6 Existing Environment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED NEW INSTALLATION OF THERMAL TREATMENT FACILITY FOR CENTRE OF HEALTHCARE WASTE TREATMENT PLANT FOR MEDIVEST SDN BHD AT LOT 6939, 6940, 6947 & 6948, MUKIM TANJUNG MINYAK, DAERAH MELAKA TENGAH, MELAKA

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Chapter

6 EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

6.1 Introduction

This chapter presents an overview of the existing environmental conditions surrounding the Project area. The discussion is limited to the factors and environmental components that could have a direct impact on the Project, or that could be impacted by the development or operation of the Project.

Information presented in these sections has been drawn from published literature, government agencies records and literature studies as well as field investigations and primary data collection.

Information on the existing environment will be utilised for assessing the degree of impact from the development of the Project towards the environment which will be discussed in Chapter 7 of this EIA Report.

6.2 Physical Environment

This section outlines the existing physical characteristics of the Project site and its surroundings.

6.2.1 Topography

The Project is located within a ready site at Kawasan Perindustrian Bukit Rambai Fasa 4C, Mukim Tanjung Minyak, Melaka. Based on reference made to site plan prepared by Badrul Hisham Architect, the topography of the existing centre of healthcare waste treatment plant ranges between 23.5 MSL and 27 MSL.

6.2.2 Geology and Soil

Based on initial reference made to Peta Geologi Semenanjung Malaysia Cetakan ke-8, 1985, the geology condition of the Project site and its surrounding is Devonian geology which consist of phyllite, schist and slate whereby there are limestone and sandstone are locally prominent, some interbeds of conglomerate, chert and rare volcanic. Meanwhile based on the Generalised Soil Map of Peninsular Malaysia 1970, the Project site is located on gley soils on marine clays (saline gley soils and acid sulphate soils). (See Figure 6.2.2(a) and Figure 6.2.2(b)).

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CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

6.2.3 Hydrology and Drainage System

Based on reference made to the topography survey plan and site observation, there is no stream or river on the Project site, however there is a river called Sg Ayer Salak that traverses further northwest to south from the project site (about 1.4 km) before joining Sg Melaka and entering the Selat Melaka (see Figure 6.2.3). Sg Ayer Salak has a total length of 10 km in length and 14 m in width is a tributary of Sg Melaka. During site survey, no obvious human activities were observed at Sg Ayer Salak. There is no published data about the usage of Sg Ayer Salak that was managed to be retrieved. Based on some information found in newspaper article released in 2017, it was reported that some villagers living along the river occasionally will go fishing at the river.

There is an existing drainage system within the Project site and existing drainage system surrounding the industrial area. Plate 6.2.3(a) and Plate 6.2.3(b) illustrate the drains respectively.

Plate 6.2.3(a): Existing drainage within the Plate 6.2.3(b): Existing drainage of the Project boundary (west area) Kawasan Perindustrian Bukit Rambai Fasa 4C (east of Project boundary)

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5174%')QQING'CTVJ (+)74' ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED NEW INSTALLATION OF THERMAL TREATMENT FACILITY FOR CENTRE OF HEALTHCARE WASTE TREATMENT PLANT FOR MEDIVEST SDN BHD AT LOT 6939, 6940, 6947 & 6948, MUKIM TANJUNG MINYAK, DAERAH MELAKA TENGAH, MELAKA

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

6.2.4 Meteorology

Meteorology of an area can be described by wind pattern, rainfall amount, surface temperature and relatively humidity measured at the area. Melaka Tengah District experiences an equatorial type of climate characterised by warm and humid weather all year round with intermittent rainfall. There are two distinct monsoon seasons, the Northeast Monsoon (from November to March) and the Southwest Monsoon (from May to September).

Malaysian Meteorological Services (MMS) maintains a principal meteorological station at Melaka (Latitude: 02° 16' N Longitude: 102° 15' E; Elevation: 8.5 m). Since this principal station is the nearest meteorological station to the Project site, the following data from this station are used to describe and represent the climatological conditions of the Project site.

. Annual and Seasonal Wind Rose Summary – data period: 1968 – 2017

. Monthly 24 Hour Temperature – data period: 1951 - 1964, 1966 – 2017

. Monthly 24 hour Mean Relative Humidity –data period: 1951 – 1964, 1966 – 2017

. Monthly Rainfall Amount & Number of Rain days– data period: 1951 - 2017

6.2.4.1 Surface Wind

Wind flow pattern in terms of direction and speed is important to understand the role of wind in transporting and dispersing air pollutants. The wind pattern was recorded from 1968 to 2017. Annual wind record and profile are as shown in Table 6.2.4(a). Based on the wind profile, it is noted that the most prevailing wind flow was from the northeast (27.4% of the time) followed by from the north (13.4% of the time). Wind speeds were generally low occurring below 3.3 m/s for 64.3% of the time and rarely exceeding 5.4 m/s (14.4%). Higher wind speeds are typically associated with winds from the north, northeast, west and southwest. Calm weather occurs 19.3% annually. The annual and seasonal wind roses are shown in Figures 6.2.4(a) and 6.2.4(b).

Table 6.2.4(a): Melaka Annual Wind Rose (1968 – 2017) Percentage frequencies of occurrence for concurrent wind direction (degrees) and speed (m/s) within specified ranges [%] Wind speed range Direction 0.3-1.5 1.6-3.3 3.4-5.4 5.5-7.9 8.0-10.7 >10.7 Total Mean Speed Calm 19.3 Variable 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 7.8 3.8 1.5 0.2 0 0 13.4 1.7 NE 11.4 9.2 5.8 1 0 0 27.4 2.3 E 5.2 2 0.3 0 0 0 7.6 1.4 SE 2 1.8 0.3 0 0 0 4.1 1.8 S 2 4.5 1.5 0 0 0 8.1 2.4 SW 1.6 4.2 2.5 0.1 0 0 8.4 2.7 W 2 3 2 0.2 0 0 7.3 2.6 NW 2.2 1.6 0.5 0 0 0 4.3 1.8 Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department (2019)

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Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department (2019)

Figure 6.2.4(a): Annual Wind Rose Summary

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Source: Malaysian Meteorological Department (2015)

Figure 6.2.4(b): Seasonal Wind Rose Summary

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6.2.4.2 Temperature

Figure 6.2.4(c) shows the 24-hour mean temperature for each month of the year averaged over the period from 1951 - 1964, 1966 - 2017. The graph shows that the average mean temperature varied from 26.2 °C to 27.5 °C. The highest 24-hour mean temperatures were observed in May. The 24-hour mean annual temperature is averaged at 26.9 °C.

Figure 6.2.4(c): Averaged 24-hour Mean Temperature in Melaka (1951 - 1964, 1966 - 2017)

6.2.4.3 Relative Humidity

Figure 6.2.4(d) shows the 24-hour mean monthly humidity averaged over 1951 - 1964, 1966 - 2017. Throughout the years, the 24-hour monthly relative humidity ranges between 68.6% and 90.5%. The lowest relative humidity occurs in February and the highest humidity occurs in November. The averaged annual 24-hour relative humidity is 82.8%.

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Figure 6.2.4(d): Averaged 24-hour Mean Relative Humidity in Melaka (1951 - 1964, 1966 - 2017)

6.2.4.4 Rainfall

Figure 6.2.4(e) shows the monthly rainfall over a period of 1951 to 2017. The mean annual rainfall recorded at Melaka Meteorological Station over the period of 1951 to 2017 is 2009.6 mm with an average of 173.9 rainy days per year. The average monthly rainfall ranges between 92.3 mm and 235.8 mm. The lowest rain days is recorded in February with a mean of nine rain days. Table 6.2.4(b) shows the monthly number of rain days in Melaka from 1951 to 2014.

