CENSUS OF INDIA

1981

PUNJAB

, , TOWN STUDY OF PHAGWARA ( DISTRICT KAPURTHALA)

DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS PUNJAB

CONTENTS

PAGES

LIST OF PLATES iv A-CENTRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION vi FOREWARD vii

PREFACE ix

CHAPTER I Introduction

CHAPTER II History of Growth of the Town 6

CHAPTER III Amenities and Services-History of Growth and the Present Position 10 CHAPTER IV Economic Life of the Town 22 CHAPTER V Ethnic and Selected Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Population 38 CHAPTER VI Migration and Settlement of Families 48

CHAPTER VII Neighbourhood Pattern 71 CHAPTER VIII Family Life in the Town 74 CHAPTER IX Housing and Material Culture 84 CHAPTER X Organisation of Power and Prestige 88 CHAPTER XI Leisure and Recreation, Social Participation, Social Awareness, Religion and Crime 91

CHAPTER XII Linkages and Continua 97

CHAPTER XIII CONCLUSION 103

APPENDICES 107-151

(Jii) LIST OF PLATES

Plate No. Description Facing page

1 2 3

1. A panoramic view of Central :.:art of Phagwara Town 4 2. Administrative Complex (Outer view) 10 3. Administrative Complex (Inner view) 10 4. Office ofthe Punjab State Electricity Board Phagwara 10 S. City Police Station 10 6. Improvement Trust Office 111 7. Town Hall Phagwara 12 8. General Public Toilet (maintained by Municipal Committee Phagwara) 14 9~ Municipal Sewerage Disposal pump installed on Hoshiarpur Road 14 10: Railway junction Phagwara (an outer view) 14 11. Railway junction Phagwara (Inner view) 14 12. A Rickshaw Stand in front of Bus Stand at G.T. Road 14 13. Post and Telegraph Office at G.T. Road 14 14: Telephoneexchange . 14 15; Municipal Fire Brigade Station near Town Hall 14 16. Guru Nanak College Sukh Chain-ana Sahib 20 17. Industrial Training Centre Phagwara 20 18. Civil Hospital Phagwara 20 19. Virk Hospital (Private) 20 20. Export House (Auto parts) in Industrial Area 32 21. A Diesel Engine-an important product of the town 32 22. lagatjit Cotton Textile Mills (J .C.T.) 32 23. Jagatjit Sugar Mills (recently purchased by Oswal Agro) 32 24. SukhjitStarch Mill 32 25. Punjab National Bank-Towards left, Life Insurance Corporation Office is also seen 36 26. A view of Bansanwala Bazar 36 27. A view of whole sale cloth market, Bansanwala Bazar 36 28. A furniture shop on Sarai Road 36 29. A view of Gaushala Bazar . 36

30. Poonam Hotel on G.T. Road 36 J 31. Aliquorshop 36 32. A view of Grain market 36 33. A view of vegetable market • 36 34. Apahaj Ghar (an asylum for destitute and physically hadicapped) 72 35. Jalota House an old mansion 84 36. A residential house in H~rgobind Nagar-Posh area. 84 37. AmodernhouseinModelTown . 84

(iv) lV)

2 3

38. A miqdle income group Habitat 84 39. A Scheduled Caste Habitat . 84 40. Aka! Stadium-Ramgarhia Educational Institutions 92 41. Municipal Library adjacent to Town Hall 92 42. City Club, for recreational activities 92 43. EliteCinemaatG.T.Road . 92 44. Gurudwara Sukh Chainana Sahib Patshahi Sixth at the North Eastern fringe ,of the Town 96 45. Gurudwara Sahib Patshahi Sixth, Chaura Kbuh (wide well) in Gau Shala Bazar • 96 46. Vishvakarma Temple on Banga Road 96 47. Gita Mandir in Model Town 96 48. A mosque on Gau Shala Road 96 CENSUS OF INDIA-19th

A-CENTRAL GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS (Printed)

Part-I-A Administration Report Enumeration . Part-1MB Administration Report Tabulation Part-II-A General Population Tables "I ' (Printed) Part-11 M B Primary Census Abstract J Part·III General Economic Tables Part-IV Social and Cultural Tables Part-V Migration Tables Part-VI Fertility 1 abIes Part-VII Tat.les on Houses and Disabled Population (Printed) Part·YIlI Household Tables Part-IX Special Tables on Scheduled Castcs and Scheduled Tribes Part-X-A Town Directory (Printed) Part-X-B Survey Reports on Selected Towns Part-X-C Survey Reports on Selected Villages Part·XI Ethnographic Notes and Special Studies on Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Part-Xll Census Atlas

B-STA1E GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS Part-XIII District Census Handbook for each district in two parts Part·XIIl·A Village and Town Directory Part·XIlI·B Village and Townwise Primary Census Abstract

(vi) FOREWORD

Apart from the decennial enumeration of population, the Indian Census is steeped in the tradition of undertaking a variety of studies of topical interest. In fact, the publications brought out in connection with the earlier censuses contained veritable mines of information or racial, cultural, linguistic and a number of other aspects of life of the people of this country. With the advent of freedom, however, the scope and dimension of these special studies had to be restructured in a manner that would provide the basic feed­ backs on the processes of development taking place in different spheres of life of the people especially under planned development. . , Thus, in connection with the 1961 Census, a massive programme was launched inter-alia to conduct socio-economic survey of about 500 villages selected from different parts of the country. The main objective of this study was to know the way of life of the people living in Indian villages which accounted for 82 per cent of the total population as per the 1961 Census. There was, however, an imperative need to extend the area of the study to urban centres as well, to provide a complete coverage of the people living in diverse socio-economic conditions. It was with this objective in view ancillary studies on towns were launched as part of the social studies programme in connection with the 1971 Census.

The programme of social studies taken up in connection with the 1971 Census, was continued without any major change at the 1981 Census as well. A study on traditional rural based handicrafts was, however, added as a new item under the social study projects of the 1981 Census. For the conduct of urban study, 64 small and medium towns were selected from different parts of the country following the criteria such as (a) size, (b) demographic features, (c) functional characteristics, (d) specific industry or occupation dominating the economy, (e) location, (f) concentration of different castes and communities, and (g) other social and cultural phenomenon like temple town, health resort etc. The research design, tools for data collection and formats for data tabulation and report writing re­ quired for urban studies were originally formulated by Dr. B.K. Roy Burman, the then Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division. His successor, Dr. N. G. Nag took considerable pains to revise all the formats to make them more comprehensive. Dr. K. P. Ittaman, the present Deputy Registrar General heading Social Studies Division coordinated these studies at different levels as well as rendered necessary guidance to the Directorates of Census Operations for their successful consummation. Shri M. K. Jain, Senior Research Officer with the able assistance of Investigators, Shri R. P. Naula and J. P. Joshi did a commendable job in scrutinising the reports and communicating the comments thereon to the Directorates. I am grateful to all of them. The present report is the out-come of a study on Phaawara town undertaken by the Directofate of Census Operations Punjab. I am indebted to Sari 1. C. Kalra Joint Director and his colleaguses in the Census Directorate for their pains taking efforts in bringing out this report.

Nnw DELHI, THE 1ST OF JUNE, 1988 V. S. VERMA REGISTRAR GENERAL, INOlA

(vii)

PREFACE

The Census has become an indispensable instrument of policy and developmental planning. Impor­ tance of census further increases as, apart from conducting population census once in ten years, Census organisation during intercensal period engages itself in various sample surveys to portray various socio­ economic facts of society by adopting well planned and searching inquiries. These inquiries highlight the social and cultural background of human beings along with their traditions and custom~ which inter-alim tend to influence their social organisation and thus necessitates the study of relevant ingredients responsible for social change at a point of time. Thus census aims at presenting as complete a picture of man as may be possible in his social, cultural and economic setting.

India is no doubt predominantly rural, but urbanisation has been increasing at an accelerated rate especially after independance. With increasing temp;) of economic and industrial development of the country urbanisation would s;:em inevitable. In other wJrd, urbanisation has become sine-qua-nqn of pro­ gress. Urban centres are undoubtedly the centres of dissemination of knowledge, new ideaS";' technical skills and so on. The urban centres form a sort of points of contact with the outside world. This influences the life around till more and more areas get urbanised. In developing countries the age old c1eaL' cut distinc­ tion between rural and urban style of living is gradually narrowing. Rural-Urban continuum is gradually becoming a reality especially in this state. Visualizing the need to indicate as to how much rural the urban areas are and how much urban the rural areas have become in the wake of urbanisation, we have to collect empirical data at the micro level in respect of certain towns, villages, communities etc., to study the extent of social change. The urban studies aim at determining the pace of urbanisation and its impact on hinter-land and vice­ versa. Taking into consideration the demographic feature, functional category, location, growth history, net work of linkage with other towns and hinterland, number of ethnic and religious groups and allied cultural phenomena, Phagwara town, in the heart of Punjab State, was selected for intensive urban study. The present monograph is the outcome of this intensive urban study.

Phagwara, a medium sized town, was selected for the intensive urban study mainly due to its rapid industrialisation. Apart from large/medium scale industries located in the town, the importance of the town is also linked with the potential of more than 800 small scale units producing export quality products. Being situated on the main A1l¥itsar-Delhi railway line and the Grand Trunk Road it developed as grain market of considerable size and got adequate importance in the field of education too. Above all, people of this industrial town professing different religious faiths and belonging to different castes, creeds and commun­ ities live together having social contacts with each other. In this report an attempt has been made to depict the socio-cultural and demographic profile of the dwellers of the town since the days of its glorious past

The report is based on data collected through schedules designed by Social Studies Division of Registrar General India's Office. The number of schedules had to be adjusted keeping in view the study as well as functional category of the town. Apart from canvassing Household Schedule in the selected households data were collected by contacting various educational, medical, religious and other institutions, trade and commerce establishments, government and semi-govenment offices as well as by meeting a few eminent persons in the town. The sample localities were selected keeping in view the criteria of ethnic groups, growth history, level of living, specific groups by way of services and amenities etc. We have also made extensive use of census data, especially of 1981 Census, pertaining to this town. Care has been taken to present the data as accurately as possible but the possibility of any sub-conscious bias as on the part of enumerators' or respondents or any other discrepancy that might creep in inadvertantly cannot be ruled out. The field survery was conducted under the supervision of Shri G. S. Gill, Assistant Director, by Shri A. S Dhillon Investigator, Shri H. S. Dhingra, Shri S. M. Meena and Shri Santokh Singh, Statistical Assistants' Shri P. C. Jand and Shri Major Ram, Computers and Shri S. S. Saini and Shri Ram Pal Assistant' compilers. Shri A. S. Dhillon, Investigator contributed significantly in compilation and tabulation of various data collected through field survey as well as census data. In this work he was ably assisted by Shri H. S. Dhingra, Mrs. Meena Rattan, Shri Malkit Singh Shri S. K. Joshi and Shri BalbiI' Singh, Statistical Assistants, Shri P. C. Jand, Shri Narinder Singh and Shri Majol Ram, Computers and Shri S. S. Saini and Shri Ram Pal, Assi~ant Compilers. Shri Surinderjit Singh, Senior Geographer and his section faired out maps and diagrams designed for this report. Shri Kulbir Singh, Artist was associated in preparing the title cover and taking photographs for this publication. Initial as well as final draft was typed out by Shri Vinay Kumar, Assistant Compiler. (ix) Report was drafted and. finalised by Shri G. S. Gill, Assistant Director single handedly as per suggestions received from the Social Studies Division in Registrar General's Office. Shri J. C. Kalra, Joint Director and Shri R. K. Bhatia, Deputy Director ably monitored the progress to complete this project within the stipulated time. We are greatly indebted to Dr. K. P. lttaman, Deputy Registrar General, Social Studies Division in the Registrar General's Office for providing us with most valuable technical guidance and suggestions in improving the draft. A word of thanks must be said of Shri B. P. Jain, Deputy Director in Registrar General's Office who took; great pains in seeing the teport through the press. First proof was read by Smt. Harbeer Kaut & Smt. Asha Vashist, Stat.istical Assistants under the supervision of Sh. K. P. Shal1na, Investigator. Final proof, however, was read by S/shri Malkit Singh, Investigator and Sh. Harbans Singh Statistical Assistant.

We are indeed thankful to the residents ofphagwara Town for the whole hearted co-operation received from themin conduct of the study. The local Municipal authorities, the government and semi-government and administrative machinery located in the town also deserve our sincere thanks for providing us with various useful data. Above all, we place on record our deep sense of gratitude to our Registrar General, India, Shri A. R. Nanda, lAS, and his worthy predecessor Shri V. S. Verma, lAS, for their constant inspiration and valuable guidance at all stages of preparation of this-report.

CHANDlGARH D. S. JASPAL 25th April, 1990 Director Census Operations, Punjab Chundigrah.

