Historical Review: ATP As a Neurotransmitter
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Ultrastructural Study of the Granule Cell Domain of the Cochlear Nucleus in Rats: Mossy Fiber Endings and Their Targets
THE JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE NEUROLOGY 369~345-360 ( 1996) Ultrastructural Study of the Granule Cell Domain of the Cochlear Nucleus in Rats: Mossy Fiber Endings and Their Targets DIANA L. WEEDMAN, TAN PONGSTAPORN, AND DAVID K. RYUGO Center for Hearing Sciences, Departments of Otolaryngoloby-Head and Neck Surgery and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 2 1205 ABSTRACT The principal projection neurons of the cochlear nucleus receive the bulk of their input from the auditory nerve. These projection neurons reside in the core of the nucleus and are surrounded by an external shell, which is called the granule cell domain. Interneurons of the cochlear granule cell domain are the target for nonprimary auditory inputs, including projections from the superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, and auditory cortex. The granule cell domain also receives projections from the cuneate and trigeminal nuclei, which are first-order nuclei of the somatosensory system. The cellular targets of the nonprimary projections are mostly unknown due to a lack of information regarding postsynaptic profiles in the granule cell areas. In the present paper, we examined the synaptic relationships between a heterogeneous class of large synaptic terminals called mossy fibers and their targets within subdivisions of the granule cell domain known as the lamina and superficial layer. By using light and electron microscopic methods in these subdivisions, we provide evidence for three different neuron classes that receive input from the mossy fibers: granule cells, unipolar brush cells, and a previously undescribed class called chestnut cells. The distinct synaptic relations between mossy fibers and members of each neuron class further imply fundamentally separate roles for processing acoustic signals. -
The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’S Disease
life Review The Baseline Structure of the Enteric Nervous System and Its Role in Parkinson’s Disease Gianfranco Natale 1,2,* , Larisa Ryskalin 1 , Gabriele Morucci 1 , Gloria Lazzeri 1, Alessandro Frati 3,4 and Francesco Fornai 1,4 1 Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; [email protected] (L.R.); [email protected] (G.M.); [email protected] (G.L.); [email protected] (F.F.) 2 Museum of Human Anatomy “Filippo Civinini”, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy 3 Neurosurgery Division, Human Neurosciences Department, Sapienza University of Rome, 00135 Rome, Italy; [email protected] 4 Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (I.R.C.C.S.) Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is provided with a peculiar nervous network, known as the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is dedicated to the fine control of digestive functions. This forms a complex network, which includes several types of neurons, as well as glial cells. Despite extensive studies, a comprehensive classification of these neurons is still lacking. The complexity of ENS is magnified by a multiple control of the central nervous system, and bidirectional communication between various central nervous areas and the gut occurs. This lends substance to the complexity of the microbiota–gut–brain axis, which represents the network governing homeostasis through nervous, endocrine, immune, and metabolic pathways. The present manuscript is dedicated to Citation: Natale, G.; Ryskalin, L.; identifying various neuronal cytotypes belonging to ENS in baseline conditions. -
Granule Cell Synapses of Rat Cerebellum: Experimental Observations and Theoretical Predictions
Articles in PresS. J Neurophysiol (October 5, 2005). doi:10.1152/jn.00696.2005 1 LTP regulates burst initiation and frequency at mossy fiber – granule cell synapses of rat cerebellum: experimental observations and theoretical predictions Thierry Nieus1,2, Elisabetta Sola1,4, Jonathan Mapelli1, Elena Saftenku3, Paola Rossi1, Egidio D’Angelo1,2,* 1 Dept. of Cellular-Molecular Physiological and Pharmacological Sciences (University of Pavia) and INFM, Via Forlanini 6, I-27100, Pavia, Italy. 2 Dept. of Functional and Evolutionary Biology (University of Parma), Parco Area delle Scienze 11a, I-34100, Parma, Italy. 