Figure 6.2.4(e): Monthly Rainfall in Melaka (1951-2017)

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Table 6.2.4(b): Number of Rain Days in Melaka (1951-2017)

Jul Jul

Oct Oct

Jan Apr

Feb Feb Mar Jun

Sep Dec

Nov

May Aug

Month

Annual Annual

Total 678 629 892 1038 983 846 1012 1068 1041 1140 1319 1007 11653

Min 2 0.0 3 5 6 5 9 9 7 10 13 5 140 Mean 10.1 9.4 13.3 15.5 14.7 12.6 15.1 15.9 15.5 17 19.7 15 173.9 Max 21 21 21 22 23 22 23 23 24 24 26 25 224

6.2.5 Environmental Baseline

6.2.5.1 Surface Water Quality

In order to gauge surface water quality at the Project site, baseline for water quality were carried out twice (except for dioxin and furan) in June 2018 and November 2018 at pre-identified monitoring locations as described in Table 6.2.5(a) and shown on Figure 6.2.5. Water samples were tested by SAMM accredited laboratory in accordance to APHA Standard Methods and other established methods. The laboratory test reports are appended in Appendix 6.2.5.

Table 6.2.5(a): Baseline Water Quality Sampling Locations

Station Approximate Coordinates Justification W1 2°16'47.6"N 102°10'50.3"E To represent the existing water quality at existing drain next to the storm water drain discharge point at the southeast boundary of Project site W2 2°16'47.3"N 102°10'50.4"E To represent the existing water quality at existing drain next to the storm water drain discharge point at the west boundary of Project site W3 2°16'00.9"N 102°10'37.6"E To represent the existing water quality of Sg Ayer Salak located further downstream of the Project site

Test results are tabulated in Table 6.2.5(b) were compared with the National Water Quality Standards for Malaysia (NWQSM). Generally, most of the tested water parameters could comply with Class II B requirement. The calculated Water Quality Index (WQI) were in between 51 and 92 which exhibits Class IV (Polluted) and Class II (Clean) water quality.

Ammoniacal nitrogen level in water sample from W1 during 2nd baseline exceeded the limit of 0.3 mg/l. Iron levels in water samples from W3 during both 1st and second baselines were also slightly above 1 mg/L and this could be associated with the TSS level in the water sample as Malaysian soil generally contains higher iron.

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W2 A2/N4

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Table 6.2.5(b): Baseline Water Quality Results W1 W2 W3 NWQSM 1st baseline 2nd baseline 1st baseline 2nd baseline 1st baseline 2nd baseline Parameter Unit Method Date:01/06/ Date:29/11/1 Date:01/06/1 Date:29/11/1 Date:01/06/1 Date:29/11/1 Class IIB 18 8 Time: 8 Time: 8 Time: 8 Time: 8 Time: Time: 10.32 03.34 pm 10.15 am 03.22 pm 10.51 am 03.09 pm am Temperature APHA 2550 Normal + °C 27.6 27.8 30.6 28.5 28.2 28.8 (in-situ) B,2017 2 pH Value (in- APHA 4500-H+ - 7.2 6.3 8.6 6.6 5.7 6.3 6-9 situ) B,2012 Dissolved APHA 4500-O Oxygen (in- mg/l 6.4 5.7 8.2 7.2 6.4 7.3 5-7 G,2012 situ) APHA 2130 B, Turbidity NTU 4.3 45 0.8 28 40 33 50 2017 Biochemical Oxygen APHA 5210 B Demand (BOD) mg/l & 4500 O 2.5 33.3 <2.0 12.7 <2.0 <2.0 3 in 5 days @ G,2017 20°C Chemical APHA 5220 C, Oxygen mg/l <10 57 <10 73 <10 <10 25 2017 Demand (COD) Total APHA 2540 D, Suspended mg/l <5.0 69.3 <5.0 31 34 21 50 2017 Solids (TSS) APHA 4500- Ammoniacal mg/l NH3 B & F, 0.2 2.58 <0.05 0.53 0.18 0.26 0.3 Nitrogen (as N) 2017 APHA 5520 B, Oil and Grease mg/l <1.0 4.9 <1.0 4 <1.0 <1.0 7;N 2017 APHA 3125 B, Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.01 0.007 <0.01 0.015 <0.01 0.002 0.05 2017 APHA 3125 B, Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.01 0.085 0.01 0.079 0.05 0.035 0.02 2017 APHA 3125 B, Zinc (as Zn) mg/l 0.06 0.332 0.01 0.328 0.07 0.062 5 2017 APHA 3125 B, Nickel (as Ni) mg/l <0.01 0.008 <0.01 0.006 <0.01 0.002 0.05 2017 APHA 3125 B, Cadmium (as mg/l 2017 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.01 Cd)

Total APHA 3125 B, Chromium (as mg/l <0.01 0.002 <0.01 0.004 <0.01 0.001 - 2017 Cr) APHA 3125 B, Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.08 0.322 0.02 0.459 1.86 1.55 1 2017 Manganese (as APHA 3125 B, mg/l <0.01 0.034 <0.01 0.037 0.21 0.174 0.1 Mn) 2017 Mercury (as APHA 3125 B, mg/l <0.001 <0.0001 <0.001 <0.0001 <0.001 <0.0001 0.001 Hg) 2017 APHA 3125 B, Tin (as Sn) mg/l <0.01 <0.001 <0.01 <0.001 <0.01 <0.001 - 2017 APHA 3125 B, Arsenic (as As) mg/l <0.01 <0.001 <0.01 <0.001 <0.01 <0.001 0.05 2017 APHA 3125 B, Boron (as B) mg/l <0.01 0.02 <0.01 0.02 0.03 0.03 1 2017 APHA 4500- Cyanide (as mg/l CN- C & F, <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 CN-) 2017 APHA 5530 B Phenols mg/l <0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.01 & D, 2017 Dioxin and USEPA Method I-TEQ (pg/l) - 2.967 - 9.850 - 1.689 - Furan 1613B Total Coliform APHA 9221 B, MPN/100ml 5.4 x 104 > 1.6 x 105 5.4 x 103 > 1.6 x 105 79 3.3 x 103 5000 Count 2017 Faecal APHA 9221 E, MPN/100ml 3.5 x 104 > 1.6 x 105 5.4 x 103 > 1.6 x 105 23 3.3 x 103 400 Coliform Count 2017 70.67 89.55 51.37 92.23 86.42 89.27 (Class III) WQI - - (Class II) (Class IV) (Class I) (Class II) (Class II) - Slightly Clean Polluted Clean Clean Clean Polluted Notes: MPN – Most Probable Number; < - Less than the minimum detection limit reported

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6.2.5.2 Ambient Air Quality

In order to gauge baseline ambient air quality within the Project site and at the identified sensitive receptors, four sampling locations were established as listed in Table 6.2.5(c) and shown in Figure 6.2.5. Ambient air quality sampling were carried out twice (except for dioxin and furan) in May -June 2018 and November 2018.

Table 6.2.5(c): Baseline Ambient Air Quality Sampling Locations

Station Approximate Coordinates Justification A1 2°16'48.3"N 102° 10' 51.3"E To represent the ambient air quality at the north boundary of Project site. A2 2°16'53.7"N 102°11'15.9"E To represent the ambient air quality at Taman Tg Minyak Perdana A3 2°16'36.6"N 102° 10' 25.5"E To represent the ambient air quality at Kg Ayer Salak located southwest of the Project site. A4 2°15'47.0"N 102° 11' 3.2"E To represent the ambient air quality at Taman Rambai Jaya located south of Project site.

Ambient air parameters listed in Table 6.2.5(d) were analysed at a SAMM accredited laboratory using appropriate standard test methods. Laboratory Test Certificates are appended in Appendix 6.2.5 and the test results as tabulated in Table 6.2.5(d) were compared against the Malaysia Ambient Air Quality Standard (MAAQS) and Arizona Ambient Air Quality Standard.

