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Short Communication *Corresponding author Rafeeq Alam Khan, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Karachi, Chronic Leads to Karachi-75270, Pakistan, Email: Submitted: 04 November 2016 and Accepted: 25 January 2017 Published: 27 January 2017 Sarah Khan1 and Rafeeq Alam Khan2* Copyright © 2017 Khan et al. 1Department of , University of Karachi, Pakistan 2Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pakistan ISSN: 2374-0124

OPEN ACCESS Abstract Studies have found a link between and anxiety disorders as well as Keywords major depressive disorder. This article reviews literature based on that keeping in view • Chronic stress the of stress and its consequences on psychological well-being of a person. • Anxiety disorders If untreated, stress however downplayed at times, could be hazardous. • Depression

INTRODUCTION HPA activation, is known to secrete corticotrophin- releasing (CRH). It rouses which in turn The word stress implies an experience of negative releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). This stimulates that comes in the wake of anticipated physiological, biochemical, the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticosteriods. Among cognitive and behavioral changes that towards either these, is the most important. It stores carbohydrate changing the or making adjustments to its effects [1]. Stress is a process that puts the bodily systems under strain in to its original, steady state before the stress [6]. Prolonged order to cope with the environmental demands that bring about HPAand decreasesactivation due inflammation to continued and stress helps has the been body related returning with psychological and biological changes that could account for an serious . Various researchers have proposed that the illness [2]. The environmental aspect highlights the evaluation of environmental situations that are in objective relation with than that of sympathetic [7,8]. the extensive adaptive demands. The subjective assessment of consequences of HPA activation on health are far more significant the ability to cope with the stressor comes under the domain of perspective. Finally, the biological perspective refers to the multiple bodily systems that are Below is a flow chart presented by Baum (1994) that shows activated and controlled by both psychologically and physically how stress could influence health through certain behavioral acts, demanding situations [3]. first, by affecting health habits straight and secondly by meddling withIt the is treatment evident procedure how physiological and the use arousal of health could services lead [9]. to If the stress is continued or prolonged, it can leave adverse maladaptive patterns of behavior which would eventually effects on body’s immune, cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and central nervous systems [4]. When chronic stress goes untreated Evidences have been found that the combination of emotional it can result into serious disabilities like , weakened arousalinfluence and a neuroendocrine person’s attitude towards seekingdue to prolonged help and stress care. , high , anxiety and muscle . It causes chronic insomnia [10]. As is imperative for body’s can also play a role in developing major disorders like depression, heart and obesity [5]. showedrestoration, how its chronic disturbance stress could and deficiency lead to anxiety implies and a depression. significant The pathway between stress and mental illness can be better Itpathway presented to disease that prolonged [11]. A study exposure in 2006 to by stress Ardayfio hormone, and colleague cortisol, understood with a thorough comprehension of physiology contributed to symptoms of depression. According to this study, of stress. There are two interconnected systems that are stress help a person in responding to an immediate involved when experiencing stressful events; sympathetic adreno-medullary (SAM) system and hypothalamic-pituitary- threat [12,13]. However, if stress remains heightened, it could adrenocortical (HPA) axis. In SAM activation, when a person is boost anxiety and lead to or most commonly faced with a stimulus that disturbs his it is labeled major depressive. Repeated or recurrent stress is known to as a stressor by the cerebral cortex. This information travels to quicken or worsen the mood disorders [14,15]. Anxiety disorders, according to diagnostic and statistical This stimulates the adrenal medulla to secrete the manual of mental disorders (DSM IV-TR) include disorders (epinephrinethe hypothalamus and ). which initiates theThe fight combined or flight effect response. of two (characterized by frequent panic attacks, somatic and autonomic produces an aroused bodily system i.e. high blood pressure, indications of ), generalized (prolonged sweating, palpitation, constriction of blood vessels etc. While in anxiety accompanied with overpowering, extreme

Cite this article: Khan S, Khan RA (2017) Chronic Stress Leads to Anxiety and Depression. Ann Psychiatry Ment Health 5(1): 1091. Khan et al. (2017) Email: Central

out that avoidant is suitable when the stressor is short term while approach coping is required when the stressor is irrational,about nominal uncontrollable and significant fear ofmatters an object alike), or phobic situation), disorders post- prolonged [55]. While Lazarus had to say that the strategy used traumatic(that includes stress , disorder (characterized social and by specific intrusive, unpleasant i.e. an must depend upon how controllable the stressor is. Avoidance is thoughts of the trauma once experienced manifested through better if the situation is uncontrollable [56]. troubled behavioral actions) and obsessive compulsive disorder (persistent, irrepressible thoughts, imagery or actions) [16]. CONCLUSION Studies have shown how early exposure to in life and Stress is often neglected in day to day life event when it sensitivity to stress make a person susceptible to the mentioned could play a very detrimental role in our . It disorder [17-25]. Early life stressor has the power to bring about should be curbed in the beginning in order to prevent its serious noticeable and durable changes in brain circuitry regulating consequences. , explanatory styles, , stress reactivity, mood and behavior [17]. Impairment in central may take place due to early stressful life events dealing effectively with stress. [26] and change in stress response system that can last through personality types and coping strategies can be significant when REFERENCES psychologically stressful experiences produces cortisol as 1. Baum A. Stress, intrusive imagery, and chronic distress. Health explainedadulthood above [27-29]. which The in HPA turn activation negatively due impacts to physically mood and behavior [30,31]. 2. Psychol.Cohen S, 1990; Kessler 9: 653-675. RC, Gordon LU. 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Cite this article Khan S, Khan RA (2017) Chronic Stress Leads to Anxiety and Depression. Ann Psychiatry Ment Health 5(1): 1091.

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