3 Dept. of General Physiology of Nervous System, A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology Bogomoletz St., 4, 01024, Kiev-24, Ukraine 4 present address: Dept. of Biophysics, SISSA, via Beirut 4, I-34014, Trieste, Italy * To whom correspondence should be addressed at [email protected] Key-words. LTP, Synaptic plasticity, Presynaptic mechanisms, Cerebellum, Granule cells Running title. LTP and bursting in the cerebellum Acknowledgments. This work was supported by projects of the European Community (CEREBELLUM QLG3-CT-2001-02256 and SPIKEFORCE IST-2001-35271), of MIUR and INFM of Italy to ED. ABSTRACT Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a synaptic change supposed to provide the cellular basis for learning and memory in brain neuronal circuits. Although specific LTP expression mechanisms could be critical to determine the dynamics of repetitive neurotransmission, this important issue remained largely unexplored. In this paper we have performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of mossy fiber – granule cell LTP in acute rat cerebellar slices and investigated its computational implications with a mathematical model. During LTP, stimulation with short impulse trains at 100 Hz revealed earlier initiation of granule cell spike bursts and a smaller non-significant spike frequency increase. -
Oxytocin Effects in Mothers and Infants During Breastfeeding
© 2013 SNL All rights reserved REVIEW Oxytocin effects in mothers and infants during breastfeeding Oxytocin integrates the function of several body systems and exerts many effects in mothers and infants during breastfeeding. This article explains the pathways of oxytocin release and reviews how oxytocin can affect behaviour due to its parallel release into the blood circulation and the brain. Oxytocin levels are higher in the infant than in the mother and these levels are affected by mode of birth. The importance of skin-to-skin contact and its association with breastfeeding and mother-infant bonding is discussed. Kerstin Uvnäs Moberg Oxytocin – a system activator increased function of inhibitory alpha-2 3 MD, PhD xytocin, a small peptide of just nine adrenoceptors . Professor of Physiology amino acids, is normally associated The regulation of the release of oxytocin Swedish University of Agriculture O with labour and the milk ejection reflex. is complex and can be affected by different [email protected] However, oxytocin is not only a hormone types of sensory inputs, by hormones such Danielle K. Prime but also a neurotransmitter and a as oestrogen and even by the oxytocin 1,2 molecule itself. This article will focus on PhD paracrine substance in the brain . During Breastfeeding Research Associate breastfeeding it is released into the brain of four major sensory input nervous Medela AG, Baar, Switzerland both mother and infant where it induces a pathways (FIGURES 2 and 3) activated by: great variety of functional responses. 1. Sucking of the mother’s nipple, in which Through three different release pathways the sensory nerves originate in the (FIGURE 1), oxytocin functions rather like a breast. -
Three-Dimensional Morphology of Cerebellar Protoplasmic Islands
Scanning Microscopy Volume 5 Number 2 Article 16 2-16-1991 Three-Dimensional Morphology of Cerebellar Protoplasmic Islands and Proteoglycan Content of Mossy Fiber Glomerulus: A Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope Study O. J. Castejón Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela H. V. Castejón Universidad del Zulia, Venezuela Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Castejón, O. J. and Castejón, H. V. (1991) "Three-Dimensional Morphology of Cerebellar Protoplasmic Islands and Proteoglycan Content of Mossy Fiber Glomerulus: A Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope Study," Scanning Microscopy: Vol. 5 : No. 2 , Article 16. Available at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/microscopy/vol5/iss2/16 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Western Dairy Center at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Scanning Microscopy by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scanning Microscopy , Vol. 5, No . 2, 1991 (Pages 477-494) 0891 -7035/91$3.00+ .00 Scanning Microscopy International , Chicago (AMF O'Hare) , IL 60666 USA THREE-DI MENSIONAL MORPHOLOGYOF CEREBELLAR PROTOPLASMIC ISLANDS AND PROTEOGLYCANCO NTENT OF MOSSY FIBER GLOMERULUS: A SCANNING AND TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDY 0. J . Cas tejon and H. V. Castejon Institute de Investigac1ones Biologicas. Facultad de Medicina . Universidad de l Zulia. Apart ado 526, Mara ca ibo, Venezu ela (Received for publication May 2, 1990 , and in revised form February 16, 1991) Abstract Introduction The present rev , ew summarizes the outer and The cerebellar protoplasmatic islands and inner surface features of mossy f ib er glomeru li the cerebellar glomeruli were studied at light 1n vertebra te cerebellar granular la yer as seen microscope level by Denissenko ( 18771, Ramon y by conv en t i ona l scanning electron microscopy Cajal ( 1889, 19551, Retzius ( 1892a,b), Lugaro <SEMI and SEM fre eze -f ra cture method . -