Based on the ambient air test results, it was observed that the ambient air quality sampling results complied with the MAAQS and AAAQS where applicable.

Secondary data for ambient air quality based on reference made to Environmental Air Monitoring Report prepared by Spectrum Laboratories (Johore) Sdn Bhd are tabulated in Table 6.2.5(e). Overall, the ambient air quality results complied with the MAAQS where applicable.

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Table 6.2.5(d): Baseline Ambient Air Quality Results

A1 A2 A3 A4

1st baseline 2nd baseline 1st baseline 2nd baseline 1st baseline 2nd baseline 1st baseline 2nd baseline

Parameter Method MAAQS Date:28/5/18- Date:15/11/18 Date:29/5/18- Date:12/11/18 Date:31/5/18- Date:14/11/18 Date:30/05/18- Date:13/11/18 29/5/18 -16/11/18 30/5/18 -13/11/18 01/06/18 -15/11/18 31/05/18 -14/11/18 Time: Time: Time: Time: Time: Time: Time: Time: 01.11 pm- 01.40 pm- 01.23 pm- 12.30 pm- 01.48 pm- 12.57 pm- 01.39 pm- 12.45 pm- 01.11 pm 01.40 pm 01.23 pm 12.30 pm 01.48 pm 12.57 pm 01.39 pm 12.45 pm

3 100 @ 24 PM10, µg/m AS/NZS 3580.9.6: 2003 9.6 35.4 20.8 6.2 16 14 28.7 13.3 hrs

3 PM2.5, µg/m AS/NZS 3580.9.6: 2003 8.9 7 10.5 <5.0 7 <5.0 16.2 <5.0 35 @ 24 hrs

In House Method based on Methods of air 3 NO2, µg/m sampling and analysis, 3rd Edition, Method <6.0 <6.0 <6.0 <6.0 <6.0 <6.0 <6.0 <6.0 280 @ 1 hr 704A (sampling excluded) In House Method based on Methods of air 3 SO2, µg/m sampling and analysis, 3rd Edition, Method <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20 80@ 24 hrs 818A (sampling excluded)

CO, ppm In-situ <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 30 @ 1 hr Extracted from filter paper Lead as Pb, µg/m3 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 <1.5 - ICPMS

Extracted from filter paper *0.2 @ 24 Cadmium, µg/m3 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 ICPMS hrs Extracted from filter paper Copper as Cu, µg/m3 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 - ICPMS

Extracted from filter paper *4.0 @ 24 Chromium as Cr, µg/m3 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 <4 ICPMS hrs

Extracted from filter paper *0.4 @ 24 Mercury as Hg, µg/m3 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 ICPMS hrs

Extracted from filter paper *0.016 @ 24 Arsenic as As, µg/m3 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 ICPMS hrs

Hydrogen Chloride Content as OSHA ID 174SG (sampling excluded) <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 *0.21 @ 1 hr HCl, mg/m3

Fluoride as Hydrogen Fluoride OSHA ID 110 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 <2.5 - (HF), mg/m3

PCDD/PCDF, ng TEQ / m3 US EPA TO-9A no baseline 1.49 X10-6 no baseline 7.219 X10-6 no baseline 2.8 X10-6 no baseline 2.8 X10-6 -

Note: *AAAQG limit

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Table 6.2.5(e): Secondary Data of Air Quality

Parameter Results MAAQS (2020) Point A1 Point A2 Point 3 Point 4 Point 5

3 PM10 (µg/m ) 73 85 67 31 90 100

3 SO2 (µg/m ) <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 <0.7 80

3 NO2 (µg/m ) <16.7 <16.7 <16.7 <16.7 <16.7 280 CO (mg/m3) <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 <5.7 30 VOC (mg/m3) 0.0038 0.0045 0.0062 0.0025 0.0011 - Source: Environmental Air Monitoring, 6 September 2018, prepared by Spectrum Laboratories (Johore) Sdn Bhd

6.2.5.3 Ambient Noise Level

In order to gauge the existing noise climate at the Project’s boundary, four monitoring locations were established as described in Table 6.2.5(f) and further illustrated in Figure 6.2.5. Baseline noise measurement was conducted from 28 May 2018 to 31 June 2018.

Table 6.2.5(f): Baseline Noise Measurement Locations

Station Approximate Coordinates Justification N1 2°16'48.27"N 102°10'50.89"E To represent the ambient noise level at the north boundary of the Project N2 2°16'46.08"N 102°10'51.06"E To represent the ambient noise level at the west boundary of the Project site. N3 2°16'44.7"N 102°10'52.9"E To represent the ambient noise level at the south boundary of the Project site. N4 2°16'53.7"N 102°11'15.9"E To represent the noise level at Taman Tg Minyak Perdana located northeast of Project site.

Noise measurements was conducted using a calibrated sound level meter and continuously over 24 hours period to represent 15 hours (7 am to 10 pm) day time and 9 hours (10 pm to 7 am) night time.

Measured parameters include Leq, Lmax, Lmin, L10 and L90. Extraneous and significant noise contributors were observed and recorded during the monitoring sessions.

Measured noise levels are summarised in Table 6.2.5(g). Noise levels at N1-N3 and were compared against the noise levels stipulated for the existing healthcare waste treatment plant i.e. 70 dB(A) during day time and 60 dB(A) during night time. Meanwhile noise levels at N4 were compared with category of urban area under Schedule 1 of the Planning Guidelines for Environmental Noise Limits and Control.

Noise levels presented in Table 6.2.5(g), indicates that the Leq levels during day time were within the

guideline limit of 70 dB(A). Meanwhile, Leq levels during night time at N2and N3 were slightly above the guideline limit of 60 dB(A).

Secondary data for Leq levels based on reference made to Boundary Noise Quality Monitoring report prepared by AMR Environmental Sdn Bhd in October 2018 are tabulated in Table 6.2.5(h). From the

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CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

report, it noted that the Leq levels during day time and night time at all monitoring stations were well below the stipulated limits of 70 dB(A) for day time and 60 dB(A) for night time.

Table 6.2.5(g): Baseline Noise Level Results Noise Measurement, dB(A) DOE’s Noise Contributing Regulated Location Date and Time Noise Leq L10 L90 Lmax Lmin Activities Limit Major: Vehicles 28/05/18-29/05/18 movements- lorry 01.11 pm -10.00 pm 59.3 60 53.5 89.4 49.9 and forklift 70 07.00 am 01.11 – Minor: workers' pm (Day time) N1 activities Major: Vehicles 28/05/18-29/05/18 movements 10.00 pm - 07.00 am 54.2 55.6 53 72.2 51.1 60 Minor: workers' (Night time) activities Major: Sound from microwave 29/05/18-30/05/18 machines, vehicles 01.21 pm - 10.00 pm 67.9 70.2 60.1 97.4 55.3 movements- lorry 70 07.00 am - 01.21 pm and forklift (Day time) Minor: workers' activities N2 Major: Sound from microwave 29/05/18-30/05/18 machines, vehicles 10.00 pm - 07.00 am 66.2 69.1 56.3 92.3 51.5 movements- lorry 60 (Night time) and forklift Minor: workers' activities

Major: Sound from 30/5/18-31/05/18 grinder machines, 10.33 am - 07.00 pm vehicles movements- 60.9 65.4 50.3 87.1 43.7 70 07.00 am - 1.40 pm lorry and forklift (Day time) Minor: workers' N3 activities Major: Vehicles

movements- lorry 30/5/18-31/05/18 61.1 52.5 47.7 100.1 42.6 and forklift 60 10.00 pm - 07.00 am Minor: workers' (Night time) activities Major: Vehicles 31/5/18-01/06/18 movements, grass- 01.48 pm - 07.00 pm cutting machine N4 52.5 54.8 46.5 95.6 38.1 60* 07.00 am -01.48 pm Minor: Human (Day time) activities, sound from insects

