DOCSLIB.ORG

Organic Hen Eggs from Free-Range Systems: A.S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Organic Hen Eggs from Free-Range Systems: A.S Organic hen eggs from free-range systems: A.S. Tserveni-Gousi et al. Organic hen eggs from free-range systems: economics of production and marketing A.S. TSERVENI-GOUSI1*, A.L. YANNAKOPOULOS1 and E. SOSSIDOU2 1Department of Animal Production, Veterinary School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece 2National Agricultural Research Foundation, Animal Research Institute, 581 00 Giannitsa, Greece *[email protected] Keywords: organic eggs; free range system; marketing; Greece Summary Organic eggs from free-range systems are those produced by hens fed rations having ingredients that were grown without pesticides, fungicides, herbicides or commercial fertilizers. This survey aims to analyze the profile of a free-range farm producing organic eggs under Greek conditions of production and marketing. The data concerning the production and marketing were derived from a Greek farm which produces organic eggs using the free-range system. Data has been collected and analyzed over a period of 52 weeks (one year). The analysis of the data gained under the study resulted to the following: The number of the produced eggs was 195.6 eggs/hen while the number of the eggs sold totalled at 158.65 eggs/hen. The additional food intake was up to 28.79 kg/hen that is 27.3% less than the intensive poultry production. The cost related to the pasture rent and the labour, consisted the 18.84% of the total production cost, while the feeding cost consisted 45.04% (27% less than the intensive poultry production). The total production cost was 16.84 euros/hen with a profit of 12.78 euros/hen. At the end of the laying period, hens came on the meat market and offered an important return (13.52% of the total income). Finally, the egg market in two major cities of Greece, Athens and Thessaloniki, presented two peaks over the year: 1st April (Easter) and in the beginning of autumn (consumers’ return from summer holidays). On the contrary, in Myconos (Cyclades) and Ithaka (Eptanysa) islands, the sales of these eggs showed peaks in July and August, due to the increased number of tourists. The economic outlook for the production of organic eggs in free-range systems in Greece is quite satisfactory. Moreover, the Greek market for organic eggs opens up new prospects. Introduction Recent food scares in Europe have increased egg consumer concern about what they eat and how it has been produced. These conditions have driven to less intensive systems of egg production. Organic or alternative egg production (free-range, aviaries etc.) has increased continuously over the last decade, without, however, reaching higher market shares; the contribution of these eggs to overall production differs considerably among EU member states (Windhorst, 2004). According to the USDA report, egg production growth constrained in the EU-15 (old Member States) by higher production costs and lower margins; however, the EU-N10 (new Member States) were expected to gather pace due to relatively favourable production conditions related to a good environment for investment, proximity to important consumer markets and a strong domestic market (USDA, 2005). The development of EU organic or alternative egg production could be strongly influenced in the near future by Eastern Europe countries. Already, countries like Hungary are exporting organic poultry products. Free-range production presents an alternative to factory farm poultry and eggs that conveys a positive image of animals living outdoors as “nature intended”. The term “Free Range” refers to those hens that are not confined to large indoor commercially intensive batteries. In general, these eggs are more expensive than eggs from hens fed conventional feed due to higher production costs and lower volume per farm. Also, according to Emous and Fiks-van Niekerk (2004) there are some issues that restrain farmers from switching battery cages in to alternative systems (free-range): more labour is needed, the number of floor eggs increases, management is more difficult; as a result, eggs are more XI th European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products 379 Doorwerth, The Netherlands, 23-26 May 2005 Organic hen eggs from free-range systems: A.S. Tserveni-Gousi et al. expensive. According to Thear (1997) the average price of free-range eggs is 35p a dozen above that of battery produced eggs. Generally, organic egg production means that birds are produced under free-range conditions but with lower stocking densities. Organic hen eggs from free-range systems are eggs laid by free-range hens, which are allowed to roam outdoors, and feed freely on a certified 100% organically grown grain based diet. The hens, that lay organic eggs, also enjoy more space than other free-range chickens both inside the houses (5 birds per square metre) and outside (4 