Astroglial Glutamate Transporters in the Brain: Regulating Neurotransmitter Homeostasis and Synaptic Transmission
Journal of Neuroscience Research 95:2140–2151 (2017) Review Astroglial Glutamate Transporters in the Brain: Regulating Neurotransmitter Homeostasis and Synaptic Transmission Ciaran Murphy-Royal,1,2 Julien Dupuis,2,3 Laurent Groc,2,3 and Stephane H. R. Oliet 1,2 1Neurocentre Magendie, Inserm U1215, Bordeaux, France 2Universite de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France 3Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France Astrocytes, the major glial cell type in the central nervous compartments. As an example, the extracellular glutamate system (CNS), are critical for brain function and have concentration is maintained at low values lying most like- been implicated in various disorders of the central ner- ly below 100 nM (Hamberger and Nystrom,€ 1984; vous system. These cells are involved in a wide range of Cavelier and Attwell, 2005; Herman and Jahr, 2007), cerebral processes including brain metabolism, control of while it is much more concentrated inside cells. As there central blood flow, ionic homeostasis, fine-tuning synap- are no extracellular enzymes degrading glutamate, this tic transmission, and neurotransmitter clearance. Such low extracellular concentration can be fully accounted for varied roles can be efficiently carried out due to the inti- by specific transporters, which are widely expressed mate interactions astrocytes maintain with neurons, the throughout the brain (Furuta et al., 1997). Glutamate vasculature, as well as with other glial cells. Arguably, one transporters working under physiological conditions have of the most important functions of astrocytes in the brain the capacity to establish concentration gradients of 106 is their control of neurotransmitter clearance. This is across the plasma membrane, theoretically resulting in a particularly true for glutamate whose timecourse in the glutamate concentration of 10 nM extracellularly and 10 synaptic cleft needs to be controlled tightly under physio- mM intracellularly (Zerangue and Kavanaugh, 1996a). -
Neurotransmitter Actions
Central University of South Bihar Panchanpur, Gaya, India E-Learning Resources Department of Biotechnology NB: These materials are taken/borrowed/modified/compiled from various resources like research articles and freely available internet websites, and are meant to be used solely for the teaching purpose in a public university, and for serving the needs of specified educational programmes. Dr. Jawaid Ahsan Assistant Professor Department of Biotechnology Central University of South Bihar (CUSB) Course Code: MSBTN2003E04 Course Name: Neuroscience Neurotransmitter Actions • Excitatory Action: – A neurotransmitter that puts a neuron closer to an action potential (facilitation) or causes an action potential • Inhibitory Action: – A neurotransmitter that moves a neuron further away from an action potential • Response of neuron: – Responds according to the sum of all the neurotransmitters received at one time Neurotransmitters • Acetylcholine • Monoamines – modified amino acids • Amino acids • Neuropeptides- short chains of amino acids • Depression: – Caused by the imbalances of neurotransmitters • Many drugs imitate neurotransmitters – Ex: Prozac, zoloft, alcohol, drugs, tobacco Release of Neurotransmitters • When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, Ca+ channels in the neuron open • Causes Ca+ to rush in – Cause the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane – Release the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft • After binding, neurotransmitters will either: – Be destroyed in the synaptic cleft OR – Taken back in to surrounding neurons (reuptake) Excitable cells: Definition: Refers to the ability of some cells to be electrically excited resulting in the generation of action potentials. Neurons, muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), and some endocrine cells (e.g., insulin- releasing pancreatic β cells) are excitable cells. -
Chemical Name Federal P Code CAS Registry Number Acutely