(x) CHAPTER i INTRODUCTION Location parts by more than 40 percent*, There has been Phagwara, a medium sizcd Industrial town of the rupid industrialisation in this town which generated. State, is situated in the heart of Doaba---the land more employment facilities in a comparatively encircled by two famous rivers-the Sutlej aud the shorter period. Infra-structural facilities like railway Beas. Apart from Amritsar-Delhi main railway line. junction, being nodal point of National as well as the Grand. Trunk Road now called National High State highway roads alongwith ideal location, plain Way .No: 1 passes through the town. Kapurthala, area, abundant underground water in th~ hinterland the dlstnct headquarter is at a distance of 41 kms. helped the town to grow at a faster pace. towards t~e north-west while headquarters of Phag­ wara tehsIl as well as Phagwara Sub-division are Total population within the town. Tehsil Phagwara is detached from other two tehsils of the district and in-between the 1.3 According to 1981 Census, the population of two blocks lies the territory of J alandhar district. the town is 75,961 comprising 42,127 males and The town lies in-between two importall!t cities of the 33,834 females, while it stood at 55,012 at the 1971 State, Ialandhar City is only 24 kms. from here in Census with 30,015 males and 24,997 females. This the north-western direction where as Ludhiana the reflects a decadal growth rate of 38.08 percent biggest city in the state is 38 kms. away in the south. (against 44.51 percent state urban average). Its sex eastern direction. The town is situated 122 kms. to ratiO, which was 833 females per 1000 males in the north-west of the State capital Chandigarh. 1971, declin~d to 803 females per 1000 males ill Important characteristics of the town 1981. The number of Scheduled Castes recorded at the 1981 Census is 16,749 against 11.429 in 1971, 1.2 Apart from three large/medium scale indus­ indicating a decadal growth rate of 46.55 percent. tries namely Jagatjit Cotton and Textile Mills; Amonust the class-II (50,000-99,999) towns of the Iagatjit Sugar Mills and Sukhjit Starch Mills located state it ranks at number 4. However, it is the largest in the town, the importance of the town is also town in the district. The population of the town is linked with the potential of more than 800 small spread over an area of 16 krn2., in other words there scale units situated in the streets of this town pro­ arc 4531 persons, on an average, per square kilo­ ducing export quality products and sharing the metre. Break up of population in the Municipal country's export in respect of Diesel Engine spare area and its out growths is given in table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1 Distribution ofPopulation 1981 Census

Name of town/out growth Area in TOTAL POPULATION SCHEDULED CASTES km.2 .. POPULATION Persons Males Females Persons Males Females 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ------_. ----- Phagwara (M.C.) 16.00 72,499 40,187 32,312 14,366 7,810 6,556 (i) Mohalla Oobindpura (00) N.A. 1,990 1,134 856 1,416 771 645 (ii) Kot Rani (00) N.A. 1,472 806 666 967 530 437 Total N.A. 75,961 42,127 33,834 16,749 9,111 7,638 (Phagwara Urban A8stomeration)

MC Stands for Municipal Committee. 00 Stands for out-growth. NA Stands for not available. Topography vial soil which is very fertile and suitable especia1ly 1.4 Topographically, the town is Situated at 241 for crops like wheat, rice, sugarcane and _maize. metres above the sea level and bears a small slope Under-ground water is available in plenty which. is from the north-east to south-west. Plain· area of 'ar-ained out with the help of ttlbe-wells and is the which Phagwara town is a part is made up of allu- main source of irrigation in the hinterland. *KOHLI, Aswanl. Phagwara and Diesel Engine. The Tribune (Chandigarh) 27 FebruarY 1988 : 6 2

Flora and Fauna Communication with other places 1.5 The vegetation in the area is almost the.same 1.8 The growth of the town can be attributed to as found commonly in the northern part of the a large extent to its being located on the National country. Roads and canal banks are generally lined Highway and the main railway line. Town is linked with tr,ees. Trees Me also found planted in the with Chandigarh by road via Nawanshahr anc,l major cortimori hind of the villages as also in the govern­ proportion of traffic between Chandigarh' and the ment'rest houses, in and around the town. The areas north of Phagwara moves on this road. Apart imp~>rtant trees found in the area include Jaman from Chandigarh. the town is connected with all (E'qgenia jambolana), Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo), the towns of the state by road and with number :~·bng6es (Mangif~ra indica). Siris (Albizzia lebbek), of important places by rail. The town is also well Pipal (Ficus religiosa), Mulberry (Morus indica). connected with important places of the country by SImbal Hadiabad town, now part September. The pleasant months of the year are of Phagwara town, could not develop being away October-November and February~March. from main communication centre. 1.11 While travelling from Ludhiana to Jalan­ with two streets branching off towards right from elhar on the G.T. Road it gives distinct industrial railway road. The main railway station of Phag­ look when one enters into the limits of Phagwara wara is' on the other end of the railway road about Town. On the right side of the road is located the 300 metres away from G.T. Road. The main bus famous J agatjit Cotton Textile Mills alongwith the Stand is on the G.T. Road adjoining Nehru Nagar residential colony of its staff members and workers. from where state as well as interstate BUses PlY. Little ahead of this a residential COlony named Again on the left side. after bus stand. starts the 'Shiv Puri' starts where mostly Scheduled Caste complex of Jagatjit Sugar Mills. By the side of this population live. On the left side of the road oppo­ Mill a metalled road branches off towards west site the factory, is a: big hotel named Heyar Plc:ce. from G.T. Road which leads to Nakodar via: Hadia­ Some other eating places called 'Dhabas' have also bad the. old component of the town. On the left come up along the hotel where most of the factory hand side of this very road just after crossing rail~ workers take food, tea and refreshments. Then way line are located all important educatiomil iilsti­ there is a railway crossing on the railway line con­ tutions namely Rarngarhia PolYtechnio. RT. necting Phagwara with Nawanshahr. Just after College. an Arts College and Phagwara college for railway crossing Model Town area begins on the women. Where this complex of educational institu~ left hand side of the G.T. Road. This reSidential tions ends. the old town named Hadiabad' starts on area was developed in the fifties to accommodate the right side of the road. South western part of this refugees migrated from west Pakistan during 1947 locality is inhabited mostly by Harijans; Ad.. partition. To enter into Model Town five roads dharmis and Balmikis. On the left side of Nakodar branch out from the G.T. Road. The bungalows road is Hakupura where numbet of ad:dhatmi constructed on the plots facing G.T. Road are com­ households predominate. In the northern part of paratively bigger in the size compared to those on this segment are located big old buildings wI1ich the rear. All buildings are provided with most of belong to the big industrialists and bUSinessmen be­ the modern amenities like electricity. spacious longing to Chadha arid Handa community. The rooms, bath rooms, kitchen. water supply and flush roads in this area are narrow, streets and lanes system latrines. On the opposite side on G.T. Road move in a zig zag way: This locality is residential is located main post office and other important and hectic business activities are conspicuous by offices like Sub-Divisional Magistrate Phagwara's their absence. Further. again on G.T Road area office and Tehsil office. Adjoining this Adminis­ between railway, .line and G.T. Road and little trative complex, a modern locality known as Guru ahead of Sugar Mill'towards lalandhar is Santolli Hargobind Nagar is another Posh residential are:a pur.a. Starting from the Sigar mill a toad reads to which has come up recently. The deSign and struc­ Hoshiarpur town towards north-eastern directiOO. ture of these houses is similar to those found in On bots sides of this road is a mixture of new as the city beautiful-the state capital Chandigarh. well' as old structures. G<>verrnnent Veterinary Hos. The Improvement Trust office building is also situ­ pital is also located on this road .. On'tmdeft a road' ated near water tank in this locality. brancheS' off to Jagat Pura area. Municipal jurisdic­ tion towards this side ends with Bazigar Basti. On 1.12 In the heart of the town on the left side the right side of Hoshiarpu.r: ro!,\d another road of G.T. Road Firebrigade office with 3 fire tenders leads towards Plahi Gate. On the left side of this is located. On its one side is P.W.D. Rest House road is an Apahaj Ghar and' a residential area oceu- ' and on the other side is Municipal Committee buil­ pied by Jhuggi dwellers. A short distatice aheadl ding known as Town Hall. Municipal Library is Scheduled Castes mainly Balmiki and Ad-dharmis also functiC!ning in the complex. On the other side reSide on both sides of Bhula Rai road. Again on of the G.T. Road and facing MuniCipal office is G.T. Road and opposite bus stand leads another old grain market where sale and purchase of agri­ road known as Sarai J,'oad which ultirIlate'ly be­ cultural produce takes place. It is circular in shape comes Banga road and further leads to ~aw~sllal1r and is surrounded by shop-cum-flats mainly occu­ and' Chandigarh. On the Bahga road a~ef pa~sii1g pied ,by food grain dealers. and commission agents. through maih hazar called Bahsanw~l~ ljaz¥. nl' the- centre of this old graili market is located Gaushala road starts towards left. Furtfler on the an old well. Very close to the main gate of old right side zig zag lane reaches Kota1;iii'~ Chowk. grain market. which opens: at G.T. Road. is loca­ On this lane which branches oq to right: frj:)W' O~u­ ted a sweet shop, popularly known as Bhaian di shalit road is Sandhura Mandrr and in left fanes Hatti .. Behind this old grain market, separated by a mostly Thathiars live and work. Prom ~apsa~w~a metalled road, is located New grain market. The bazar again while going ahead on its rign! side, is new grain market has been developed to cope with Kaurian MohalIa where Brahmins reside and again the increased marketing activity in the town. Again towards Gurdwara Patshabi VIth. bazar Sarafan from G.T. Road, the xailway road starts towards road branches oft' to the left. On the right side of west from central octroi post., On left side of this bazar sarafan is lane (gali) of Thathiaran. ~h.ich railway road is Prem Nagar with four lanes emana­ terminates in MohaUa Thathiaran. PUi'tner gOing ting from it and on its right side is Nehru Nagar ahead in bazar sarrafa:n~ on left is bat gali and 4 lalo/ian the gali. Whereas on right side towards Table No. 1.3 gives area figures under various Gurdwara Patshahi VIth the road leads to Mohalla land lise categories proposed in the Master Plan Sacharan towards left. Further it leads towards keeping in view the future development of the town Kha],vara Gate on its left where agriculturistS', be­ in the next twenty years Le. from 1976 to 1996. longing to Jut and Saini communities reside. The lane (gali) is known as Gali Jattan. From Khalwara TABLE 1.3 Gate area a road leads towards Banga road, on Proposed Land use up 10 1996 right side of it is again a Sunar Gali and on right side is GaIi Ghumaran, Taki MahalIa. There after Land use_ category Area in Percentage Percentage neat Chhota Talab, Mehli Gate area starts where hectares to develop- to total cd land planning mostly agriculturists Jat and Saini reside. A pro­ area fessor colony has developed between this area of agriculturists and Banga road leading towards 2 3 4 Nawanshahr. Near the Octroi Post and on right side of this Banga road a big complex Punjab StDte I. Residential 674 46.36 16.80 Electricity Board has been developed where the Exe­ 2. Commercial 69 4.75 1.72 cutive Engineer's office is located. 3. Industrial 226 15.54 5.63 4. Government 8 0.55 0.20 Functional areas and land use pattei'D 5. Recreational 163 11.21 4.06 6. Public and Semi Public 31 2.13 0.77 1.13 Master plan of the town was prepared by 7. Traffic and Transport 283 19.46 7.06 the Divisional Town Planner, Ialandhar in 1976 under whOSe jurisdiction this town falls, Based on Total developed land 1,454 100.00 36.24 Master Plan Table No. L2. gives area under vari­ OllS land use categories as existed at. the time of . (Rural Zone) _ 2,558 63.76 survey i.e. in 1976. Table reveals that slightly more Total planning area 4,012 100.00 than 'sixty per cent area' of the town falls under the category of other uses· which· mainly incl ude land _Source: Sti:pplied ·bythe Divisional Town Planner, Depart­ under cultivation or other open spaces within the - ment of Town and Country Planning Punjab, Jalandhar Municipal limits. Such areas however, comprise outer periphery of the town slightly away from main Important public places road Out of the total developed land, 44.14 per cent comprises land use category residential. Other .. 1.14 Bus stand and railway. station are the two land USe categories having significant percentage of important public places in the town. Bus stand is area are Traffic and Transport, Industrial and Pub­ located.on.the.G.T. road where as railway station lic and Semi Public.. is located about 800 metres away in the south wes­ tern direction from bus stand where railway road TABLE 1.2 ·ends. Both the plac.es are quite spacious and con­ Existing Land Use-1976 venient to approach being located at the Central place. Another important public place is Town Hall, where apart from public meetings Republic Land use category Area in Percentage Percentage hectares to total to total Day and Independence Day functions are held. developed area Within the Town Hall complex there ]s a big public land library where a good number of readers gather daily ._---- to read various news papers, magazines and books . 2 3 4 However, there are a number of parks for public 1.. Residential. · 174.015 44.14 17.38 use. Commercial 16.187 4.11 1.62 2. groopll 3. Industrial 60.703 15.40 6.06 Residential pattern with reference to ethnic 4. o'overnlllent 4.046 1.03 0.40 1.15 To canvass household schedules in some 5. Recreational 14.164 3.59 1.41 households various localities were identified, repre­ 6. Public and Semi Public 42.164 10.69 4.21 senting almost all the major ethnic groups, with the 7. Traffic & Transport 82.960 21.04 8.28 help of well informed local persons of the town, Total developed land · 394.239 100.00 39.36 Other uses . .. · 607.359 60.64 However, apart from giving major importance to concentration of ethnic groups in some particular Total area: 1001. 598 100.00 areas some other factors like growth history and standard of living; Specific identity groups by ser­ vice or amenities were also taken into consideration. Source : Supplied by the Divisional Town Planner, Department . of Town and Country Planning Punjab, Jalandhar The idea was to identify as many representational Division, Jalandhar. IQcaliti~s as would give the best and exhaustive cross PLATE 1. A Panoramic view of Central Part of Phagwara

