Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 53 Number 2 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 53, Article 1 Number 2 1974 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 53, Number 2 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1974) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 53, Number 2," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 53 : No. 2 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol53/iss2/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 53, Number 2 Published by STARS, 1974 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53 [1974], No. 2, Art. 1 COVER Campus of the Florida Agricultural College in Lake City. This land grant school, established in 1884, became part of the University of Florida in 1905 under the Buckman Act. Military courses were obligatory at the college and this illustration, taken from the 1890-1891 catalogue, shows students drilling. At the time of this picture, H. P. Baya, professor of mathematics and en- gineering, was acting commandant. Later, army officers were detailed to the campus. This campus is now the site of the Veterans Hospital in Lake City. The large three-story building with the flag flying from the cupola housed ad- ministrative offices and classrooms. The structures to the rear were dormi- tories, and the one in the foreground was the science laboratory and agri- cultural experiment station. The one-story long building was the Mechanic Art Hall. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol53/iss2/1 2 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 53, Number 2 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY Volume LIII, Number 2 October 1974 Published by STARS, 1974 3 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53 [1974], No. 2, Art. 1 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY SAMUEL PROCTOR, Editor STEPHEN KERBER, Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD LUIS R. ARANA Castillo de San Marcos, St. Augustine HERBERT J. DOHERTY, JR. University of Florida JOHN K. MAHON University of Florida WILLIAM W. ROGERS Florida State University JERRELL H. SHOFNER Florida Technological University CHARLTON W. TEBEAU University of Miami Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and interest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively in the text and assembled at the end. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a carbon for security. The Florida Historical Society and Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made by contributors. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol53/iss2/1 4 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 53, Number 2 Table of Contents WHEN A MINORITY BECOMES THE MAJORITY: BLACKS IN JACKSONVILLE POLITICS, 1887-1907 Edward N. Akin 123 GREENS, GRIST AND GUERNSEYS: DEVELOPMENT OF THE FLORIDA STATE AGRICULTURAL MARKETING SYSTEM Martin M. LaGodna 146 FOREIGNERS IN FLORIDA: A STUDY OF IMMIGRATION PROMOTION, 1865-1910 George E. Pozzetta 164 FLORIDA SEMINOLES: 1900-1920 James W. Covington 181 BOOK REVIEWS ........................................................................ 198 BOOK NOTES ........................................................................ 221 HISTORY NEWS ........................................................................ 226 SEVENTY-SECOND ANNUAL MEETING ....................................... 232 COPYRIGHT 1974 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. Second class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. Printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. iii Published by STARS, 1974 5 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53 [1974], No. 2, Art. 1 BOOK REVIEWS AUDUBON IN FLORIDA, WITH SELECTIONS FROM THE WRITINGS OF JOHN JAMES AUDUBON, by Kathryn Hall Proby reviewed by E. A. Hammond THE FLORIDA PHOSPHATE INDUSTRY: A HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT AND USE OF A VITAL MINERAL, by Arch Frederic Blakey reviewed by Wayne Flynt CROWDER TALES, by Nixon Smiley reviewed by Wyatt Blassingame PROCEEDINGS OF THE GULF COAST HISTORY AND HUMANITIES CONFERENCE, VOL- UME IV, GULF COAST POLITICS IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, edited by Ted Carageorge and Thomas J. Gilliam reviewed by William I. Hair CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE FLORIDA STATE MUSEUM, ANTHROPOLOGY AND HISTORY, NUMBER 18, EXCAVATIONS ON AMELIA ISLAND IN NORTHEAST FLORIDA, by E. Thomas Hemmings and Kathleen A. Deagan reviewed by Roger T. Grange, Jr. HELD CAPTIVE BY INDIANS, SELECTED