anaerobic an established RCM Waste treatment and disposal 2 with a registered population of of population registered a with Municipality Phitsanulok City and composition Solid waste generation Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

water content of the waste is also relatively maintained thereafter. high. At the disposal facility, recyclable Phitsanulok city employed a mechanical materials are removed by waste pickers biological treatment (MBT) process to and sold to private recycling shop dealers. reduce the volume of waste prior to landfill. Therefore, most input to the MBT is The inert waste after MBT process, with nine organic and low market value waste, such months of static aeration pile composting, as plastic bags. was 38.7% compost and 55.8% plastics (ERC, 2006). The remaining residues from 2) Waste treatment and disposal composting suggested that the materials The city has one disposal site. The landfill should be used in energy recovery. site is located in Bangrakam district where it is 40km away from the city. The concept 3.4.5.2 Solid waste management of sanitary landfill was introduced in 1999 strategies and practices and after that, the application of pre- treated process or mechanical biological 1) Waste reduction and separation for treatment (MBT) prior to landfill was recycling introduced. In 1999, the Municipality aimed to reduce the quantity of waste for disposal by Once the fresh waste arrived at the introducing the 3Rs and pretreatment of landfill facility, waste is shredded to waste before disposal. The Municipality smaller size and homogenized at the introduced various activities to treatment process by the mobile rotary promote the 3Rs in both midstream drum. Inside the drum, sprockets are (consumption stage - waste generation) installed to tear open the plastic bags. and downstream (final disposal site). At As for the biological treatment, the the consumption stage, the Municipality homogenous waste is heaped onto a layer aimed to avoid waste generation by of wooden pallets on the landfill. The promoting use of biodegradable and windrow composting pile is covered with

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining reusable materials, encouraging waste separation for sale, and supporting composting at household and community levels. At the post-consumption stage, the Municipality aimed to improve final disposal by the pretreatment of waste through mechanical biological treatment (MBT) prior to landfill.

As a result of these efforts (Figure 3.13), the quantity of waste transported to the disposal site decreased sharply from 142 Figure 3.13 Waste reduction through ton/day in 1996 to 82 ton/day in 1999 3R practices in Phitsanulok (Phitsanulok Municipality, 2005). The Municipality (Sang-Arun quantity of waste to disposal site was and Bengtsson, 2012) A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 42 municipalities implement diversion of waste into greenhouse gases to theincluding environment. dumped Some pollutants release and being landfills are wastes these However, production. energy and food for is organic, which has potential for utilisation The major composition of waste in Thailand reduction, to some extent. waste gross the achieve could Phitsanulok and BMA as such way,systematic the a in 3Rs implemented and leadership strong takes mayor the which where cities, some Only Japan in as generation. waste decreasing experienced efficient as not is implementation its However, generation. 3R the of wasteincreased impact in resultedthat promotion the to due increased slightly has Thailand in generation Waste 3.5 system are explained in section 4. this in of details More landfill. sanitary placed the is value market no has that residue Final process. degradation the completing for months 9 of average an forleftthenvermin.andodorispile The minimize to bio-filter as shells coconut in Thailand solid waste management Discussion of municipal 43 system, unless grants are available. advanced an to practices landfill on-going their shifting in interested not are them of many Therefore, participation. public and personnel, budget, of terms in especially system, management waste solid any of with challenges andconfronted constraints are in implementationgovernments Local economic or incentives are not significant. established, well not are is not well maintained, markets for products system to receive waste for further treatment sustained due to various reasons, such as the not cities.isHowever,some promoteditin Organicwasteseparation sourcebeingatis public participation. thesustain importantto is separated waste the treat andreceive to system a However, suchrecyclableas wasteseparation forsale. significant, are incentives economic where successful is source at separation Waste used, as land is scarce. being is incineration island, an of case the utilize For generation. to electricity for gas methane system recovery gas landfill a installedBMAaddition, Phitsanulok).In in MBT Rayong, in digestionanaerobic BMA, in composting (e.g. site disposal final from Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits

4. Urban organic waste utilization in Thailand IGES Policy Report 2012-02

4. Urban organic waste utilization in Thailand

At present, there are many initiatives on waste, PCD published a guideline on organic waste management which include composting in 2004. However, the composting, anaerobic digestion, integrated composting activity shares less than 1% of bio-digestion, mechanical biological waste generated, except for BMA where a treatment, and sanitary landfill with gas mega-composting facility is established. recovery. The technologies employed range The reason for low composting rates might from technology for metropolitan and big be due to the living patterns of urban cities, to that for community and household population where the need for compost is levels. low and the citizens do not see incentives in producing their own compost. As for In some cases, large-scale SWM alone may rural areas, the market for compost is small not be that effective. Instead, local groups compared to chemical fertilizer. Therefore of citizens were formed, with or without the the level of waste conversion to compost is support from local government or NGOs, still low. which seems to be more effective in their operation. This section provides examples The scale of composting activities in of urban organic waste treatments that are Thailand can range from large scale to being implemented in Thailand. household composting. Examples of

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining composting projects in Thailand are disseminated as follows: 4.1 Composting 4.1.1 Large scale composting From the characteristics of MSW in at Bangkok Metropolitan Thailand, composting tends to be the Administration most appropriate technology for waste disposal and treatment. A high percentage A large scale composting plant is located of organics makes waste suitable for at On Nuch waste transfer station. The composting (Table 3.2 and 3.3). Composting technique used is in-vessel composting. This also generates valuable fertilizer or facility can receive 1,200 tons of unsorted soil conditioners for agricultural and waste input per day. horticultural uses. The composting process consists of 3 main To promote composting of urban organic units, namely, pre-treatment, aerobic A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 46 1) in Figure 3.6. the process of together with massdiagram balance The is shown separation. compost fine and plant, maturing and composting, 1.4) 1.3) 1.2) 1.1) Figure 4.1. in shown as 2007) (Nithikul, steps main 4 into divided is It waste. of separation physical/mechanical other and waste a of separation manual actually between is mixture step pre-treatment The Pre-treatment process Screening: Homogenized waste is is waste Homogenized Screening: Bag breaking/homogenization: Waste magnetic separation: Magnetic put is Waste separation: Manual 40 mm will be sent to the aerobic aerobic the to sent be will mm 40 than smaller Materials A). (Reject landfillto sentseparated and be will materials oversize where mm, 40 of size mesh a with screen the to sent has started to take place. materials organic of which decomposition in hours, 12 the about of is drum time of retention The waste. homogenizing and bag breaking facilitate to slowly rotating is drum The waste. the homogenize time, same the at and bags plastic the open break to drum cylindrical magnetic horizontala tosent separatorbe will through been has that about 1 ton/day. Metals can bewaste. recovered at this stepremaining at the from metals ferrous of separate will end belt, conveyor the at installed separator, materials can be recovered daily. of tons 83 approximately step, this glassbottles,aluminumand cans. At electricalsuchas appliances, plastics, materialsrecyclable and big out sort workers while belt conveyor the on 47 3) 2) Volunteers or persons-in-charge can then then can persons-in-charge or Volunteers container. the into dumped be can waste cement,bamboo,wood). Separated organic any of made (e.g.area the available inare materialsthat containers installing and area be common a easily finding by can implemented composting group Local bank and composting are commonly found. waste recyclable a as such activities Thus, source. at separation waste of importance the recognized have formed groups Most authorities.governmentlocal fromsupport the without or with members community generatednormallywithinare groups such voluntaryabasis. Activitiesonworkthat of have Thailand environmentalformedconservation groups in communities Several 4.1.2 Small scale composting high calorificwith value (Reject B). materials to from compost process separate separation fine a through passed then is product composted The intensive aerationactivities: and slow aeration.sub two into divided be process can aeration The days. 40 for pile the of bottom the from aerated is waste process, composting aerobic the During materials before the treatment process. organic the of most collect to employed possible,pretreatmentbewhen canand, waste of components organic separate effectivelycanpre-treatment process the contents (Table 4.1), which suggested that treatmentprocesscontainspre- lowerorganic the through been has that Waste Grading process Composting process composting process. Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02 Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining

Figure 4.1 Process flow chart of BMA composting plant A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 48 * From Siam City Cement Public Co., Ltd., 2006 and examples of composting projects in in Thailand. projects composting of composting, examples and household area, rural for behindcomposting, smallscalecomposting theory on information detailed published Table 4.1 4 (PCD) Department Control Pollutionpublicationthethe offrom found Detailsforcomposting methodology canbe systems. composting, bin compost and composting, pile aerated windrow are used Commonly techniques locally. employed can be composting of techniques Different and compost product is formedcompleted (Figure 4.2). has process composting the until materials organic of pile the turn 5. Calorific value (MJ/kg) dry basis 4. Ash Content (%) 3. Moisture Content (%) 2. Bulk Density (kg/m 1. Waste composition http://infofile.pcd.go.th/waste/waste_Composting.pdf?CFID=6073453&CFTOKEN=56977045 More information can be accessed from: Others Hazardous waste Glass Metal Stone and ceramics Bone and shell Cloth Leather and rubber Plastic Paper Wood and leave Food waste Reject B(Nithikul,2007). Comparison ofwastecharacteristicscollectedwaste,RejectA,and Parameters 3 ) 4 . The PCD has PCD The . Total Collected Waste (% by weight) 16.23 14.04 12.72 42.11 10.8 50.8 1.54 1.52 2.19 0.44 0.44 0.44 3.07 5.26 405 100 6.0 49 a m i s a h c t a R n o h k a N d Municipalities n are a two examples. g n o y a R few technology. this a employing are municipalities there present, At application. of kinds various generated for is collected be gas can and methane result, a As place. takes fermentation anaerobic where tank digestion the into fed and separated be can components waste in Organic compounds content. organic high contains which waste, solid Thai of characteristics the to appropriate technology a as viewed been has process digestion anaerobic The 4.2 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) (% by weight) Not Detected Not Detected Reject A 41.06 27.28 11.8 0.65 1.01 6.23 0.08 4.21 0.39 9.61 9.48 141 100 Sharp andSang-Arun 21 60 (% by weight) Reject B* N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 29.5 15.1 6.2

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

(a) (b) Figure 4.2 local community composting system: (a) community composting site at Kradangnga municipality, (b) Household composting in Phitsanulok town municipality.

