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403 a Abdel-Motaal, H., 108 Abdul-Baki, A.A., 80 Abiotic Stress Index A cover-crop termination and residue Abdel-Motaal, H., 108 management, 45 Abdul-Baki, A.A., 80 rotation, 43–44 Abiotic stress, beneficial microorganisms, 362 synchronization, 46–47 Acropetal transport, 396–397 tillage, 45–46 Adam, V., 1 pest management Aery, N.C., 105 diseases, 33–34 Agostini, F., 147 insects, 34 Agricultural crop yields nematodes, 34 cereals, 332–334 soil ecology, 32–33 maize, 334 weeds, 35–37 potatoes, 334 selection Agroecosystems adaptation, 41 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 221, 222 functionality and performance, soil microbiological diversity 42–43 definition, 219–220 screening considerations, 40–41 management practices affecting, vigor and reproduction, 42 221–229 services and benefits Alkaline soils, cyanobacterial reclamation, 245 physical functions, 30–31 Allen, M.B., 248 primary and secondary effects, 27, 28 Aller, M.F., 147 soil fertility, 31–32 Alum application and treatment, 209–211 Ammonia toxicity, 207–208 Aly, M.M., 383 Anabaena torulosa, 248 Amado, T.J.C., 28 Anthony, S., 165 Amberger, A., 107 Anuar, A.R., 362 Americas, sustainable agrosystems Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 221, 222 cover crop beneficial microorganisms, effect of, 358 ecological services, 39 colonization, 358–259 economic benefits, 37–38 Armstrong, S.D., 201 food and forage production, 37 Arnon, D.I., 248 historic perspective, 25–27 Avidin and plant biotechnology limitations and challenges electrochemical methods, 14–16 information and technology transfer, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay 47–48 (ELISA), 11 resource management, 48–49 fluorescence polarisation (FP), 14 socioeconomic constraints, 49–50 mortality and morbidity assay, 17 management polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and biomass production and residue Southern blotting, 10 quality, 44 protect plants against pests 403 404 Index Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (cont.) Biodynamic agricultural systems, 227 pesticidal transgenes, combination Biophysical constraints, 63–64 with, 10 Biotin physiological functions and structures, pesticide, 4–7 3–4 physiological functions and structures, Blue-green algae. See Cyanobacterial biotin, 3–4 reclamation, salt-affected soil targeted vacuolar expression, 8–9 BOD. See Biochemical oxygen demand transgenic expression, 7–8 Boggia, A., 277 SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, 11–13 Brazil, cover-crop semiautomatic capillary electrophoresis, biophysical production environment, 82 13–14 constraints, characterization and diagnosis tissue printing, 15–16 of, 83 transgenic crops, 3 system analysis and exploration of Avidin physiological functions and structures, alternative systems, 83–85 4, 5 technology adoption, 85 Avidin protein, detecting and analysing tillage systems, Santa Catarina, 85–87 methods, 12 Brown, M.T., 287 Avila, L., 80 Bukovac, M.J., 396 Burgess, E.P.J., 1, 10 Burkholder, J.M., 208, 209 B Burns, I.G., 151, 152, 158, 169 Bacterial pathogens, control of, 361 Businelli, M., 318 Bailey, D.J., 138, Bajwa, R., 353, 358, 359, 362 Bangar, K.C., 107, 112 C Basset-Mens, C., 284 Calcium sprays, 382 Bastianoni, S., 277 Calegari, A., 44 Battilani, A., 164 Campesino-to-campesino approach, 73–74 Baziramakenga, R., 336 Cantaloupe, 336 Beklova, M., 1 Carbon sequestration, 28, 45 Beneficial microorganisms. See Carton, O.T., 154 Microorganisms, sustainable Castellini, C., 277, 288 agriculture Castro, C.M., 361 Benincasa, P., 147 Cation exchange capacity (CEC), 312, Bennett, R.M., 285 317–318 Bi, G., 374 Ca2+ uptake, cyanobacterial reclamation, 249 Bioavailability PR CEC. See Cation exchange capacity co-composting operations, 113 Chagas, P.R.R., 352, 353 composting conditions Chamel, A., 390 farmyard manure (FYM), 111 Cherr, C.M., 23, 29, 44, 59 organic acid production, 108–110 Chlorophyll meter, 162–163 compost presents P, 111–112 Christeller, J.T., 11 direct application of Chuang, C.C., 108 total phosphorus contents, 103 Clark, M.S., 315 triple super phosphate (TSP), 102 Compost phosphorus (P) utilization potential risk availability of, 103–104 heavy metals, 329–331 Ca and P, equation, 105 hygiene and plant diseases, 332 composting, 106–108 organic compounds, 31–332 dissolution rates, 103–104 weeds, 332 phosphorus solubilizing microbes usage (see Organic farming, compost (PSM), 106 usage) utilization evidence, 112 Conventional cropping management, 229–230 Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), 206 Conventional research approaches, 62–63 Index 405 Corales, R.G., 351 practices affecting soil microbiological Cornforth, G., 335 diversity Cover crops, 172–173 chemical inputs, 227–229 agrosystems, innovations and applications crop choice and rotation, 225–227 biophysical constraints, 63–64 flow chart, 222–223 Brazil, 72–87 soil properties, 222 computer-based exploration and tillage, 