5

section of the town. Care was also taken to cover the areas having residences of particular group of 2 people like scheduled castes etc. ------_- III. Modern Area J.16 Localities identified on the basis of ethnic 1. Model town area . 30 2. Guru Hargobind Nagar . 10 groups represent all the major religions, castes/com­ 3. Subhash Nagar 18 munities and Scheduled Caste population. In Bazi­ 4. Prem Nagar . JO S. Nehru Nagar . 5 gar Basti and Harijan Vas exclusively Scheduled 6. Chahal Nagar 1 Caste population live. Whereas in Tbathiaran loca­ IV. Grain Market lity people belonging to Thathiar community who 1. Purani Mandi 4 make utensils generally live. In Ramgarhia locality 2. Navin Mandi . 5 people belonging to Ramgarhia community domi­ 3. Mohalla Sachrans 2 4. Mohalla Aggarwalan 1 nate. Main profession of the people residing in this V. Thathiars locality is 'services'. In Khalwara gate area and 1. Mohalla Thathiran (Utensil make:rs) 8 Mol1alla Kaurian generally Brahmins reside and 2. Mohalla Lamian . . 9 tbis area is known as Brahmin locality. Jewellers VI. Ramgarhias (Servicing profession) were covered in Gall Sarafan and mohalla Sarafan. 1. Mohalla Ramgarhias 1 Potters (earthenware makers) were spotted in Ghu­ 2. Gali S. Mela Singh . . . 1 mar Oali, Bazar Bansanwa1a and Oa11 Ohumaran 3. Gali Taikhana (near Chowk Katahira) 1 (MahalIa Takil. ,.. VIII. Brahmins. 1. Gali Brahmins No.1.. 1 11.17 Ap!!It from ethnic groups, areas were also 2. GaJi Brahmins No, 2.. . 1 identified according to growth history and standard 3. Khalwara Gate Mohalla Kaurian 2 of living and also according to main occupation of VIII. Jewellers (Sunars) I. Gali Sunaran . 2 people. In modem area locality people have built 2. Mohalla Sarafan houses having all the modern facilities and their 4 standard of living is also comparatively higher. In IX. Potters (Earthenware makers) 1. Ghumar GaJi Bazar Bansanwala 1 grain market, people dealing with sale I purchase of 2. Gali Ghumaran Mohalla Taki 1 food grains live. In this very locality main transac­ X. Industrialists & Businessmen tions in food grains take place. In Industrialists and 1. Mohalla Chadhian, Hadiabad 7 Businessmen locality generally Industrialists and 2. Handian Da Mohalla 2 Businessmen live in spacious houses. In Jat and XI. Jat and Saini Sikhs (Agriculturists) Saini locality people having agricultural land were 1. Khalwara Road GaJi Jatan 5 found living and cultivation is their main profes­ 2. Chhota Talab (Mehligate area) 15 sion. In professors and teachers colony generally XU. Professors and Teachers . educationists live. Thapar colony is the [esidential I. Professor colony on Banga road 2 area of lC.T. Mills. These residences are Mills XIII. Thapar colony (J.C.T. Mills Area) prbpcrty and reSidential accommodation is provided 1. Thapar colony 37 to staff members and workers at nominal rent. Total 252 households were selected in the sample. 1.18 Further selection of households from these For the selection of sample units the 1981 Cepsus localities was made proportional to total number houseli~ts were arranged serially in respect of each of househOlds in that locality. Localities identified locality and the residential census houses and resi­ in the town and number of households selected in dence-cum-other purpose census houses were serially the sample from each 10ca1ity is given below: numbered. Non-residential houses were not incor­ porated in the listing. After each of the residential census house was serially numbered and the total Name of the locality Number of households number of samples to be taken from each lacality selected determined, househOlds were selected by simple random method giving due weightage to each reli­ 1 2 gion, caste/community and to Scheduled Caste population of the town. I. Baziaar Bast! 10 J II Harijan Vas· Slums 1. Hadjan Balmikis, Bhula Rai Road . 20 1.19 The dirty areas, having hazardous and in­ 2. Jallllt Pura, Palahi Road 1 jurious living conditions and the lack of most essen- _ 3. Santokhpura, G.T. Road. 7 tial amenities, are lJsually treated as sll.tms. Albeit 4. Mohalla Balmiki. Bansanwala Bazar 8 Phagwara is an industrial town yet any sub standard: S. Shivpuri S settlement was not spotted during field survey. 6. Mohalla Ad'dharmi andHakupura·Balmiki 15 Moreover, there is no declared slum area in the Hadiabad . town as reported by the Municipal authorities, tHAPTER II mSTORY OF GROWTH OF tHE TOWN area. Segment corttprisi1'lg preSent Phagwara 6thsi! was tM second largest b.1ock in the ptincipality. The ruler wa's also the owner of more than thirty vinages. sitmned ih the Lahore and .Ainritsar dist­ ricts'arid of large estates ih the province of Oudh*. The rei'griing house of Kapurthala Claims to lie an off-shoot of the Rajput Ruling Dynasty of Jaisal- mer. . .

, 2:) ~n<:e ,p,hagwara town remained part of Kapurthala State, it is relevant to give, here brief q~scripti91l of Kapurthala ruling family as during their regime Phagwara town came, irrt~t existence and grew to a municipality status of present dimen­ siohs. Jassa Singh, who was~a contemporary of Nadar Shah and Ahmed, Shah, however, was the real founder of the Kaputthala ruling family. He being witHout ma1e issue, was succeeded by his secohd cousin', Bhag Singh. Raja Bhag Singh's only sutvivirlg son' and successor, Fateh Singh; was born iir, _178r:j;; The Mad of the Suker-Chakia MiSal, MaHaraja Ibtn,iit Singh, who was eventually destihed' tb' be krtbWIl as' tIle Lion of the Punjab was their just emerging into prominence. For ieason.o; of political expediency both these leaders entered into an offen~ st"e and defensive alliance in 1802'. Maharaja Ranjif Singh' broke his sacred VOw and confiscated' the olitlying; district oLPh'agwa:r'a which \1"as,~ however; soon' reStored: a~ the Maharaii Was ftilly conscioUN of iDe marked syhipathy of the Btitis:!i Government towards the Ahhiwaiia Chief and dreaded their intervention: in' favour of the Jatter. Durin:~ his regime Sarda~ Fateh SiQgh enhapced the _prestige of his illustrious'- hoUse arid con5bJitla'teci and ev~n a~

and his heirs and successors. Thus Raja Randhir creative-functions of art and machinery. Phagwara Singh may, in a sense, be regarded as the founder town being hub of Industrial activities has large of the erstwhile Kapurthala state to which he suc­ number of workers. The town bas a big temple of ceeded in adding lustre by his splendid services Lord Vishawkarma which is visited daily by large and achievements. Maharaja Jagat Jit Singh, grand number of workers of the town and from the areas son of Raja Randhir Singh. was installed on the around. The temple was built in the year 1913 A.D. Gaddi (throne) on the 16th October, 1877. He was and Maharaja Jagatjit Singh gifted four acres of an enlightened ruler, widely travelled. Apart from land to the temple. Several thousand devotees his contribution in the field of education and indus­ throng at the temple on Bhai Dooj day every year try he devised a system of Co-operative Banks. The to pay their homage to their lord. improvement of the State's internal communica­ tions became a question of increased importance. Land utilisation pattern He realised that to take full advantage of the new railway line being constructed, it is essential to 2.6 Land use pattern of the town is rather mixed. provide it with net work of feeder roads as well The land use Map gives broad picture of the town's as creation of the market places. The medical and land-use. From the map it is distinctly clear that sanitary department was working at a high pitch major land use variations are observed in the Phag­ of efficiency. There was a state dispensary at the wara proper segment and that too along the G.T. head-quarters of each tahsil including Phagwara road or along the main roads. Like most of the town where free medical relief was afforded.' For towns ribbon development has taken place in this administrative purposes the State was divided into town also. All the industrial units, commercial five tahsils, and Phagwara was OTIe of them. The areas, educational areas, Municipal committee three towns Kapurthala, Phagwara and Sldtanpur office, other administrative offices, B'lllks, Police poss'essed Municipalities. It was Maharaja Jagatjit stations, Bus stand, Railway station, Hotels eite. are Singh who took keen interest in the development located in Phagwara proper. However, old part of of Phagwara town. During his regime large as well the town caned Hadiabad is entirely a residential as medium sized industrial units and most of the colony having a few general merchant shops, which institutions presently functioning in the town were are visited by the customers from Hadiabad as well set up. Many institutions and industries installed as from surrounding villages. For the facility of the in his time bear his name. In Phagwara town the residents of this area, apart from one medical insti­ Sugar Mills, the Cotton arid Textile mills', the Hos­ tution there are a few primary Imiddle schools fune­ pital and the town hall of Phagwara bear his name. tioning in this area. One reading room has also On the formation of the PaHala and East Punjab been constructed' there by the Municipal committee States' Union (PEPSU), into which, Kapurthala State Phagwara. More than fifty percent area, mainly was merged alongwith other principalities of east around Phagwara proper, is open, These open areas Punjab on 20th August, 1948, he was appointed Up are along the periphery and there is a scope for Rainramukh of the newly formed state of PEPSU. the expansion of the town. Nonetheless, to check He Died in 1949 and was succeeded bv his son unauthorised growth and for land use control Maharaja Pramiit Singh. The Jatter died in1955 and improvement trust has be'en established in the town. was succeeded by his son Maharaja Sukhiit Singh. Now most of the land transactions take place Genealogical table of Kapurthala ruling family is through Improvement Trust. Improvement Trust given on page 8. also interferes wherever unauthorised construction takes place. 2.4 During the post-Independence period as a result of the merger of PEPSU with Punjab in 1956, Events connected with the growth certain areas of erstwhile princely state of Kapur­ thnla were transferred to Hoshiarpur and Jalandhar 2.7 With the construction of railway line and districts. The district was inclllded in Jalandhar divi. setting up of the railway station here in 1908 the Sian for convenience of administration. Phagwara growth of the town started with faster pace ellpe­ town, however, remained in district Kapurthala as cially near the railway station. Construction of rail­ tahSil Phagwara remained uneffected. way line, however, was initiated in the last quarter Qf nineteenth century and completed around 1907. 2.5 The town is sanctified bv the visit of Sri Guru The new growth took place along the main railway Hargobind Rai Ji the sixth Guru of Sikhs. One line/G.T. road which are parallel to each other. Gurdwara in the town and two others are situated Apart form bill industries and dana mandi resi. at the periphery of the town to commemorate the dential areas also came into existence simul­ visit of the Guru. All these three Gurdwaras are taneouslv. Bv the middle of thill centurv almost al1 affiliated to the 'Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak available land within the old part of the town called Committee' (SGPC) Amritsar because of their Hadiabad was almost exhausted and expansion of historic importance. Lord Vishawkarma in Hindu the town thereafter took place at this new place. mythology is considered to be the Lord of all The old town has houses mainly on an irregular 89-L/(N)672RGI -2 GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF KAPURTHALA RULING FAMILY. SADAO SINGH Gopal Jingh Deva Si~gh I ~------+------'------~I Gurbakhsh Singh Sa d ar SlOghr. BadarI SlOg. h , Ir D.I723 Kirpal ~ingh I ' ' I I ,--_____,o... Sardar Jassa Singh, Ladha Singh J I D.1783 I . Lal SlOgh Mana Singh Sardar Bhag SlOgh, I D 1801 I Meha~ Singh Sardar Fateh Singh. D.1836 I I...... r------'"' Raja Nih!1 Singh, Sardar A~ar Singh, D. 1852 D 1841 I r---' ------v- I Raja-I-Rajgan Randhir Sardar Bik~arna Singh, Kanwar shchet Singh, Singh, D. 1870 D.1887 BI837 I J r'------., ! Sardar p~rtab Singh Raja Daljii Singh Sardar Charanjit B. 1871 :IJ. 1879 Singh i I Sardar Jasjit Singh I Sardar Mldanjit Singh

r I Raja-I-Rajgan Kharak Raja Harnarn Singh Singh, D. 1877 B. 1851 Maharaja IJagatjit I

sm.h, B. Jf:87~"~("'i-r--M-ah-a-Ja-j-S-ingh-- .....s-h-lrn-g-h-er---In-d-Je-rjl-.t--D-a-u,-'p'-S-io-g-h--J-"'aJbir I Singh, B. 1878 Singh, Singh, B.1885 SiUSh I B. 1876 B.1879· B. 1883

Ir------' J ' Tikka Pararnjit Kanwar Mahijit Singh, Kanwar karjit Kanwar Kiu'all\iit Singh, B. 1892 B,1893 Singh.B.1893 Singh, B. 1896 { I { r------'- MaharajkwJari Arnrit Kaur, Kanwal lit Singh. B.l904 B.I907 MaharajaI Sukhjit Singh