4.2.1 Large scale anaerobic Major Processes at the AD Facility digestion at Rayong City Municipality i) The Front-End Treatment (FET) The front-end treatment was designed Due to the successful implementation of to accommodate 70 tons of municipal the public participation program, the RCM solid waste per day or 25,000 tons/year. decided to request for funding from the The area of this unit is approximately Energy Conservation Promotion of Waste 1,000 m2. Waste entering the front-end to Energy Policy, Ministry of Energy to treatment consists of waste separated establish an anaerobic digestion facility that at source (20 ton/day) and general will transform food waste and other organic waste (50-60 tons/day). waste to energy and organic fertilizer. FET consists of the following major

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining The construction of the facility was components and equipment: waste commenced in 2002 and completed by receiving floor, drum screen, conveyor July 2004. The plant consists of front-end belts, recyclable waste separation treatment, anaerobic digestion tank, biogas belts, bag opener, magnetic separator, utilization system with its generator, and fragmentizer, and suspension tank. all necessary auxiliary equipment at a total The most important part is the budget of 142,011,030 Baht (4,437,844 USD). fragmentizer as the smaller size of The energy produced in forms of heat and organic waste will help bacteria to electricity are used for internal consumption digest waste particles faster and at the facility. The surplus electricity is sold produce more gas. to the Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA). The process flow diagram of the facility is ii) Anaerobic Digester System shown in Figure 4.3. The technical design The system was designed to treat 70 and installed capacity are shown in Table tons/day (40 tons from waste separated 4.2. at the FET, 20 tons from waste A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 50 Figure 4.3 • • processes as follows: of night soils). The system comprises 8 separated at the source, and 10-14 tons Anaerobic digester in bioreactor: bioreactor: in digester Anaerobic anaerobic of preparation Feed tank. Within the reactor, there will will there reactor, the Within tank. the in biogas to the converted be will in kept be bioreactorfor 18 days. Volatile solids will Feedstock system. the of failure avoid effective and digestion ensure to waste the of homogenization and materials, undesirable of removal water, of addition including process digester Process flowdiagramofRCManaerobicdigestionfacility(Muller,2007) Source: http://www.cogen3.net/final/docs/RayongMunicipalitypowerpoint.pdf 51 • • • • • • Biogas utilization system: The The system: utilization Biogas Wastewater treatment system Process water system Odor control for hygiene and treatment Thermal digested of dewatering Mechanical carbon dioxide. However, this this However, dioxide. is rest carbon the and methane 65-70% approximately of composed is tank digestion the from produced biogas humus mass slurry with bacteria in the reactor. into the reactor to ensure well mixing waste feedstock that is constantly fed homogenized to devices mixing be Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Table 4.2 Technical design and installed capacity of anaerobic digestion facility at Rayong City Design Installed Attribute Process Unit capacity capacity Waste type Source separated organic waste Tons/day 20 12 Mechanical sorted organic fraction of Tons/day 50 3.3 solid waste Organic waste Total solids % 30 18 property Volatile solids % 70 86 Pre-treatment Bag opener Tons/hr 7 No data Drum screening Tons/hr 7 6 Magnetic separator Tons/hr 3.50 3.50 Shredder Tons/hr 8.50 No data Fragmentizer Tons/hr 7.50 3 • Low-riddle mm <10 ±10 • Solid content % 15 5 Input to the digester m3/day 120 45 Reject Tons/day 10 3 Anaerobic Digester volume m3 2,100 2,100 Digestion Temperature °C 30-36 25-31 Organic loading rate Kg/m3d 6 1.3 Retention time Day 18-20 33 pH 6.7-7.4 6.7-7.4 Biogas generation rate Nm3/m3d 2.85 0.3 (0.2-0.4) Biogas yield Nm3/ton organics 100 76 (40-80) Post treatment Belt press m3/h 16 No data Pasteurized rotary drum Ton/h 7.50 No data Product Electricity kWh/ton org 230 181 (100-220) Compost Tons/ton organics 0.26 0.2 (0.1-0.3)

Source: Wanapruek et al, 2007

composition may vary depending on Once the communities had successfully

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining the characteristic of waste fed into separated their waste, the collection and the system. Gas produced from the transportation system were then developed process will be kept in a gas holder to accommodate the separated waste. before being sent to the power generator. Excess gas will be burnt Cost and Income from system at the excess biogas burner. Cooling operations water from the power generator is sent back to warm the waste The investment cost for the Rayong feedstock. model AD system was 172 million Baht. The operation and maintenance cost is In order to effectively promote the approximately 23 million Baht per year separation of solid waste at the source, (Wanapruek et al, 2007). The cost can be the RCM has set up 3 pilot communities broken down as shown in Table 4.3. of approximately 3,500 households to run a waste separation campaign. Income generated from the operation A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 52 Table 4.3 shown in Table 4.4. Instead, the operationtheInstead, 4.4.Table in shown estimation the meet not does compost production, and generation terms in electricity of both income, expected the Asaresult of the discontinuity of operation, quite complicated. and isoperation thatequipmentitself the maintenance of the also and stocks feed waste organic of quality and quantity the ofbecausepartly is capacity. designThis at severalreasons,operatingnotsystemthe is to due However, 4.4. Table in shown are capacity, full at operating is system the if income, expected the of Details fertilizer. 3 categories;into recycled material, electricity, grouped and be can system AD the of Table 4.4 Source: Wanapruek et al, 2007 Average income per ton Total income Fertilizer Electricity Recycle waste Consultancy Land Construction cost (per year) Operation and maintenance cost • Glass • Metals • Plastic • Paper Description Job Description digestion system Investment cost for anaerobic system isoperatingatfullcapacity Estimated incomefromoperationofanaerobicdigestion systemifthe Total MWh/year Tons/year Tons/year Tons/year Tons/year Tons/year Baht/year Baht/ton Unit (million Baht) Cost 142 172 27 23 3 Quantity 5,562 3,826 1,314 543 621 73 53 in RCM are explained as follows: Obstaclestheanaerobicof digestion project very difficult due to social resistance. is remarkable as new landfill development is contribution This 2007). al, et (Wanapruek capacity full at operating is system AD the is ifyear, approximatelyper millionBaht landfill 10.5 avoided from savings the that estimated was It landfill. of cost the and contributedsystemhasThesavingspace to 240,000 Baht per month. approximately of loss a at done been has ii) i) Price/unit (Baht) The designedThe openerbagcannot open Insufficient quantity of waste waste of quantity Insufficient some types of materials. Additionally,materials. of types some to 550 tons/month in March 2012. October2006tons/month in360 from increasedslightlyseparatedhaswaste in March 2007. The quantity of organic tons/month 2400 to 2006 October in tons/month 500 approximately from increased has system AD the enters that waste of quantity The capacity. operational its reached has system AD the to supply feedstock quantity waste of the present At feedstock: 1,000 1,500 – – – – Sharp andSang-Arun Income/year (Baht) 11,355,000 5,562,000 5,793,000 444 – – – –

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

the magnetic separator cannot separate waste and to educate children on source of non-ferrous metals such as aluminum alternative energy. In the first phase, the and stainless steel, or even ferrous project has installed organic waste digestion materials under a pile of waste. Thus, tanks at 40 schools around Bangkok (Figure reducing the quality of waste feedstock 4.4). The tanks were funded by the BMA results in the rejection of a whole lot while the Ministry of Energy was responsible of waste when the metal detector can for school selection for the project and detect contamination of metals in the provided training courses on biogas feedstock. production using food waste to teachers and students. iii) Damage to machinery: The AD system lacks continuity of operation due As of January 2012, there are 540 digestion to damage caused to the machines. tanks installed in schools and local The fragmentizer is the machine that administrative offices in Thailand. The has the most problems as the blades system could remove more than 7,884 tons cannot cut open all plastic bags. The of food waste per year while producing belt press is leaking and the pipeline 492,750 cubic meters of biogas per year, under the bioreactor is often clogged which is equivalent to 226.6 tons of LPG due to seafood waste residues, stones (LPG price as of March 2012 equal to 1200 and gravel. USD/ton). In addition, this technology can reduce environmental impacts such as iv) Less participation of communities: unpleasant odor without expanding the use Apart from the design failure, the participation level of communities is also low (40% of households join the activity) and the project areas are limited to only 3 communities out of 9 in total.

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining v) As the production of electricity depends on the quantity of gas generated from the AD system, the power generation facility sometimes has to stop its operation due to problems with the machinery and also the quantity of gas generated.

4.2.2 Small-scale anaerobic digestion project promoted by the Ministry of Energy

The Ministry of Energy together with the BMA launched a project to promote the Figure 4.4 A small-scale anaerobic production of biogas from school organic digestion tank A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 54 Figure 4.5Exampleprocess diagramofbio-digester. from 1.5 tons/day to 15 tons/day. generated.The management capacity varies sizes suitable for different different quantities three of wastein comes bio-digester The as summarized be follows. can digester the of generalcharacteristicshours.Thewithin 24 convert to valuableproductsmoreintobiomasswaste equipment its designed has companyCentralMechanics,TheThaiLtd. integratedAnbio-digester invented wasby 4.3 Integrated bio-digester gas supply for heating. insufficient and system, the of complexity the tocontinuouslyoperated dueare tanks digestion the all not However, landfills. of • Liquid fertilizer generated during its its during generated fertilizer Liquid Source: for%20thailand.pdf Modified from http://www.tcm1989.com/biodigestor/Bio-Digester%20Technology%20 55 the Kradang-Nga Tambon Municipality. Municipality. Tambon Kradang-Nga the at implemented been has bio-digester The Municipality. employed at the pilot project at is Kradangnga bio-digester shown the in Figure 4.5. The of bio-digester is only diagram Process segregated. when properly are contents designed organic as effectively work can anddevelopment process the in is digester bio- the that noted be should it However, • • Operation cost can be as low as 0.60 0.60 as low as be can cost Operation Inthe large system, with higha amount Baht per 1 kg of fresh organic waste. it can produce animal feed. as used nutrient feedstock or foralgae culture, and gas, methane produce to bioreactor anaerobic an feed to used be can it generated, fertilizer liquid of microbial as feedstock to the system, used repeatedly. be can operation Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

This project has been used as a pilot project 4.4 Mechanical-Biological in the utilization of biodegradable plastic Treatment for unsorted bags for food waste separation. Households organic waste in the municipality were given bio-plastic bags and bins in order to promote waste The nature of waste entering landfills in segregation at the source. Bags are then Thailand is mixed-waste packed in plastic collected and sent to the bio-digester to bags. As a result it takes longer time to be be processed (Figure 4.6). At present the decomposed. The MBT process employed municipality can collect approximately 450 in Thailand aims to homogenize and shred kg of waste daily. The produced product waste into smaller pieces. Therefore, the is distributed to farmers and residents decomposition of organic components can upon requests, as an incentive for waste be done faster. Since 2001, the Phitsanulok separation. City Municipality has employed this technology and it has been used as the study site for the process in Thailand.