Chemsain Konsultant Sdn Bhd Page | C6-13 Revision No. : 0 CK/EV803/8026/18 Revision Date : July 2019

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Noise Measurement, dB(A) DOE’s Noise Contributing Regulated Location Date and Time Noise Leq L10 L90 Lmax Lmin Activities Limit Major: Vehicles movements, grass- 31/5/18-01/06/18 cutting machine 10.00 pm - 07.00 am 54.8 57.8 45.6 40.6 89.6 50* Minor: Human (Night time) activities, sound from insects Note: *Schedule 1: Maximum Permissible Sound Level (LAeq) By Receiving Land Use for Planning and New Development

Table 6.2.5(h): Secondary Data of Equivalent Noise Level (Leq)

Noise Period Monitoring Location DOE’s Level Regulated N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 Noise Limit

Leq Day time 61.5 61.0 60.0 63.9 63.2 70

Night Time 58.4 55.7 54.7 48.4 45.2 60 Source: Boundary Noise Quality Monitoring Vicinity Microwave Disinfection Plant at Medivest Sdn. Bhd.(2018), prepared by AMR Environmental Sdn Bhd

6.3 Biological Environment

The Project is located within a ready site at Kawasan Perindustrian Bukit Rambai Fasa 4C, Mukim Tanjung Minyak, Melaka. There is no vegetation of ecological significance was observed at the site. Since the Project site is not a suitable habitat for wildlife, no wildlife of conservation exists inside the Project site.

6.4 Land Use

A survey to record the existing land uses surrounding the Project site up to 5 km radius was carried out in January 2018.

6.4.1 Existing Land Use within the Project Site

The Project site is an existing healthcare waste treatment plant which is in operation. Some photos of the site condition are shown in Plate 6.4.1(a) and Plate 6.4.2(b).

Chemsain Konsultant Sdn Bhd Page | C6-14 Revision No. : 0 CK/EV803/8026/18 Revision Date : July 2019

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Plate 6.4.1(a): View of the Existing Centre Healthcare Waste Treatment Plant from the Entrance

Plate 6.4.2(b): View of the Two Existing Microwave Machines

Chemsain Konsultant Sdn Bhd Page | C6-15 Revision No. : 0 CK/EV803/8026/18 Revision Date : July 2019

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

6.4.2 Existing Land Use within 5 km radius from Project Site

Existing land use within 5 km radius from the Project site is shown in Figure 6.4.2(a-d). The prominent land uses within 5 km radius from the Project site are listed in Table 6.4.2.

Table 6.4.2: Land Use within 5 km Radius

Land Use Distance from Description Type Project Site Industry Up to 250 m Radius . Easy Power Sdn Bhd (south) . STS Steven Trading Sdn Bhd (southeast) . Hasro Furniture Gallery (M) Sdn Bhd (southwest) . Teras Puncak Sdn Bhd (southwest) . DRPTS Manufacturing Sdn Bhd (west) . FOMTEC Industries Sdn Bhd (west) . Paksi Tekad Sdn Bhd (northwest) Up to 500 m Radius . Alam COB Sdn Bhd (south) . GP Well Interior Enterprise (southwest) . Winco Precision Engineering (Melaka) Sdn Bhd (southwest) . Switca Furniture Sdn Bhd (southwest) . Grand Fortune Corporation Sdn Bhd (southwest) . Green Aim Oil Refinery (west) Up to 1 km Radius . Pallet Xpert (southwest) . Jati Beringin Sdn Bhd (southwest) . Protection Technology Sdn Bhd (southeast) . Dialog (southwest) Up to 3 km Radius . Leong Hup Feedmill Sdn Bhd (southwest) . Fazlie Trading and Construction (southeast) . Pine & Hill Wood Products (southeast) . Sunimetal Industries (M) Sdn Bhd (south) . Konica Minolta (northwest) Up to 5 km Radius . Imperial Steel Drum Manufactures Sdn Bhd (southwest) . TKR Manufacturing (M) Sdn Bhd (southwest) . Panasonic Appliances Foundary Malaysia Sdn Bhd (southwest) . PETRONAS Lube Blending Plant (southwest) . DEPOH PETRONAS (southwest) . Melaka Fuel and LPG Terminal (southwest) . PETRONAS Penapisan (Melaka) Sdn Bhd (west) . Kotra Pharma Sdn Bhd (southeast)

Chemsain Konsultant Sdn Bhd Page | C6-16 Revision No. : 0 CK/EV803/8026/18 Revision Date : July 2019

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Land Use Distance from Description Type Project Site . SWM Environment Sdn Bhd (southeast) Settlement Up to 1 km Radius . Taman Tanjung Minyak Perdana (northeast) Up to 3 km Radius . Kg Ayer Supai (northeast) . Taman Bertam Permai (northeast) . Taman Bertam Setia (northeast) . Kg Bertam Ulu (northeast) . Taman Bertam Impian (northeast) . Taman Paya Emas (northeast) . Taman Seri Bertam (northwest) . Kg Ayer Salak (southwest) . Kg Tangga Batu (southwest) . Taman Bukit Rambai (southwest) . Kg Seberang Gajah (southwest) . Taman Rambai Indah (southwest) . Taman Malim Jaya (south) . Taman Rambai Utama (southeast) . Taman Tg Minyak Setia (southeast) . Taman Sri Rambai (southeast) . Tanjung Minyak (southeast) . Taman Tanjung Minyak Utama (southeast) . Taman Pewira Rumah Awam Cheng (southeast) . Taman Cheng Perdana (southeast) . Bertam Ulu (northeast) Up to 5 km Radius . Taman Paya Rumput Perdana (northeast) . Taman Seri Paya Rumput (northeast) . Taman Paya Rumput (northeast) . Tangga Batu (southwest) . Taman Bertam Jaya (southeast) . Taman Indah (northwest) . Taman Pahlawan (northwest) . Taman Peruna (west) . Kg Paya Rumput Jaya (west) . Kg Sg Udang (southwest) . Kg Pantai Kundur (southwest) . Kg Ghafar Baba (southwest) . Kg Tanah Merah Jaya (southwest)

Chemsain Konsultant Sdn Bhd Page | C6-17 Revision No. : 0 CK/EV803/8026/18 Revision Date : July 2019

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Land Use Distance from Description Type Project Site . Kg Gelam (southwest) . Kg Rambai Tengah (southeast) . Kg Bukit Rambai (southeast) . Taman Gadong Perdana (southeast) . Taman Asean (southeast) . Taman Malim Jaya (southeast) . Taman Cheng Ria (southeast) . Taman Cheng Baru (southeast) . Taman Cheng Utama (southeast) . Taman Bukit Cheng (southeast) . Taman Paya Rumput Indah (northeast) Institution Up to 3 km Radius . SMK Bukit Rambai (southwest) . SK Taman Bukit Rambai (southwest) . Tangga Batu Fire and Rescue Station (southwest) . St Mary Chinese Primary School (southwest) . Madrasah Al-Hikmah (northeast) . SJK(C) Bertam Ulu (northeast) . Surau Al-Usrah (northeast) . SK Bertam Ulu (northeast) . SMK Tun Haji Abd Malek (southeast) . SK Tg Minyak (southeast) . SJK (C) Cheng (southeast) . Balai Polis Kg Minyak (southeast) Up to 5 km Radius . SK Bukit Rambai (southeast) . SK Kg Gelam (southwest) . SJK(C) Poh Lan (southwest) . SK Sg Udang (southwest) . Kompleks Penjara Melaka (southwest) . Perpustakaan Desa Raya Rumput (northeast) . SMK Malim (southwest) Health Up to 3 km Radius . Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai (southwest) Facility Public Up to 1 km Radius . Metto Amman Kuil (northwest) Amenities . PMU Bukit Rambai (southeast) . Melaka Chinese Temple (southeast) Up to 3 km Radius . Surau Rumah Awam Datin Fatimah Bukit Rambai (southwest)

