403 a Abdel-Motaal, H., 108 Abdul-Baki, A.A., 80 Abiotic Stress

Index

A cover-crop termination and residue Abdel-Motaal, H., 108 management, 45 Abdul-Baki, A.A., 80 rotation, 43–44 Abiotic stress, beneficial microorganisms, 362 synchronization, 46–47 Acropetal transport, 396–397 tillage, 45–46 Adam, V., 1 pest management Aery, N.C., 105 diseases, 33–34 Agostini, F., 147 insects, 34 Agricultural crop yields nematodes, 34 cereals, 332–334 soil ecology, 32–33 maize, 334 weeds, 35–37 potatoes, 334 selection Agroecosystems adaptation, 41 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 221, 222 functionality and performance, soil microbiological diversity 42–43 definition, 219–220 screening considerations, 40–41 management practices affecting, vigor and reproduction, 42 221–229 services and benefits Alkaline soils, cyanobacterial reclamation, 245 physical functions, 30–31 Allen, M.B., 248 primary and secondary effects, 27, 28 Aller, M.F., 147 soil fertility, 31–32 Alum application and treatment, 209–211 Ammonia toxicity, 207–208 Aly, M.M., 383 Anabaena torulosa, 248 Amado, T.J.C., 28 Anthony, S., 165 Amberger, A., 107 Anuar, A.R., 362 Americas, sustainable agrosystems Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 221, 222 cover crop beneficial microorganisms, effect of, 358 ecological services, 39 colonization, 358–259 economic benefits, 37–38 Armstrong, S.D., 201 food and forage production, 37 Arnon, D.I., 248 historic perspective, 25–27 Avidin and plant biotechnology limitations and challenges electrochemical methods, 14–16 information and technology transfer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 47–48 (ELISA), 11 resource management, 48–49 fluorescence polarisation (FP), 14 socioeconomic constraints, 49–50 mortality and morbidity assay, 17 management polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biomass production and residue Southern blotting, 10 quality, 44 protect plants against pests

403 404 Index

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (cont.) Biodynamic agricultural systems, 227 pesticidal transgenes, combination Biophysical constraints, 63–64 with, 10 Biotin physiological functions and structures, pesticide, 4–7 3–4 physiological functions and structures, Blue-green algae. See Cyanobacterial biotin, 3–4 reclamation, salt-affected soil targeted vacuolar expression, 8–9 BOD. See Biochemical oxygen demand transgenic expression, 7–8 Boggia, A., 277 SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, 11–13 Brazil, cover-crop semiautomatic capillary electrophoresis, biophysical production environment, 82 13–14 constraints, characterization and diagnosis tissue printing, 15–16 of, 83 transgenic crops, 3 system analysis and exploration of Avidin physiological functions and structures, alternative systems, 83–85 4, 5 technology adoption, 85 Avidin protein, detecting and analysing tillage systems, Santa Catarina, 85–87 methods, 12 Brown, M.T., 287 Avila, L., 80 Bukovac, M.J., 396 Burgess, E.P.J., 1, 10 Burkholder, J.M., 208, 209 B Burns, I.G., 151, 152, 158, 169 Bacterial pathogens, control of, 361 Businelli, M., 318 Bailey, D.J., 138, Bajwa, R., 353, 358, 359, 362 Bangar, K.C., 107, 112 C Basset-Mens, C., 284 Calcium sprays, 382 Bastianoni, S., 277 Calegari, A., 44 Battilani, A., 164 Campesino-to-campesino approach, 73–74 Baziramakenga, R., 336 Cantaloupe, 336 Beklova, M., 1 Carbon sequestration, 28, 45 Beneficial microorganisms. See Carton, O.T., 154 Microorganisms, sustainable Castellini, C., 277, 288 agriculture Castro, C.M., 361 Benincasa, P., 147 Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 312, Bennett, R.M., 285 317–318 Bi, G., 374 Ca2+ uptake, cyanobacterial reclamation, 249 Bioavailability PR CEC. See Cation exchange capacity co-composting operations, 113 Chagas, P.R.R., 352, 353 composting conditions Chamel, A., 390 farmyard manure (FYM), 111 Cherr, C.M., 23, 29, 44, 59 organic acid production, 108–110 Chlorophyll meter, 162–163 compost presents P, 111–112 Christeller, J.T., 11 direct application of Chuang, C.C., 108 total phosphorus contents, 103 Clark, M.S., 315 triple super phosphate (TSP), 102 Compost phosphorus (P) utilization potential risk availability of, 103–104 heavy metals, 329–331 Ca and P, equation, 105 hygiene and plant diseases, 332 composting, 106–108 organic compounds, 31–332 dissolution rates, 103–104 weeds, 332 phosphorus solubilizing microbes usage (see Organic farming, compost (PSM), 106 usage) utilization evidence, 112 Conventional cropping management, 229–230 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 206 Conventional research approaches, 62–63 Index 405