(a) (b) Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining

(c) (d) Figure 4.6 Bio-plastic bags (a), waste collection from households (b), collected waste for digester (c), and digested materials/soil conditioner (d) at Kradangnga Municipality A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 56 Figure 4.7 treatment process before final disposal disposal pre-treatment landfill. processThe the intofinal before process treatment pre- a introduced has GTZ with together municipality the site, landfill existing the of life the prolong To district. Bangrakam in facility landfill the to transported then is waste remaining The reduced. been has community weightwhichlevelwastebyoverin40%of the at campaign separation waste a with starts scheme The management Thailand. in practices management MSW best the of one recognizedaswidely PhitsanulokMunicipalitybeentheCityhas of program management waste solid The from non-degradable waste. waste isplaced toformcompostingpiles; and(d)separationofcompost receiving floor;(b)sorted wasteisputintorotarydrum;(c)homogenized MBT processatPhitsanulok Landfillsite:(a)wastebeingplacedatthe (a) (c) 57 k o l u n a steps (Figure s 4.7). t i h major P four comprises It n received. waste i of m e t s y tons/day s 100 capacityof Municipalitya has T B M e h T Faber by designed Thailand Company, Limited. (MBT) Treatment Mechanical-Biological the is employed Step 1: floor where oversize objects, objects, contaminatedhazardousitemsor receiving oversize the where on floor waste - e r p placed d is n Collected a g n i v i e treatment: c e r e t s a W Sharp andSang-Arun (d) (b)

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

and other recyclable materials 4.5 Sanitary landfill of are manually removed. Oversize unsorted waste for gas items are shredded before recovery undergoing the next step. Landfill is the most commonly used Step 2: Mechanical treatment: Waste technology in managing MSW in Thailand. is mixed in a rotating vessel to Slightly more than 45% of landfill sites in homogenize materials. The Thailand are managed properly and can be moisture content is adjusted at considered as sanitary landfill with leachate this step. collection and the lining of landfill floor. More than 50 % of landfill sites are not Step 3: Biological degradation: The mixed properly managed. waste from step two is placed on top of wooden pallets to allow The operation of sanitary landfill in Thailand aerobic composting conditions. involves the spreading of waste in a landfill In addition, the wooden pallets area and pressing the waste content with a enhance drainage of rainfall. compaction tractor until the waste layer has Coconut shells are used as a bio- the density specified in the design. Once filter material to control odor and the required density is reached, a thin layer other vermin. Moisture content of soil is placed on top of the waste layer. of the windrows is controlled by The process is done repeatedly until the the watering of compost piles to landfill area is fully packed with waste and ensure effective decomposition soil layers. The area is covered with top soil, of organic content. Gas emission and the area is converted to serve other and temperature are monitored. purposes such as recreational areas. Landfill The desired temperature for the gas recovery is not an obligation for landfill composting process is in the range operation in Thailand. of 50 - 70 °C. The time applied for this process is 9 months, but it is Although operation of sanitary landfill is

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining possible to shorten the duration simple, the environmental impacts it may to 5 months. However, the cause are not simple to deal with. During Municipality prefers to keep it for the decomposition of waste, leachate, and 9 months to ensure the maturity of landfill gases are produced. A sanitary the composting. landfill pipeline will be laid out at the bottom of the landfill to collect all leacheat Step 4: Landfilling of the remaining for further treatment. Most of the gases residues: After the composting produced from the decomposition process

process, most organic contents are methane (40-60%) and CO2 (30-50%). were degraded and could be used The release of these gases to the atmosphere as compost or as cover material will contribute to rising GHG accumulation. for the next batch of composting processes. Inert waste that is not Capture of methane for energy use is an economically viable for recycling is alternative to reduce climate impact from disposed of in landfill. landfills. A landfill that installs a landfill gas A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 58 Source: interpreted from SCS Engineers, 1994 with 2.2 million tons of old solid waste waste solid old of tons million together 2.2 with waste solid disposed newly tons of million 2.5 approximately contains area at The area. landfill the hectare of end 8 west the of area an covered It of end 2001. the at closed was and 1999 since operated has 1 is Site sites. and two into ha divided 40 some occupies landfill The Administrative (BMA). the of Metropolitan dumpsite old Bangkok an is It of east km Bangkok. 30 Province, Prakarn Samut District, Bangpli Sub-district, at Rachatewa located is site landfill Rachatewa The Rachatewa landfillsite Landfill gasrecoveryprojectin 1994). Engineers, (SCS 4.5) (Table gas natural of value heating the of half to equivalent is typically value heating The fuel. fossil on Utilization of LFG can offset the dependency organic matter. budgetconstraints and rapid degradation of to due lower much be canThailand in rate average)on(EPA,recovery2010).75% The (with efficiency collection 60-85% achieve can deposited is waste the after year one within areas all covering system collection Table 4.5 Medium-dry wood Bituminous coal No. 2 fuel oil Gasoline Butane (liquid) Propane (liquid) Natural gas Fuel Gas (LFGwith50%methane) Fuel EquivalentsofLandfill Equivalents to 1 m 1.271 Kg 0.593 Kg 0.502 m 3 0.481 L 0.522 L 0.656 L 0.738 L of LFG 3

59 approximately 470,000 tCO 470,000 approximately by reduced be to expected are emissions GHG agreement. purchase power a under (MEA) Authority Electricity Metropolitan the to generatedsoldelectricityThe is one. closed a than cheaper is it open because system an under flared is gas Excess MW. 1 is generation electricity of capacity The utilizedisfuel sourceaas forthegenerator. recovery gas project appliedThailand.in Recovered LFG landfill from Mechanism) Development (Clean CDM first the is This conducted. study feasibility the by confirmed further collection 60%beenefficiency also The has system. vertical a than conditions climate appropriate formore Thai MSWis and the country’swhich on wells and based lines is horizontal system collection LFG The is project completed2005.and2004startedinwas in construction The 1. recovery site at gas implemented landfill The approximately 6 million tons of solid waste. in 2006.closed It was estimatedwas that this site containsand 2001 of end the operated since has 2 Site level. ground meters below 18 located is site the of base The site. landfill Nuch On the from relocated plants (Mitsubishi UFJ Securities, 2009). gridelectricity produced fossilby fuel based displacementof andmethanecollected the of combustion through (2008-2017) years Sharp andSang-Arun 2 eq over ten ten over eq

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

4.6 Analysis of Technology food, energy and climate co-benefits. Biogas from the viewpoints of generation from the anaerobic digestion food and energy security process can be easily collected and used and climate change as cooking gas or converted to electricity. mitigation However, the system requires enough quality waste input to ensure sufficient gas In order to compare different types of urban for energy use. Discharge from anaerobic organic waste management technologies, digestion is useful for soil improvement, there are certain numbers of attributes to and thus can contribute to food production. be considered. Table 4.6 compares five Under good management, anaerobic types of technology discussed in this study: digestion releases a smaller amount of GHG composting, anaerobic digestion, bio- emission than composting. It can reduce digestion, MBT, and sanitary landfill with greenhouse gas emissions by 99% compared gas recovery. The first three technologies to landfill of organic waste (based on a are suitable for sorted organic waste while lifecycle assessment). In addition, anaerobic the latter two are appropriate for unsorted digestion can treat liquid waste efficiently, waste. while composting requires a proper adjustment of moisture content. Composting technology is varied from a simple one like windrow composting that is Bio-digestion is a new technology in applied in a small scale at households and Thailand. Therefore it is very expensive community levels to a complicated one like in terms of capital investment per ton of in-vessel composting that is implemented waste. However, the cost is affordable in BMA. Composting can contribute to by a small municipality as the system is food security if farmers are satisfied with designed for small scale. This system can the quality of compost produced. However, be considered as pre-treatment prior to in some areas where farmers refuse to use composting and anaerobic digestion, as a compost for food production, the compost system can efficiently separate solid and can be used for soil improvement in public liquid composition. Solid fractions can be

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining parks. Compost can be sold for financial applied directly as soil additive. The liquid revenue; however, much municipal compost fraction can be processed by either anaerobic is distributed as incentives for waste digestion or bio-extract (fermentation). The separation. Making compost can generate a discharge after fermentation can be used small amount of greenhouse gas emissions; as soil additive, thus contributing to food however it only contributes approximately production. There is no concise investigation 80% of net greenhouse gas emissions on on GHG emission reduction; however, it is a lifecycle perspective (in comparison to assumed to be similar to that of in-vessel landfill of organic waste). Unfortunately, composting. composting cannot contribute to energy generation. MBT is an alternative to pre-treatment of unsorted waste prior to landfill. It can Anaerobic digestion is a complicated contribute to extending the lifetime of a and expensive treatment compared to landfill, enhancing resource efficiency, and composting. However, it can contribute to contributing to climate change mitigation. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 60 available. recommended where resources are (budget and personnel) MBT are and digestion, anaerobic composting, of combination the or MBT, and composting of combination the as such technology of combination A waste. organic of utilization maximise to is it governments shouldprioritize wasteseparationsource at local that aforementioned, recommended the on Based a feed-in tariff to power generation.provides Government Central the and alack of organic waste separation programs a is recovery gas desirableoption where the municipality has with landfill Sanitary collectedand used for electricity generation. is gas landfill the once mitigation change climate and security energy to contribute co- provide not benefits does to food production. However, it can landfill Sanitary impacts. environmental minimizing and efficiency, GHG resource enhancing reducing emissions, in effectiveness their of terms in system recovery gas with landfill treatment sanitary a to waste preferable are technologies organic four These sanitary landfill. to compared reduction 80% approximately composting, reduction to similar is MBT of potential emission GHG Thailand. implemented in been not has this However, technology system. gasification a in processed is it if source energy an for used The be can questioned. MBT from matterorganic degraded is production food to with heavy metals; therefore its contribution contaminated be can MBT from Compost 61 Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02 recovery Sanitary landfill with gas gas with landfill Sanitary Methane emission to atmosphere to emission Methane of efficiency recovery Limited materials recyclable outbreaks insect and odors Foul management improper under environment to pollution Leachate system treatment ineffective under • • • • • Minimizing landfill emission by emission landfill Minimizing and landfill) (Rachatewa 12.5% waste of ton per 50% to up be can treated Possible with landfill gas recovery recovery gas landfill with Possible generation power for Almost none. Landfill mining is mining Landfill none. Almost organic degraded The practical. not heavy high contain might matter concentration. metal Biogas as alternative energy alternative as Biogas Unsorted waste Unsorted MBT Odor and insect insect and Odor occur can problems improper under management Avoided GHG GHG Avoided by emissions per 85% approximately treated waste of ton Possible with utilization utilization with Possible gasification and RDF of product compost-like of Uncertain, depending depending Uncertain, compost- of quality on which product, like heavy the meet should contamination metal standard Refuse derived solid solid derived Refuse compost- (RDF), fuel are that products like of covering for available and pile composting the waste inert Unsorted waste that that waste Unsorted non-hazardous contains waste infected nor Bio-Digester Almost none Almost Not yet investigated, but but investigated, yet Not to similar be to assumed composting in-vessel Possible if AD system is is system AD if Possible installed Possible with use of of use with Possible fertilizer solid and liquid cultivation for Soil additives materials materials additives Soil solid and liquid (both forms) energy for Possible system AD if generation installed is Sorted organic waste organic Sorted Digestion Anaerobic Anaerobic Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Leakage of methane methane of Leakage improper under gas management Avoided GHG GHG Avoided by emissions per 99% approximately waste organic of ton treated Possible with power power with Possible generation Possible with use of of use with Possible cultivation for discharge Biogas as alternative alternative as Biogas additive soil and energy materials Sorted organic waste: waste: organic Sorted or wet either for suitable on depending waste dry system AD of type Composting Odor and insect insect and Odor occur can problems improper under management Avoided GHG GHG Avoided by emissions per 80% approximately waste organic of ton treated Negligible Possible with use of of use with Possible cultivation for compost Compost for soil soil for Compost amendment Sorted organic waste: waste: organic Sorted certain a with suitable and wet of ratio mixture matter organic dry Attributes Potential Potential negative environmental impacts Contribution to to Contribution change climate mitigation* Contribution to to Contribution security energy Contribution to to Contribution security food Products Suitable waste waste Suitable characteristics 6. 6. 5. 5. 4. 4. 3. 3. 2. 2. 1. 1. Table 4.6 Comparison of different types urban organic waste management technology. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 62 Anaerobic Sanitary landfill with gas Attributes Composting Bio-Digester MBT Digestion recovery 7. Capital Low for windrow High Very high Low Medium investment composting but medium for in-vessel composting 8. Example Approximately USD Approximately USD Approximately 1.5 Approximately USD 1.6 Approximately USD 2 million for of capital 27.97 million for 4.53 million for 70 tons/ million Baht for million for 100 tons/day sanitary landfill without gas recovery investment in in-vessel composting day of waste input in handling 0.5 ton/day at of waste input (USD of 85 tons/day (USD 23,500 per Thailand** of 1,000 tons/day in Rayong (USD 64,700 per Kradangnga (100,000 16,000 per capacity of capacity of one ton/day of waste). BMA (USD 28,000 per capacity of one ton/day USD per capacity of one one ton/day of waste) Landfill gas recovery system and capacity of one ton/day of waste) ton/day of waste) power generation engine can of waste) increase cost. 9. Operational Medium for windrow High for automated Medium-high Medium Medium cost and high for in-vessel system but medium for manual system 10. Personnel skills Skillful personnel Skillful personnel Skillful personnel Skillful personnel Skillful personnel required with 63 required with additional required with additional required with additional required with additional additional training from supplier training from supplier training from supplier training from supplier training from supplier when in-vessel composting is selected 11. Land Medium for windrow Low Low Medium High requirement but low for in-vessel Sharp andSang-Arun 12. Technology Widely used in many Widely used in many Pilot project being Widely used in Europe, Widely used in developed countries, Development countries, several small countries, several small implemented one site in Thailand a few sites in Thailand sites in Thailand sites in Thailand