Chemsain Konsultant Sdn Bhd Page | C6-18 Revision No. : 0 CK/EV803/8026/18 Revision Date : July 2019

CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Land Use Distance from Description Type Project Site . Church of St Mary Ayer Salak (southwest) . Masjid Tg Minyak (southeast) Up to 5 km Radius . Masjid Al-Faizin (southeast) . Turkish Mosque Rombang (southwest) . Masjid Tangga Batu Pekan, Tg Kling (southwest) . Masjid Mohsinin (southwest) . Sannasimalai Andavar Tirukkoril (southeast) . Likom Caseworks Sdn Bhd (southeast)

6.4.3 Future Land Use

Based on reference made to Rancangan Tempatan Daerah Melaka Tengah 2003-2015, the Project site is located in Blok 3.3.i – Blok Perancangan Kecil 3.3: Tanjung Minyak within Blok Perancangan (BP) 3: Tangga Batu. BP 3 covers an area of 12,348.84 ha with BPK 3.3 covers an area of 3,516.70 ha. The major land uses within BPK 3.3i are commercial, housing and Tanjung Minyak Industrial Area. Figure 6.4.3 illustrates the future land use of the Project site.

6.4.4 Environmental Sensitive Receptors

Based on site survey and secondary information obtained, several environmental sensitive areas (ESR) are found to be located adjacent to the Project site. The ESRs are listed in Table 6.4.4 and shown in Figure 6.4.4.

Table 6.4.4: Environmental Sensitive Receptors within 5 km Radius

Radius Area Up to 1 km . Taman Tanjung Minyak Perdana . Kuil Metto Amman (northwest) Radius (northeast) . Melaka Chinese Temple (southeast)

Up to 2 km . Kg Ayer Salak (southwest) . Taman Rambai Indah (southwest) Radius . Taman Tanjung Minyak Utama . Bertam Ulu (east) (southeast) . Taman Bertam Permai (northeast) . Kg Bertam Ulu (northeast) . Taman Bertam Impian (north) . Taman Bertam Setia (northeast) . Taman Rambai Utama (southeast) . SK Bertam Ulu (northeast) . Madrasah Al-Hikmah (northeast) . SJK(C) Bertam Ulu (northeast) . Church of St. Mary, Ayer Salak . Masjid Bertam Ulu (northeast) (southwest) . Surau Al-Usrah (northeast)

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CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Radius Area Up to 3 km . Kg Ayer Supai (northeast) . Taman Seri Bertam (northwest) Radius . Kg Tangga Batu (southwest) . Taman Rambai (southwest) . Tangga Batu (southwest) . Kg Seberang Gajah (southwest) . Taman Malim Jaya (southwest) . Taman Tanjung Minyak Setia (southeast) . Taman Sri Rambai (southeast) . Tanjung Minyak (southeast) . Taman Perwira Rumah Awam . Taman Cheng Jaya (southeast) Cheng (southeast) . Taman Cheng Perdana (southeast) . Taman Bertam Jaya (east) . Taman Paya Emas (northeast) . Taman Cheng Baru (southeast) . SMK Taman Bukit Rambai . SJK(C) Cheng (southeast) (southwest) . SMK Tun Haji Abd Malek (southeast) . SK Tanjung Minyak (southeast) . Tangga Batu Fire and Rescue . Surau Rumah Awam Datin Station (southwest) Fatimah Bukit Rambai (southwest) . Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai

Up to 5 km . Taman Paya Rumput Perdana . Taman Raya Rumput Indah Radius (northeast) (northeast) . Taman Seri Paya Rumput . Taman Paya Rumput (northeast) (northeast) . Taman Permai (northeast) . Taman Bukit Cheng (southeast) . Taman Cheng Utama (southeast) . Taman Cheng Ria (southeast) . Taman Asean (southeast) . Taman Gadong Perdana (southeast) . Kg Bukit Rambai (southeast) . Taman Malim Jaya (southeast) . Kg Gaffar Baba (southwest) . Kg Rambai Tengah (southeast) . Sg Udang (northwest) . Taman Merdeka (southeast) . Kg Gelam (southwest) . Kg Tanah Merah Jaya (southwest) . Kg Pantai Kundur (southwest) . Kg Sg Udang (west) . Taman Peruna (west) . Taman Pahlawan (northwest)

. SK Bukit Rambai (southeast) . SK Kg Gelam (southwest) . SJK(C) Poh Lan (southwest) . SK Sg Udang (west) . SMK Malim (southeast) . Kompleks Penjara Melaka (northwest) . Masjid Al-Faizin (south) . Turkish Mosque Rombang . Masjid Tangga Batu Pekan, Tanjong . Masjid Mohsinin (southwest) Kling (southwest) . Perpustakaan Desa Paya Rumput . Kuil Sannasimalai Andavar Tirukkoril (northeast)

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6.5 Human Environment

The Project site is located in Mukim Tanjung Minyak of Melaka Tengah District. Melaka Tengah District covers an area of 314 km2. The District consists 29 mukim, 44 towns and 95 villages. The District is under the jurisdiction of Majlis Bandaraya Melaka Bersejarah

6.5.1 Population

Based on reference made to 2010 census data from the Population and Housing Census of Malaysia by the Department of Statistics, the District has a total population of 484,885. Meanwhile the total population of Mukim Tanjung Minyak is 21, 338. The population of Mukim Tanjung Minyak is about 4% of the total population of Melaka Tengah District.

6.5.2 Ethnic Groups

The 2010 census figures indicate that in overall, the Malays were the main ethnic group in the District (56.5%) and mukim (73%). This is followed by the Chinese (33%) and Indian (4%). See Table 6.5.2.

Table 6.5.2: Demographic Profile

Area Melaka Tengah Mukim Tanjung District Minyak Total Population 484,885 21, 338 Distribution Based on Ethnic Group Malaysian Citizen 462,714 20,499 Bumiputera 280,336 15,828 Malays 273,844 15,570 Other Bumiputera 6,492 258

Chinese 158,828 3,842 Indian 20,310 648 Others 3,240 181 Non-Malaysian 22,171 839 Distribution Based on Gender, Household and Living Quarters Male Population 244,611 11,120 Female Population 240,274 10,218 Gender Ratio 101.8 108.8 Household 119,120 4,870 Living Quarters 146,387 5,986 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010, Department of Statistics

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6.5.3 Gender, Household and Living Quarters

Referring to Table 6.5.2, the male populations outweighs the female populations. The gender ratio are 101.8 and 108.8 respectively.

Total households are reported to be 119,120 and 4,870 respectively. Meanwhile, the total living quarters are reported to be 146,387 and 5,986.

6.5.4 Age Distribution

Table 6.5.4 listed population’s age distributions for Melaka Tengah District and Mukim Tanjung Minyak. 25.7% of the District population fall under the age group below 15, meanwhile 36.6% of Mukim Tanjung Minyak population fall under the age group below 15. 68.7% of the District population fall between 15-64 age groups, meanwhile 60.3% of Mukim Tanjung Minyak population fall between 15-64 age groups. 5.6% of the District population fall under the age group above 65 year old, meanwhile 3% of Mukim Tanjung Minyak population fall under the age group above 65 year old.