metres squared per bird). Poultry production can be a profitable enterprise for organic farmers and eggs are a popular product that can be sold through many outlets - locally and nationally. However, chickens have particular management requirements that may not be obvious to the inexperienced producer. In Greece, organic production only recently became the focus of significant attention from governmental and private organizations, consumers and farmers (Fortomaris et. al., 2004). From the total of Greek poultry enterprises, only 48 are the organic ones certified by three private certification and inspection organizations (Dio, Biohellas and Physiologiki), whereas 83 enterprises are certified by the national organization (Agrocert) for their special poultry farming products as free range products, or products produced under certain nutritional methods (Fortomaris et. al., 2004). The annual increase for the year 2002 was 106% for the total number of poultry reared organically. Moreover, the trade of organic poultry products is limited into specialized stores, as well as large supermarkets located in urban area markets mainly. There is no reliable information available about the economy of production of organic hen eggs from free-range systems in Greece. This survey aims to analyze the profile of a free-range farm producing organic eggs under Greek conditions of production and marketing. The information is designed to give an idea of the potential earnings that can be achieved from becoming an organic free-range egg producer. Materials and methods The data concerning the production and marketing were derived from a Greek small scale farm which produces organic eggs using the free-range system and has been certified by a recognized organization (“Physiologiki”). Data has been collected from a total number of 2,500 hens over a period of 52 weeks (March 2002-March 2003) in order for the costs and returns to be estimated and the constraints in egg production to be found out. A special, exclusive, natural feed has been developed for the hens using organically certified grains, with no animal by-products and residue from pesticides, drugs or other chemicals. Also, this hens' cereal diet, which was available for them to peck at constantly, was free from GM ingredients and artificial yolk colorants. Rotated paddocks allowed continual access to fresh, unsprayed, green herbs and grass, which made up 70% of the hen's natural intake. Free range hens were raised outside, on fresh green pasture, in small groups, protected by medium size pens. Pop holes were created, to allow hens access to the inside range where egg nests were provided. The housing conditions (outdoor and indoor space requirements), as well as animal care, disease prevention and veterinary treatment were laid out according to EU regulations for free-range (EEC-Regulation 1274/1991 and EC 2295/ 2003) and organic production (EEC-Regulation 1804/1999). The eggs were collected by hand three times a day. This number as well as the number of sold eggs, the additional food intake and mortality were recorded on a daily basis. The produced eggs were sold to retailers or directly to the final consumer at local markets. The areas of sales and the price of sold eggs were recorded. Results and discussion FINANCIAL RESULTS The production expenditures, the gross income and the net profit of organic free-range eggs during the flock cycle (52 weeks) are illustrated in Tables 1, 2 and 3 respectively. XI th European Symposium on the Quality of Eggs and Egg Products 380 Doorwerth, The Netherlands, 23-26 May 2005 Organic hen eggs from free-range systems: A.S. Tserveni-Gousi et al. Table 1 Production cost (euros) of organic free-range eggs. Item Total Per hen Per m2 of pasture 1. Land (pasture) Rent 275.69 (0.74)* 0.12 (0.71) 0.02 (1.09) 2. Labour Family 2,235 (6.03) 1.02 (6.06) 0.11 (5.97) Other 4,476.02 (12.08) 2.03 (12.06) 0.22 (11.89) 3. Capital (fixed and variable) Feed 16,694.86 (45.04) 7.58 (45.02) 0.83 (44.88) Pullets 6,461.08 (17.43) 2.94 (17.46) 0.32 (17.31) Variable (electricity etc.) 1,179.08 (3.18) 0.54 (3.22) 0.06 (3.26) Preventive medication 323.08 (0.87) 0.15 (0.89) 0.01 (0.55) Taxes 555.65 (1.50) 0.25 (1.49) 0.03 (1.66) Depreciation (eg. building) 3,081.67 (8.31) 1.40 (8.32) 0.15 (8.16) Insurance etc. 1,069.27 (2.88) 0.47 (2.79) 0.056 (3.07) Certification fee (“Physiologiki”) 521.53 (1.42) 0.24 (1.44) 0.03 (1.67) Miscellaneous 193.83 (0.52) 0.09 (0.54) 0.009 (0.49) TOTAL PRODUCTION COST 37,066.76 (100.00) 16.84 (100.00) 1.85 (100.00) *Figures in parentheses indicate percentage to total Table 2 Gross income (euros) of organic free-range eggs.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Agroforestry for Organic Egg Production in the Netherlands