* Sang-Arun et al, 2012 ** Sang-Arun et al, 2011b

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits

5. Guidance for implementation of urban organic waste utilization project IGES Policy Report 2012-02

5. Guidance for implementation of urban organic waste utilization project

Thailand intends to promote the 3Rs for by local governments. The barriers are as sustainable solid waste management. follows: This policy could significantly contribute to food and energy security as well as • Institutional barriers: There are many climate change mitigation. There are some agencies, both nationally and locally, municipalities implementing organic that play different roles in SWM. Each waste utilization. However, the extension of the organizations have different of this practice is very slow due to various functions and responsibility. When they constraints and questions on its applicability are not coordinating with each other or in other municipalities. with the private sector, work cannot be carried out in the same direction. For This report provides an analytical framework the case of organic waste utilization, and guides for local governments on cooperation among related Ministries on selection of technology and implementation unifying the national goals is important of such technology successfully in their to encourage local governments to municipalities. implement the alternative technology for organic waste utilization. • Policy barriers: Sometimes policies

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining 5.1 Overview of barriers of different Ministries work against in urban organic waste each other. For instance, premium utilization price adder to landfill gas recovery or a waste-to-energy project discourages 3R Information gathered from all studied cities implementation as local governments or shows that in order to have successful investors would like to have more waste implementation of organic waste for processing. management, there are certain types of • Technical barriers: Some of the barriers that local governments should organic waste utilization technologies overcome before forming and implementing such as anaerobic digestion are any action plan. When these barriers are advanced technology. Such technology not taken care of, the achievement of requires skillful personnel in operation the program is unlikely to happen. Some and maintenance. Additionally, as the barriers need to be solved by the national technologies are new in Thailand, it will government, but some need to be handled take some time to gain acceptance from A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 66 • • • Public support barriers: support Public barriers: Information barriers: Financial management in Thailand. thekeydriver forimproving solid waste be to tends and stronger is barrier this local implementation and of a project. Nowadays, stop can it Sometimes, agencies communities. government between conflict to leading thus and technologies such of misperception in resulting available, technologies in confidence public and the awareness lack often barriers, information to awareness raising should be prioritized. and building capacity through sharing Information information. meaningful compileto made beshould effortMore sectors. private and public to available be should data Such interpretations. appropriate with manner scientific a in collected be should system each for information Detailed sets. data such of significance the hinder and collected pilot projects,insomefrom cases, are not properly data Additionally, found. be can projects successful of limited a number only present, at essential. is However, project a pilot technology, successful a investors, commercialize private and from trust gain minimized. sanitarylandfill development should be conventional for subsidy addition, In required. is Government of Central the that to conventional compared technologies. Subsidy from capital higher investment, have normally they market, the to new are technologies technology is hard toof achieve. commercialization the Altogether, technologies.the of some standardson of lack a also is There public. local the Since most most Since In order to to order In In relation relation In 67 in implementation due to lack of public public cooperation.of lack to due implementation in failure or opposition, public strong to due minimizeriskterminationof: project,theof outpriortechnologyto selection orderinto carried be should hearings Public issues. economic and technology on constraints the to due selected be not maytechnology Sometimes, the most environmental friendlytechnology. of selection to prior 4.6 Table through go should governments criteria. local The economic and criteria technical consideration: into take should authorities criterialocalgovernmentgroupstheofthat foreachlocality, thereleastare attwo main technology appropriate of selection the In products, and so on. of of budget, personnel,terms usersin or marketing of the circumstances to local selection need consider the governments local In and technology, advantages has disadvantages. section, technology previous the each in described As 5.2 5.2.1 Technical criteria • • Effectiveness in waste utilization MSW of Characteristics of waste utilization,wasteof anaerobicdigestion and hazardous infectious waste. for except waste, of gas types with all with appropriate are recovery landfill sanitary and MBT installed. be must separationfront-end otherwise source, at separation waste require anaerobic bio-digestion and digestion, Composting, selection process. technology the influence strongly can characteristics other and quantity waste composition, waste on technology Selection of appropriate Sharp andSang-Arun : Information Information : : In terms

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

has advantages over bio-digestion, over damage to the reputation of the waste composting. Sorted waste treatment utilization technology and also creates has advantages over unsorted waste further problems in finding alternative treatment. MBT has advantages over solutions to solve problems. sanitary landfill, in terms of overall • Environmental impacts: All technologies resource efficiency once RDF and have impacts on the environment compost-like products are used for at different degrees depending on energy generation. Landfill gas recovery pollution control measures employed. can provide alternative electricity and However, composting, anaerobic resource recovery can be increased if digestion, bio-digestion and MBT tend the local governments plan for landfill to generate less environmental impact mining. than sanitary landfill. • Land area required: Space required for each technology is different; anaerobic 5.2.2 Economic criteria digestion requires less space than other technology. Working space for MBT • Capital investment: In this case, capital and sanitary landfill with gas recovery investment include cost of property, would be the same in the short term; machinery, vehicles, construction of however the lifetime of an MBT site plants and other materials important can be twice that of a landfill site. to the installation of the treatment Technology that requires a large area of systems. Imported anaerobic digestion, operation would create other challenges automated composting facility, and bio- such as the location of project site, price digestion have higher cost of capital of property, distance from sources of investment due to advanced machines waste generation, impacts on capital and operation system, when compared investment, and acceptance of the local to a simple designed local facility. public in the area. • Operation and maintenance cost: This • Operation and maintenance procedure: category includes, salary and personnel Automated systems require higher cost, fuels and materials and supplies, as

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining skilled personnel than a manual system. well as other costs that may be incurred Once advanced technology is selected, from the operation and maintenance of the technology providers should the system. In Thailand, operation cost provide training for a certain number of of a manual system seems to be cheaper personnel. than an automated system. • Flexibility of the system: In this case, • Income/by-products from the treatment: flexibility refers to the ability to adjust In operating the treatment system, there the system to make it suitable for can be income generated as well as other wastes of different characteristics, by-products that may have commercial i.e., variation of waste from different value. Recyclable waste segregated seasons. Automated systems may from a composting facility and MBT need to be shutdown due to problems can be sold. Slurry from anaerobic with advanced machines or routine digestion facility is applicable for soil maintenance procedures. Each time improvement. The use of by-products that a system cannot be operated causes or income generated from selling them A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 68 the total waste generation because the waste reduction waste should be promoted to maintain or decrease introduced, is project utilization waste organic an though Even 5.3 or energy recovery. material,utilizedmeansofnutrient by and/ further be should products compost-like and RDF, recyclables, as such MBT materials from valuable Segregated MBT. by is that containedwaste in general waste shouldOrganic be treated waste. garden suitable is for composting while waste soft example, and For liquid for good is digestion waste. anaerobic of for type y g suitable o specific is l a o n technology h of c type e t each f o n budgetpersonneland available are because o where i t recommended a is n i implementation b m o c A ensure effective to resource utilization. established be should MBT of by-products utilize a to system However, supporting mitigation. change climate for is measure MBT effective an as recommended Therefore, concern. serious a is disposal site. In recent years, global warming final a to delivered waste unsorted treat to very recommended is MBT requires it investment. as small appropriate is level funds, windrow composting at a community For municipalities that do not have sufficient this technology can provide various benefits. is hireskillful personnel for operation because and investment capital digestion for funding secure can that municipalities anaerobic for recommended general, In to be paid. havethatoperation costs theoffset can separation and collection Improvement in waste 69 and may generate health hazards for in for Muangklang Municipality where a locally hazards health workers. However, a successful case is generate found may waste and front-end a separationsystem.Thissystemexpensive is introduce to need source at separationwaste promoting with Some local governments that have problems and provide sufficientfollow-up guidance toto residents. staff enough have not governmentmay local a as easilyfail could source at separation waste of promotion mainstreamA projects.the participationin in interest to strong have that activity the communities markets, expand food and schools hotels, and l a c restaurants, o l as e program h such a t generators waste t a organic start h large t with d should e d n e m m o governments c e r s i t I economically viable. utilizationisthethisdirectly facility toifgo may vehicles small the bigger However, to trucks. transferred is waste then and communities, from collection for used may be vehicles Small generation. waste of source a from far is facility utilization the a transferstationestablishedshould be whenaddition, In spaces. public or roads on wastewater foul avoid and vehicles the of the collection bins to minimize working load Water should be drained before disposing at the with system and give an inferiorinterfere quality product. will waste, infectious and hazardous especially waste, organic quantitywaste.ofContamination non-a of sufficient ensure to introduced system be should collection and separation waste organic specific a selected, is bio-digestion or composting, digestion, anaerobic Once limited by the number of collection trucks. is governments local of capacity collection Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

made conveyor belt is employed for the 5.4 Encouraging public front-end separation. participation

Separation of recyclable waste for sale by Effective organic waste utilization and households is a good initiative that other waste reduction cannot be accomplished local governments can follow as it could unless the project has received support from reduce the work load at the front-end the local community. As proposed in the separation. Selling of recyclables is a source previous section, improvement in waste of income for the front-end separation separation and collection systems is an system. The local government needs to essential factor. However, separation can decide what approach is desirable and easier hardly be done without cooperation from for the project implementation. local communities.

