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5 Review on a Weed Parthenium Hysterophorus.Indd International Journal of Current Research and Review Review Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJCRR.2018.10175 Review on a weed Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) IJCRR Section: Life Sciences Sci. Journal Impact Factor: 5.385 (2017) 1 2 ICV: 71.54 (2015) Lalita , Ashok Kumar 1Ph.D scholar, Department of Botany, CCS University, Meerut, U.P., India; 2Assistant Professor, Department of Botany, CCS University, Meerut, U.P., India. ABSTRACT In the present time we are facing the infestation of Parthenium hysterophorus everywhere. It is available in stocks around the railway tracks, in bare lands, in agriculture fields, in orchards and forests, it invade major portion of Indian continental. We are familiar with Parthenium hysterophorus noxious properties and want to control its infestation. However, only controlling its growth is not a solution to remove it but it can be managed via its utilization for different purposes. Recently a lot of research has been going on to explore the utilization properties of Parthenium. This review article presents some properties and utility potential of Parthenium concluded by various researchers. Key Words: Weed management, Allelopathy, Invasion, Herbicides INTRODUCTION wild feverfew, ragweed, bitter weed, white top, and the “Scourge of India” .This weed with productive seed genera- Weeds in routine are known to be unwanted in a given situa- tion has high allelopathic impact on neighboring plants and tion and these are harmful, dangerous or economically detri- competitiveness with economically important crops. mental having serious threat to primary production and bio- diversity. Invasive Alien Species are known to be the species Spread of Parthenium hysterophorus has been documented which are introduced from outside from its origin place to to cause enormous loss to the biodiversity by replacing na- other countries either by deliberately or unintentional human tive species in the natural ecosystems, sometimes causing activities. They have established self-reproducing popula- total habitat alteration. To know about Parthenium hystero- tions in the wild and have caused evident changes in nearby, phorus effects, habitat and its biology have immense signifi- simulated as well as biological systems.. Invasion is known cance in agriculture. Only with detailed knowledge of this as very important hazard to biodiversity (2). They reduce noxious weed, it will be possible to controlled and manage farm and forest productivity. Parthenium hysterophorus is the weed in different ways. Present review explores the pos- the main invasive alien weed which dominates over the na- sibility through knowing habitat, distribution, biology and tive species and adversely affects the biodiversity. The word chemical properties of Parthenium hysterophorus. Parthenium is taken from the Latin word parthenice which means for medicinal uses (4) (1) Origin and Distribution of Parthenium Parthenium hysterophorus is native to the region encom- Parthenium hysterophorus is an invasive weed plant of passing the Central America, Southern North America, Gulf family Asteraceae. This erect, short-lived plant known for of Mexico, West Indies, and Central South America. The its flourishy growth and its abundance notably in hot cli- weed has now spread all around the globe including main- mates. Parthenium is native plant of north-east Mexico and land as well as island. In India and other countries of Asian was endemic to America but now it is widely distributed in continent such as China, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, etc, all countries of Asia and Europe. Parthenium (Parthenium it has spread on alarming rate. Its spread and infestation are hysterophorus L.) is known with different names in differ- severe in some of the countries like Australia, South Africa, ent countries such as carrot weed, star weed, congress grass, Ethiopia, India and Pakistan. It was introduced into Asia, Corresponding Author: Dr. Lalita, (Ph.D scholar), Department of Botany, CCS University, Meerut, U.P., India. Email: [email protected] ISSN: 2231-2196 (Print) ISSN: 0975-5241 (Online) Received: 23.07.2018 Revised: 12.08.2018 Accepted: 29.08.2018 Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 10 • Issue 17 • September 2018 23 Lalita et.al.: Review on a weed Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) Africa and Oceania with cereal and grass seed shipment Table 1: Status of Parthenium hysterophorus in dif- from America during the 1950s (5). ferent states of India. Name of states Over all spread and (i) IN INDIA: infestation level Parthenium hysterophorus possibly entered India in 1910 Andaman & Nicobar islands Low (with infected cereals germplasm) however, went unrecorded Kerala Low until 1956. The weed was first revealed in India in 1955 (38) Andhra Pradesh High and