Corales, R.G., 351 practices affecting soil microbiological Cornforth, G., 335 diversity Cover crops, 172–173 chemical inputs, 227–229 agrosystems, innovations and applications crop choice and rotation, 225–227 biophysical constraints, 63–64 flow chart, 222–223 Brazil, 72–87 soil properties, 222 computer-based exploration and tillage, 224 optimization approaches, 62 soil biological fertility, 218–219, 234–235 exploration of alternative systems, soil microbes, 218 68–71 Crop quality, compost use, 336–337 Florida, 77–84 Crop response, cyanobacterial reclamation information and technology constraints, residual effect of, 261 65–66 saline–alkaline and sodic soils, 259 Paraná and Santa Catarina, 89–90 yield of, 259–260 socioeconomic constraints, 64–65 Crop rotation system analysis, 66–67 design, 84 technology adoption, 76–77 field crops, 225 technology development and genetic engineering, 225–226 adaptation, 71–72 mycorrhiza population, 226 technology transfer, approaches for, soilborne diseases, 123–124 72–76 Crop yields, compost use Uruguay, 87–89 agricultural sustainable agrosystems, Americas cereals, 332–334 diseases, 33–34 maize, 334 ecological services, 39 potatoes, 334 economic benefits, 37–38 vegetable food and forage production, 37 cruciferous crops, 335–336 historic perspective, 25–27 Cucurbitaceae, 336 insects, 34 legumes, 336 management, 43–46 onions, 336 nematodes, 34 solanaceous crops, 335 physical functions, 30–31 Cruciferous crops, 335–336 resource management, 48–49 Cucurbitaceae, 336 selection, 40–43 Cultivar nitrogen efficiency, 173 socioeconomic constraints, 49–50 Cuticles, 386 soil ecology, 32–33 Cyanobacterial reclamation, salt-affected soil soil fertility, 31–32 application of soil organic matter (SOM), 27–30 electrical conductivity, 256–257 synchronization, 46–47 exchangeable sodium (ES), 257 transfer, information and technology, pH, 256 47–48 sodic soils, 256 weeds, 35–37 sodium absorption ratio and, 257 Creamer, N.G., 40 Ca2+ uptake, 249 Crimson clover, 35–36, 41 crop response in Cropping systems management residual effect of, 261 agroecosystems saline–alkaline and sodic soils, 259 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 221 yield of, 259–260 soil microbiological diversity, distribution of 219–220 classification, 246 interactions and relative importance, heterocystous halotolerant, 246–247 232–234 non-heterocystous halotolerant, and microbial communities, 230–231 246–247 organic and conventional, 229–230 halotolerant nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, organic food products, 218 263 406 Index