Source : Its' Past and Present, Kapurthala State, 1921, Written by an Olijciai (8) \ PHA'GWA~A \ ... URBAN LAND USE

r-­ ,J I /'t I " ' ..I

I I ~ ... I'... I I .. J. ,,'-' ... I ~~ ""'",/ ( \ I, I I "l· 1 I / I ,I ,J , JlHAiGWAIt,&"' , '~._t _- \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \

• SUSi"'ESS UP

II1II iNQUSTRIAl ""U

D PUBLIC SfllYtCE AIIfA III EOUCAl'IONAl AII£A

_ AESIO£IIIIIAt AIIEA I ,II .ANC,IL ~m::;:l RECREATIONAL AII£" (HACHO","'

D AOIlINISTRATIVE AREA MUNICIPAL BOUNDARY BROAD GAUGE RAILWAY OPEN SH.C£! IiOAD ARAllE LAND D CANAL I Ol~ TRIBUIARY

8'$U) !J'QIj S\IIVEV Of INOlA MAP WITH. THE PERIIIIISSIDII (hOVEllNMENT OF INOlA eOPVRIGHT.I"~ O~ rloiE $\)ItVE¥O" GtIliEI!"~ fIIF INlXA

9

pattern. The streets and lanes in the interior of the Trends in population growth town are narrow, uneven and irregular. On the other han? Phagwara town segment lies on even terrain 2.9 Growth of the town can also be viewed in havIllg comparatively more open land and· wider the light of population changes which took place in roads. Therefore, this part of the town developed the past. Table II.1 gives the population of the at much faster pace. However. the growth of the town~since 1881 alongwith thecorresponding growth town skewed particularly along roads emanating rates. from the tC'wn towards the surrounding urban centr~s of Jalandhar. Hoshiarpur, Nawanshahr. TABLe II.l Ludhlana and Nakodar. With the expansion of Variation in Population of the Town since 1881 Phagwara town Hadiabad has become its part. Year Phagwara town Hadiabad Variations in Jand price and land speculation (including Hadiabad) .- ,._-A_---, 2.8 During field survey in 1986·87 it was observed Population Percentage Popu- Percentage t~at l~~d prices in the town are qUite high and are decada1 1ation decadal popu- growth Popu stdl rIsIllg day by day, According to some know­ Iation Iation l~gt!able perso~s of the town land prices have growth nsen a~out ten tlmes in the last ten to fifteen years. AccordIllg to them such a steep rise in the land 2 3 4 5 pric~s a.nd in such a sharrer period never occurred earher III the memorable past. Landprice mainly 1881 12,974 2,347 depends upon its location and! use to which its 1891 15,206 +17.20 2,875 22.50 s~rrounding areas are put. Land prices are the hIghest alo~lg the main roads especially along the 1901 17,147 +12.76 3,039 5.70 G.T. road, In the developed localities. Land is much N.A. N.A. costly in the developed commerical areas as com­ 1911 11,779 -31.31 pared to areas like residential. industrial etc. It was 1921 11,395 - 3.26 N.A. N.A. told that in the fully developed commercial areas 1931 12,049 +5.74 N.A. N.A. in the central parts of the town. along the G.T. road current land price varies from Rs. 800 to 1941 16,194 +34.40 N.A. N.A. Rs. 1000 per sq. metre. On the other hand in the 1951 25,591 + 58.03 3,725 N.A. ce~trally located well developed reSidential areas pnce of the land varies from Rs. 400 to Rs. 500 per 1961 37,929 +48.21 sq. metre. However. price of the land decreases con­ siderably as one moves away from the Central parts 1971 55,012 +45.04 of the town (~entral Business district) and also a\\ay 1981 75,961 +38.08 from the maIn roads. Land price in Hadiabad area is comparatively low which varies from Rs. 200 to Rs. 400 per sq. metre. Inspite of this very few N.B.t. N.A. standsfornotavaHtlble. land transactions take place in this part of the town. 2. In case ofHadiabad data for the Censuses 1911 to 1941 are not available on account of territorial adjustment of Rather people like to shift from this area to Phag­ enclaves. wara proper. Infact many have already shifted. Num­ ber of houses in this area are lying vacant or are rented out at nominal rent. Rental value of a build­ In 1961 Haciiabad Municipal Committee, which was treated as a separate urban unit till 1951, was i~g or a piece of land in Phagwant proper is much h',gher as compared to Hadibad segment. It was merged' with Phagwara Municipal Committee. In further told that in the out-skirts of the town and the first decade of this century the town witnessed little off the main roads land is available on an a considerable decrease in population. The second average at the r~te of Rs. 100 per sq. metre. Indeed, decade was also not favourable for the growth of on the out-skIrts bigger sized tracts of land town's population. Mterwards up to 1941 moderate presently under cultivation are available at this rate growth of population took place. However, the town whereas small sized plots carved out exclusively for has expanded considerably after independence as sale and are sold through property dealers are sel­ facilitated by its situational aspect. The decade ling. at higher price than that. It was also learnt 1941-51 recorded the highest growth rate of 58.03 dUrIng field survey that some well to do persons peroent which is consequential of bulk migration of generally purchase tracts of land in comparatively population from Pakistan to India during 1947 less developed area to dispose these of at much partition and setting up of Jagatjit Sugar Mills and higher price at some later stage. A few persons' Jagatjit Cotton and Textile Mills in the town. presently settled abroad but actually belonging to Increase in population after 1951 is. however, attri­ Phagwara or surrounding villages have also purchas- buted to rapid industrialisation, expansion in the ed plots in the town. . trade sector and general urbanization. CHAPTER III AMENITIES AND SERYICES-mSTORY OF GROWTH AND THE PRESENT POSmON

Phag'Nara town situated towards south~east of circle, as more population -moves from rural areas Jalandhar city on the main railway line and the to the town, the government/town authorities are Grand Trunk Road developed not, oI,1ly as one of required to -provide more amenities and services in the chief grain markets of the J alandhar Doab but the form of housing~ education, medical and admi- got adequate importance in Industrial and Educa­ nistrative services.' . tional sphere too. Prominence of, Jagatjit Cotton and Textile Mills in, the industrial field, and group of Ramgarhia Educational Institutions in the edu­ Administrative Office& cational field is known not only in the State but in whole northern India. In 1921 Census the popu]lltion of the town was recorded as 11,395 persons. How­ 3.2 Number of Central as well as State govern­ ever, as ner 1981 Census population rose to 75,96] ment offices are functioning in the town. Table III-I persons. This change of popul(ltion is not an isolated shows name. location, when established, nature ohenomenon. Development of the town is directly of function, jurisdiction and number of emptoyees linked with its population change. As the town grows working in 17 important public institutions (other more service avenues are created to' provide infra­ than banks, educational and medical institutions). structure resulting in inflO'w of population from In persuance of the government polic" of decentra­ rural areas to the town. This becomes a sO'rt of lising authority and converting tahsils into sub-

TABLE ill-I Important Public Institutions (Other Than Banks, Educational and Medical Institutions)

S1. Name Location When Nature of function Jurisdiction No. of No. establish- employees ed 2 3 4 5 6 7 __ ------_._-- Sub Divisional Officer (Civil) G.T.Road 1978 Renewal of driving licence, Token taxes Sub -division, 12 registration 'of new vehicles, Law & Phagwara order __ 2 Tahsil Office Revenue G.T. Road Before 1947 'l'o!X)llect revenue Do. 29 3 Welfare Office Tahsil Phagwara G.T. Road 1958 To~ivegrants.toSC/STas house Do. 3 building advance and other types of loans' - . . 4 Excise and Taxation G.T. Road To collect excise duty 4nd taxes 'Phagwara 50 5 Police station -Sadar and City Thana Banga Road 1978 To maintain law and order' Pha~wara Sub-division 65 and City 6 Block development and Panchayat G.T. Road 1953 Grants ofPanchayat, cons.truction of DEV. Block 38 Samiti Phagwara schools and lanes of villages Phagwara 7 Inspector Co-operative society - G.T. Road 1958 To look after functions ofCo-opera- Phagwara 21 tive 's~ety- 8 Fishery department , G.t.' Road 1979 Development of fisheries Phagwara 2 9 Economic and statistics G.T.Road 1978 Collection ofstatistics Phagwara 1 10 PWD (B & R) G.T. Road 1985 Construction and maintenance of Phagwara 38 buildings and roads 11 Sub Judge 1st Class G.T. Road 1983 Judicial work Phagwara 28 17 Improvement trust Hargobind Nagar 1975 Development of modem localities Phagwara 25 13 Electricity Board Phagwara Banga"Road 1965 Supplyland maintenallceof electricity Phagwara Sub- 579 Division 14 Food & Supply Office Uana Mandi 1963 Procurement of Paddy, Rice, Wheat Phagwara tahsil 24 15 Market Committee phagwara Dana Mandi Before 1947 in the market & distribution of essen­ 4 tial commodities 16 Life Insurance Corporation of India G.T. Road 1961 Life Insurance No bar 54 (U.C,) 17 Central Excise and Custom Office Model'town -:""'1-1975 Assesment & collection of excise and Phil!:!wara tahsil, 12 (Two ranges) -'~!\9! "'1~ custom l>hillaur, NawanShahr, ~"'r"'"-'?T > .", '.- ~.> ~lJ;I'> ,.,.~~..,. 'Ralachaur and Garhshankar 10 PU\T(_2. Administrative Complex (Outer view)

PI-ATE 3. Administrative Complex (Inner view)

,i .~ ...

PLATE 4. Office of the Punjab State Electricity Board Phagwara

PLAtE 5. City Police Station

PLATE 6. ImprovenlCnt Trust Office

11 divisions, Phagwara tahsil, has also been converted before ] 947. At the time of survey 47 employees into sub--division_ The sub-dIvisional officer (civil,) were reported to be working there. Block develop­ is an officer of the State government belonging ment and Panchayat Samati office Phagwara and elther to Provincial Civil Services or to Indian Executive Engineer P.W.D. (B & R) accC'modate Administrative Services. His powers vis-a-vis the 38 workers each including officers. Both the offices Sub-division are analogous to those of the Deputy are located On the G.T. road. Other four offices Commissioner vis-a-vis the district, though he exer­ having significant staff strength are those of Sub cises them inconsultation with and without detri­ Judge 1st Class, Improvement Trust, Food and ment to the authority of the Deputy Commissioner. Supply and Inspector Co-operative Societies. These He is responsible for law and order, revenue, ad­ offices reported their staiI strength as 28,25,24 and ministration, development work and other adminis­ 21 respectively. Another important office set up in trative and executive work in his sub-division. the town in 1975 is that of Central Excise and Office of the Sub-divisional Officer (Civil) was Custom. This office located in Model Town had established in the town in 1978. It is located on 12 officials working at the time of survey. Out of G.T. road and had stall strength of 12 employees total 17 important public institutions (other than at the time, of survey. Tahsil office, which comes banks, educational and medical) identified at the directly under the control' of the Sub-divisional time of survey, 12 are located on the G.T. road, Officer {Civil) was established in the town before· which passes through the heart of the town. Unlike 1947. It is al~o located 011 the G.T. road -and had other towns of the State one can locate and ap­ 29 officials working at that time. Apart from exer­ proach various establishments in Phagwara town cising control over tahsildars and his own staff the easily as most of these are located on the Ci.T. sub-Cllvisional officer (civil) becomes administrator road. of the Municipal Committee, falling under his jurisdiction, whenever its elected body ceases to function owing to OIle reason or the other. Municipal and other statutory bodies

3.3 Another important and public utility institu­ 3.5 Apart from other statutory bodies. MuniCipal tion is the office of the Punjab State Electricity Committee of Local Self government is the prime Board, which serves the whole Phagwara sub-divI­ body responsible for the development and provision sion including Phagwara town. This office is located of various amenities in the town. Office of the Banga Road and was established in 1965. Main Municipal Committee was set up in the town in function of this institution is to provide electricity 1951. Howevc;r the office functions in the present to all types of users i.e. domestic, industrial, com­ building, situated on the G.T. Road, since 1960. mericiaL, administrative etc. In 17 offices. identified The building now occupied by the committee, as important offices in the town, total 1028 officials known as Town hall. is not .only spacious and are working and out of these 579 are employees of magnificent to look but also ideally located to ap­ this establishment aione. In contrast to thIS only proach. Earlier the main structure of the building 449 officials are employed in the remaining 16 belonged to the Maharaja of Kapurthala State. offices. It is pertinent to mention here that in some After Its occupation, the committee made horizon­ offices such as Econmnic and Statistics, established tal extensions in its built up area by raising some in 1978. Fishery Department set up in 1979 and new structures to house its expandmg offices. Not­ Welfare office tahsil Phagwara established in as withstanding this the committee has sufficient open back as 1958 have one to three employees each. space within its precincts to maintain laws etc. Next to Punjab State Electricity Board office, The affairs of the municipality and civic adminis­ which have maximum number of employees in the tration are governed by the bye-laws, as adopted town. comes Police Department. Police station by the committee. in accordance with the provi­ Sadar and City Thana, both located on Banga sions of the Punjab Municipal Act of 1911. The road were established in 1948. Main job of this decisions taken by the committee are implemented department is to maintain law and order in the by the Executive Officer, who is an employee of areas, falling under their respective jurisdiction the State government posted there. To assist tbe through 65 devoted policemen. Life Insurance Cor­ Executive Officer there are number of other offi­ poration of India (LIC, has given job to 54 persons cers/ officials. At the time of survey total 372 offi­ in the town. LIC office located on G.T. road was cials including officers, officials and workers were established here in 196.1. In excise and taxation .on their pay roU to carry out various functions of department, to evaluate and collect revenue, 50 the committee . .officials are engaged.