The dependency ratio for Melaka Tengah District = (25.7 + 5.6) / 68.7 * 100 = 45.6

The dependency ratio for Mukim Tanjung Minyak = (36.6 + 3) / 60.3 * 100 =65.7

Table 6.5.4: Population by Age Group, 2010

Melaka Tengah District Mukim Tanjung Minyak Age Group Total Percentage Total Percentage 0-4 38,981 8.0 2,847 13.3 5-9 40,537 8.4 2,597 12.2 10-14 45,067 9.3 2,370 11.1 15-19 49,812 10.3 1,634 7.7 20-24 50,721 10.5 1,310 6.1 25-29 43,630 9.0 1,897 8.9 30-34 33,741 7.0 1,993 9.3 35-39 31,422 6.5 2,036 9.5 40-44 30,824 6.4 1486 7.0 45-49 30,047 6.2 1055 4.9 50-54 25,332 5.2 662 3.1 55-59 20,737 4.3 483 2.3 60-64 16,967 3.5 321 1.5 65-69 10,403 2.1 241 1.1 70-74 7,536 1.6 172 0.8 75+ 9,128 1.9 234 1.1

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Melaka Tengah District Mukim Tanjung Minyak Age Group Total Percentage Total Percentage Total 484,885 100 21,338 100 Source: Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010, Department of Statistics

6.5.5 Existing Public Health Status

6.5.5.1 Public Health Survey

A study of the public health status of the community residing in the vicinity of the Project in was conducted. The objective was to describe the existing, baseline information on the state of health of the community prior to the construction and operation of the proposed Project. Health data was extracted from a public health survey of the community in the vicinity of the Project site.

6.5.5.1.1 Background of Respondents

A total of 100 households were surveyed which comprised a total of 454 household members. Table 6.5.5 shows the distribution of household sampled by residential areas. The majority (46%) of the respondents were living in Taman Tanjung Minyak Perdana and Taman Tanjung Minyak Utama. Some (13.0%) of the respondents who were working within the Project site neighbourhood but living at other residential areas were also recruited as respondents in the health survey.

Table 6.5.5: Distribution of Households Sampled By Residential Areas Number of Percent Residential areas households 33 33.0 Taman Tanjung Minyak Perdana 13 13.0 Taman Tanjung Minyak Utama 14 14.0 Taman Rambai Indah 13 13.0 Taman Rambai Utama 14 14.0 KPG Ayer Salak 13 13.0 *Others 100 100.0 Total Note: *Others refer to respondents with residential address at Taman Seri Bertam, Taman Bertam Indah, Taman Rambai Idaman, Taman Keris Emas, Lorong Pandan, Taman Kelubung, Tanjung Kling, Krubung Jaya, Taman Bukit Rambai, Taman Perindustrian Bukit Rambai or Masjid Tanah.

This health survey comprised of 45% of male respondents and 55% of female respondents. Table 6.5.6 shows respondents’ highest level of education. Some 4.0% of respondents had no education. The majority (54.0%) had primary and secondary education while 29.0% of the respondents completed tertiary education.

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Table 6.5.6: Respondents’ Highest Level of Education Education levels Number of respondents Percent

No education 4 4.0

Primary school 13 13.0

LCE/ SRP/ PMR/ PT3 6 6.0

MCE/ SPM/ SPMV 28 28.0

STPM 3 3.0

Certificate 4 4.0

Diploma 24 24.0

Undergraduate degree or higher 5 5.0

Missing data 13 13.0

Total 100 100.0

Table 6.5.7 shows respondents’ main occupation. Most of the respondents either worked in the private sector (22%) or are self-employed or businessman. Some 45% of them were unemployed, housewives and retirees.

Table 6.5.8 gives the distribution of household members surveyed by age groups. Children aged below 15 years old made up 29.9% of the household population, which is greater than the national percentage of 24.5%. Productive adults made up a slightly smaller percentage (67.2%) compared to the national percentage of 69.4%. The elderly population of 2.9% is much smaller than the national percentage of 6.1%. Therefore, this community represents a relatively young population, especially children below 15 years old. There was a total of 7 live births recorded among the household members in the last one year.

Table 6.5.7: Respondents’ Occupation Types of occupation Number Percent

Factory worker 6 6.0 Private sector 22 22.0 Government sector 5 5.0 Self-employed/ businessman 22 22.0 Unemployed 10 10.0 Housewife 24 24.0 Retiree 11 11.0 Total 100 100.0

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Table 6.5.8: Distribution of Household Members Surveyed By Age Groups Age group Number Percent Malaysia (2016)1 Children (<1 year old) 6 1.3 Children (1 – 4 years old) 31 6.8 24.5 Children (5 – 14 years old) 99 21.8 Adults (15 – 64 years old) 305 67.2 69.4 Adults (65 years old and above) 13 2.9 6.1 Total 454 100.0 Source: 1 Malaysia health facts 2017

6.5.5.1.2 Housing

Table 6.5.9 shows the type of respondents’ houses. A majority (78.0%) of the respondents lived in terrace houses. Another 16.0% lived in kampong-type detached houses. A small percentage (6.0%) lived in flat or townhouse.

Table 6.5.10 gives information on house ownership by respondents. Most (80.0%) of the houses were owned by the respondents themselves or their family members. Some (43.0%) of the houses were not air conditioned. Some 48.0% of the homes have household members who smoked.

Table 6.5.9: Type of Respondents’ Houses Type of house Number of houses Percent

Detached kampong type 16 16.0 Single or double storey terrace 78 78.0 house Others (flat or town house) 6 6.0 Total 100 100.0

Table 6.5.10: House Ownership by Respondents House ownership Number of respondents Percent

Own house 80 80.0

Rented house 18 18.0

Staying with relative 2 2.0

Total 100 100.0

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6.5.5.1.3 Environmental Sanitation Status

Table 6.5.11 shows the types of toilet in the houses surveyed. All (100.0%) of the houses had proper toilets in the form of pour-flush or flush toilets. Table 6.5.12 gives the source of water supply to the houses surveyed. All of the houses surveyed had safe water supply in the form of gravity-feed system and treated piped water.

Table 6.5.11: Type of Toilet in the Houses Surveyed Type of toilet Number of houses Percent

Pour-flush toilet 2 2.0

Flush toilet 98 98.0

Total 100 100.0

Table 6.5.12: Source of Water Supply in the Houses Surveyed Source of water supply Number of houses Percent

Gravity feed system by Ministry of 83 83.0 Health (MOH) Pipe from SAMB 17 17.0

Total 100 100.0

Table 6.5.13 shows the garbage disposal practices by the households surveyed. A majority (95.0%) of the households practised good garbage disposal practices of burning and burying, and collection by municipality. However, 5.0% of the households still practised unsanitary practices like disposal of the garbage by burning only.

Table 6.5.13: Garbage Disposal Practices by the Households Surveyed (N=100) Disposal practice Number Percent Burning only 5 5.0 Burning and burying 9 9.0 Collection by municipality 86 86.0 Total 100 100.0

Table 6.5.14 shows the pest problems experienced by the households surveyed. A significant proportion of the households surveyed experienced all types of pest problems, but their biggest problems were against mosquitoes (54.0%) and ants (39.0%).

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Table 6.5.14: Pest Problems Experienced by the Households Surveyed (N=100)

Pest problem Number Percent

Mosquitoes 54 54.0

Flies 30 30.0

Cockroaches 37 37.0

Ants 39 39.0

Rodents 13 13.0

Total 173 100.0

In summary, the housing status of the communities are considered satisfactory with respect to the types of houses. A majority (80%) of the respondents owned their house. Indoor air pollution may present as a problem as 48% of the households have members who smoked.

As for the environmental sanitation status, it was considered satisfactory with respect to toilet facility and water supply in the houses as all had proper toilets and safe water supply. The garbage disposal practices were considered satisfactory as more than 95.0% of the households practised sanitary garbage disposal methods. Pest problems can be considered significant, as all types of pest are present, with mosquitoes and ants being the most problematic.

6.5.5.1.4 Community Health Status

Table 6.5.15 gives the prevalence rates of selected diseases that have been diagnosed by doctors within the last 1 year, among the 454 household members from the 100 households that were surveyed. The highest prevalence rates were for asthma (2.6%) and hypertension (2.2%). However, the prevalence rates for these 2 diseases were well below the national rates. Similarly, diabetes mellitus had a prevalence rate (0.9%) that is much lower the national rate.