Cyanobacterial reclamation, salt-affected soil Eidothea zoexylocarya, 389 (cont.) Electrochemical methods, 14–16 mechanisms of Emergy evaluation, intensive poultry-rearing combined nitrogen, 255 system compatible solutes and lipids in, in agriculture, 287–288 254–255 algebra for, 287 Na+ in, 252–254 emergy flow density (ED), 287 phenomena for, 250 emergy investment ratio (EIR), 287 stress-responsive proteins, 251 environmental loading ratio (ELR), 287 Na+ uptake, 248–249 indicators for, 297 saline and alkaline soils, 245 raw inputs and, 295–296 salt stress, 245 transformity, 286 soil properties, improvement of Environmental Protection Agency, 206 nutrient content, 258–259 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay structure, 257–258 (ELISA), 11 technology for, 262 Erhart, E., 311 thematic areas for, 246 Eriksson, I.S., 284 D Erwee, M.G., 395 Dairy wastewater treatment, 362–363 European Union (EU), research and Daiss, N., 351 technology transfer Daly, M.J., 351 France, 182–184 Decision support system (DSS), 165–166 Italy, 175–177 Devarajan, L., 107 Netherlands, 184–186 Dhar, D.W., 243 Spain, 177–182 Diez, T., 316 Eutrophication, 374 Disease-suppressive mechanisms vs. cropping Evans, R., 399, 400 systems, 143–144 Evanylo, G., 327 Dissolution rates, 103–105 Exchangeable sodium (ES), 257 Di Stefano, C., 277 Dogliotti, S., 23, 59, 89 Dominguez, E., 387 F Douthwaite, B., 72 Farm analysis, consecutive steps, 62 Drinkwater, L., 320 FARMSCAPE approach, 69 Drip-irrigation technology, 399 Farmyard manure (FYM), 111 DSS. See Decision support system Farneselli, M., 147 Faust, M., 375 Fernández, V., 374 E Fertigation, 399 Eason, W.R., 231 Fertigation techniques, 169–171 Ebrahim, M.K.H., 383 Fertiliser management, vegetable crops Ecological footprint analysis, intensive agronomic options poultry-rearing system cover crops, 172–173 bio-capacity and, 285 cultivar nitrogen efficiency, 173 consumption categories, 294 fertigation techniques, 169–171 conventional impact assessment, 291 intercropping, 171 definition, 285, 290 localised fertilisation, 168–169 energy and material data, relative mulching, 172 conversion factor, 291, 292 nitrification inhibitors, 171 land categories, 293 slow-release fertilisers, 171 Ectoteichodes, 388–389 water management, 167 Edwards, A.C., 99 high-tech irrigation–fertilization systems, Effective microorganisms (EM). See Micro­ 150 organisms, sustainable agriculture N balance Eichert, T., 374 budgeting approach, 157 Index 407

irrigation and rainfall, 155 Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ optimum N-fertiliser rate, 151–152 oxygenase, 372 recovery, 155–157 uptake of nutrients, influence of growth soil N supply, 153–155 substances, 375–376 total crop N demand, 152 Foliar nutrients supply Fließbach, A., 227 nitrogen Florida, cover-crop absorption and utilization, 378 biophysical production environment, 77 management, 377 constraints, characterization and diagnosis sprays, 378–379 of, 77–78 N, P, K, Ca system analysis and exploration of calcium sprays, 382 alternative systems, 78–81 critical growth period, 380 technology adoption, 81–82 effects of Agroleaf, 381 Fluorescence polarisation (FP), 14 muskmelon, 382 Foliar absorption, inorganic nutrients sprays of, 380 cuticle, 386 N, P, K with micronutrients, 382–383 cuticular permeability response to micronutrients astomatous cuticular membranes, 390 fritted trace elements, 384 ion diffusion, 391 iron, 383 transport barriers, 392 titanium sprays, 384–385 water sorption, 390 Zn application, 383 pores and ectoteichodes, 388–389 varietal differences, 385–386 trichomes Foliar sprays, 380 cuticular membrane, 387 Foliar uptake, 375–376 features of, 388 Franceschi, V.R., 394 Foliar applied beneficial microorganisms, Frohne, R., 318 355–356 Fungal pathogens, control of, 360–361 Foliar fertilization FYM. See Farmyard manure application of micronutrients, 375 controlled-release fertilizers, 373 cuticles, 371 G foliar-applied nutrients, 371 Gagnon, B., 319, 328 foliar feeding, 374 Gallandt, E., 46 foliar nutrition Gatehouse, L.N., 13 and law of maximum, 397–398 General stress proteins (GSPs), 251 through sprinkler irrigation, 399–400 Genetics, 225–226 inorganic nutrients absorption mechanism Gerbens-Leenes, W., 293 in cuticle, 386 Giaquinta, R.T., 394 cuticular permeability, 390–393 Gilbert, G.S., 141 pores and ectoteichodes, 388–389 Giusquiani, P., 327 trichomes, 386–388 Goenadi, D.H., 112 nutrient pathways, foliar uptake Goodlass, G., 159 transport, and out of leaf, 393–395 GreenCover, 69, 71 transport, other plant parts, 396–397 Green manure, vegetable crops, 79–81 nutrients absorption ability, leaf, 374–375 Greenwood, D.J., 155, 164 over-fertilization, 373 Growth substances, influence of, 375–376 responses studies Gu, Y.-H., 140 to micronutrients, 383–385 Guerette, V., 153 nitrogen, 376–380 to N, P, K, Ca, 380–382 to N, P, K with micronutrients, H 382–383 Haas, G., 284 varietal differences, 385–386 Haggard, B.E., 210 Halberg, N., 284 408 Index