Additionally, the local governments may Several local government authorities follow the Solid Waste Management have tried to implement waste separation Standard of Department of Local programs in a top-down manner, excluding Administration (DOLA) which classifies local needs. Programs that were designed waste into four categories: i) general waste in such a way will not be able to answer that is not economically viable for recycling, the needs of local people, or the differences ii) organic waste, iii) recyclable waste and in waste compositions from different iv) hazardous waste. Furthermore, the local localities. Most successful waste separation governments may use different color waste programs have involved local residents bins or bags to clearly identify type of waste in the decision-making process, and the to be disposed of. These waste separation campaigns were then designed according to strategies are not beneficial, if the local local characteristics. government does not have a supporting facility to treat this sorted waste. Problems concerning public participation in Thailand are rooted in several reasons. Some Organic waste that is sorted by households factors that prevent public participation

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining should be collected separately from other programs to be implemented effectively are types of waste and directly transported to discussed below. the utilization facility. When a separation program is promoted, waste collection • Beliefs of local government authorities. frequency and routes may need to be Some of the waste separation campaigns adjusted to comply with the separation were implemented with the prejudice of strategies employed. local authorities that waste separation is not applicable to Thai behavior Local governments that select to implement and implementation of such policy is MBT and sanitary landfill with gas recovery ineffectual. However, cases of successful do not need to employ a specific organic implementation suggested that behavior waste separation system. can be changed and Thais can adapt themselves to waste separation systems. • Assessment of the programs. Many waste separation programs were carried A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 70 • • • s n o i t a c i n u m m o C incentives and enforcementLegal Inadequate supporting systems supporting Inadequate used. be can quality,environmental promote to volunteers to certification offering waste,separate thathouseholds for fee For collection waste of reduction example, program. the with cooperate to at the source and design clear incentives separation waste to related ordinances adopt also shouldcampaignseparation this for wastegovernmentsreason,local a with As program. the support to money, of local communities terms see no reasonin necessarily not incentive, unclear or incentive no is there When separation waste problems.the of onealso programs for are Incentives nonexistent.almost or low isviolations dumping illegal for enforcement Legal disposedtogetherof.mixedand be can in binding waste of types allresult, a Thailand.As legally not is separation separation programs of residents. waste in non-participation for critical be to seems factor This cooperation. of attractivenessthe environmental reduce and problems other generate and at accumulate can collected,routinely not separately appropriate time intervals. collected Food waste, if be should waste of types different wastes, their For example, when households separate local working system to support the for program. their modify essential to authoritiesgovernment is it promoted, being are programs separation waste practicing waste separation. in interest their lost communities local be Eventually, cannot improved. and corrected programs the of points weak Consequently, implementation. the of evaluation proper without out e s a c s i h t n I . . When When . . Waste . 71 residentsand business they serve. The units for more accountability and transparencyrestructured to the be to need may services for responsible institutions cases, some In effectively. tasks their perform cannot they equippednotare withappropriate capacity, responsibility.municipal a Thus, whenis the municipalities management waste Solid 5.5.1 of projects. implementation successful ensure to the frameworkmanagement waste solid entire cover should building capacity utilization, local waste organic the of on promotion focuses report this though Even 5.5 Local capacity building organic waste utilization projects. allsolid waste management plans including include these issues in their consideration of and involvement public of importance the recognize to authorities government local fornecessarytherefore, is, Itprograms. the when above, combined together can have a fatal effectmentioned on factors the All from them. significantly received positive responses thus and residents, with communicate where the government officials regularly Municipality, good A Phitsanulok is example tasks. SWM performing in overlapping and misunderstandings reduce can SWM. to communications Effective related between agencies l different a c o communication l n also e h e t and w citizens o t b and e b e d authorities n u o l i c t government n a i c i n s u n m o m i o t c a c i n u m m o c building Institutional capacity Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

responsible for solid waste management result in littering and illegal open dumping if should be promoted to department level the enforcement is weak. Capacity building and placed directly under the management on incentive generation is also important of trained engineers for the design and for successful implementation of waste operations rationalization, especially separation and organic waste utilization when advanced organic waste utilization programs. technology is selected. 5.5.3 Communities capacity Apart from the restructuring of the building institution, there should also be an organizational development support As for communities, environmental provided. Supports can be in forms of clear awareness raising campaigns and job descriptions, training, understandable environmental education should be in place, operational procedure, and reduction of in order to generate clear understanding low skilled labor idleness. There should be of impacts of improper SWM as well as to involvement from the private sector in order get involvement and support from local to introduce competitive forces that increase communities. productivity. Promotion of organic waste separation 5.5.2 Financial capacity building is more difficult than recyclable waste separation, as organic waste degrades Government financial capacity building rapidly and generates foul odors. Therefore, programs should consider processes that awareness is a key driver for public provide adequate cost recovery, or lower participation on this kind of project. the cost by improving the management capacity of the municipalities. Systems that will allow full cost accounting must be developed to provide sufficient information on cost recovery for local authorities. The

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining full accounting systems must include the following detailed information: costs of operation and maintenance, billing, project management, depreciation, etc. While providing SWM services to citizens, local government offices can also generate revenues through implementation of the polluter pay principle. The municipality can apply user charges to recover a portion of the costs of solid waste management services from waste generators. Appropriate charges should be designed and imposed at proper stages of solid waste management. However, charging the full cost of SWM to generators may not be possible and may A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 72 6. Conclusion IGES Policy Report 2012-02

6. Conclusion

The solid waste management policy in improving waste separation and collection Thailand is aligned with the 3Rs and systems, encouraging public participation resource efficiency. However, many local and increasing local capacity (both local governments do not introduce technologies government and communities) provided in to implement these concepts as they lack this report will help local governments make the necessary technical capacity and they these decisions. are unsure whether the technologies can be implemented in their area. Each technology has advantages and disadvantages. For instance, composting Some municipalities have established urban is a simple and cheap technology that can organic waste utilization programs as it be implemented by any municipality, but could contribute to the national agenda on it does not provide the opportunities for sustainable development including food, energy generation that anaerobic digestion bio-energy, and climate change issues. and landfill gas recovery do. The best Examples include household composting, technology for each locality depends, inter centralized composting, anaerobic digestion, alia, on the local conditions, local needs, MBT, and landfill gas recovery. The budgets, human resources, marketability, successes and constraints of these programs and preferences of residents. For cash-

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining provide important lessons for scaling-up strapped municipalities, composting and replication in other parts of Thailand, provides the best option for organic waste though local governments need to modify utilization, whereas for municipalities with technologies and design management larger budgets, a combination of anaerobic systems to reflect their capacities and local digestion, and composting would be the best circumstances. option.

Selecting appropriate technology is not Once they have selected an urban easy for local governments. They face organic waste utilization technology, local budgetary and personnel constraints and governments must pay attention to a range the problem of service providers presenting of social and financial issues, such as the only positive information about their willingness of local people to co-operate, technologies. The guidance on technology improvement of the waste collection and selection criteria and recommendations separation system to ensure quality control for successful implementation, including of the waste inputs, training of residents on A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 74 implementation. aftertime to timefrom programand the of beginning the at both participation, public encourage to tools useful are festivals, booths at demonstration making and compost mayor the makinguse ofpublic events, such ashaving involving Campaigns general. in improvements environmental andproject the contributeto can they how understandto utilizationandsystemwaste tobecome accustomed to the urban organic time need residents Localimplementation. expect not of years few first theachievementsgreat in should governments Local government departments. local the throughout management waste mainstreamingofrelations,and public and government officers on project management of training disposal, and separation waste 75 for waste management that sets waste waste sets reduction that as a top priority. management waste for utilization strategy waste comprehensive a within program organic urban their develop should governments local Finally, provide solutions. their causes, and before they problems get out of hand,uncover and can consultations public Periodic necessary. as innovate to and implementation, during stage some at to respondproblems,to which invariably arise prepared be must governments Local participation. stakeholder and program, the and of continuity mayor administrator(s), the senior of commitment strong include implementation successful to Keys Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

References

ASEAN Center for Energy (2004). Final IPEN [International POPs Elimination Report: Feasibility Study for the Sustainable Project] (2006) Dioxin Hotspot Report – Development of Samui Island. Access Case study of municipal Waste Incinerators from: http://samui-sd.net/Asset/PDF/ in Phuket and Samui. Data%20Collection%20Report/5-Solid%20 Available online at: Waste%20Situation.pdf (accessed on 20 http://www.ipen.org/ipepweb1/library/ April 2012) ipep_pdf_reports/3tha%20mun%20 waste%20incinerators%20in%20thailand. BMA [Bangkok Metropolitan pdf (accessed on 20 April 2012) Administration] (2010) Bangkok State of the Environment 2008-2009. Kaosol, T. (2009). Sustainable solution for municipal solid waste in Thailand. World Department of Public Cleansing, Academy of Science, Engineering and BMA (2002) Department of Public Technology 60p. Cleansing 2002, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration. 102p. Mitsubishi UFJ Securities (2009) Monitoring report: Jaroensompong Corporation Department of Environment, BMA (2007) Rachathewa Landfill Gas to Energy Project.

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Bangkok State of the Environment 2006-2007. UNFCCC Reference No. 1413.