NARRATIVES, 1642-1836, edited by Richard VanDerBeets reviewed by James H. O’Donnell III THE LOYALISTS IN REVOLUTIONARY AMERICA, 1760-1781, by Robert McCluer Calhoon reviewed by Kenneth Coleman SOUTHERN INDIANS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, by James H. O’Donnell III reviewed by Arthur H. DeRosier, Jr. INDEPENDENCE ON TRIAL: FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND THE MAKING OF THE CONSTITU- TION, by Frederick W. Marks III reviewed by Don Higginbotham THE NAVY DEPARTMENT IN THE WAR OF 1812, by Edward K. Eckert reviewed by William N. Still, Jr. THE JOURNAL OF GEORGE TOWNLEY FULLAM, BOARDING OFFICER OF THE CON- FEDERATE SEA RAIDER Alabama, edited by Charles G. Summersell reviewed by George E. Buker REUNION WITHOUT COMPROMISE, THE SOUTH AND RECONSTRUCTION: 1865-1868, by Michael Perman reviewed by Ben Procter THOMAS COUNTY, 1865-1900, by William Warren Rogers reviewed by Elizabeth Studley Nathans BLACK NEW ORLEANS, 1860-1880, by John W. Blassingame, and THE NEGRO IN SAVANNAH, 1865-1900, by Robert E. Perdue reviewed by David R. Colburn THE SPANISH-CUBAN-AMERICAN WAR AND THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM, VOLUME I: 1895-1898, AND THE SPANISH-CUBAN-AMERICAN WAR AND THE BIRTH OF AMERICAN IMPERIALISM, VOLUME II: 1898-1902, by Philip S. Foner reviewed by Willard B. Gatewood, Jr. THE MAN OF LETTERS IN NEW ENGLAND AND THE SOUTH: ESSAYS ON THE HIS- TORY OF THE LITERARY VOCATION IN AMERICA, by Lewis P. Simpson reviewed by Edgar W. Hirshberg https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol53/iss2/1 6 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 53, Number 2 WHEN A MINORITY BECOMES THE MAJORITY: BLACKS IN JACKSONVILLE POLITICS, 1887-1907 by EDWARD N. AKIN* ITH THE END OF Reconstruction in 1876, the national Re- W publican party abandoned the blacks of the South to state governments controlled by native southern whites. This tradi- tional textbook interpretation of the plight of blacks in the Bourbon South rested on two implicit assumptions: the black was dependent on national Republicanism for protection; and, with the end of this protective system, blacks ceased to be a viable independent political element.1 When blacks did vote dur- ing the Bourbon era, they were pictured as sheep being led by conservative whites. An example of this voting behavior in an urban setting is recounted in a recent study of Augusta, Georgia, during this period. The author graphically describes the “boozed and bought” Negroes doing the bidding of the white conservative “ring” on election day.2 The theory of docile blacks doing the bidding of their former masters has been under attack by scholars of the South for sev- eral decades. C. Vann Woodward contended that the political arena was one place in the Bourbon South where the black man was able to exercise some degree of independence. But even * Mr. Akin is a doctoral candidate in the department of history, Uni- versity of Florida, Gainesville. An earlier version of this paper was read at the regional Phi Alpha Theta convention, March 3, 1974, University of Florida. 1. The traditional view of post-Reconstruction politics in the South is presented by Oscar Handlin: “After 1876, the South was solidly Demo- cratic. Republican efforts to maintain a foothold . were half- hearted and ineffectual. The only effective dissent came from among the Democrats.” Oscar Handlin, The History of the United States, 2 vols. (New York, 1968), II, 72. See also Richard N. Current, T. Harry Williams, and Frank Freidel, American History: A Survey, 2nd ed. (New York, 1966), 470; Samuel Eliot Morison and Henry Steele Commager, Growth of the American Republic, 5th ed., 2 vols. (New York, 1962), II, 334-38. 2. Richard Henry Lee German, “The Queen City of the Savannah: Au- gusta, Georgia, During the Urban Progressive Era, 1890-1917” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Florida, 1971), 46-47. [123] Published by STARS, 1974 7 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53 [1974], No. 2, Art. 1 124 FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Woodward questioned the effect of black leadership in the amor- phous southern politics of this period: “Political leaders of his own [black] race furnished guidance of doubtful value to the Negro in his political quandry.” This statement is sandwiched between assertions dealing with national Republican leadership abandoning the Negro and the separation of black leaders, de- scribed as middle-class entrepreneurs and Presidential Repub- licans, and the masses.3 It is the contention of