Halotolerant nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, 263 ecological footprint analysis Hammond, G.P., 302 bio-capacity and, 285 Hammond, J.P., 104 consumption categories, 294 Hartl, W., 311 conventional impact assessment, 291 Hartz, T.K., 162 definition, 285, 290 Heavy metals, 329–331 energy and material data, relative Hebbar, S.S., 169 conversion factor, 291, 292 Herendeen, R.A., 287 land categories, 293 Heterocystous halotolerant cyanobacteria, emergy evaluation 246–247 in agriculture, 287–288 Hiddink, G.A., 119, 141, 144 algebra for, 287 Higa, T., 352, 354, 357 emergy flow density (ED), 287 Hinsinger, P., 105 emergy investment ratio (EIR), 287 Holloway, P.J., 386 environmental loading ratio (ELR), 287 Hood, E.E., 7, 10, 11, 13, 15 indicators for, 297 Hoorman, J.J., 205, 207 raw inputs and, 295–296 Hudson, B.D., 28, 327 transformity, 286 Hue, N.V., 108 life cycle assessment (LCA), 281–290 Humus composition, 317 representativeness Hussain, T., 351, 355 indicators denomination and measure units, 298, 299 resources exploitation and availability I in, 300, 301 Imai, S., 354 reproducibility, 303 Induced systemic resistance (ISR), 142–143 verifiability, 302–303 Information and technology constraints, 65–66 Intercropping, 171–172 Innovation framework, cover crops ISR. See Induced systemic resistance alternative systems, 67–71 Ivanova, R.P., 106 Brazil, 82–87 constraints, characterization and diagnosis of J biophysical constraints, 63–64 Janssen, B.H., 89 information and technology, 65–66 Javaid, A., 347, 353, 356–359 socioeconomic constraints, 64–65 Jilani, S., 358 farm analysis, 62 Jin, C.W., 398 Florida, 77–82 Joern, B., 201 Paraná and Santa Catarina, 89–90 Johnsen, K., 228 system analysis, 66–67 Johnston, H.W., 107 system, design/selection Jonglaekha, N., 361 approaches for technology transfer, Jönsson, H., 107 72–76 Joo, Y.H., 352 technology adoption, sustainability of, 76 technology development and adaptation, 71–72 K Uruguay, 87–89 Kannan, S., 371 Inorganic fertilizers, 227–228 Karim, M.A., 361 Insecticidal mechanism, avidin, 9 Karlen, D.L., 64 Insecticidal properties, avidin, 4–6 Kerstiens, G., 391, 392 Insect pests control, 361–362 Khaliq, A., 352 Intensive poultry-rearing system, Khan, M.S., 106 environmental sustainability Kinjo, T., 354 characteristics of, 278, 280 Kizek, R., 1 comprehensibility, 303–305 Klasink, A., 334 diet composition for, 280 Kluge, R., 330 Index 409