DEE Foundation (2005) Feasibility study Muller, C. (2007) Anaerobic Digestion of for municipal solid waste management for Biodegradable Solid Waste in Low- and Nakhon Ratchasima Municipality. (in Thai) Middle-Income Countries: Overview over existing technologies and relevant case DEE Foundation (2006) Final report of studies. Available online at: suitability study and detail design for http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/ improvement of the landfill site of Rayong abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/ City Miniciapality. (in Thai) publications_swm/downloads_swm/ Anaerobic_Digestion_high_resolution.pdf EPA [United States Environmental (accessed on 20 April 2012) Protection Agency] (2010) LFG energy project development handbook: Chapter 2 Nithikul, J., (2007).Potential Refuse Derived Landfill gas modeling. 7p. Fuel from Bangkok Municipal Solid Waste. A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 76 Sang-Arun, J., Bengtsson, M., Mori, H. H. Mori, (2011a)M., Practical guide for improved organic Bengtsson, J., Sang-Arun, in 3Rs Working Paper 2009-001. IGES. 52p. the IGES-WMR countries. Asian through developing benefits management: Climate waste organic Improved (2009) M. Bengtsson, and J. Sang-Arun, in Thai) Rayong Municipal in Rayong (Unpublished: (2004). Energy and Report] Organic Fetiliser Plant of Municipality City [Rayong RCM (Unpublished: in Thai) Department] (2011)DraftNationalof 3RsStrategy. Control PCD. [Pollution PCD 252p. (in Thai) PCD. 2008.Environment of State Thailand PCD [Pollution Control Department] (2009) (in Thai) (accessed on 18 September 2011) pdf?CFID=6073453&CFTOKEN=56977045. http://infofile.pcd.go.th/waste/Reportwaste. all over the Country Available online at: AnalysisandlocalAdministrativefor Office Survey Composition Waste Report: Final k o l u n Department],[PollutionControl2003 PCD a s t i h P . n o i t a r t s i Municipality. n 282p. i (in Thai) m d a d n a managementwastemunicipalsolidModel: Phitsanulok Municipality (2005) Phitsanulok Climate Environment. Bangkok, Thailand. 102p. on NaturalResourcesChange.Ministryandof Convention National Framework Second Nations United the under Communication Planning] Thailand’s and (2010) Policy and Environmental Resources Natural of [Office ONEP MS Thesis, Asian Institute of Technology 77 on municipal solid waste for electricity electricity for generation. DEE Foundation. waste 352p. solid municipal on study feasibility on report Research (2007) A. Tariya, S., Khunpheuk, P., Wanapruek, CM.pdf (accessed on 13 April 2012) GPWM/data/T3/WP_3_2_SWMSystem_ http://www.unep.or.jp/ietc/spc/activities/ Available online at: Mai province. solidwaste management system forChiang fuel:Reportsituationon analysisexisting of intoplasticConverting waste(2012) UNEP (accessed on 24 April 2012). http:/www.nrbp.org/pdfs/pub08.pdf Research Center, Inc. Available online at: Policy CONEG to report Final Northeast. Implementation guide for landfill gas recovery projects (1994) in the Engineers SCS Tokyo. 12p. at 2012 March 6 on held Workshop IGES MRV Presentation. management. waste (2012) MRV Y. capacity buildingTotoki, forN., urban solid Menikpura, J., Sang-Arun, Sustainability Management. Madu N. Phitsanulok Municipality, Thailand. Thailand. Municipality, Phitsanulok of studycase developing (2012) countries: Asiana for M.. management waste solid Sustainable Bengtsson, Sang-Arun,J., IGES Cambodia. Policy Report-2011-06. in 92p. projects utilization andimplementation ofurban organic waste technologyselectionforguide (2011b)A P. Sam, R., Uch, K.M., Chau, J., Sang-Arun, Asian developing in countries. IGES Policy Report. 76p. 3Rs benefits the climate through management: waste and Sharp andSang-Arun C. Kuei (eds) Handbook of of Handbook (eds) Kuei C. In C.

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits

Appendix I

Summary of Regulatory Framework on Solid Waste Management IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Appendix I Summary of Regulatory Framework on Solid Waste Management

1. National Level and cultural development, or in undertaking expropriation, town and 1.1 National Regulatory Framework country planning, zoning and making by-laws likely to have impacts on The Constitution of the Kingdom of essential interests of the public, the State Thailand B.E.2550 (2007) shall cause to be held comprehensive public hearings prior thereto. According to The Constitution of the • Section 66 Persons so assembling as Kingdom of Thailand B.E.2550 (2007), to be a community, a local community environmental management is different or a traditional community shall from the previous constitutions. This law have the right to conserve or restore provides the public right to participate in the their customs, local knowledge, good prevention and elimination of any actions arts and culture of their community that can deteriorate natural resources and and of the nation and participate pollute the environment, some of the in the management, maintenance, sections related to this statement are as preservation and exploitation of natural follows: resources, the environment and the biological diversity in a balanced and

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining • Section 57 A person shall have the sustainable fashion. right to receive data, explanations and • Section 67 The right of a person to reasons from a Government agency, a give to the State and communities State agency, a State enterprise or a local participation in the conservation, government organization prior to the preservation, and exploitation of natural approval or the operation of any project resources and biological diversities or activity which may affect the quality and in the protection, promotion of the environment, health and sanitary and preservation of the quality of the conditions, the quality of life or any other environment for regular and continued material interest concerning such person livelihood in the environment, which is or a local community and shall have the not hazardous to his or her health and right to express his or her opinions to sanitary condition, welfare or quality of agencies concerned, for assisting further life, shall be protected as appropriate. consideration of such matters. • Section 85 The State shall pursue • In planning social, economic, political directive principles of State policies in A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 80 the environment, as follows: and resources natural land, to relation (1) (2) (3) (4) to prescribeto ruleslandwhichuseon to distribute land holding in a fair fair a in holding land distribute to to provide town and country planning to provide a plan for managing managing for plan a provide to making; decision- the in participation due such rules on land by use shall affected also have areas in residents that provided use, land sustainable for standards prescribe natural and of resources, preservation the and efficient residents, local of ways life of surfaces, water areas, land whethersurroundings, natural with consistency the to regard having country,throughouttheareas cover for farming; water by farmers in a manner suitable of use sufficient for resources water land reform or otherwise, for and provide land in farming purposes rights thoroughly or through have to ownership farmers enable manner, resources; natural of preservation sustainable of interest the in manner effective andcountry plans efficientanin and action in the implementation of town and development the out carry and natural resources and biological biological diversity in a balanced fashion; and resources of natural exploitation and maintenance due participation in the preservation, have shall public the that provided interest, public generating a manner in and systematically resources natural other and resources water 81 • eto 290 Section contain the following matters as its its as substance: matters following the contain least at shall one paragraph under law The law. by provided as environment the of promotion quality the of the maintenance and with connection duties in and powers has organization (4) (3) (2) (1) (5) the participation by local communities. the considering in participation the preservationparticipationthe thein and preservation management, the protect and maintain, promote, area; the in inhabitant the of sanitary conditions or health environment, locality the of quality the the affect may of which area the outside activity or project any of initiation affected; be may area the in inhabitants the of livelihood the where case the in only locality the of area the outside of natural resources and environment locality; the of area the in environment and naturalresourcesexploitationthe of direction of such work. dueparticipation determiningin the government organizations shall have local and residents local public, the of members that provided public, the of lifequality of thewelfare and affectinghealth,sanitaryconditions, conditions polluted control eradiate and principle, development sustainable the with accordance in resources natural of quality the Sharp andSang-Arun A local government government local A

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

The Enhancement and Conservation training, disbursements of loans and of National Environmental Quality Act grants, education, NGO funding, (NEQA) 1992 etc. The fund provides grants to governmental agencies and low-interest At the national level, the NEQA of 1992 loans to the private sectors who are is the basic environmental protection engaged in the activities related to the law for the country and establishes the improvement of the environment; role of Ministry of Natural Resources and • the formulation of a National Environmental Environment (MNRE) in environmental Management Plan and the subsequent planning, standard setting, and monitoring. duties of government agencies to implement Key points in the NEQA 1992 include the the Plan and of provinces to draw up following points. corresponding Provincial Action Plans, if required; • the provision of the right of individuals • the provision for the NEB to declare to information, compensation and Pollution Control Areas (PCAs) in redress against violators, and the duty localities where particularly serious of individuals to assist and cooperate pollution concerns have arisen - in enhancing and protecting the contingent upon the declaration of a environment; PCA, special measures may be taken • a recognition of the role and standing of to redress the problem in the area environmental NGOs; concerned, and a duty is henceforth • the provision for the Prime Minister imposed upon the provincial governor or the delegated provincial governor to draw up a Provincial Action Plan to to deal with emergencies or public redress the situation; danger arising from natural disasters or • the provision for the declaration of environmental pollution; Conservation and Environmentally • the creation of a high-level multi- Protected Areas in environmentally- representational National Environmental fragile areas where special measures Board (NEB) to oversee the coordinated can be taken to protect sensitive

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining response of ministries inter se and natural ecosystems and wherein a between central and provincial Provincial Action Plan would have to be authorities; formulated by the provincial governor to • the reconstruction of environmental address the concerns; related agencies by setting up the • the provision for the NEB (instructing Office of Environmental Policy and the MOSTE) to assume jurisdictional Planning (OEPP), Pollution Control competence over provinces where the Department (PCD), the Department provincial authorities demonstrate an of Environmental Quality Promotion unwillingness or incapacity to deal with (DEQP); a particular incident or to come up with • the establishment of an Environmental suitable provincial plans; Fund from which resources will be • the prescription of a fairly-detailed drawn to combat environmental environmental impact assessment incidents and to enhance environmental (EIA) process which incorporates public protection efforts like research and participation and views of experts in A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 82 below. relatedof sectionNEQA 1992inshownare industrialto wastedisposal Examples sites. the establishmentsystem,EIAwhichappliesof quality as well as monitoring and standards environmental and planning management is emphasizing environmental industrialhazardousforandwastes, theAs waste investmentssolid proposed finance by local governments.to used be can fund with accordance in environmentalTheministerial regulations. fees charging and servicestheprivateto sector whereneeded, management waste solid out contracting management, waste solid managing in: issue, it specifies the role of the municipality Whenfocusing on solid waste management • • • • • Section 78 theprescription ofvarious civil, criminal treatmentwastecentraluse to duty the and water noise, air, of regulation the multi-agency a of establishment the sea; and the prevention and control of control the and prevention in the and sea; land on both hydrocarbon of drillingforoil,natural gas,andall kinds and exploration the from pollution of control and prevention the sea; the in pollutionfrom mining both on land and of control and prevention the wastes; solidothergarbagedisposaland of and treatment the for arrangements other for remedies environmental violations. administrative and pays” principle); “polluter the to (pursuant user the by facilities,theexpense forwhich isborne other forms of pollution; as well as pollution, waste hazardous enactment of discharge standards; theincludingmatters, controlpollution PollutionControl Committee to oversee decision-making; The collection, transport, and 83 the management of solid waste. the selected ministerial the regulations to related to accordance Followingare 1992. NEQA, therevision of in revised or issued were regulations ministerial of numbers A • • Section 79 Section Notification of the Ministry of Science, of Ministry the of Notification governing laws related thereto. of vessel, shall be in accordance with the types other and tankers, vessels, going sea- from matters other and wastes of dumping the and oil of discharge the from originating or resulting pollution incinerator shall be divided into two two sizes: into divided waste be the shall incinerator notification: this Under incinerators. waste from effluents of standards sets August, Notification This 7 1997. Dated Gazette in Royal the published and NEQA, the under Issued Environment, and Technology such hazardous wastes. management,treatment anddisposal of sound the technically and proper into for and Kingdom, import the of out export Kingdom, transportation, measures, safety storage, collection, of control the for prescribed be also methods must and measures regulations, rules, purpose, this For control. under brought be shall which activities other and sanitation, agriculture, industry, of process production the in substances hazardous or chemicals of usage and production the from generated wastes hazardous of categories and types the specifying regulations ministerial issue to power the have Committee,Control Pollution the of advice the with Minister shall, the thereto, applicable law With the capacity rate of waste waste of rate capacity the With incineration: from 1 ton per day, but day, per ton 1 from incineration: Sharp andSang-Arun In case there is no specific specific no is there case In