    System Report: Agroforestry for Organic Egg Production in the Netherlands Project name AGFORWARD (613520) Work-package 5: Agroforestry for Livestock farmers Specific group Agroforestry for organic egg production in The Netherlands Deliverable Contribution to Deliverable 5.13 (5.1): Detailed system description of a case study system Date of report 12 November 2015 Authors Monique Bestman Contact [email protected] Approved John Hermansen (20 January 2016) Paul Burgess (11 April 2016) Contents 1 Context ............................................................................................................................................. 2 2 Background ...................................................................................................................................... 2 3 Description of system ...................................................................................................................... 3 4 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................... 8 5 References ....................................................................................................................................... 8 AGFORWARD (Grant Agreement N° 613520) is co-funded by the European Commission, Directorate General for Research & Innovation, within the 7th Framework Programme of RTD. The views and opinions expressed in this report are purely those of the writers and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Egg Production, Egg Quality, Calcium Utilization, and Digestibility
    Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola Organic Egg Production, Egg Quality, Calcium ISSN 1516-635X Oct - Dec 2018 / v.20 / n.4 / 717-724 Utilization, and Digestibility in Laying Hens Fed with Mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) Stem Waste http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0756 Author(s) ABSTRACT Mahfuz SI,II https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8191-3028 The possibility of using mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) stem waste Song HI,III https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4505-9204 (FVW) in layer diets was explored in this study. A total of 180, 40-week- Wei JI Chen MI old ISA Brown laying hens were randomly assigned to 5 groups, with Zhen DI Nahar JIV 6 replications of 6 birds for each group. Layers were fed a standard Liu ZIV basal diet as control; antibiotic (0.05% flavomycin); 2% FVW; 4%FVW; I School of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, and 6% FVW. No significant differences (p>0.05) were observed on Changchun-130118, Jilin, China. II Department of Animal Nutrition, Sylhet hen daily egg production, egg weight, egg mass, unmarketable eggs, Agricultural University, Sylhet-3100, Bangladesh. feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and live weight among experimental III Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, groups. Haugh unit was found higher (p<0.05) in FVW fed groups than Changchun-130118, Jilin, China. in antibiotic fed groups. Shape index, shell weight, shell thickness, yolk IV College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun-130118, Jilin, weight, yolk index, yolk weight and albumen weight were not affected China.
    [Show full text]
  • ISPH-PROGRAM-And-ABSTRACT-BOOK.Pdf
    - ISPH 2015 logo (front cover) designed by Jasmina Wiemann. The logo highlights several aspects well suited for the Bonn, 2015 meeting. The dwarf sauropod dinosaur, Europasaurus, stands in front of a histology-filled silhouette of the main dome of Poppelsdorf Palace, the main venue for ISPH 2015. This Late Jurassic sauropod is a fitting representative, as it was discovered in Lower Saxony, Germany, and its dwarf status was verified with histological investigations. - Cover, program and abstract book designed by Aurore Canoville and Jessica Mitchell. - Program and abstract book editors: Aurore Canoville, Jessica Mitchell, Koen Stein, Dorota Konietzko-Meier, Elzbieta Teschner, Anneke van Heteren, and P. Martin Sander. ISPH 2015 – Bonn, Germany ISPH 2015 – Bonn, Germany Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS Symposium Organizers and Acknowledgements ...................................................... 4 Welcome Address ........................................................................................................ 5 Program ........................................................................................................................ 6 Main Events ........................................................................................................ 6 Venues ................................................................................................................ 8 Scientific Sessions / Oral Presentations ........................................................... 11 Scientific Sessions / List of Posters .................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • ORGANIC LIVESTOCK and POULTRY PRACTICES FINAL RULE Questions and Answers – January 2017