Knox, O.G.G., 99 subsurface tile drainage, 204–205 Kono, Y., 396 impact of Körschens, M., 325 algal blooms and eutrophic Kpomblekou,-A.K., 103, 105, 106 conditions, 208 Kramer, K.J., 1, 5, 7, 11 ammonia toxicity, 207–208 Kratz, W.A., 248 water contamination, 207 Krauss, M., 316 remediation methods, 208–209 Kremen, A., 49, 65 sediment amendments Kremer, R.J., 361 alum application, 210 Krizkova, S., 15 fluvarium techniques, 211 K+ uptake, cyanobacterial reclamation, Maramble, B., 360 253–254 Markwick, N.P., 17 Martin, H., 1 Masarik, M., 1 L Maskell, P., 99 Lactic acid bacteria, 349 MAYF. See Multiple action yield fraction plots Lactobacillus casei, 349 Maynard, A., 335 Lactobacillus plantarum, 349 Mazzola, M., 140 Leaching, nitrogen, 320–321 MESMIS, 67 Lee, K.H., 355 Methemoglobinemia, 203 Lee, K.N., 352 Meynard, J.M., 166 Legumes, 336 Microbial antagonism, 124, 127 Leoni, C., 23, 59 Microbial antagonists, 140–142 Life cycle assessment (LCA), intensive Microbial communities, 230–232 poultry-rearing system Microclimate, soilborne diseases, 142 characterisation factors, 283–284 Micronutrients, 323–325 Eco-Indicator 99, 288, 290 foliar applied, 375 emissions of, 283, 289 foliar uptake of, 375–376 goal and scope definition, 281–283 Microorganisms, sustainable agriculture interpretation, 284–285 abiotic stresses, role under, 362 inventory, 283 application, 348 methodological framework for, 282 biofertilizer, 348 normalisation, 284 dairy wastewater treatment, 362–363 phases of, 289 effect on symbiotic microorganisms structure of, 281 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Li, J., 170 357–359

Linaje, A., 171 N2−fixing rhizobia, 356–357 Lis, H., 13 foliar application of, 355–356 Li, W.J., 363 functions of Lord, E.I., 165 lactic acid bacteria, 349 Luka-McCafferty, N.J., 210 photosynthetic bacteria, 349 Lundquist, E.J., 231 yeasts, 349–350 Lu, Y., 38, 66 pest management Lynch, D., 328 bacterial pathogens control, 361 fungal pathogens control, 360–361 insect pests control, 361–362 M weed management, 359–360 Mäder, P., 227 soil application Mantovani, P., 171 negative effects, plant growth, 353–354 Manure spill remediation methods, 208–209 positive effects, plant growth, 350–353 Manure spills soil properties, effect on, 354–355 causes of Miller, R.B., 107 chemical analysis, 204 Mineral nitrogen, determination method, 160 contributing factors, 205–206 Mishra, M.M., 112 410 Index

Mixed cropping, soilborne diseases crop nutritional status, 161–163 design of management, agronomic options crop rotation, 121, 123–124 cover crops, 172–173 multistorey mix crop, 129–130 cultivar nitrogen efficiency, 173 single crop successive cultivation, 122 fertigation techniques, 169–171 strip mix crop, 127–128 intercropping, 171 theoretical disease-reducing localised fertilisation, 168–169 mechanisms, 124–126 mulching, 172 triticale–clover, 127, 129 nitrification inhibitors, 171 various types, 124, 127 slow-release fertilisers, 171 disease reduction water management, 167 allelopathy, 139–140 soil mineral N content, 158–161