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

not more than 50 tons per day. of infectious waste with approval from the With the capacity rate of waste local government. They emphasize the incineration: more than 50 tons per roles of the municipality in solid waste day. management described in NEQA. The • Notification of the Ministry of Science, PHA Act designates sewage and solid waste Technology and Environment #3, Issued management the responsibility of local under the NEQA, and Published in the authority. Royal Gazette Dated 13 February, 1996. This Notification sets industrial effluence Public Cleanliness and Orderliness Act standards controlled by the Pollution (PCOA), 1992 Control Committee (PCC). • Notification of the Ministry of Science, The main content of this act is to forbid any Technology and Environment, Re: activity that is likely to cause dirtiness to Specifying Conditions, Procedures and streets and public places all over the country. Guidelines for Preparing Reports on It specifies how households should store Environmental Impact Assessment. solid waste and place it for collection. The This Notification governs the conditions, act is one of several that prohibit dumping of procedures, and guidelines for preparing solid waste and littering. reports on Environmental Impact Assessment. Central waste treatment Factory Act, 1992 plants are governed by this Notification. It specifies that, if the waste treatment The Act mainly controls and regulates the project is not required to be approved by establishment and the operation of factories the Thai Cabinet, the EIA reports can be in Thailand by paying attention to the submitted during the application for the impacts of a factory on the environment. establishment or the expansion of the Generally, factories are required to be kept factory. On the other hand, if the waste clean and free from garbage and refuse at treatment project is required to obtain all times. It authorizes the Department of prior approval from the Thai Cabinet, Industrial Works (DIW) to issue standards

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining the EIA reports must be submitted prior and specify methods for the control, to the filing of the request for the Thai handling, and disposal of waste by a factory Cabinet’s approval. and to license, permit, and inspect factory operations, including waste management. 1.2 Laws and Regulations Related in It also governs the licensing, permitting, SWM and inspection of waste treatment, disposal, and recycling facilities. Also, according to Public Health Act (PHA), 1992 Section 8 in the Act, PCD has authority to establish standards and criteria to These are the most comprehensive laws control the factory operations, specially dealing with solid waste management. The the standards and methods to control PHA specifies that local government must the disposal of waste, pollution or any provide disposal facilities for infectious and contaminants caused from factory operation industrial non-hazardous waste and that that impact the environment. health-care facilities can treat and dispose A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 84 of waste and refuse: those are as follows: Thailand,whichrelatesmanagementthe to There are some Sections in the Penal Code of 1.3 CodeofPenalty construction of a building under this Act. waste a the as considered of be shall plant treatment of construction The utilization and buildings. remove renovation, construction, design, Act the controls 1979 Control of Building Construction The Construction Building Control Act, 1979 industrial estates. taking and practiceswithinhazardouswaste on action regulations of including enforcement Thailand, of Authority Estate The Act oversees the powers of the Industrial Industrial Estate Act, 1979 register hazardous to substances. methods and criteria the of stipulation and information substances hazardous on coordinategovernmentotherwithagencies the designates Hazardous and Substances Information Center tocorrectly appropriately, control and to use for types 4 into (MOI)categorizes thehazardous substances or Industry of Ministry The environment. to the properties, plants, dangerous animals, be and humans, influence to and not export, and disposal, consumption, criteria for import, production, control transportation, substance hazardous describes act The decree. ministerial a in specified be to wastehazardous of disposaland transport, storage,handling, the allows also It waste. materials, including hazardous and infectious governsactThebroad rangeahazardous of Hazardous Substance Act, 1992 85 SWM are applicable at the local level. level. local the at applicable are to SWM relevant Guidelines Regulations, and Laws, Ordinances, level National All 3. LocalLevel to relevant SWM are applicable at the provincial level. Guidelines Regulations, and Laws, Ordinances level national All 2. ProvincialLevel • • • Under Section 239, its states that if the if that states its 239, Section Under if that states it 238, Section Under Code Penal the of 237 Section Under not exceeding one year or a fine not not exceedingfine two thousand a Baht, or both. or year one exceeding not imprisonment with offender punished be the shall person, another of life the to danger imminent in result and negligence by committed are 237 226 to Sections in mentioned offences Baht. fine of two thousand to twenty thousand person, imprisonmentwith yearsatenand toone of punished be shall another offender to the harm grievous bodily causes it If forty to Baht. thousand thousand ten of fine a and years twenty to five for imprisonment or life forimprisonment with punished be shall offender the to person, death another causes 237 to 226 Sections to according committed offences the thousand to twenty thousand Baht. one of fine a and years ten to months six of imprisonment with punished be shall consumption, public for provided been has or existed has water or food such and reservoir, or pond well, any in water or food into cause health to to injury likely substance other any or substance whoever poisonous a that introduces states it Thailand, of Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Additionally, municipalities, and BMA have BMA Ordinance: Control of Water the authority to grant licenses to private Sewage System (1991) solid waste operators and in creating local by-laws that govern SWM. Each This Ordinance controls the water sewage municipality and BMA have the authority to systems in general types of buildings. issue Regulations and Ordinances relevant to SWM. Selected BMA Ordinances are as BMA Ordinance: Specifying follows. Requirements for Construction of Building and Public Utilities (1996) BMA Ordinance: Disposal of Garbage, Refuse, and Unclean Things (1978) This Ordinance controls the construction of building and public utilities systems in Under this Ordinance: Garbage means waste Bangkok. from paper, cloth, food, merchandise, ash, animal droppings or carcasses, including BMA Ordinance: Control of Waste things swept from streets, market places, Collection, Haulage, or Elimination animal stalls, or other places. Refuse means Business which is made for excrement or urine and shall include Consideration as Service Fee (1998) anything which is unclean and has foul odor. Articles of this Ordinance are as follows: This Ordinance controls the waste collection, haulage, or elimination business, which is • Article 5: The person who is in possession engaged by a private sector that provides the of a premises, building, or dwelling place said waste collecting, hauling or eliminating is required to provide garbage containers service in consideration of service fees. It and use them to contain garbage within requires that any person, who wishes to the premises, building, or dwelling place provide the said services, must firstly obtain possessed by him. a license from BMA. The licensee shall • Article 8: No person shall discharge, enter into the agreements with BMA in dump, discard, or create refuse or unclean accordance with the standard agreements

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining things in public places or ways such as a drafted by BMA. It also states the obligations street, passage, lane, river, canal, ditch, and responsibilities of the licensee. pond, or well, except at the places the setting up of which is permitted by a Technical Guidelines Public Health Official or a Local Official, or is specially provided. In addition to the laws and regulations, • Article 14: No person other than the there are also technical guidelines prepared officials of BMA shall haul, scavenge, by relevant agencies covering several or dig garbage in garbage containers, managerial aspects of various types of waste. garbage hauling automobile or vessel, Some are listed as follow; or at any garbage-dumping sites of the • BMA’s Technical Guideline for Solid BMA. Waste Operator. • BMA’s Guideline and Procedures for service fee collection. • Guide to the Implementation of the A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 86 • Guidelines for Waste Management in in Management Waste for Guidelines Hospitals. System Notification B.E. 2547 (2004). Manifest Waste Hazardous on Industry of Ministry of Notification 87 Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits

Appendix II

Institutional Framework of Solid Waste Management in Thailand IGES Policy Report 2012-02

Appendix II Institutional Framework of Solid Waste Management in Thailand

1. Overview of Institutional Framework 2. Roles and Responsibilities of Relevant Authorities, Institutions, Institutions involved in SWM distributed and Organizations into three administrative levels: national, provincial, and local levels. At the national 2.1 National Level level there are four ministries involved with agencies under each of the ministries In respond to NEQA 1992, the National to oversee the issue of solid waste Environmental Board (NEB) has been management. formed to oversee the management of the country’s natural resources and However, under Section 18 of the Public environmental quality. Components and Health Act of 1992, the disposal of sewage functions of NEB are described in the next and solid waste in the area of any local section. government shall be the power and duty of such local government. With reasonable There are four ministries at the national cause, the local government may entrust any level that are responsible for SWM, namely, person with the solid waste management the Ministry of Natural Resources and tasks on its behalf under the control and Environment (MNRE), the Ministry of

