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TALL BUILDINGS The 2010 CTBUH Reference Guide of the what, when and where of tall and urban TALL BUILDINGS The 2010 CTBUH Reference Guide of the what, when and where of tall and urban www.ctbuh.org Editor Antony Wood Coordinating Editor & Design Nathaniel Hollister Other Contributors Steven Henry, Jan Klerks, Matthew Lacey, Marshall Gerometta, Philip Oldfi eld Published by The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat © CTBUH 2010 Printed and bound in Chicago by Source4. Copyright 2010 Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 978-0-939493-30-2 CTBUH has endeavored to determine the copyright holders of all images. Those uncredited have been sourced from listed authors or from within CTBUH Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat S. R. Crown Hall t: +1 312 567 3487 Illinois Institute of Technology f: +1 312 567 3820 3360 South State Street e: [email protected] Chicago, IL 60616-3793 www.ctbuh.org Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide This reference guide provides a snapshot of tall buildings internationally, through data, graphs and statistics1. In addition to documenting what is already built, it looks to those projects currently under construction and those proposed, thus giving a clear indication of the trends and directions in the industry. It also describes the CTBUH height criteria upon which tall buildings are measured, and profi les other output from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat; the recognized source of information on all things tall and urban. 1 Unless otherwise noted all data contained within this reference guide is accurate as of January 4th, 2010. Contents Height Criteria and Defi nitions 7 What is a Tall Building? 8 How is the Height of a Tall Building Measured? 10 Other Criteria: Status, Structure, Floors 12 Height Calculator 14 World’s Tallest 17 The Tallest Ten 18 World’s Tallest Lists 30 50 Tallest Urban Agglomerations 38 Annual Review of Construction 43 2009: A Tall Building Review 44 2008: A Tall Building Review 54 The Past, Present and Future of Tall 63 History of the World’s Tallest 64 Rise of the Supertall 68 Innovative 20: Challenging the Typology 72 Award Winners 85 2009 Award Winners 86 Best Tall Building Awards Criteria & History 91 Lynn S. Beedle Award 94 Fazlur Rahman Khan Medal 96 CTBUH Resources 99 World Congresses/Conferences 100 Publications 104 Other Activities and Output 112 Contents 5 The Tallest Ten The World’s Tallest Ten has undergone dramatic change in the last decade. Three buildings have held the “World’s Tallest Building” title in the last six years, most recently the Burj Khalifa. Of the tallest ten buildings in the world currently, fi ve have been completed since 2003. The mid to long term will inevitably be aff ected by the current global economic recession as less supertall buildings are currently starting on site. However, the recent rapid change of the Tallest Ten is predicted to continue in the immediate future, with fi ve new Tallest Ten buildings scheduled to complete in the next year or two, and numerous others completing after that. The fi ve buildings close to completion are: Makkah Royal Clock Tower Hotel (591m/1939ft); International Commerce Centre (Hong Kong, 483m/1585ft); Nanjing Greenland Financial Center (450m/1476ft); Guangzhou International Finance Center (440m/1444ft); and Kingkey Finance Center (Shenzhen, 439m/1440ft). See pages 28–29 for a diagram and analysis of the tallest ten buildings. 18 World's Tallest Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide ©Ema©Em©E© maararrP P roper pertietietitieies Construction; Arabtec; Besix Construction; Arabtec; and Samsung Engineering Contractor M&E ETA MEP Skidmore Owings &Merrill LLP Structural Engineer Skidmore Owings &Merrill LLP Architect Emaar Properties Owner/Developer 464,511 m²/5,000,118ft² Area Total 162 Floors Total Steel/Concrete Structural Material Offi Building Use 2010 Completion 830m/2723ft Tip to Height 585m/1918ft Highest Floor 828m/2717ft Height Dubai, UAE (1) BurjKhalifa ce/Residential/Hotel World's Tallest World's 19 World’s Tallest Ten (as of January 4th, 2010) Height is measured from the level of the lowest, signifi cant, open-air, pedestrian entrance to the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including antennae, signage, fl ag poles or other functional-technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized and is employed to defi ne the CTBUH rankings of the World’s Tallest Buildings. See page 10–13 (Height Criteria and Defi nitions) for a full description of the CTBUH height criteria, defi nitions and footnotes. 