Acutely / Extremely Hazardous Waste List Federal P CAS Registry Acutely / Extremely Chemical Name Code Number Hazardous 4,7-Methano-1H-indene, 1,4,5,6,7,8,8-heptachloro-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydro- P059 76-44-8 Acutely Hazardous 6,9-Methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin, 6,7,8,9,10,10- hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-, 3-oxide P050 115-29-7 Acutely Hazardous Methanimidamide, N,N-dimethyl-N'-[2-methyl-4-[[(methylamino)carbonyl]oxy]phenyl]- P197 17702-57-7 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea P026 5344-82-1 Acutely Hazardous 1-(o-Chlorophenyl)thiourea 5344-82-1 Extremely Hazardous 1,1,1-Trichloro-2, -bis(p-methoxyphenyl)ethane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,2,2,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Dodecachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-1H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalene, Dechlorane Extremely Hazardous 1,1a,3,3a,4,5,5,5a,5b,6-Decachloro--octahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta (cd) pentalen-2- one, chlorecone Extremely Hazardous 1,1-Dimethylhydrazine 57-14-7 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-1,4,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo-endo-5,8- dimethanonaph-thalene Extremely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate P081 55-63-0 Acutely Hazardous 1,2,3-Propanetriol, trinitrate 55-63-0 Extremely Hazardous 1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-4,7-methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetra- hydro- indane Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]- 51-43-4 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-[1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl]-, P042 51-43-4 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 96-12-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine P067 75-55-8 Acutely Hazardous 1,2-Propylenimine 75-55-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-Octachloro-1,3,3a,4,7,7a-hexahydro-4,7-methanoisobenzofuran Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime 26419-73-8 Extremely Hazardous 1,3-Dithiolane-2-carboxaldehyde, 2,4-dimethyl-, O- [(methylamino)-carbonyl]oxime. -
Amino Acid Metabolism, Urea Cycle Semester Iv, Paper Cc8
AMINO ACID METABOLISM, UREA CYCLE SEMESTER IV, PAPER CC8 UREA CYCLE + Some of the NH4 formed in the breakdown of amino acids is consumed in the biosynthesis of nitrogen compounds. Most aquatic species, such as the bony fishes, are ammonotelic, excreting amino nitrogen as ammonia. The toxic ammonia is simply diluted in the surrounding water. Most terrestrial animals are ureotelic, excreting amino nitrogen in the form of urea; birds and reptiles are uricotelic, excreting amino nitrogen as uric acid. In ureotelic organisms, the ammonia deposited in the mitochondria of hepatocytes is converted to urea in the urea cycle. This pathway was discovered in 1932 by Hans Krebs. The urea cycle begins inside liver mitochondria, but three of the subsequent steps take place in the cytosol. The first amino group to enter the urea cycle is derived from ammonia in the mitochondrial matrix arising from various amino acids. The urea cycle begins with the coupling of free NH4 + with HCO3- to form carbamoyl phosphate. The synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate, though a simple molecule, is complex, comprising three steps, all catalyzed by carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. - The reaction begins with the phosphorylation of HCO3 to form carboxyphosphate, which then reacts with ammonium ion to form carbamic acid. Finally, a second molecule of ATP phosphorylates carbamic acid to carbamoyl phosphate. The consumption of two molecules of ATP makes this synthesis of carbamoyl phosphate essentially irreversible. Next, the carbamoyl group of carbamoyl phosphate, which has a high transfer potential because of its anhydride bond, is transferred to ornithine to form citrulline, in a reaction catalyzed by + ornithine transcarbamoylase. -
Svetla P. Pencheva, Emilyan A. Ivanov Summary ULTRASTRUCTURAL
J Biomed Clin Res Volume 6 Number 1, 2013 DOI: 10.1515/jbcr-2015-0095 Original Article ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF THE SYNAPTIC GLOMERULI IN THE RAT'S COCHLEAR NUCLEUS Svetla P. Pencheva, Summary Emilyan A. Ivanov The granule cell domain of the cochlear nuclear complex Department of Anatomy, Histology, contains interneurons, which are the targets for Citology and Biology nonprimary auditory inputs from the superior olivary complex, inferior colliculus, auditory cortex, cuneate and Medical University – Pleven trigeminal nuclei of the somatosensory system. The Bulgaria cellular targets of the non-primary projections are unknown due to a lack of information regarding postsynaptic profiles in the granule cell areas. In the present paper, we examined the synaptic relationships between a heterogeneous class of large synaptic terminals, called mossy fibers and their targets within subdivisions of the granule cell domain. During the late stage of postnatal development, we observed heterogenous groups of complex synaptic glomeruli. Using electron microscopy, we provide evidence for ultrastructural features of dendrites that receive input from the mossy fibers. The distinct synaptic relations between mossy fibers and dendrites of microneurons