    USDA Agricultural Marketing Service | National Organic Program ORGANIC LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY PRACTICES FINAL RULE Questions and Answers – January 2017 General Questions and Explanations What does this rule do? This rule sets production standards for organic livestock and poultry, including transport and slaughter. This action assures consumers that organically produced products meet a consistent standard by resolving the current ambiguity about outdoor access for poultry. It also establishes clear standards for raising, transporting, and slaughtering organic animals and birds. This rule will provide for effective compliance and enforcement, as well as fair competition among organic livestock producers. Why is the rule necessary? A lack of clarity in organic livestock and poultry standards has led to inconsistent practices among organic producers. For example, as a result of ambiguous standards for what constitutes “outdoor access” for poultry, there are currently two very different organic egg production systems in the United States: operations whose outdoor space consists of an enclosed porch with a roof, mesh walls and cement floor, and operations that provide birds with access to pasture. Both production systems are currently able to utilize the organic seal and capture a premium from consumers. Multiple recommendations from the National Organic Standards Board (NOSB), a 15-member Federal advisory committee, and an Office of Inspector General audit asked USDA to bring consistency to organic livestock and poultry production for two reasons. First, they note that consistent standards are important to consumer confidence in the organic brand. Consumers expect the organic seal to indicate that a consistent standard has been followed, but in this case, it has not been.
    [Show full text]
  • Petition for Rulemaking Or Policy Change
    UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FOOD SAFETY AND INSPECTION SERVICES Petition for Rulemaking or Policy Change Submitted to: FSIS Docket Clerk Department of Agriculture Food Safety and Inspection Service Patriots Plaza 3 1400 Independence Avenue SW Mailstop 3782, Room 8-163A Washington, DC 20250-3700 Petition: To Amend Labeling Regulations under the Poultry Products Inspection Act to Define “Free Range” and Amend the Approval Process for the Free Range Claim Submitted by: Animal Welfare Institute c/o Dena Jones, Director, Farm Animal Program 900 Pennsylvania Avenue SE Washington, DC 20003 202-446-2146 Date: January 2016 Table of Contents I. Introduction ..............................................................................................................................4 II. Interests of the Petitioner ..........................................................................................................5 III. Requested Action ......................................................................................................................5 IV. Legal Background .....................................................................................................................5 A. Poultry Products Inspection Act .......................................................................................5 B. PPIA Implementing Regulations and Guidance Documents ............................................6 V. Factual Background ..................................................................................................................9
    [Show full text]
  • Age-Related Changes in Egg Yolk Composition Between Conventional
    AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD SCIENCE Y. Baykalir et al. (2020) 29: 307–317 Age-related changes in egg yolk composition between conventional and organic table eggs Yasin Baykalir1, Ulku Gulcihan Simsek1 and Okkes Yilmaz2 1Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey 2Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey e-mail: [email protected] The aim of this study was to investigate fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, malondialdehyde and cholesterol in con- ventional and organic eggs obtained from hens of different ages (30 and 60 weeks). A total of 360 egg yolks were used in this study. Polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3, and omega-6 levels were higher in the organic eggs from the 30-week-old hens. The monounsaturated fatty acid level was higher in the conventional eggs but was the same between the two age groups. Cholesterol and vitamin A levels were not influenced by either the rearing system or the age of the hens. The malondialdehyde, vitamin D2, and vitamin K2 were higher in the organic eggs; however, vitamin E was higher in the conventional eggs. The results showed that the rearing system and age, as well as the diet, had an impact on the composition of the egg. Total levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid, omega-3, and ome- ga-6 are higher in organic eggs produced by younger hens. Key words: egg components, egg quality, laying hen, rearing system Introduction Hen eggs are a good-quality and inexpensive food source with a moderate amount of calories (Miranda et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Icp Publications 2006-2021