3.4 Among the oldest in the town is the market 3.6 Tab1e III. 2 contains names of dilIerent committee office Phagwara, which is located at its branches of Municipal Committee alongwith appropriate place, i.e. Dana Mandi, was set up their main functions. 12

TABLE III-2 ~'"d List of Different Branches in the Municipal Committee ahllJlwith their main Functions

Branch Main activities

1 2

General Administration Establishment and general administration. Health Matters related to health and environmental conditions in the town e.g. I. Sanitation. U. Malaria c_ontrol. ill. Control of epidemics by vaccination etc. IV. Family and health welfare. V. Provision of maternity and child care services. Octroi Collection of octroi levied on the scheduled goods. Taxation Licensing of manual and animal driven carts! tonga/vehicles; Tehabazari, collection of house tax. water-tax, show tax. sewerage tax also collected alongwith the water tax. Fire brigade Fire fighting services in the town. Engineering Construction and maintenance of roads, municipal buildings and parks Municipal library Provision of general books, periodicals and daily news papers.

The operational branches of the executive body, 25 ems., 20 ems., 15 ems., 10 cms., and 7t cms. as indicated in the Japle, cQmprise the General Total length of network of pipes laid down is ap­ Administration, Health, Octroi, Taxation, Fire proximately 65 kilometers. It has been observed Brigade, Engineering and Municipal Library. The that tap water facilit~es .are restricted to most con­ Health branch has its 5 sub-branches through which gested areas~ of theJown. As reported, only 30 per it functions in the town, Outof the amenities avail­ cent of the total area· of the town where about 60 able in the town the following ·a few are discussed .percent population.· reside is served by the tap in detail: water. Remaining 70 percent area of the tC'wn Water supply where·40 percent p()pulation reside i.e. sparsely populated' areas -depend on hand pumps. Areas 3.7 One of the most i~pOFtant functions of the which are devoid of tap water supply are Prempura, Municipal Committee 1S to ll}ake adequate . Shivpuri, Kothra road, Basant Nagar and Govind­ arrangements for providing drinking water to its .pura. Tap water supply, however, is available in citizens. Municipal Committee has provided tap parts of Banga road an~a and Santokh Pura :water to about 60 percent population C'f the town localities. . Remaining 40 percent popalation of the town depends mostly on hand pumps. The wells, tanks 3.8 Apart from 155 public taps, where no meter or fiver as source of drinking water are conspi­ is fixed and water is provided free of cost, there cuously absent in the town. Tube-wells have been are 7083 other connections in the town, total 7079 installed by the committee to pump out water water meters have been fixed in the town and out from under ground and over head reservoirs of these 6702 (94.7 percent) are provided in the have been constructed to store water. Water is sup­ residential houses. Remaining 377 meters compris­ plied to the consumer through taps. Being located ing about 5 percent are fixed in offices, Industrial in the doab (between two rivers) there is no scarcity plants and Com~ercial Es1ablishm~nts. 257 c.on­ of underground water. Nine pumping sta.tions hav­ nections are prOVIded to Commercial Establtsh­ ing different capacity are in operation in the town. ments through equal number of water meters. In Two pumps, each have the capacity of 50 H.P., addition to that there are 64 industrial and 60 5 pumps each have 40 H.P. capacity and 2 each offiCe connections in the town. Out of 60 connec­ have 15 H.P. capacity to pump out water from sub tions provided to offices metres have been fixed in surface. There are 6 over head reservoirs having 56 offices only and remaining four offices of Sub­ total storing capacity of 6.5 lakh gallons. From Divisional Magistrate, Tahsil office, Panchayat these over head reservoirs water is supplied to the Samiti and Public Health are without water meters. consumers through main conduits of different dia­ Water charges are, however, collected. from these meters. As reported by the department the dia­ offices on flat rate of rupees ·20 per month for meter of main conduit varies as 40 cms., 30 cms., first 4 taps in each office and rupees 4 per tap per PLATE 7. Town Hall Phagwara

13

\ month are charged for extra tap in the office. road, Railway road, PIa hi-gate area, Thathiaran Water charges arc comparatively low for water MahalIa and Mohalla Bedian. Apart from above being used for residential purposes. For residential mentioned areas sewerage system serves Mehligate purposes first 15 units of 1000 litres each are sup­ area and Hoshiarpur road areas partially. Net work plied at the rate of 35 paise per unit. However. for of the sewerage system is limited to central parts water consumed above 15 units, even for residell­ of the town. Peripheral areas cif the town, however. tial p_urposes, the rates are enhanced to 50 paise are devoid of this facility. All the 1340 Jocal per 1000 litres of water. Nevertheless water used sewers are joined to central sewer called sewerage for other purposes is charged at the comparatively line and the flow is natural. The system opens at higher rate of 75 paise per unit of .1000 litres each. Hoshiarpur road which is the place of disposal of !t is important to mention here that water supply sewerage. Disposal is gravitational as well as IS not round the clock. Taps go dry at 10 PM till through mechanically operated pumps. next morning. In winter water supply hours are restricted to 5 AM to 10.30 AM, 12 Noon to 3.30 P.M. and again from 5 PM to 10 PM and in 3.10 Agency responsible for providing open drainage and conservancy in town is also ~ummer the timings are the same except in the the morning water starts flowing in the taps at 4.30 AM. Municipal Committee. Committee records reveal that total length of open drainage is about 28 kilo­ Conservancy metres. As reported, open drainage is cleaned twice a day and as observed during survey, condition of 3.9 Municipal Committee Phagwara is the cleanliness and maintenance, by and large, was not agency responsible for providing and. maintenance bad. Open drainage is also capable of draining out of the sewerage system in the town. Infact only rain water. As reported by the Committee officials part of the town is covered by the system of there are 8581 private service latrines in the town sewerage. Out of 12921 residential houses in the which comprise about 66 per cent of total require­ town only l3040 houses (about 10 percent) are ment. Night soil of these service latrines is dis­ served by sewerage system. In addition to this there posed through sewer. However, for disposal of are 5 public water borne latrines which are served by garbage tractor trolleys are used for compost. Good this system too. Areas where sewerage facility is number of staff, of different categories, have been available include Model tOW11, Tibbi, Kishan Fura. deployed by the committee to maintain and keep Guru Nanak Pura, Industrial area, Rattan Pura. the system in satisfactory form. Particulars of con­ New Model Town, Hargobind Nagar, Indra Nagar. servancy staff of different categories are depicted Mandi area, Prem Nagar. Central Town, Khera in the table HI. 3 given here after.

TABLE III.3 Particulars of Conservancy Staff of Different Categories

Category Number Remuneration in rupees Remarks Male Female .. __ . -- 2 3 4 5 1. Sanitary Inspectors 2 1306-50 1260-50 2. Sanitary Supervisor 2 1085-70 1110-70 3· Clerk 1 981·20 4' Peon 1 771-80 S. Sanitary mate 5 1 724-20 6. Tractor driver 2 795-00 1090-40 7. Water carrier S 1 N.A. Scale Rs. 300-430 8. Dog shooter 1 705·30 9. Slaughter House Safai Sewak 781-80 10. Safai majdoor 85 71 781-80 Sr. Most 618-00 Jr. Most

11. Part time sweeper 2 210-00 14

3.11 It was learnt that approximately 3000 houses KV /LD. Supply however is AC. As reported by in th€ town are still without any type of latrine. the department the supplier and the place of gene­ However, these houses are by and large on the ration of electricity is· Bhakhra Beas Management outskirts of the town and people go in the open Board Nangal/Gangavati. The distance from fields to defecate. These localities are generally out . Phagwara to. Bhakhra Beas Management Board side the Municipal limits but are considered as out Nangal vis Ludhiaha 220 KV Jamalpur is about growth of the town and have become part and 1(_)O kilometres. parcel of the town due to their location and fun,c­ tional activities. 3.13 Although .the number of domestic connec­ tions .is higher than industrial connections but Power .!il volume of consumption is more in caSe of Indus-. 3.12 The town is fully electrified. Exact date trial purposes than the domestic. Charges realisee since when this facility IS available in the town from Industrial concerns are higher as comparee could not be ascertained but it was learnt during to amount realised from domestic connections a: field investigations that electricity was available in rate per unit of consumption is also higher fo the tOW11 before partition (1947J. Haying estab­ Industrial purposes compared with domestic pur lished its office in the town, the Punjab State Elec­ poses. Rate per unit is the lowest for electricit, tricity Board is responsible for providing and main­ used for irrigational purposes and highest for roa, taining the supply. Source of supply is Hydel and lighting. Table Ill. 4 reveals detailed informatiol is connected to grid 220 KV Jamalpur to 132 KV regarding number of connections, rate per uni1 Phagwara, and further in the town through local volume of consumption, charges due and charge system. Capacity of the system. is 132 KV grid realised. In the table information has been provide( service station Phagwara converted into 33/ II by tyPe of establishment.

TABLE 1II-4

Number of Connections, Rate per Unit, Volume of Consumption, Charges Due and Charges Realised

Type of establishment No. of , Volume of Rate per Charges due Charges realised No. of appli- Ad!. load connections consumption unit during 8tr-87 during 86-87 cations if any, required fo. given ending 1986-87 (In rupees) (In rupees) (In rupees) in the waiting pending 3/87 in KWH list applications ---_._-_. __------._------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Domestic (a) Lighting 10,935 15,854,784 0,50 7,547,373 7,161,285 105 52 KW

(b) Power 3 % 903 166;770 8 25 KW

Industrial 1,230 58,739,985 0.67 39,512,870 32,024,853 30 (312-78 - 1097 K

Irrigation (a) Private 220 170,311 0.41 70,500 67,792 10 21KW (b) (Jovernll1ent

Commercial 4,012 2,669,670 1.06 2,840,284 2,843,621 90 254 KW

Road lighting 2 419,417 1.10 465,192 442,689

Others 2 251,265 1.09 276,107 157,775

------~- .------_._--

Read lighting the Municipal Committee Phagwara on later's • 3.14 Executive Engineer of the Punjab State quest to the PU!ljab State Electricity Board. Tlu Electricitv Board Phagwara informed that the ~ypes of road lIght arrangements have been ma street light was installed in the town.on behalf of In the town. There are ] 103 lamp points of 60 wa PLATE 8. General Public Toilet (maintained by Municipal Committee Phagwara)

PLATE 9. Municipal Sewerage Disposal Pump installed on Hoshiarpur Road

PLATE 10. Railway Junction Phagwara (an ol,lter view)

PLATE 11. Railway Junction Phagwara (inner view)

PrATE 12. A Rickshaw Stand infront of Bus Stand at_G.T. Road

Pl.-ATE 13. Post and Telegraph Office at G,T. Road

· i ~ ... _.J

PLATE 14. Telephone Exchange

PLATE 15. Municipal Fire Brigade Station near Town Hal]