effect of, 130–137 N2−fixing rhizobia, 356–357 host dilution, 138–139 Niccolucci, V., 277 ISR and SAR, 142–143 Nitrate leaching, vegetable crops microbial antagonists, 140–142 assessment, 174 microclimate, 142 fertiliser management, N balance, 151–157 nutrients and disease development, 143 N losses, 149–150 vs. disease-suppressive mechanisms, nutrient modelling and system analysis 143–144 decision process, different phases, 166 practical feasibility of, 144–145 decision support systems (DSS), 165 Mokry, M., 330 mechanistic simulation models, 164 Mortality and morbidity assay, 17 precision farming methodology, 167 Mridha, M.A.U., 359 WELL_N, 164 Mulching, 172 Nitrification inhibitors, 171 Müller, B., 205 Nitrogen, 203, 207 Multiple action yield fraction plots leaching, 320–321 (MAYF), 398 mineralization, 318–320 Murray, C., 7, 13, 16 Ni, Y., 363 Mycorrhizal colonization, 231–232 Nonhebel, S., 293 Myers, J., 248 Non-heterocystous halotolerant cyanobacteria, 246–247 Novelli, E., 277 N N recovery, 155–157 Na+, cyanobacterial reclamation Nutrient pathways, foliar uptake efflux, 252–253 to other plant parts, 396–397 K+ uptake in, 253–254 in and out of leaf polysaccharides, 252 cell-to-cell communication, 394–395 uptake, 248–249 movement of Lucifer Yellow, 395 Narf, R.P., 211 Nasiruddin, M., 361 N balance O irrigation and rainfall, N supply, 155 Oades, J.M., 325 nutrient management policy, 156 Odum, H.T., 287 recovery, 155–156 Oehmichen, J., 330, 333 soil, N supply, 153–155 Ogdahl, M., 211 total crop N demand, 152–153 Okano, K., 396 total N demand of, 151 Oland, K., 376 NDICEA model, 68 Orchard systems, weed suppression, 78–79 Neeteson, J.J., 154 Organic cropping management, 229–230 Nelson, K.A., 381 Organic farming, compost usage Nelson, A.G., 217 beneficial effects Nematodes, pest management, 34 micronutrients, 323–325 N fertilisation, methodologies and strategies nitrogen, 318–321 Index 411

phosphorus, 321–322 total phosphorus contents, 103 plant-disease suppression, 328–329 triple super phosphate (TSP), 102 potassium, 322–323 phosphorus (P) utilization soil organic matter, 313–318 availability of, 103–104 soil pH, 318 Ca and P, equation, 105 soil structure, 325–328 composting, 106–108 biowaste compost, 312 dissolution rates, 103–104 crop quality, 336–337 phosphorus solubilizing microbes crop yields (PSM), 106 agricultural crops, 332–334 utilization evidence, 112 vegetable crops, 334–336 Phosphorus, 203, 208–209, 228, 321–322 organic pollutants, 338 Phosphorus solubilizing microbes potential risks (PSM), 106 heavy metals, 329–331 Photosynthetic bacteria, 349 hygiene, plant diseases, weeds, 332 Pizzigallo, A., 277 organic compounds, 331–332 Plant-disease suppression, 328–239, 328–329 principles, 311, 313 Plant growth, beneficial microorganisms soil cation exchange capacity, 312 negative effects, 353–354 soil organic matter (SOM), 311–312, 337 positive effects types, 313 cereal crops, 351 Organic farming, phosphate rock. See fruit crops, 352 Phosphate rock (PR) other crops, 352–353 Organic pollutants, 331–332, 338 vegetable crops, 351–352 Osterburg, D., 205 soil properties, 354–355 Owens, P.R., 201 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blotting, 10 Pores, 388–389 P Potassium, 322–323 Pairintra, C., 362 Poultry-rearing system. See Intensive Pakdee, P., 362 poultry-rearing system, Pang, J., 379 environmental sustainability Paolotti, L., 277 PR. See Phosphate rock Paraná and Santa Catarina, 89–90 Priyadi, K., 353 Park, E.K., 354 Problem trees, 74–75 Parkinson, R., 334 Promising technology, 71 Paschoal, A.D., 352, 354 PSM. See Phosphorus solubilizing microbes Paschold, J., 172 Pelletier, N., 285 Pesticides, 228–229 R Pest management Ramos, C., 179 bacterial pathogens control, 361 Rashid, A., 353 diseases, 33–34 Rashid, M.T., 363 fungal pathogens control, 360–361 Reddy, D.D., 112 insect pests control, 361–362 Rees, R.M., 99 insects and nematodes, 34 Reyes, I., 106, 108 soil ecology, 32–33 Rhodobacter sphaeroides, 349 weeds, 35–37, 359–360 Rhodopseudomonas palustris, 349 Phosphate rock (PR) Ringoet, A., 376 co-composting operations, 113 Roe, N., 335 composting conditions Rooting depth, vegetable crops, 159 farmyard manure (FYM), 111 Ross Breeders-Broiler management manual, organic acid production, 108–110 280 compost presents P, 111–112 Rossing, W.A.H., 23, 59 direct application of ROTAT system, 68 412 Index