    ICP PUBLICATIONS 2006-2021 Last updated: 1 September 2021 In press and published online _______________________________________________________________________ SCI papers (indexed in JCR) 1. Abella, J., Martín-Perea, D. M., Valenciano, A., Hontecillas, D., Montoya, P., & Morales, J. (2021, published online). Coprolites in natural traps: direct evidence of bone eating carnivorans from the Late Miocene site of Batallones-3 (Madrid, Spain). Lethaia. https://doi.org/10.1111/let.12438 2. Agustí, J., Espresate, J., & Piñero, P. (2020, published in press). Dental variation in the endemic dormouse Hypnomys Bate 1918 and its implications for the palaeogeographic evolution of the Balearic Islands (Western Mediterranean) during the late Neogene-Quaternary. Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2020.1852557 3. Alba, D. M., Robles, J. M., Valenciano, A., Abella, J., & Casanovas-Vilar, I. (2021, published online). A new species of Eomellivora from the latest Aragonian of Abocador de Can Mata (NE Iberian Peninsula). Historical Biology. https://doi.org/10.1080/08912963.2021.1943380 4. Arias-Martorell, J., Zeininger, A., & Kivell, T. L. (in press). Trabecular structure of the elbow reveals divergence in knuckle-walking biomechanical strategies of African apes. Evolution. 5. Bouchet, F., Urciuoli, A., Beaudet, A., Pina, M., Moyà-Solà, S., & Alba, D. M. (in press). Comparative anatomy of the carotid canal in the Miocene small-bodied catarrhine Pliobates cataloniae. Journal of Human Evolution. 6. Caballero, Ó., Montoya, P., Crespo, V. D., Morales, J., & Abella, J. (2020, published online). The autopodial skeleton of Paracamelus aguirrei (Morales 1984) (Tylopoda, Mammalia) from the late Miocene site of Venta del Moro (Valencia, Spain). Journal of Iberian Geology.
    [Show full text]
  • Reproduction in Mesozoic Birds and Evolution of the Modern Avian Reproductive Mode Author(S): David J
    Reproduction in Mesozoic birds and evolution of the modern avian reproductive mode Author(s): David J. Varricchio and Frankie D. Jackson Source: The Auk, 133(4):654-684. Published By: American Ornithological Society DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/AUK-15-216.1 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1642/AUK-15-216.1 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences. BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses. Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use. Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use. Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder. BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research. Volume 133, 2016, pp. 654–684 DOI: 10.1642/AUK-15-216.1 REVIEW Reproduction in Mesozoic birds and evolution of the modern avian reproductive mode David J. Varricchio and Frankie D. Jackson Earth Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, USA [email protected], [email protected] Submitted November 16, 2015; Accepted June 2, 2016; Published August 10, 2016 ABSTRACT The reproductive biology of living birds differs dramatically from that of other extant vertebrates.
    [Show full text]
  • Husbandry Conditions and Welfare Outcomes in Organic Egg Production in Eight European Countries
    animals Article Husbandry Conditions and Welfare Outcomes in Organic Egg Production in Eight European Countries 1, 1, 2, 3 Lisa Jung *, Christine Brenninkmeyer y, Knut Niebuhr z, Monique Bestman , Frank A. M. Tuyttens 4,5 , Stefan Gunnarsson 6 , Jan Tind Sørensen 7 , Paolo Ferrari 8 and Ute Knierim 1 1 Farm Animal Behaviour and Husbandry Section, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstraße 1a, 37213 Witzenhausen, Germany; [email protected] (C.B.); [email protected] (U.K.) 2 Institute of Animal Husbandry and Animal Welfare, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] 3 Department of Agriculture, Louis Bolk Institute, Kosterijland 3-5, 3981 AJ Bunnik, The Netherlands; [email protected] 4 Farm Animal Welfare and Behaviour Group, Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium; [email protected] 5 Department of Nutrition, Genetics and Ethology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium 6 Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 234, S-532 23 Skara, Sweden; [email protected] 7 Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark; [email protected] 8 CRPA, Research Centre for Animal Producton, V.le Timavo 43/2, 42121 Reggio Emilia, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Current affiliation: Quality Assurance Animal Welfare, Naturland e.V., 82166 Gräfelfing, Germany. y Deceased. z Received: 16 October 2020; Accepted: 9 November 2020; Published: 12 November 2020 Simple Summary: An important challenge for the further development of organic egg production is to reach and maintain a high level of animal welfare.