15 each, two type of tube points comprising 597 points survey. RevenUe earned during one year for the of single tube at 40 watts each and 2) points of sale of post cards, Inland covers, Envelopes, Stamps double tubes of 40 watts each. In addition to this Air lelters was reported Rs. 36300.00 Rs. 248909.50. there are j 43 points of mercury: lamps of1 125! 25 Rs. 349817.25, l{s. 1750771.05 and Rs. 1349550 watts each. Hours of ligbting vary from l5. hours to respectively. Postal authorities further informed 10 bours depending upon summer j winter nights. that (luring caknder year 1985 total 42191 tele­ Distance between two points however is not uni­ grams were received In the town where as 39447 form. It was told that on main roads distance telegrams were issued to various places. 29714 between two points is kept 40 to 50 metres where­ money orders were received for payment amount­ as on branch roads distance varies from 20 to ing to Rs. 8044708.84 and .amount of Rs. 22090.79 30 metres. Nonetheless there are no hard and fast was transmitted through 56491 money orders dur­ rules, the distance between two points also depends ing one year. There are 1805 telephone connections on type of ligbt used and varies according to' im­ in the town. Apart from 19060 tranSIt calls there portance of the road and situation. Total consump­ were 31270 I outgoing calls and 59285 incoming tion during 19156-87 was reported to be 419417 calls. Number ot PUblic telephone booths is only KWH for road lighting alone. Charges realised one in the town. 1'elephone exchange is located at from the cOlTlmittee on account of this amounted G.T. road near Town Hall.- to Rs. 4,42.689 during 198'6-87. • Fire fighting Transport and communication 3.18 Fire fighting department was established in 3.15 As indicated earlier Phagwara is situated on the town in tile year 1954-55. Service station is the main railway line and Grand Trunk Road. located on the G.T. road adjoining Municipal Though very few buses / other means of transport Committee Office. From operational point of view originate from here but good number of trains, the location of the station is quite ideal. Being buses and trucks halt and pass through the town. located in the heart of the town and on the G .T. No train originates from the town but local as well Road it can operate in ~e town by taking mini­ as long distance train service is quite frequently mum time in transit. Apart from attending 35 calls available. Local trains from Amritsar to Ludhiana from within the town the fire brigade attended .14 and vice versa are available more frequently. calls from outside MUlllcipal limits toO' during Jalandhar is connected by rail to Nawanshar Via 1984-85. As on November 1985 staff strength was Phagwara. Time table depicting arrival time of 16 and 3 Fire tenders with trailor pump. 1t was local as well as long distance trains is given in reported by the department that for proper service appendix 2. AppendIX table reveals that total 54 more equipment as well as manpower is required. passenger trains halt at Phagwara railway: statioIl. They quoted tbeir additional requirement as twO' On an average a train halts at Phagwara station new fire tenders with equipment, 12 firemen. 3 after every 26.7 minutes. Out of these 54 trains, leading firemen and 3 drivers. 36 are long distance and 18 are local trains. During 1984-85 total 2559 tickets were issued for outward Municipal budget journeys to various places where as 2183 tickets were collected from incoming passengelfs. It was 3.19 Funds are required to carry out various learnt during field enquiry tnat tickets are mostly activities and for development of the town. Annual purchased for Ludhiana, Jalandhar. Amritsar. budget is put up to the elected body for discussion Ambala, Delhi. Shahjahanpur, BareH and Lucknow. and approva1. Various sources from where finance could be raised and rates of taxes / levieslJeesjj duties / licences are approved by the elected mem­ 3.16 There is no local bus service within the bers of the committee. Estimates are prepared be­ town. Buses, however. ply between tbe town and fore the begining (If the year. However at the close the surro\.ll1ding villages. People mostly depend on of the year actual amount realised from various bus serVICe for short distances as bus service is sources is worked out. Table Ill. 5 shows estimated quite frequent. Appendix No.3 gives names of as well as amount actually realised during the year places within a radius of 30 kms. which are con­ 1983-84 and 1984-85. Table reveals that during nected by bus service. Distances from Phagwara 1983-84 income of the committee from variou~ and condition of the roads is also indicated in the sources was expected to be Rs. ~6 lakhs. However appendix. Apart from National Capital and State at the close of the year the income actually realised Capital buses also ply between the town and various during the year rose to'Rs. 91.41 lakhs. But during district head quarters, all sub-divisional head­ 1984-g5 trend was contrary. Against the expected quarters and important towns of the state. income of Rs. U4.35 lakhs committee could lay; hand on Rs. 113.34 lakhs i.e. Rs. One lakh less 3.17 Information regarding sale of postal sta­ than (~xpected. Table III. 5 is self. explanatory and tionery in the town was also collected during short shows income of the committee source-wise. 16

TABLE III.5 Income of the Phagwara Municipality by source for the year 1983-84 and 1984-85

----~-~ SI. Source Income (In Rs. Lacs) No. .- 1983-84 1984-85 r -, .----J..-----, Amount Amount Amount Amount due realized due realized

--~--.- 2 3 4 5 6

RESOURCES INCOME TAXES 72.10 67.16 98.55 81.19

Octroi 58.00 55.33 80.35 68.46

2 House tax 12.00 10.72 16.00 10.35 3 Tax on advertisements 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.03 4 Octroi on liquor 1.00 0.08 1.00 -1.25 5 Entertainment duty 0.60 0.60 0.70 0.71 6 Show tax 0.40 0.35 0.40 0.39

RESOURCES FEE 3.10 4.67 4.05 3.61 7 Licence fee 0.70 0.65 0.70 0.66 8 Tonga/Cart licence 0.06 0.04 0.06 0.04 9 Rickshaw licence 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 10 Cooking food licence 0.10 0.09 0.10 0.08

11 Slaughter house fee 0.13 0.16 0.15 0.17 12 Building application fee 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.02 13 Composition fee 2.00 3.63 2.93 2.58

SERVICES DEPTT. (OTHER THAN FEE) 6.50 10.37 7.10 10.99 14 Water and water connection-charges 5.00 5.86 5.50 8.34 15 Sewer connection charges fee and road cutting charges 1.50 1.51 1.60 2.65 16 - &cashment of investment 3.00

INCOME FROM M. C. PROPERTY 4.00 3.60 3.75 3.61 17 Sale of suilage water compost 0.50 0.21 0.25 0.19 18 Rent of municipality property lease of buildings and immovable encroachments 2.00 1.91 2.00 2.53 19 Tehbazari fee 1.50 1.48 1.50 0.89

MISCELLANEOUS 0.30 5.61 0.90 13.94 20 Inierest of investment 0.25 0.27 21 Loan for development works 5.00 12.00 22 Conditional grants 1.23 23 Advance and deposits 0.30 0.61 0.30 0.07 24 Sale of old car 0.35 0.37

Total: 86.00 91.4 114.35 113.24 (J) I- (J) o n. w o w ~ o 0 2 u « Z (J) LL W W 0 U{j') U w 20::: u «W 0:: ~ >:r: :J 01- :> 0 «0 (f) 0 N ('r') (/) ro>- )-l() l-CI) _ll ~~-ro U(J) Z :>0 ~Z« ...q U') « co co I I crv ('f') ...q co to ~CD Q) 0) 1 19-

H Ow :::. :::::":::: ::;::. ~~:"':"":'~N ~ WI :E 2l-

17

3.20 Diagram III. 1 displays source-wise income comes from octroi. Income from other sources can 'or the year 1983-84 and 1984-85. It is vividly <,'ear also be seen at a glance. Table II1.6 indicates per­ 'rom the diagram that major chunk of income centage distribution of income by source.

Percentage Distribution of Income through various sources f(}r the Years 1983-84 and 1984-85 -.-- _._- SI. Source INCOME PERCENTAGE No. r-~-~------'------, 1983-84 1984-85 r ------. _---.A._------, Amount Amount Amount Amount due realized due realized

2 3 4 5 6 ------RESOURCES INCOME TAXES 83,84 73.47 86.18 71.63 67,.14 60.53 70.27- 60.40 1 Octroi House tax 13.95 It.73 13.99 9.13 " Tax on advcrtisements 0.12 0.09 0.09 0.03 1.16 0.09 0.87 4 Octroi on liquor 1.10 Entertainment duty 0.70 0.66 0.61 0.63 ) 47 0.37 0.35 0.34 6 Show tax :.61 RESOURCES FEES 5.11 3.54 3.19 1.81 0.71 0.61 0.58 7 Licence fee 1.07 0,04 0.05 0.04 8 Tonga/Cart licence 1.07 0.07 0.06 0.05 9 Rickshaw licence .12 0.10 0.09 0.07 10 Cooking food licence ).15 0.18 0.13 0.15 11 Slaughter house fee )'()6 0,04 0.04 0.02 12 Building appliation fe U3 3.97 2.56 2.28 13 Composition fee SERVICES DEPTT. (OTHER THAN FEE) .55 11.34 6.21 9.70 .81 6.41 4.81 7.36 14 Water rate and-water connection charges 1.74 1.65 1.40 2.34 15 Sewer connection charges, fee and road cutting charges 3.28 16 Encashment of investment INCOME FROM M.C. PROPERTY 4.65 3.94 3.28 3.18 0.58 0.23 0.22 0.17 17 Sale of sullage water compost f . . arty property lease of building and immovable encroachment 2.33 2.09 1. 75 2.23 18 Rent 0 mUlllclp 1 1.74 1.62 1.31 0.78 19 Tehbazari fee 0.35 6.14 0.79 12.30 MISCELLANEOUS 0.22 0.24 20 Interest ofinvestment 5.47 10.58 21 Loan for development works 1.09 22 Conditional grants 0.35 0.67 0.26 0.06 23 Advance and deposits 0.31 0.33 24 Sale of old car Total: 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 18

1n the year 1984-85 more than 60 percent of com­ are number of other sources of. income but their mittee's income was netted from a single source combined contribution does not exceed 12, per· 'Octroi'. In caSe the income from 'Octroi on liquor' cent during the year. Almost similar trend was is also added the percentage rises to 61.5. Not to observed in the income receipts of previous year. speak of Phagwara, Octori is the major source of jncome to mest of the Municipal Committees in 3.21 RevenUe earned by the committee is spent the State of Punjab. In the year 1983-84 almost the on various developmental as well as other activi­ same proportion of income came from different ties with the approval of the elected members of sources. Though not much significant but having the committee. Like income, proposals for the next some contribution in the year 1984-85 the other year's spending are prepared for the approval of sources of inco:ne which can be mentioned here the elected members before the start of the finan­ are 'loan f(lr development works' which comprise cial year. Expenditure approved under differen1 10.58 percent of total followed by 'house tax' heads is spent during the year. Amount spent by 9.13 p~rcent and water and water connection the committee during the years 1983-84 and 1984- charges 7.36 percent. Table reveals that there 85 is shown in the table nI.7 given hereafter.

TABLE III. 7

Municipality expenditure By Major Heads in 1983-84 and 1984-85 ofPhagwara Town ------.-__ .------SI. Heads of expenditure EXPENDITURE (IN RUPEES) No. ,- ,J- ,--___1983-84.A.. __ --, 1984-85 ,-- .A..___ --, Amount Percentage Amount Percentage (In lacs) to total (in lacs) to total expenditure expenditurG

~-.---..------.------2 3 4 5 6 -,,------A ESTABLISHMENT HEAD 30.02 34.75 35.46 30.47 1 General administration (President, E.O. Secy. and other staff) 1.80 2.08 2.15 1.85 EXPENDITURE ON TAXES 2 TAxes on land and buildings 0.63 0.73 0.70 0.60 3 Octroi 6.72 6.78 7.69 6.60 EXPENDITURE ON FEE 4 Rickshaw licence . 0.49 0.57 0.51 0.44 5 Slaughter house fee 0.09 0.10 0.08 0.07 EXPENDITURE ON SERVICES 6 Health including removal and disposal 12.48 14.45 14.08 12.10 7 Health centre and Vaccination public analystlaboratory 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 8 Municipal engineer and supporting staff 1.31 1.52 1..s1 1.30 9 Water rate 1.99 2.30 2.71 2.33 10 Sewer connection 1.26 1.46 1.30 1.12 11 Library 0.15 0.17 0.17 0.15 12 Street lighting 0.13 0.15 0.19 0.15 13 Garden and land scaping 0.57 0.66 0.62 0.53 14 Fire brigade 1.37 1.59 1.66 1.43 15 Other Misc. Department arrears of grade revision ADA 0.97 1.12 - 2.02 1. 74 B CONTINGENCY HEAD 8.36 9.69 6.60 5.67 16 Contingencies general admn. 1.20 1.39 1.37 1.18 17 Octroi 0.50 0.58 0.65 0.56 CONTINGENCY SERVICES RENDERING DEPT. 18 Health includingremovaland disposal 1.15 1.33 1.19 1.02 19 Medical including prevention to Malaria veterinary 0.22 0.19 2() Municipal engineer and supporting staff 0.14 0.16 0.15 0.13 21 Water rate 2.15 2.49 0.43 0.37 " 22· Sewer connections 1.00 1.16 0.01 0.06 23 Library 0.06 0.07 0.07 0.06 19

TABLE m. 7-contd.

2 3 4 5 6 ----- 24 Garden and land scaping 0.03 0.04· 0.04 25 Fire brigade 0.04 0.48 0.56 0.50 26 Directorate charges 0.43 0.34 0.39 0.25 27 Audit fee 0.21 0.58 0.67 0.67 0.58 28 Election charges and legal fee 0.03 0.04 0.24 0.21 19 Unforeseen charges gratuity, Ex-gratia grants etc. 0.70 0.81 0.75 0.64 C DEVELOPMENT HEADS 48.00 55.57 74.31 63.86 30 Grants/Subsidies, Gulab Devi Hospital, Purchase of New Car 0.12 0.14 0.15 0.85 0.85 H Water supply 1.34 1.55 3.25 2.79 32 Sewerage and drains 4.23 4.90 10.73 9.22 33 Road improvement and development of streets 12.63 14.62 7.49 6.44 34 Public latrines and urinals 0.40 0.46 0.06 0.05 35 Land scapig and development of park etc. 1.69 1.96 (i) Repair and payments of public streets 0.96 0.83 (ii) Repair of drains 4.56 3 92 0.30 0.26 16 Provision for additional street lights 4,.27 \ 4.94 5.88 5.05 17 Loans 12.00 10.31 18 Slum improvement 10.20 11.81 10.00 8.59 19 Construction of houses for employees and Safai sewaks 0.90 1.04 2.15 1.85 10 Repayment of loans 9.35 10.82 9.39 8.07 11 Purchase ofmachinery and equipment 1.41 1.63 0.65 0.56 l2 Construction of library 1.46 1.69 0.95 0.82 43 Flying squad 0.05 0.05 44 Loan scooter and house building 0.42 0.36 45 2 % contribution of improvement trust 0.50 0.43 46 Maintenance of water supply 2.98 2.56 47 Sewerage 0.90 0.85 Grand Total : 86.38 100.00 116.37 100.00