S practical feasibility of, 144–145 Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 349 strip mix crop, 127–128 Saline soils, cyanobacterial reclamation, theoretical disease-reducing mechanisms, 245, 263 124–126 Salt-affected soil. See Cyanobacterial triticale–clover, 127, 129 reclamation, salt-affected soil various types, 124, 127 Samuels, L., 392 Soil degradation and cover crop, field Sanchez, J., 320 demonstration, 30–31 Sangakkara, U.R., 354, 357, 360 Soil erosion, 69, 70 Santa Catarina, tillage systems, 85–87 Soil microbiological diversity SAR. See Systemic acquired resistance in agroecosystems, 219–220 Sarrantonio, M., 46 management practices affecting Satisha, G.C., 107 chemical inputs, 227–229 Scagel, C., 374 critical controlling factors, 221–222 Schenk, M.K., 173 crop choice and rotation, 225–227 Scholberg, J.M.S., 23, 59 flow chart, 222–223 Schönherr, J., 391 soil properties, 222 Schreiber, L., 392 tillage, 224 SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, 11–13 Soil N supply Seiling, G.H., 107 crop residues, 153–154 Semiautomatic capillary electrophoresis, cultivations and fertilisation history, 154 13–14 denitrification losses, 154 Sherony, C., 327 mineral soil, 153 Silgram, M., 147 soil organic matter mineralisation, 153 Simard, R., 319, 336 Soil organic matter (SOM), 27–30, 69, 70 Sims, J.T., 210 biochemical decomposition, 314 Singandhupe, R.B., 169 cation exchange capacity, 317–318 Singh, C.P., 107 humus composition, 317 Singh, N.K., 243 humus content Siswanto, S.Y., 112 biowaste-compost fertilization, Smeltzer, E., 211 315–316 Smit, A.B., 167 DOK-experiment, 316–317 Smith, D.R., 201, 210 soil organic carbon content, 316 Socioeconomic constraints, 64–65 microbiology and fauna, 317 Soil aggregate, 325–326 role, 313–314 Soil biological fertility management, 218–219, sustainable agricultural production, 315 234–235 Soil pH, 318 Soilborne diseases, mixed cropping and Soil porosity, 326–327 suppression Soil structure design of aggregate stability, 325–326 crop rotation, 121, 123–124 attributes, 325 successive cultivation of, 122 porosity, 326–327 disease reduction soil water availability, 327–328 allelopathy, 139–140 soil water infiltration, 328 effect of, 130–137 Soil water availability and infiltration, host dilution, 138–139 327–328 ISR and SAR, 142–143 Solanaceous crops, 335 microbial antagonists, 140–142 SOM. See Soil organic matter microclimate, 142 Southern, E.M., 10 nutrients and disease development, 143 Spaner, D., 217 disease-suppressive mechanisms vs. Spiro, R.G., 13 different cropping systems, Sprinkler irrigation, 399–400 143–144 Stahr, K., 328 multistorey mix crop, 129–130 Stamford, N.P., 104 Index 413