828m/2717ft 508m/1667ft 492m/1614ft Burj Khalifa 452m/1483ft Dubai 2010 Taipei 101 Taipei Shanghai World 2004 Financial Center Shanghai Petronas Towers 2008 1 & 2 Kuala Lumpur 1998 1 2 3 4 5 28 World's Tallest Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide Location Completion Asia N. America 2010 1990’s Middle East 2000’s 1970’s Structural Material Function Steel Composite Offi ce Mixed-Use Concrete Steel/Concrete 442m/1451ft 423m/1389ft 421m/1380ft 412m/1352ft 390m/1280ft Willis Tower Chicago 1974 Trump International Hotel & Tower Jin Mao Building Chicago Two International Shanghai CITIC Plaza 2009 Finance Centre 1999 Guangzhou Hong Kong 1996 2003 6 7 8 9 10 World's Tallest 29 World’s Tallest Lists The CTBUH organizes tall building projects into three major catagories1: completed, under construction and proposals. The following pages provide lists and statistical information on: the 100 tallest buildings completed, the 50 tallest buildings under construction and the 50 tallest proposals. 1For a full defi nition of CTBUH building status categories, see page 12. 30 World's Tallest Tall Buildings: A Reference Guide The Tallest Buildings Completed The charts below provide an analysis of the tallest 100 completed2 buildings worldwide as of January 2010. The table on the following pages contains information on these projects, including: building name, location, year of completion, number of stories, height in meters and in feet to architectural top and structural material. Location Completion (decade) Structural Material 4% 4% 5% 7% 28% 11% 41% 24% 35% 49% 28% 18% 41% Asia Australasia 1930’s 1980’s Steel Steel/Concrete Middle East Europe 1960’s 1990’s Concrete Concrete/Steel N. America 1970’s 2000’s Composite Unknown FunctionHeight (meters) Stories 5% 5% 7% 7% 20% 17% 11% 34% 57% 62% 72% Hotel Mixed-Use 200’s 500’s 1–49 100–124 Offi ce 300’s 800+ 50–75 125+ Residential 400’s 75–99 2A completed building can be considered such – and added to the “tallest” lists – if it fulfi lls all of the following three criteria: 1) topped out structurally and architecturally, 2) fully-clad, 3) open for business, or at least partially occupied. World's Tallest 31 The World’s 100 Tallest Buildings (Part 1) # Building Location Completion Stories Height (m) Height (ft) Material 1. Burj Khalifa Dubai 2010 168 828 2717 Steel/Concrete 2. Taipei 101 Taipei 2004 101 508 1667 Composite 3. Shanghai World Financial Center Shanghai 2008 101 492 1614 Composite 4. Petronas Tower 1 Kuala Lumpur 1998 88 452 1483 Composite 4. Petronas Tower 2 Kuala Lumpur 1998 88 452 1483 Composite 6. Willis Tower Chicago 1974 108 442 1451 Steel 7. Trump International Hotel & Tower Chicago 2009 98 423 1389 Concrete 8. Jin Mao Building Shanghai 1999 88 421 1380 Composite 9. Two International Finance Centre Hong Kong 2003 88 412 1352 Composite 10. CITIC Plaza Guangzhou 1996 80 390 1280 Concrete 11. Shun Hing Square Shenzhen 1996 69 384 1260 Composite 12. Empire State Building New York 1931 102 381 1250 Steel 13. Central Plaza Hong Kong 1992 78 374 1227 Concrete 14. Bank of China Hong Kong 1989 70 367 1205 Composite 15. Bank of America Tower New York 2009 54 365 1198 Steel 16. Almas Tower Dubai 2008 68 360 1181 Concrete 17. Emirates Tower One Dubai 1999 54 355 1165 Composite 18. Tuntex Sky Tower Kaohsiung 1997 85 348 1140 Composite 19. Aon Center Chicago 1973 83 346 1136 Steel 20. The Center Hong Kong 1998 73 346 1135 Steel 21. John Hancock Center Chicago 1969 100 344 1128 Steel 22. Rose Rotana Tower Dubai 2007 72 333 1093 Composite 23. Shimao International Plaza Shanghai 2006 60 333 1093 Concrete 24. Minsheng Bank Building Wuhan 2008 68 331 1087 Steel 25. China World Trade Center III Beijing 2009 74 330 1083 Steel 26. Q1 Gold Coast 2005 78 323 1058 Concrete 27. Burj al Arab Hotel Dubai 1999 60 321 1053 Composite 28. Nina Tower I Hong Kong 2006 80 319 1046 Concrete 29. Chrysler Building New York 1930 77 319 1046 Steel 30. New York Times Tower New York 2007 52 319 1046 Steel 31. Bank of America Plaza Atlanta 1993 55 317 1039 Composite 32. U.S. Bank Tower Los Angeles 1990 73 310 1018 Steel 33. Menara Telekom Headquarters Kuala Lumpur 1999 55 310 1017 Concrete 34. Emirates Tower Two Dubai 2000 56 309 1014 Concrete 35. AT&T Corporate Center Chicago 1989 60 307 1007 Composite 36. The Address Downtown Burj Dubai Dubai 2008 63 306 1004 Concrete 37. JP Morgan Chase Tower Houston 1982 75 305 1002 Composite 38. Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok 1997 85 304 997 Concrete 39. Two Prudential Plaza Chicago 1990 64 303 995 Concrete 40. Wells Fargo Plaza Houston 1983 71 302 992 Steel 41. Kingdom Centre Riyadh 2002 41 302 992 Steel/Concrete 42.