    [Show full text]
  • Organic Poultry - Eggs by Roger Henry, Pag
    Martime Certified Organic Growers ~ Organic Farm Profiles ~ March 2002 Organic Poultry - Eggs by Roger Henry, PAg. This profile is part of a project coordinated by the These barns contain thousands of birds. Feeds are allowed Maritime Certified Organic Growers Cooperative (MCOG), to contain antibiotics at prescribed levels. Battery cages are with financial assistance from Agriculture and Agri-food banned in some places in Europe and in recent years are Canada’s CARD program. The information contained in often targeted by animal welfare groups when discussing this profile was obtained from interviews with regional issues of cruelty to animal. organic producers over the past two years, poultry special- Free Run – This system is similar to conventional ists, and from the author’s personal experience. layers but does not use battery cages. The layers are allowed to run on the floor of a barn. Birds are densely packed in Poultry Production Methods these barns with no access to the outdoors, and are fed the same feed as battery birds. Eggs produced by this system In recent years there has evolved several different would be known as ‘free run’ eggs. methods or systems for producing eggs. These systems vary Free Range - Birds in this system are required to have in how the birds are housed, fed and managed. Before outside access most of the year. Birds would have a signifi- discussing organic poultry production it is important to cant outside run or runs, and would have roosts for resting. clearly identify the various systems; some of the names are There is the same floor space requirement as organic.
    [Show full text]
  • [email protected], 1
    [email protected], www.zpp.net.pl 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................ 3 SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 INTRODUCTION - EGG PRODUCTION SECTOR IN POLAND ................................................................................ 5 PRODUCTION, EXPORT, AND CONSUMPTION OF EGGS .................................................................................................. 6 POPULATION OF LAYING HENS IN POLAND ................................................................................................................. 7 CHALLENGES SHAPING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EGG PRODUCTION INDUSTRY IN POLAND ................................................ 8 Increase in salmonellosis rates ................................................................................................................................ 8 International threat to polish eggs export ............................................................................................................... 9 Freshness, quality and safety as well as the price of eggs are the most important for consumers in the EU.......... 9 Changing culinary trends – popular consumption of non-heat treated eggs .......................................................... 9 Free range rearing systems ...................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Scaling-Up Egg Production: Management, Markets, Regulation, and Finances
    Scaling-up Egg Production: Management, Markets, Regulation, and Finances Credit: Maple Wind Farm Acknowledgments This project was a collaboration between University of Vermont Extension and The Intervale Center made possible through funding from the Vermont Agency of Agriculture Working Lands Enterprise Initiative. Many people contributed information and time to the completion of this report. Special thanks to Maggie Donin, John Smith, Sona Desai, AnnetteAcknowledgments Higby, Pat Sagui, Tom Gilbert, and all the farmers and retailers who contributed time and information. This project was a collaboration between University of Vermont Extension and The Intervale Center made possible through funding from the Vermont Agency of Agriculture PhotoWorking Lands Credits Enterprise Initiative. Many people contributed information and time to the completion of this report. Special thanks to Maggie Donan, John Smith, Sona Desai, MapleAnnette Wind Higby, Farm: Pat Huntington,Sagui, Tom VermontGilbert, and all the farmers and retailers who contributed Stonetime and Barns information. Center: Pocantico Hills, New York Intervale Center: Burlington, Vermont Photo Credits Maple Wind Farm: Huntington, Vermont Stone Barns Center: Pocantico Hills, New York Intervale Center: Burlington, Vermont Citation: Cannella, M.P and Smith S. 2015. Scaling up egg production: management, markets, regulation and finances. University of Vermont. UVM Extension helps individuals and communities put research-based knowledge to work. Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, Acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the UnitedCredit: IntervaleStates Department Center of Agriculture. University of Vermont Extension, Burlington, Vermont. University of Vermont Extension, and U.S. Department of Agriculture, cooperating, offer education and employment to everyoCitationne without: Cannella, regard M.to race,P and color, Smith national S.
    [Show full text]