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining supervision of the local government or may Public Health (MoP), Ministry of Industry permit any person to operate the disposal of (MoIND), and Ministry of Interior (MoINT). sewage or solid waste. Principally, the ministries set the national environmental policy and the departments As for BMA and municipalities, there are and agencies under the ministries are several institutions involved in solid waste responsible for implementing the provisions management. However, as they are one of the law through regulations and technical of the organizations under the Ministry of guidelines. Interior, they have their own solid waste management scheme. The decision-making (A) National Environmental Board processes are agreed upon within the BMA and municipalities and mostly do not have The NEB consists of the following members; to be approved by the central government. • Prime Minister as the Chairman, • Deputy Prime Minister designated by A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 90 the power and duty as follows; The National Environment Board shall have and conservation of environmental quality. enhancement the concerning matters the in experiences their and contributions expertise, for known and who knowledgeable are persons from drawing by made be The appointment of qualified members shall • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • To prescribe environmental quality quality environmental prescribe To To submit policy and plan for enhancement Permanent Secretary of the Ministry of Experts in environmental matters: not Director of the Bureau of the Budget Secretary-General of the Board of Secretary-General of the National Minister of Industry Minister of Public Health Minister of Education Minister of Interior Minister of Transport and Minister of Agriculture and Minister of Finance Minister of Defense Minister of Science, Technology and standards pursuant to section 32. quality to the cabinet for approval. and conservation of national environmental as member and secretary Science, Technology and Environment the private sector than half shall be representatives from more than eight persons of which no less Investment Board Economic and Social Development Communications Cooperatives Chairman Environment as the second Vice Chairman the Prime Minister as the first Vice 91 • • • • • • • • To submit opinion to the Prime Minister the expedite and oversee supervise, To the to approval give and consider To the to approval give and consider To To propose for amendment or improvement the to recommendations make To the to approval give and consider To the to approval give and consider To for environmental protection, which which protection, environmental for from complying with refrains the laws andor regulations infringes enterprise state or agency government any that appears it case in directions his/her for fullest extentthe possible. to quality environmental of conservation and enhancement to systematic operation of the lawsensure relating to necessary are which orders and bye-laws notifications, ordinances, local rules, regulations, ministerial of enactment of royal decrees and issuance section 55. to pursuant Minister the by proposed settingof emission or effluent standards Control Committee pursuant Pollution to section 53 (1). the by pollution of proposed spread or pollutants of contamination by caused danger of remedy and prevention for plan action the cabinet. conservation of environmental quality to of laws relating to the enhancement and quality. environmentalnationalconservation of and enhancement for plan and policy promotion measuresimplementationthefor the of investment and taxation fiscal, financial, of respect in cabinet to according section 37. management quality Provincial Action Plan for environmental to section 35. Plan proposed by the Minister accordingManagement Quality Environmental Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

may cause extensive damage to the with good quality of life, to be able to live environment. a happy life in society and to be valuable • To specify measures for the strengthening resources of the country. Regarding SWM, and fostering of co-operation and co- the Department of Health (DOH) under ordination among government agencies, the Ministry of Public Health is responsible state enterprises and the private sector in for medical waste and infectious waste matters concerning the promotion and management. conservation of environmental quality. • To supervise the Fund management and (D)Ministry of Industry administration. • To submit reports on national environmental The Department of Industrial Works quality situation to the cabinet at least (DIW) and the Industrial Estate Authority once a year. of Thailand (IEAT) under the Ministry of Industry are responsible for all hazardous (B)Ministry of Natural Resources and wastes generated from industries. Environment DIW has the capability to supervise, The ministry has been set up in 2002, promote, and support industrial business following the Restructuring of Ministries, operation for its sustained development Bureaus and Departments Act of B.E. 2545 and acceptability to the international (2002). The responsible agencies for SWM community. Its major responsibilities within the Ministry of Natural Resources include the supervision and coordination of and Environment are the Pollution Control industrial business operation activities by Department (PCD), Office of Natural following the guidelines of environmental Resources and Environmental Policy and preservation, safety, hygiene, and energy Planning (ONEP), and the Department of economization. Environmental Quality Promotion (DEQP). The Industrial Estate Authority of Thailand (C)Ministry of Public Health (IEAT) is a state enterprise under the

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining Ministry of Industry; the Industrial Estate The Restructuring of Ministries, Bureaus Authority of Thailand is responsible for and Departments Act of B.E. 2545 (2002) the development and establishment of provides that the Ministry of Public Health industrial estates, where factories for various has powers and responsibilities related industries are orderly and systematically to the promotion of health, prevention/ clustered together. The enterprise is to control and treatment of diseases, and provide an environmental management rehabilitation of people’s health, as well as system, along with industrial accident other official functions as provided by laws prevention and relief systems. which indicate that such functions are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Public (E)Ministry of Interior Health. The Ministry is given wide ranging Its principal purpose is to make all Thai responsibilities over many aspects. For citizens healthy, physically and mentally, example the Ministry has responsibility over: A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 92 the division of PAO as follows; describes 1998 in Officers PAO on Decree Royal The Supervisor. a is PAO of Deputy andAssistant, an is PAO ofPresident Vice Governor), Provincial a (previously, Office The president of PAO is Chief of Administrative (1)Administrative structure provincial administration. a than rather local a administration, is which PAO, of administration the about is act This 1997.November 1 on enforcement started it Parliament, the by approvedwas1997 in PAO of acttheAfter (A) local governments. from the central government to nearly 8,000 personnel and budgets, functions, transfer theDecentralization Action Plan inorder to implemented has government the years, few last the During services. the of undertake some to sector private can the and contract governments local treatment, These disposal. transport, collection, waste Organization for responsible primarily are (TAO) Administrative district) (Sub- Tambon and municipalities (PAO), organizations the levels, administrative local provincial and provincial the At 2.2 ProvincialandLocalLevels for Thailand. responsible also is appointing 74 Governors of the Provinces of Ministry The works. public and cards identity national disaster issuing management, land citizenship, management, security, internal theRoyalThai Police, localadministrations, Organization (PAO) Provincial Administrative 93 public service as here: administrate to responsibility a has (PAO) OrganizationAdministrative Provincial 17, Section Decentralization of Act the Under (3) RolesandResponsibility house year’s previous registration. a in people number of the of on depending not same, amount will the be The province each in memberships administration. terms year 4 for have and vote to have right who the people from elected are who City Council of PAO consists of memberships (2) CityCouncilofPAOStructure • • • • • • • • • • Others 6. Engineering Department 5. Financial Department 4. Planning and Budget Department3. PAO Affair Department 2. Administrative Department1. Set up wastewater treatment systems Support the development of technology Support each community to participate Uphold democracy, equality, liberty, and Support educational systems Protect, take care of, and preserve Allocate budget to local administrative Co-operate with other local Support the development of local Provide local development plan and in local development rights of people environment forest, land, natural resources, and the organizations administrative organizations administrative organizations the Interior Minister other development plans assigned by Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

• Clean up waste and garbage (B)City Municipality Office • Reduce pollution and environmental problems According to Municipal Act B.E. 2496 (1953) • Administrate land and water review to be the twelfth issue B.E. 2546 transportation (2003), it stated duties and functions of • Promote tourism municipality as follows: • Support investments and corporate investment • Law and order maintenance • Set up and preserve land and water • Provision and maintenance of land and transportation among other local water resources. organizations • Cleanliness of streets, pathways and • Establish middle markets public places as well as disposal of solid • Uphold sports, customs, and culture in waste and sewage. communities • Prevention and control of • Provide Provincial Hospitals, communicable diseases. treatments, and contagious disease • Provision of fire-extinguishers and fire- prevention and control engines. • Establish and preserve museums and • Providing public training courses to archives educate local people. • Uphold mass communication and traffic • Provision and maintenance of social engineering welfare for mothers, children, youth, old • Prevent and decrease public hazards people, and handicapped people. • Set up security systems • Maintenance of local arts, tradition, local • Promote and create activities for other wisdom, and local culture. local administrative organizations to • Provision of water supply or clean water. work together and launch projects • Provision of abattoir or slaughter for local organizations to work out by houses. themselves • Provision and maintenance of hospitals. • Support and assist government sections • Provision and maintenance of drainage

Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining and other local administrations systems. • Service the government sector, private • Provision and maintenance of public sector, state enterprises, and other local toilets. administrative organizations • Provision and maintenance of electricity • Uphold public welfare for children, or other means of lighting. women, elderly, and people who are • Provision of pawn shops or local finance. disadvantaged • Provision and maintenance of mothers • Promote and provide projects, using the and children. criteria of PAO law • Other tasks for public health. • Uphold and support other projects • Controlling safety, order, and sanitation which can enhance life for people in a in food shops, theatres and public community. places. • Improvement of slum settlements and housing management. • Provision of markets, ferries, and A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 94 those members, one of them is elected to elected is them of one members, Among those terms. 4-year for serve will who members elected comprises Municipality City The areas. municipal in living people country. The municipal councilthe applies of to all laws the with must contradictory be which not law, by ordinances issue to power the has It legislative municipality. the of the body is council municipal The 4)Municipal Council Their tasks are specified by the mayor. 3)Advisor andSecretarytoMayor the as regulation, authority as of the or deputy mayor. laws mayor, by the to specified directly reported are matters the Mattersmayor. the by him/her to assigned administer and decisions make to empowered is mayor deputy The 2)Deputy Mayors appoint 1 advisor to and 4 secretaries.able be also will mayor The deputies). 4 than more (not mayor the by appointed are who mayors deputy by assisted be will mayor The years. 4 of term a has and area municipal the in voters eligible by elected Themayor, thehighest executive, directlyis 1)Mayor ofMunicipality management structure. the following the has Office Municipality City structure, management of terms In • • • parking lots. laws. Other duties specified by other specific Tourism promotion. City planning and building control. 95 1997 Constitution mandate greater public public greater the mandate and Constitution 1997 government the of of Plan Action promotion and Decentralization the Both efforts. recycling programs awareness raising management conducts Society waste problems. solid the of to greatly control contribute province a in communities TAOs, several in collected arewastessolid all notthat fact the to Due 2.3 PrivateSectorsandCivilSociety than one Tambon. responsiblemoreTAOjointfor a havealso can (district)Amphoe single a of Tambons Adjoining TAO. a remaining by administrated is the part municipality, a within is part a only case the In council. city the by administratedwhich is municipality, a to belongs of area, Tambon The jurisdiction Tambon. the that within village from or each TAO representatives two The of consists (TC). TC Council or (TAO) Tambon a Organization Administrative Tambon/Sub-district by be administrated either may tambon a income tax and size the on Depending elected Council. an Tambon with units government local into decentralized were tambons 1997, of BE2537 (1994) andlater bytheconstitution Act Authority Administrative Tambon aand and Council Tambon the district Following a province. after level administrative subdivision third the is It English. in A tambon is usually translated as sub-district (C) in structure Thailand is shown in Figure A2-1. organizational of example An council. municipal the of chairperson vice- the be to elected is them of one and chairpersonmunicipalthethebe councilof Administrative Organization(TAO) Sub-District (Tambon) Sharp andSang-Arun

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits IGES Policy Report 2012-02

participation in environmental planning and implementation of environmental services. Effective waste management will rely upon active involvement of the public in activities such as reporting open dumping of industrial waste, disposal site planning as well as reduction of waste generated via reuse, recycling, and composting initiatives. Civil society organizations will continue to play a key role in bringing about this involvement through awareness building and encouraging local initiatives. Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits Climate and Energy, Food, Combining A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: in Management Waste Organic Urban Sustainable for Guide A 96 97 Sharp andSang-Arun

Figure A2-1 Organization Chart of a City Municipality Office.

A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benefits

ISBN 978-4-88788-088-7 IGES Policy Report 2012-02 A Guide for Sustainable Urban Organic Waste Management in Thailand: Combining Food, Energy, and Climate Co-Benets

Sustainable Consumption and Production Group, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES)

An eco-friendly waterless printing method was used which does not yield harmful waste water. VOC free ink was used to print this report.