Table 6.5.15: Household Members Diagnosed With Selected Diseases by Doctors within the Last Year (N=454)

Disease Number Prevalence (%) National prevalence (%)

4.5 (adults)a Asthma 12 2.6 7.1 (children)a Other respiratory disease 3 0.7 Hypertension 10 2.2 30.3b Stroke 2 0.4 Heart problem 3 0.7 Diabetes mellitus 4 0.9 17.5b Skin disease 2 0.4 Sources: a Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2008 b Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2015

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As shown by Table 6.5.16, the main reasons household members seeked medical treatments at hospitals or clinics within the last 3 months were for cold or cough (14.8%) and fever (9.5%). These would be common illnesses experienced by most communities in Malaysia.

Table 6.5.16: Reasons for Seeking Medical Treatments By Household Members within the Last 3 Months (N=454) Disease/health problem Number Prevalence (%) Asthmatic attack 5 1.1

Fever 43 9.5

Cold/cough 67 14.8

Bloody cough/ sputum 5 1.1

Wheezing 4 0.9

Shortness of breath (dyspnea) 2 0.4

Chest pain (angina) 1 0.2

Diarrhea 12 2.6

Vomitting 10 2.2

Skin disease 1 0.2

Eye infection 2 0.4

Ear infection 2 0.4

Accident 1 0.2

6.5.5.2 Morbidity Statistics

Morbidity statistics on diseases related to the environment were obtained from Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai and Hospital Melaka for a period of 1 year from January to December 2018. Table 6.5.17(a) shows the disease cases related to air pollution seen at Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai in 2018. Eye and respiratory diseases as represented by conjunctivitis, upper respiratory tract infections, influenza, asthma, pneumonia and chronic bronchitis made up 5.7% and 16.2% of all adult and children cases, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases as represented by hypertension, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular accident or stroke made up 1.1% of all adult cases.

Table 6.5.17(b) provides the disease cases related to water pollution in 2018. No case related to water pollution was reported at Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai which suggests that waterborne and foodborne diseases are not very common in the area.

Animal vectors and reservoirs may be associated with a poorly managed environment. Often, discarded containers that are improperly disposed or the presence of water within homes and surroundings may become excellent breeding sites for the mosquitoes, while poor garbage disposal will attract rodents. Table 6.5.17(c) gives the disease cases related to animal vectors and reservoirs seen at Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai in 2018. Only dengue fever cases were reported, and they

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made up 0.6% and 0.9% of all adult and children cases, respectively. Therefore, vectorborne and animal reservoir transmitted diseases are also uncommon in the area.

Table 6.5.17(d) gives the skin disease cases seen at Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai in 2018. Of all these skin diseases, dermatitis and eczema, urticaria and erythemas are allergic forms of skin reactions that may be exacerbated by allergens and irritants that may be present in air pollution or dust. The skin disease cases made up 3.2% and 7.4% of all adult and children cases, respectively. The most common skin disease reported were dermatitis and eczema.

Table 6.5.17(e) shows the disease cases related to air pollution seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018. Eye and respiratory diseases as represented by conjunctivitis, upper respiratory tract infections, influenza, asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and lung cancer made up 0.7% of all adult and children cases, respectively. Cardiovascular diseases as represented by hypertension, heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular accident made up 0.3% of all adult and children cases.

Table 6.5.17(f) gives the disease cases related to water pollution seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018. The water pollution related disease as represented by dysenteries, typhoid and paratyphoid, hepatitis A, acute poliomyelitis and food poisoning made up 0.07% of all patient cases. Dysenteries is the most commonly reported water pollution related disease among the community in the area.

Table 6.5.17(g) shows the diseases cases related to animal vectors and reservoirs seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018. Dengue fever and malaria cases were the only reported cases, in which dengue fever is the common vector borne disease reported. These animal vectors and reservoirs related disease cases made up only 0.1% of all patient cases.

Table 6.5.17(h) gives the skin disease cases seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018. The skin disease cases made up only 0.05% of all adult and children cases. The most common skin disease reported were disorders of skin appendages.

Table 6.5.17(i) shows the prevalence rates of selected communicable diseases in Daerah Melaka Tengah in 2018, in comparison with the prevalence of these diseases in Malaysia in 2017. The prevalence rates for hepatitis A, food poisoning and leptospirosis in the district were higher than that of the nation. This means that foodborne diseases are a problem in the district while the higher prevalence of leptospirosis is a concern as it is one of the re-emerging communicable diseases in the country related to poor solid waste disposal and rodents.

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Table 6.5.17(a): Disease Cases Related to Air Pollution Seen at Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai In 2018

Conj. URTI Inf. Asth. TB Pneu. Bron. Emphy Lung HPT HF IHD CVA *Total Ca (all patients)

Year

Month A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C J 16 2 320 53 0 0 22 4 0 0 0 5 0 3 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 24 0 6 0 2785 352 F 12 5 192 49 80 17 8 1 0 0 17 3 2 3 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 12 0 6 0 2815 353 M 4 0 80 15 48 8 2 2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2803 238 A 3 5 186 45 89 17 10 3 0 0 15 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 33 0 0 0 3 0 3 0 3242 299 M 4 3 123 38 50 6 3 3 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2998 277

J 6 3 101 26 51 9 2 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3342 252

2018 J 2 2 56 9 0 0 3 3 0 0 2 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 41 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3486 242 A 11 3 81 25 0 0 8 5 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3474 233 S 10 4 98 15 0 0 8 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 2798 310 O 11 3 101 26 0 0 6 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3239 306 N 11 3 98 15 0 0 15 3 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2978 202 D 18 3 94 11 0 0 6 3 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 30 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2358 208 Total 108 36 1530 327 318 57 93 40 0 0 34 56 2 14 0 0 0 0 289 0 0 0 82 0 15 0 36318 3272 Conj. : Conjunctivitis Emphy. : Emphysema URTI : Upper respiratory tract infections Lung Ca : Lung cancer Inf. : Influenza HPT : Hypertension Asth. : Asthma HF : Heart failure TB : Tuberculosis IHD : Ischaemic heart disease Pneu. : Pneumonia CVA : Cerebrovascular accident/stroke Bron. : Chronic bronchitis

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.5.17(b): Disease Cases Related To Water Pollution Seen At Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai In 2018

Dys. Chol. Typ. Hep. A Polio. Food *Total Year Month (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2185 352 Feb 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2815 353 Mar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2303 238 Apr 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3242 299 May 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2998 277 June 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3342 252 2018 July 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3486 242 Aug 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3474 233 Sep 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2792 310 Oct 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3229 306 Nov 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2978 202 Dec 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3358 208 Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36318 3272 Dys. : Dysenteries Chol. : Cholera Typ. : Typhoid and paratyphoid Hep. A : Hepatitis A Polio. : Acute poliomyelitis Food. : Food poisoning

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month. A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.5.17(c): Disease Cases Related to Animal Vectors and Reservoirs Seen at Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai In 2018

Year Month YF DF DHF Mal. Typ. Plag. Rab. *Total (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2185 352 Feb 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2815 353 Mar 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2303 238 Apr 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3242 299 May 0 0 10 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2998 277 June 0 0 12 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3342 252 2018 July 0 0 8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3486 242 Aug 0 0 39 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3474 233 Sep 0 0 31 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2792 310 Oct 0 0 24 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3229 306 Nov 0 0 21 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2978 202 Dec 0 0 29 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3358 208 Total 0 0 202 31 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 36318 3272 YF : Yellow fever DF : Dengue fever DHF : Dengue haemorrhagic fever Mal. : Malaria Typ. : Typhus Plag. : Plague Rab. : Rabies

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Table 6.5.17(d): Skin Disease Cases Seen at Klinik Kesihatan Bukit Rambai In 2018