further imply fundamentally separate roles in processing of acoustic signals. Key wards: cochlear nucleus, granule cell domain, synaptic glomerulus Introduction The granule cell domain of the cochlear nucleus Corresponding Autor: comprises up to seven different subdivisions [1]. Svetla P. Pencheva These subdivisions are found around the core of the Sector of Anatomy, Histology and ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) and the dorsal Cytology cochlear nucleus ( DCN), including the superficial Medical University-Pleven layer of the VCN, the lamina dividing DCN from Pleven, 5800 Bulgaria VCN, the subpeduncular dorsal corner of the VCN, е-mail: [email protected] the dorsal strial corner of the DCN, and layer II of the DCN [2, 3]. -
Morphogenetic Plasticity of Neuronal Elements in Cerebellar Glomeruli During Deafferentation-Induced Synaptic Reorganization J6zsefhhmori, Robert L
(C)Freund Publishing House Ltd., 1997 Morphogenetic Plasticity of Neuronal Elements in Cerebellar Glomeruli during Deafferentation-Induced Synaptic Reorganization J6zsefHhmori, Robert L. Jakab and J6zsefTakb.cs Department ofAnatomy, Laboratory ofNeurobiology, Semmelweis University, Medical School, Budapest, Hungary, H-1094; Section ofNeurobiology, Yale University School ofMedicine, New Haven, CT, USA SUMMARY represented only one-fifth of all synaptic junctions. The quantitative data of the Reorganization of the cerebellar glomerulus, reorganized cerebellar glomerulus demonstrate the main synaptic complex within the granule both a remarkable constancy and a plasticity of cell layer, was investigated using quantitative the excitatory granule cells and inhibitory Golgi morphological techniques. All afferents to the neurons building up this synaptic complex. cerebellar cortex, including mossy-fibers, were Constancy (the preservation of certain specific surgically destroyed by undercutting the structural features) is represented by an cerebellar vermis. Fifteen days after the eventually unchanged number of dendrites and operation, which resulted in the removal of the synaptic junctions within the deafferented main excitatory afferent to the glomerulus, a glomerulus. Such constancy was made possible, significant reorganization of the whole synaptic however, by the morphogenetic plasticity of complex was observed, whereas the structural both nerve-cell types to produce new, dendro- integrity of the glomerulus was remarkably well dendritic and axo-dendritic synapses to preserved. This was indicated by the compensate for the loss of mossy-fiber synapses. observation that the number of granule cell dendrites per glomerulus), as well as the (50 KEY number of dendritic digits (210 per WORDS glomerulus) bearing most of the 230 synaptic eerebellar cortex, deafferentation, synaptic junctions per glomerulus, did not change EM significantly after mossy-fiber degeneration. -
Oxytocinergic-System-A-Proposal.Pdf
Opinion Article iMedPub Journals ACTA PSYCHOPATHOLOGICA 2018 www.imedpub.com ISSN 2469-6676 Vol.4 No.3:14 DOI: 10.4172/2469-6676.100170 Oxytocinergic System: A Proposal João Paulo Correia Lima* and Avelino Luiz Rodrigues Received: April 17, 2018; Accepted: May 07, 2018; Published: May 18, 2018 Department of Clinical Psychology and Nucleus of Neuroscience and Behavior, Institute of Psychology, University of Sao Introduction Paulo, Brazil Since 1910, when Ott and Scott [1] published their discovers about the oxytocin participation in milk ejection, the comprehension *Corresponding author: about function and role of oxytocin in several physiological João Paulo Correia Lima functions didn’t stop enlarging and growing. In birth, through his action over uterus contractions, in uterus contractions in [email protected] women’s orgasm and men’s erection [2,3], for instance. However, this approach always considers its peripheral effects. After this, Psychologist for Neuroscience and Behavior, some oxytocin effects had been reported to have actions over Institute of Psychology, University of Sao behavioural traits, like we can see in publishings of Pedersen and Paulo, Brazil. Prange [4] and Winslow and co-workers [5], reporting the oxytocin actions over, respectively, maternal behaviour and pair bonding. Tel: +55-11-32852420; +55-11-983439754 Since then, the increasing data about the oxytocin’s function in behaviour and its central action can’t be ignored. In this short proposal, we’ll consider the opportunity or utility of thinking Citation about oxytocin as a system, instead of a single neurotransmitter. : Lima JPC, Rodrigues AL (2018) Oxytocinergic System: A Proposal. Acta Neurotransmitter or Hormone: Central Psychopathol Vol.4 No.3:14 and Peripheral Actions of Oxytocin Once a molecule could have his function defined through the way death, passive avoidance).