224 optimization approaches, 62 soil biological fertility, 218–219, 234–235 exploration of alternative systems, soil microbes, 218 68–71 Crop quality, compost use, 336–337 Florida, 77–84 Crop response, cyanobacterial reclamation information and technology constraints, residual effect of, 261 65–66 saline–alkaline and sodic soils, 259 Paraná and Santa Catarina, 89–90 yield of, 259–260 socioeconomic constraints, 64–65 Crop rotation system analysis, 66–67 design, 84 technology adoption, 76–77 field crops, 225 technology development and genetic engineering, 225–226 adaptation, 71–72 mycorrhiza population, 226 technology transfer, approaches for, soilborne diseases, 123–124 72–76 Crop yields, compost use Uruguay, 87–89 agricultural sustainable agrosystems, Americas cereals, 332–334 diseases, 33–34 maize, 334 ecological services, 39 potatoes, 334 economic benefits, 37–38 vegetable food and forage production, 37 cruciferous crops, 335–336 historic perspective, 25–27 Cucurbitaceae, 336 insects, 34 legumes, 336 management, 43–46 onions, 336 nematodes, 34 solanaceous crops, 335 physical functions, 30–31 Cruciferous crops, 335–336 resource management, 48–49 Cucurbitaceae, 336 selection, 40–43 Cultivar nitrogen efficiency, 173 socioeconomic constraints, 49–50 Cuticles, 386 soil ecology, 32–33 Cyanobacterial reclamation, salt-affected soil soil fertility, 31–32 application of soil organic matter (SOM), 27–30 electrical conductivity, 256–257 synchronization, 46–47 exchangeable sodium (ES), 257 transfer, information and technology, pH, 256 47–48 sodic soils, 256 weeds, 35–37 sodium absorption ratio and, 257 Creamer, N.G., 40 Ca2+ uptake, 249 Crimson clover, 35–36, 41 crop response in Cropping systems management residual effect of, 261 agroecosystems saline–alkaline and sodic soils, 259 arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, 221 yield of, 259–260 soil microbiological diversity, distribution of 219–220 classification, 246 interactions and relative importance, heterocystous halotolerant, 246–247 232–234 non-heterocystous halotolerant, and microbial communities, 230–231 246–247 organic and conventional, 229–230 halotolerant nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria, organic food products, 218 263 406 Index Cyanobacterial reclamation, salt-affected soil Eidothea zoexylocarya, 389 (cont.) Electrochemical methods, 14–16 mechanisms of Emergy evaluation, intensive poultry-rearing combined nitrogen, 255 system compatible solutes and lipids in, in agriculture, 287–288 254–255 algebra for, 287 Na+ in, 252–254 emergy flow density (ED), 287 phenomena for, 250 emergy investment ratio (EIR), 287 stress-responsive proteins, 251 environmental loading ratio (ELR), 287 Na+ uptake, 248–249 indicators for, 297 saline and alkaline soils, 245 raw inputs and, 295–296 salt stress, 245 transformity, 286 soil properties, improvement of Environmental Protection Agency, 206 nutrient content, 258–259 Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay structure, 257–258 (ELISA), 11 technology for, 262 Erhart, E., 311 thematic areas for, 246 Eriksson, I.S., 284 D Erwee, M.G., 395 Dairy wastewater treatment, 362–363 European Union (EU), research and Daiss, N., 351 technology transfer Daly, M.J., 351 France, 182–184 Decision support system (DSS), 165–166 Italy, 175–177 Devarajan, L., 107 Netherlands, 184–186 Dhar, D.W., 243 Spain, 177–182 Diez, T., 316 Eutrophication, 374 Disease-suppressive mechanisms vs. cropping Evans, R., 399, 400 systems, 143–144 Evanylo, G., 327 Dissolution rates, 103–105 Exchangeable sodium (ES), 257 Di Stefano, C., 277 Dogliotti, S., 23, 59, 89 Dominguez, E., 387 F Douthwaite, B., 72 Farm analysis, consecutive steps, 62 Drinkwater, L., 320 FARMSCAPE approach, 69 Drip-irrigation technology, 399 Farmyard manure (FYM), 111 DSS. See Decision support system Farneselli, M., 147 Faust, M., 375 Fernández, V., 374 E Fertigation, 399 Eason, W.R., 231 Fertigation techniques, 169–171 Ebrahim, M.K.H., 383 Fertiliser management, vegetable crops Ecological footprint analysis, intensive agronomic options poultry-rearing system cover crops, 172–173 bio-capacity and, 285 cultivar nitrogen efficiency, 173 consumption categories, 294 fertigation techniques, 169–171 conventional impact assessment, 291 intercropping, 171 definition, 285, 290 localised fertilisation, 168–169 energy and material data, relative mulching, 172 conversion factor, 291, 292 nitrification inhibitors, 171 land categories, 293 slow-release fertilisers, 171 Ectoteichodes, 388–389 water management, 167 Edwards, A.C., 99 high-tech irrigation–fertilization systems, Effective microorganisms (EM). See Micro- 150 organisms, sustainable agriculture N balance Eichert, T., 374 budgeting approach, 157 Index 407 irrigation and rainfall, 155 Ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/ optimum N-fertiliser rate, 151–152 oxygenase, 372 recovery, 155–157 uptake of nutrients, influence of growth soil N supply,
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