Year Month Cutan. Cell. Derm. Psor. Urti. Dis. Eryth. Rad. *Total (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C Jan 1 0 7 0 74 13 0 5 45 7 0 0 2 0 0 0 2185 352 Feb 1 0 18 0 79 16 0 5 51 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 2815 353 Mar 1 0 13 0 79 15 2 3 53 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2303 238 Apr 1 0 26 0 13 5 2 5 49 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 3242 299 May 0 0 13 0 77 17 0 5 53 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 2998 277 June 0 0 12 0 64 12 0 2 47 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 3342 252 2018 July 0 0 8 0 16 12 0 0 40 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 3486 242 Aug 15 0 5 0 26 7 0 0 13 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3474 233 Sep 14 0 3 0 22 5 0 0 21 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 2792 310 Oct 13 0 5 0 20 5 0 0 17 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 3229 306 Nov 15 0 5 0 29 8 0 0 13 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 2978 202 Dec 15 0 5 0 31 5 0 0 14 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 3358 208 Total 76 0 120 0 530 120 4 25 416 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 36318 3272 Cutan. : Cutaneous abscess/furuncle and carbuncle Urti. : Urticaria Cell. : Cellulitis Dis. : Disorders of skin appendages Derm. : Dermatitis and eczema Eryth. : Erythemas Psor. : Psoriasis Rad. : Radiodermatitis and other radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

*Total (All Patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.5.17(e): Disease Cases Related to Air Pollution Seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018

Conj. URTI Inf. Asth. TB Pneu. Bron. Emphy Lung HPT HF IHD CVA *Total Ca (all patients)

Year Month A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A + C J 1 2 26 16 1 0 75 70 1 0 116 60 0 0 0 0 7 0 71 0 41 0 0 0 52 0 46,899 F 0 2 14 17 0 0 51 57 0 0 129 99 0 0 0 0 9 0 45 0 51 0 0 0 46 0 42,140 M 0 1 13 20 0 0 55 65 0 0 130 97 0 0 0 0 8 0 58 0 48 0 3 0 64 0 47,339 A 0 2 7 27 0 0 55 55 0 0 103 72 0 0 1 0 10 0 56 1 31 1 5 0 58 0 45,163 M 1 2 12 17 0 0 43 49 0 0 97 61 0 0 0 0 6 0 48 0 22 0 2 0 53 0 42,547

J 0 1 11 14 0 0 47 67 0 0 92 67 0 0 1 0 5 0 58 0 27 1 3 0 41 0 38,723

2018 J 0 0 19 24 0 0 53 62 0 0 111 80 0 1 0 0 8 0 55 0 37 0 1 0 43 0 49,158 A 1 2 10 19 0 1 49 39 0 0 112 42 0 0 0 0 12 0 45 0 31 0 1 0 47 0 45,948 S 0 0 12 23 0 0 30 33 0 0 86 34 0 0 1 0 5 0 47 0 39 0 2 0 54 0 42,134 O 0 0 7 11 0 2 47 77 0 0 91 26 0 0 2 0 6 0 50 0 23 0 1 0 45 0 47,954 N 0 1 21 15 0 0 51 54 0 0 111 32 0 0 0 0 5 0 34 0 31 0 1 0 36 0 43,921 D 0 0 18 19 0 0 44 43 0 0 129 33 0 0 1 0 15 0 46 0 31 0 2 0 33 0 44,322

Total 3 13 170 222 1 3 600 671 1 0 1307 703 0 1 6 0 96 0 613 1 412 2 21 0 572 0 536,248 Conj. : Conjunctivitis Emphy. : Emphysema URTI : Upper respiratory tract infections Lung Ca : Lung cancer Inf. : Influenza HPT : Hypertension Asth. : Asthma HF : Heart failure TB : Tuberculosis IHD : Ischaemic heart disease Pneu. : Pneumonia CVA : Cerebrovascular accident/stroke Bron. : Chronic bronchitis

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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Table 6.5.17(f): Disease Cases Related to Water Pollution Seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018

Dys. Chol. Typ. Hep. A Polio. Food *Total Year Month (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A + C Jan 11 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 46,899 Feb 9 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3 42,140 Mar 22 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 47,339 Apr 16 13 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 45,163 May 7 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 42,547 June 13 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 38,723 2018 July 28 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 1 49,158 Aug 25 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 45,948 Sep 19 11 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 42,134 Oct 10 8 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 1 47,954 Nov 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 4 2 43,921 Dec 13 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 1 44,322 Total 180 116 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 39 27 536,248 Dys. : Dysenteries Chol. : Cholera Typ. : Typhoid and paratyphoid Hep. A : Hepatitis A Polio. : Acute poliomyelitis Food. : Food poisoning

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

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CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Table 6.5.17(g): Disease Cases Related to Animal Vectors and Reservoirs Seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018

Year Month YF DF DHF Mal. Typ. Plag. Rab. *Total (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A + C Jan 0 0 27 8 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 46,899 Feb 0 0 24 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42,140 Mar 0 0 22 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47,339 Apr 0 0 11 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,163 May 0 0 20 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42,547 June 0 0 39 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 38,723 2018 July 0 0 38 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 49,158 Aug 0 0 56 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 45,948 Sep 0 0 47 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 42,134 Oct 0 0 59 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 47,954 Nov 0 0 77 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 43,921 Dec 0 0 122 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 44,322 Total 0 0 542 79 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 536,248 YF : Yellow fever DF : Dengue fever DHF : Dengue haemorrhagic fever Mal. : Malaria Typ. : Typhus Plag. : Plague Rab. : Rabies

*Total (all patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month. A: Adult C: Children

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CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Table 6.5.17(h): Skin Disease Cases Seen at Hospital Melaka in 2018

Year Month Cutan. Cell. Derm. Psor. Urti. Dis. Eryth. Rad. *Total (all patients) A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A C A + C Jan 3 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 9 1 0 0 0 0 46,899 Feb 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 0 0 42,140 Mar 5 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 0 47,339 Apr 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 11 0 0 0 0 0 45,163 May 4 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 3 8 1 0 0 0 0 42,547 June 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 38,723 2018 July 12 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 1 0 0 0 0 49,158 Aug 6 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 45,948 Sep 4 1 6 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 18 1 1 0 0 0 42,134 Oct 8 0 4 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 12 0 0 0 0 0 47,954 Nov 3 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 8 2 0 0 0 0 43,921 Dec 4 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 18 0 1 0 0 0 44,322 Total 56 2 39 1 12 1 4 0 4 9 132 10 2 1 0 0 536,248 Cutan. : Cutaneous abscess/furuncle and carbuncle Urti. : Urticaria Cell. : Cellulitis Dis. : Disorders of skin appendages Derm. : Dermatitis and eczema Eryth. : Erythemas Psor. : Psoriasis Rad. : Radiodermatitis and other radiation-related disorders of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

*Total (All Patients): Total attendance of all patients at the clinic during that month.

A: Adult C: Children

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CHAPTER 6– EXISTING ENVIRONMENT

Table 6.5.17(i): Prevalence Rates of Selected Communicable Diseases in Daerah Melaka Tengah

Prevalence rates in Disease Number of cases Malaysia (2017)a 2018

Waterborne and Foodborne Diseases

Cholera 0 0 0.01 Typhoid 0 0 0.59 Hepatitis A 3 0.53 0.47 Dysentery 0 0 0.37 Poliomyelitis 0 0 Food poisoning 407 71.25 42.25 Vectorborne and Zoonotic Diseases

Dengue fever 500 87.54 257.60 Dengue haemorrhagic 2 0.35 1.25 fever Chikungunya 0 0 NA Malaria 2 0.35 12.70 Filariasis 0 0 NA Typhus 0 0 0.06 Plague 0 0 0 Rabies 0 0 13.48 Leptospirosis 61 10.68 0.01 Note: Population of Daerah Melaka Tengah in 2018: 571,200 Source: a Ministry of Health Malaysia (2018)

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