Major chunk of MuniCipal funds is spe~t on are 12 higher secondary or secondary schools out developmental projects initiated by the commIttee. of which 3 are directly under state government, 6 During 1984-85 amount of Rs. 74.31 lakhs com­ are private schools controlled by different manag­ prising 63.86 percent of total expenditure of the ing committees and are aided by state government. committee was spent under thi.s head of the bud~et. Remaining 3 are functioning under the supervision Next important is the establishment head WhICh of different private bOdies. In addition to this there consumes 30.47 percent . of committee's total are 13 primary/middle schools. 7 schools of this revenue. Under contingency head 5.67 percent is standard are run by the government where as 6 are spent. under private control. Three each Primary and Type'/ Shorthand s'Chools were also reported to be func­ Educational facilities tioning in the town at the time oj survey albeit .3.22 There are about 40 educational institutions privately . within the town. It is worth mentioning that apart 3.23 Phagwara town is famous for student from other educational institutions a Degree college. unions "/associations particularly in the colleges and a Training college (REd.) and a Post graduate cen­ post secondary level technical training iDStitutions. tre do function in the town. In degree college almost It was learnt that student/staff relations generally all the Science and Arts subjects are taught. These remain cordial and unions / aSsociations by and three institutions belong to Ramgarhia group of large confront private managements of their institu­ institutions. There is a managing committee which tions or the state government. Main demand of . controls and looks after the affairs of these institu­ students is to reduce fees being charged from them. tions. Out of five diploma level technical institutions It was further learnt that when ever staff members 3 are directly under government control and strike work or demonstrate to make pUblic their 2 are run by private managements but aided by demands, students generally take their side and press government. One more Post-secondary level train­ the concerned authorities to accept the demands ing centre is also run by Ramgarhia society. Theft. put forth by the teachers, 20

Medical faClUities indoor patients were treated in the hospital during one year and as many as 22.442 out door patients 3.24 Apart from host C'f privately managed medi­ were given medical treatment. These patients were cal clinics there is one civil hospital in the town. both from within the town as well as from rural It was reported that there are 56 beds in the civil areas of surrounding villages. Number of doctors hospital out of which 6 beds have been earmarked nurses and para medical staff is given in table No. for the Family Planning and Child Welfare unit of III.8 and Incidence of diseases and patients treat­ the civil hospital. In addition to cases treatcd in ed in the civil hospital during 1985-86 is given in the Family Planning and Child Welfare unit. 2229 the table No. III.9. Table IlL8 is self explanatory.

TABLE III-8 Number ofDoctors, Nurses and Para Medical Staff1985-86

Number of doctors Number of nurses Number of para medical staff

2 3

1. Senior Medical Officer 1. Nursing sister 1 1. Pharmasists 3 2. Senior Dental SUrgeon 2. Staff nurses 9 2. Laboratory technicians 3 3. Medical Officer (Male) 2 3. Radiographer 4. Medical Officer (Female) 2 4. Lady Health visitor 5. Emergency Medical Officer 3 5. Auxiliary nurse Mid-wife 6. Blood transfusion Officer 6. Family planning field worker 7. Assistant 8. Clerks 3 9. Driver 2 10. Class IV 23 11. Sweeper 5

TABLE III.9 Incidence ofDiseases Treated in the Civil Hospital During 1985-86

Category of disease Patients treated r------..A. _~ Indoor Percentage Out-door Percentage to total to total indoor outdoor patients patients ------_:_------.:____ 2 3 4 5

(i) Infective and parasitic diseases 1,445 (ii) - Allergic End~cfine, Suffe!lii{M:etabolican_d Nutritional dj~~ses 6.44 48 2.15 2,555 (iii) Mental psy'~honeur~tican;d persorialitYdisorders ~as a~ail~~le in the Institutions) 11.39 17 0.76 461 (iv) DiseaiiJS"of the riervdus'systerifarid sense organs .. . 2.05 31 1.39 228 (v) Diseases of the circulatory:system 1.02 67 3.01 336 (vi) DiseaseS of theTespftatocy system 1.50 166 7.45 7,348 (vii) Diseases ot'fhe digestive system 32.74 55 2.47 133 (viii) Diseases ofthe'genit6 urinafy system 0.59 461 20.68 847 (ix) Delivery (ies) ·and complicatidns of pregnancy, child birth and the peur~ium 3.78 570 25.57 571 (x) Diseases of the skin and cellular tissues ' .. , " .., , 2.54 1,803 (xi) Dtseases of the bones and organs of movement 8.03 4 0.18 169 (Xii) COngenital malfOrmations 0.75 (ldii) Certain Cliseases of earry infancy 0.04 (tiv) SymPtoms. Senility ana ill defined conditions 0.01 248 11,13 3,869 (Xv) AcCidents. pOisoning and violence 17.24 561 25.17 2,676 11.92 " Total: 2,229 100.00 Z2,442 100.00 • PLA1E 1(J. Guru Nanak College Sukh Chainanfl Sahib

PLATE 17. IllJUStl ial Training Centre Pllagwara

PLATE 19. Virk Hospital (private)

21

3.25 Table III.9 reveals that out of total 2229 animals were brought both from within the town indoQr cases treated in the hospltal 570 (25.57 per­ and from outside the town and all were suffering ,cent) were delivery and complications of pregnanyy. from noncontagious diseases. It was further told 'child birth and the peurperium cases clos_ely foJlow­ that c_onsiderable number of poultry birds suffering ed by 561 cases (25.17 percent) were accidents. from various diseases or to protect them from cer­ pojsoning and violence cases. Patients hwing tain prevalent diseases were also treated during g~nito-urinary problems were 461 in number com­ this period. Information regarding poultary birds prising 20.68 percent. Patients suffering from these treated during 1986-87 is given in the table In. ] o. categories of diseases comprise more than 71 per­ ~~nt of the total indoor patients treated in the TABLE m.l0 civil hospital. Out of the total patients treated in Incidence of Diseases among Different Poultry Birds treated We out patient department, 32.74 percent were during 1986·81 sqffering from the diseases of respiratory sys­ tem. In the family planning and child welfare unit of the civil hospital the DPT doses were given to Sl. Diseases Number treated 4492 and that of 1'.1'. to 1267 children during the No. year 1985-86. Beside this the faCility of prenatal treatt;nent was availed by 1267 mothers and Post­ 2 3 Datal by 315 mothers. In addition to this family planning facility was provided to 666 persons 1. Vaccination during same period. Out of these 264 cases were of vasectomy and 402 of tubectomy. A. Ranikhet F.T. 9,580 B. R2B 11,850 3.26 Apart from civil hospital there are private C. Fowl pox 3,600 hospitals also. Virk hospital in the Hargobind NagS!f is fqp.ctioning in a magnificent building. 2. De~king 8,490 . Apart from the out-door patients, indoor tr~atment is also available in the Virk hospital. Another 3. Postmortum 280 famous orthopaedic centre called Parhar hospital 4. Technical help to poultry farmers 550 (Farmers) has 12 beds and on an average 5000 out-door and 250 indoor patients are treated in a year in this 5. nyo weeks training course in poultry; 110 (Far­ ,hu~bandry attended. by mers) pospitaI. In addition to orthopaedic. patients suffer­ ing from other diseases are also treated in this 6. CulJ~g of birds 21,133 private hospital. There are other clinics also which (Birds) are very small cliniCS providing medical aid to out 7. (i) Coceidiosis ') door patients only. Doctors running these dinics (ii) FOUl pose 550 Units hardly keep any account of the patients treated. (iii) Olliers (each unit (iv) Worms having 500 3.27 For the benefit of mainly rural people of birds appro· Phagwara sub-division there is One civil veterinary 1 ximately) hospital in the toWn located on the Hoshiarpur 8. Numbera of units established undr special 8 units road. Apart from paramedical staff one senior .central castel assistance,..' scheme for i SchedUled. of 500 birds veterinary . officer and 2 veterinary officers are ~ working In the hospital. It was learnt that 13 equine. Note; Government gives help of Rs. 9,OQ() per unit through 288'3, bovines, 887 dogs and 16 sheep/goats were c atrl¢a1 husbandry department.· , treated in the hospital during 1986-87. These CHAPTER IV ECONOMIC LIFE OF THE TOWN Phagwara town has carved out a special place while those who worked for some time during the for itself on the industrial map of India. Not only last year but not for the major part are treated as that, Phagwara, a tiny town about three decades marginal workers. Those who had never worked ago has blossomed into an industrial town of fame during the last year are non-workers. This tricho­ in India. It has been observed that apart from a tomy paLiially permits a comparability of 1981 good number of large and medium-scale industries Census economic data with that of 1971 as well as in the town it is having potential of small scale 1961. The main workers of 1981 CenSllS can be units producing export quality products. Rapid expected to correspond to the workers of 197] industrialization in the town generated ample Census and the main workers and marginal workers employment avenues in a comparatively shorter of 1981 Census together to correspond to the wor­ p~riod of time. It has emerged as one of the biggest kers of 1961 Census. Though definition of worker, industrial towns in northern India. It is generally as indicated earlier, changed from one census to called 'Karigaran da shehar Phagwara' (Phagwara another ,yet comparative picture of workers and the city of artisans). To have a better view of the non-workers can be visualised in the light of COlT.. economic life of the town it becomes pertinent to ceptS' explained above. analyse various characteristics of the population living in the town. Analysis, inter-alia, would be Working force focussed on proportion of workers in total popu­ 4.3 Table IV.l gives claSsification of population lation as well as in various segments of population of ,Phagwara town as workers and non-workers as separately, status of worker in the society, work recQrded in the c,ensuses of 1981. 1971 and 1961. participation rate of female population, extent of In 1961.Census total 10503 workers were record­ unemployment etc. ed which comprised only 27.69 percent of the C!assification of popUlation as workers and non­ total population of the town. Sexwise break up of workers workers indicate that in 1961 CensuS' 48.04.percent 4.2 Break up of any population into its worker male and 3.57 percent female population was re­ and non-worker components is a revealing index corded as workers. However, number as well as which gives an idea about the working pqtential percentage of workers increased from ce~sus to of that population. Apart from information collect­ ceNSUS. In. 19.71 Census total number of workers ed on sample baSis during; field survey, lot of rele­ was 16007 whieh comes to 2.9.1 percent of the total vant data regarding workers ancJi non-workers are popu1ation. In 1981 Census the number of WOrkers available in Census records also. In Census such futther inflated -to 24511 (include 28 marginal wor­ information is recorded for every person irrespec­ kers) and what is more significant is the percentage tive of age or sex under the terminology 'Economic of workers to total 'population of tbe town which Activity'. Work is defined in. the Census as parti­ rose to 32.27. Consequently percentage of non­ cipation in any economically productive activity. workers to total population of the town fell from Such participation may be physical or mental in 72.31 in 1961 Cehsus to 70.9 in 1971 and Eventually nature. Work involves not only actual work but to 67.73 in 1981 Census which is a healthy trend. effective suoervisjon and direction of work also. Percentage of male workers to total maleS' increased NonethelesS. it is important to mention here that from 48.04 in 1961 Census to 51.50 in 1971 and definition of 'worker' varies from census to censU'l. further to 55.69 percent in 1981 Census. Participa­ In 1961' Census a person qualified as a worker if tion of female workers, however, dwindled down he or she had worked regularly during the last from 3.57 percent in 1961 Census to 2.19 percent season or if he or she had worked at least for a day in 1971 Census which may partially be attributed to in regular (non-seasonal) work during the preceding change in definition of worker. Although female fortnight. At the 1971 Census a person was treated work participation rate improved to 3.02 percent as a worker only if he spent his time mainly in in 1981 Census but it is still below the 1961Censlils work or if he worked at least for a day in regular rate. (non-seasonal) work during the preceding week. The 4.4 It is relevant to mentiOn here that position dichotomy of worker/non-worker of 1961' and 1971 is not so optimistic in case of Scheduled Castes censuses is discarded at the 1981 census and instead segment of population which comprise slightly more a trichotomy as main workers, marginal workers than 22 percent population of the town. and non-warkers is adopted'. For main worker the Table IV.2 shows Economic Activitv-wise clas­ time criterion of engagement in work for the major sification of Scheduled Castes popUlation of the part of the year i.e. at least 183 days is adopted town. 22 23

",>!o 10""" 0 . 0\ § o 00 fd

N...... 24

According to 1981 Census 22.05 percent popula­ a period of ten years. Sex-wise analysis of non-wor­ tion of the town is Scheduled Castes but their per­ kers reveals that female work participation rate of centage representation among the workers of the both the populations behave almost in an identical town does not follow suit. The percentage of manner. Alarming differences, however, are observ­ Scheduled Castes main workers to total main wor­ ed in the percentage figures of male non-workers kers of the town is 18.99. However, corresponding of both the populations. In 1981 census 44.29 per­ figures of 1971 census do not indicate such sharp cent males (total population) were non-workers differences. In 1971' census 20.78 pen~ent population where as among Sch'cduled Castes as many as 51.46 of the town was recorded as Scheduled Castes where percent were non-workers. as Scheduled Caste workers were 19.36 percent of the total workers. Thus the percentage of Scheduled Castes non-workers to total Scheduled Castes popu­ 4.5 Comparison of work participation prevailing lation is rather high. 72.88 in 1971 and 72.18 in in the town with corresponding figw'es of the State 1981 census. It is a matter of concern that where as a whole will make the position more under­ as percentage of non-workers in case of total popu­ standable. Table IV.3 gives sex-wise break up se­ lation has decreased about 3 percent in the town parately for total urban and Scheduled Castes but the corresponding figure for Scheduled' Castes urban population of the state into workcrs and non­ population, by and large, remained unchanged in workers.