Stancheva, I., 381 semiautomatic capillary electrophoresis, Steffens, G., 334 13–14 Steinman, A.D., 211 tissue printing, 15–16 Stewart, D.P.C., 351 Tremblay, N., 153, 162 Stilwell, D., 324 Trichomes Stockdale, E.A., 99 cuticular membrane, 387 Stone, A., 329 features of, 388 Streptococcus lactis, 349 Triple super phosphate (TSP), 102 Streptomyces spp., 350 Stress proteins, 251 Strumpf, T., 330 U Struthers, P.H., 107 Ulgiati, S., 294 Subsurface tile drainage, 204–205 Uruguay (Canelones), cover-crop Sugawara, K., 15 biophysical environment, 87 Sundberg, C., 107 constraints, characterization and diagnosis Surface water contamination, 204–205 of, 87–88 Sustainable crop production. See Foliar system analysis and exploration of fertilization alternative systems, 88–89 Sweeney, D., 172 Swietlik, D., 375 Symbiotic microorganisms. See also V Microorganisms, sustainable van Bruggen, A.H.C., 119 agriculture van der Werf, H.M.G., 284 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 357–359 Van Straaten, P., 103

N2−fixing rhizobia, 356–357 Vegetable crops Synechocystis sp., 253–254 agronomic options, N-fertilizer Systemic acquired resistance (SAR), management 142–143 cover crops, 172–173 cultivar nitrogen efficiency, 173 fertigation techniques, 169–171 T intercropping, 171–172 Tabatabai, M.A., 103, 105, 106 localised fertilisation, 168–169 Tatsumi, J., 396 mulching, 172 Technical innovations, limited adoption, nitrification inhibitors, 171 72–73 slow-release fertilisers, 171 Tei, F., 147 European union, research and technology Termorshuizen, A.J., 119 transfer Thompson, R.B., 182 France, 182–184 Tillage, 224 Italy, 175–177 Timmermann, F., 315, 332 Netherlands, 184–186 Tisdall, J.M., 325 Spain, 177–182 Tissue printing methods, 15–16 fertiliser management, N balance Tokeshi, H., 352, 361 irrigation and rainfall, N supply, 155 Transformation and detection methods, avidin N recovery, 155–156 gene, 6–7 nutrient management policy, 156 Transgenic plants, avidin determine methods soil, N supply, 153–155 electrochemical methods, 14–16 total crop N demand, 152–153 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay total N demand of, 151 (ELISA), 11 fertiliser N applied vs. nitrate-leaching fluorescence polarisation (FP), 14 losses, 149–150 mortality and morbidity assay, 17 N fertilisation, methodologies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and strategies Southern blotting, 10 crop nutritional status, 161–163 SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, 11–13 soil mineral N content, 158–160 414 Index

Vegetable crops (cont.) Weed management, 359–360 N-leaching assessment, 174 Weil, R., 49, 65 nutrient modelling and system analysis, Wen, M., 387 163–167 West, J., 363 yields White, P.J., 104 cruciferous, 335–336 Wibisono, A., 352 cucurbitaceae, 336 Williams, C., 201 legumes and onions, 336 Wireless watering, 399–400 solanaceous, 335 Wittwer, S.H., 396 Vigor and reproduction, 42 Wojcik, P., 379 Vogtmann, H., 334, 337 Womack, B.J., 249 Volterrani, M., 334 Wood, M.T., 362

W X Walker, R.L., 99 Xiaohou, S., 355 Wallace, A., 398 Xu, H.L., 351, 352 Wallace, G., 398 Wallinga, D., 205 Wastewater treatment, dairy, 362–363 Y Water quality, manure spills Yang, H.S., 89 alternative sediment amendments, Yeasts, 349–350 209–211 Yousaf, M., 353 causes of, 203–206 Yousaf, Z., 355 confined animal farms assessment, Yoza, K., 5, 7 202–203 current remediation methods, 208–209 impact of, 206–208 Z lagoon breaches, 212 Zauner, G., 328 livestock production, 201, 202 Zayed, G., 108 methemoglobinemia, 203 Zewde, T., 140, nitrogen and phosphorus losses, 201–202 Zhao, Q., 354 Watson, C.A., 99 Zilkah, S., 396 Wattendorff, J., 386 Zotarelli, L., 23, 59