now happens everywhere the (48) in around 35 million Madhya Pradesh High hectares of land (23). In India, this weed has serious problem in approximate all states like Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh Low Haryana, Bihar, and Madhya Pradesh and Uttar-pradesh Maharashtra High (22). Parthenium hysterophorus occurred in all states of Assam Medium country and presenting a serious threat in many states those Manipur Low have large areas of agriculture land, non cropping areas and Bihar High grazing land (25). At present time India has becomes one of Meghalaya Low the most infested countries of world. Chattishgarh Medium Mizoram Low Chandigarh Medium Nagaland Low Pondicherry Medium Gujarat Low Punjab High Haryana High Rajasthan Medium Himachal Pradesh Medium Sikkim Low Jammu & Kashmir Medium Tamil Nadu High Jharkhand Medium Uttar Pradesh High Karnataka High Uttarakhand Medium Figure 1: Map showing sites known to be infested with Parthe- Orissa Medium nium hysterophorus in different states of India. Goa Low Delhi High The spread of Parthenium hysterophorus has been reported In U.P. earlier this weed was noticed at Pantnagar oppo- from all states of India with different intensity. Generally, site to the railway station and has spread to a few agricul- overall spread in terms of Parthenium density and disper- tural lands and also in Rae-Bareily district and Jhansi areas sion level is maximum in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, (10). It grows most luxuriously in some districts especially Bihar, Punjab, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, 00around western U.P. Weed is found in plenty in the nearby Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh; me- agricultural lands, abandoned land and on the bank and the dium in Jharkhand, Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Himachal basin of rivers (29). Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Orissa, and West Bengal; low in Andaman & Nicobar, Arunachal Pradesh, It is very well reported to occur in Western U.P. like Pilib- Goa, Kerala, Lakshadweep, Manipur, Mizoram, Megha- hit, Puranpur Tehsil, Bisalpur Tehsil, Shahjahanpur, Mala laya, Nagaland, Sikkim and Pondicherry. However its in- and Deoria forest (Pilibhit) Badaun, Bareilly, Etah, Aligarh, festation varied in different states and different regions of Hathras, Firozabad, Mainpuri, Mathura, Moradabad, Meerut, states (Table 1). Bijnor, Rampur, Jyotiba-Phule Nagar, Baghpat, Muzaffarna- gar, Saharanpur, and other parts of the state (32). Int J Cur Res Rev | Vol 10 • Issue 17 • September 2018 24 Lalita et.al.: Review on a weed Parthenium hysterophorus (L.) There are less data available on the abundance of Parthe- period following the occurrence of mild rains. Its infestation nium hysterophorus in Meerut district due to less research, is severe in the field where irrigation canals are used. On the but there are plenty of Parthenium found grown in the bare bank of narrow, human-made waterway systems(water canal areas, railway platforms and in agriculture lands. or ditch), Parthenium hysterophorus weed grows abundantly due to the good availability of moisture and its seeds being (2) HABITAT carried by irrigation water canal. This exotic weed is generally spotted on bare lands, industrial areas, developing residential colonies, railway tracks, roads, (b) Orchards and forests ecosystems: drainage and around the ditch etc. This weed also grows vig- Earlier, it was not known for its infestation in gardens and orously in gardens, forests and agricultural fields. Due to its forests but at present time it spread vigorously into these high luxuriance growth, it can produce about 15,000 seeds/ areas. This weed grows luxuriantly in orchards because of plant, which can disperse and germinate to different area in low weeding practices in such ecosystems. Mango orchards a large amount. It has potentiality to adjust to a variety of in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Mahrashtra are fre- habitat conditions. It infest woodland, open spaces of urban quently invaded by Parthenium weed causing a nuisance to regions, overgrazed pastures, developed terrains, irritated growers. In Himachal Pradesh, this weed has spread in the and uncovered zones, for example, roadsides, tracks, and in- majority of apple orchards grown in the lower elevations. tensely loaded regions, for example, stockyards and watering Similarly in Maharashtra, orange orchards have been in- areas such as irrigation canal, water channels and ditch(43). vaded with Parthenium weed causing problems to growers. It grows better in hot climates. High temperature is favorable Parthenium can grow luxriously in bare lands/wastelands for the development of this noxious weed production. Low and in forests, it inhibits the growth of other plants by which temperature represses the development of the plant and the local bio-diversity
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