TABLE N-3 Percentage Distribution a/Total Urban Population and Scheduled Caste Urban Population o/the state According to Economic Activity and Sex--1981 Census

81. Economic activity TOTAL URBAN POPULATION SCHEDULED CASTE No. URBAN POPULATION ______.I.., Persons Male Female Persons Male Female

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. . Total main workers 29.51 51.80 3.71 28.65 49.61 4.21 2. Marginal workers 0.31 0.17 0.49 0.78 0.37 1.26 3. Non-workers 70.18 48.03 95.80 70.57 50.02 94.S3

Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

Table IV.3 vis-a-vis table IV .. !' indicates that in Castes urban population of the state 5.47 percent the state as a whole 29.51 percent urban population females are workers (4.21 'percent as main workers has been recorded as main workers where as in and 1.2.6 percent marginal workers). The pOSition Phagwara town the corresponding figure is 32.23 is identical' in -case of Scheduled Castes male wor­ percent according to 1981 census. StilI further. sex­ kers also. In Phagwara town among the male wise study reveals an important observation that Scheduled Castes there are 48.54 percent workers whereas male work participation rate is comfor­ (4852 percent main and 0.02 percent marginal tably high in the town as compared to state as a workers) where as in the urban areas of the state whole the females of the town, however. heSitate among the male Scheduled Castes there are 49.98 to come forward to participate in the economically percent workers (49.61 percent main and 0.37 per­ productive activities. Female main workers and cent marginal workers). So far comparative pOSition marginal workers taken together indicate that in of workers and non-workers has been discussed on the town only 3.08 percent females are workers the basis of censuS' data. However, information re­ where as in the urban areas of the state 4.20 per­ garding this aspect of the population was also cent are workers. collected during field survey in the town.

4.6 Table No. IV.3 vis-a-vis Table No. IV.2 4.7 In 1981 Census total 13.203 households were reveals that the position is sti1l grave in case of reported in the town and out of these households Scheduled Caste females. In Phagwara town only detailed information was collected from 252 house­ 3.10 percent Scheduled Caste females (2.98 percent holds during field survey. Important localities were main workers and 0.12 percent marginal workers) identified with the help of knowledgeable persons are workers where as in the female Soheduled of the town, From each locality households were 2S selected o~ simple randGm basis with the help of among the Scheduled Castes females is fairly in 1981 Census records (abridged houselist). Apart consonance with the already observed low work from giving due representation to each locality of participation fate based on census data. Arora, Jat, the town weightage was also given to the number Khatri, Brahmin, Bania, Rajput. Ramgarhia and of households in that locality. Population of these Saini, however, are the commlmities in the town 252 surveyed households has been classified into among whom female workers are generally found. workers and non-workers according to their main Apart from standard of living conSciousness among activity. Workers and non-workers have further these communities the ma.jor role is played by been categorised on the bas.is of sex. caste or tribe female education to bring them on the working or community an:} broad age-grollO. Based on platform. sample data Appendix 4. given at the end, shows Classification of workers distribution of workers and non-workers by ~ex. caste or tribe or community and' broad age-groups. 4.8 From two major components of population In the appendix population has been represented classified as workers and non-workers. discussed into three broad age-groups i.e. 0-14. 15-59 and already. we now turn up to most vital yet mImeri­ 60 & above years. Almost 60 percent population cally weaker compotlent called 'workers' comprising faUs in the age-group of J5 to 59 years. Female 32.27 percent of the total population of the town w0rkers are found in the age group I 5--59 year only. according to 1981 census. Workers are classified into Though male workers are found in each broad age four broad Industrial Categories captioned as Culti­ group but their maximum concentration, above 90 vators. Agricultural Labourers, Household Industry percent, is again recorded in the age group 15-59. (Manufacturing, Processing, Servicing and Repairs) Tn the sample households belonging to Scheduled and Other workers. Castes community no female reported as worker Table IV.4 gives Board Industrial Category-wiSe This indicates that low work participation rate distribution of workers of Phagwara Tow:a.

TABLE IV.4 Distribution of Workers by Sex and Broad Industrial Catagories for the Census 1981 and 1971

Sl. Broad industrial 1981 1971 No. cotegories of workers Persons Male Female Persons Male Female ,----...... ----.,,---__..A.-----.,,----..A..----.....,,---..A..-__,r~---__, r--...... __, Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- Numberpercent-Numbel Percent-Number Percent- age to age to age to age to age to age to total total male total total total total workers workers female workers workers female workers worker I

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

L Cultivators 50S 2.06 504 2.15 0.10 866 5.41 8$8 5.55 2. Agriculturallabourers 844 3.45 829 3'53 15 1.46 504 3.15 500 3.23 4

3. Household industry 600 2.45 507 2.16 93 9.09 247 1.54 228 1.48 19 (Manufacturing, Pro- cessing, Servicing and repairs) 4. Other workers 22,534 92.04 21,620 92.16 914 89.35 14,390 89.90 13,873 89.74 517 94.34

S. Total main' workers 24,483 100.00 23,460 100.00 1023 100.00 16,007 100.00 15,459 100.00 548 100.01

As expected and also in complete conformity evenly distributed among remaining three cate­ with other urban areas of the state highest number gories ranging between 2 to 3.5 percent in each of workers is found in the industrial category of category. Corresponding figures under this category 'Other Workers' in 1981 Census. Out of a total of 'other workers' in 1971 Census, however, was of 24,483 main workers in the town 22,534 are comparatively low 89.9 percent for both sexes com­ 'Other Workers' comprising 92.04 percent of the bined 89.74 percent for males and 94.34 percent for total main workers. Further, out C'f a total of 23,460 females. The distribution of remaining about 19 male main workers as many as 21.620 are 'other percent workers in other three categories is. Culti­ workers' indicating still higher percehtage 92.16. vators 5.41 percent, Agricultural Labourera 3.1S Remaining about 8 percent workers are almost percent and HousehOld Industry ~:.S4 pertlllt. 26

4.9 Distribution .of Scheduleq Castes workers Table IV.S depicts distribution of Scliiduled 2l;IDohg. alreadY ll)entioned four broad I'ndustrial Caste workers into four broad industrial categories cilt~godesrevea's slightly different pattern. Sex-wise for 1981 and 1971 Census separately. · ~ ~ , TABLE IV.5 DistributiQn o/Scheduled Caste Workers by Sex and Broad Industrial CategoriesJor the Censuses 1981 and 1971 ----- .------81.' sr6ad hidustrial 1981 1971 NQ. categories of .- ----..A., ---, workers Total workers Male workers Female workers Total workers Male workers Female workers /_" .. ( r-'-~ ,------A..---, ,______.A" .A._------,.~. ..A.---,,----.A..-----, Number Percent. Num- Pecent· Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Per- Num· Per- age to ber age to to to centage ber Centage total total total total to total to total workers male female workers male female workers workers workers workers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ,.~l. Cultivators 57 1.23 56 1.27 1 0.44 139 4.50 134 4.49 5 4.90 ,2. AgriGul~Ural labourers 498 10.71 489 11.06 9 3.95 326 10.55 323 10.81 3 2.94 ), ~'o~Qld in9ustry, 181 3.89, 120 2.71 61 26.75 58 1.88 50 1.67 8 7.84 , .' ~~qufaqturJllg, Pro- , sing, . Servicing, and , ,'. ,r~ir~) 4. Other workers 3,913 84.17 3,756 84.96 157 68.86 2,566 83.07 2,480 83.03 86 84.32 5. l1(}t~ main workers 4,649 100.00 4,421 100.00 228 100.00 3,089 100.00 2,987 100.00 102 100.00 In 1981 cen,sus. Qut ,of. a total of 4649 Scheduled towards Household Industry. Apart from being C~sfes' "main, workers,. 3.913· are 'other workers' illiterate (mostly) Schedul~d Castes female workers comprising '84.11: percent. Next significant category perhaps are reluctant to go out for manual labour. in which 10.71 percent Scheduled Castes workers Eventually having no other alternative to augment are found is 'Agricultural Labourers'. Number of family income they are adopting Household Indus­ workers found engaged in the remaining two Indus- '. try to earn something while staying home rather trial categories by sex, based on 1981 Census figures. than going out for some other type of work. More- vators is considerably meagre as compared to two • over in Household Industry one can work according other categories. More or less similar trend is to mood and availability of time. obserVed' in the distrIbution o~ workers in 1971 4.10 For still broader view percentage distribu­ census.,Atl~ i~' workers of both the sexes are put tion of workers of the town into various Industrial together. It is, however, pertinent to mention here Categories can be better visualised in comparison that: li;male Scheduled Caste workers of the town to corresponding percentage figures of the State atc',setting an interesting trend of change from one level urban figures. Industrial category of work to another. They are Table IV.6 gives percentage distribution of total ado~ting 'Hous'ehold Industry' as their s )urce of urban workers and Scheduled Castes urban workers income in a big way. 1981 census data compared of the State and Phagwara Town into broad indus­ with 1971 census data 1ll;ake h Vividly clear that trial categories by sex, based on 1981 Census mote and more Scheduled Callte females are attracted figures.

TABLE IV.6. r Percelltage Distribution of Total Urban Workers andScheduled Caste Urban Workers ofPunjab State and Phagwara Town By Sex according to Broad Industrial Categories-1981 Census 81. Broad industrial TOTAL URBAN WORKERS SCHEDULED CASTES URBAN WORKERS NO'. categories of workers ,--- , ----, , ' Punjab State PhagwaraTown Punjab State Phagwaratown ,----.A.. ,~---.A..----v- -. Percent- Percent Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent- Percent. a~e . age age to' -; age to age to' age to' age to -age to age to age to age to' age to to total to total total' total total total total total total total total total workers male female workers male female workers male female workers male female workers workers workers workers workers workers workers worker s -r:-;-,'. .' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1.' 0ultiv~tors 5.09 5'.33 1.21 2.06 2.15 0.10 1.86 1.96 0.37 1.23 1.27 0.44 2"lAJJfil!uburallaboUrers 5.69 5.79 4.09 3.45 3.53 1.46 18.36 18.91 10.84 10.71 11.06 3.95 3 'Household iridustry 3.39 3.36 3.80 2.45 2.16 9.09 4.06 3.96 5.47 3:89 2.71 26.75 · :' (tnll9:9factl!pngf.iPr~ess· . iq~, servtclij~ Il-hd re- .. pats)" . , ... 4 C' btlier \Vorkers] 85.83 85.52 90.90 92.04 92.16 89;35 75.72 75.17 83.32 84.17 84.96 68.86 · . ~p ~ S : rcttai ,main. worlc~r8 Ii()(). 00 '100.00 100.00 lOO.O() 100.00 :100.00 100.00 100.00 ,100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 f _,' .( ~ _,' , '. ., • __ ( .___"" ._::;.' .~... - 27

By and large the division of main workers of well to do urbanites can afford to ha~e a tra'Cl of the town into various Industrial caNgories is in the urban cuItiyable land. Therefore, beIng mostly silJJilar pattern as that of the state urban workers. illiterate and having no aCcess to the cate~dty of Hlghest number of workers are found engaged in 'Other workers' Scheduled Castes workers genera:ny; the category of 'other workers' in the state urban adopt Agriculture Labourer as their next source of . as well as in the town according to census results. livelihood. HOllsehold industry is also becoming; lndepth analysis of census, data, however, indicate third significant source of income among urban r.;er,tain differences in the two levels of data. Whereas Scheduled CasteS. However. I?osition is' slightly 85':83 percent of the total urban workers of the different in caSe of total urban' population. It is state are classified as 'other workers' the CJrreE:­ observed that in urban a:rea's, in general, almost potjding figures in the town is slightly on the upper equal percentage of workers is found engaged in siqe i.e. 92.04 percent. Still sharper differecces are Agriculture Labour and Cultivator activities' and observed among Scheduled Castes workers classi­ last importance is given to householdl industry but fie~ under this particular category (other workers). in Phagwara town percentage distribution of wor" In).981 Census 84.17 percent Scheduled Ostes kers into remainng three industrial categores is, wQrkers are categorised as othe; workers in the more Of less, the same. tOWn but in the state. as a whole 75.72 percent urban workers are classified as 'other workers'. Not 4~ 11 As ind.icated earlier inforfnatiGin regarditig only Phagwara tow n but figures of all urban areas various aspects of workers was also collected during of the State combined togetk:r indicate that very field survey. Number of tables have been prepared meagre number of Scheduled Castes workers is on the baSis of information collected from house­ found engaged in the capacity of cultivators in the holds selected in the sample. urban areas. Higher cost of cultivable land in the immediate vicinity Jf urban areas may be attributed Table IV.7 given below indicates distribution of to the reason for this low representation of Schedu­ male workers by caste/community or ethnic group led Castes under this category. It is a fact that only and broad age-groups.

TABLE IV.7 Distribution oj Male Workers by Caste/Community or Ethnic Group and Broad age-group (SAMPLE DATA)

Caste/Community or ethnic group AGE GROUP Sl.No. 0--14 15-59 60+ All ages ,------.A.--, , ----, ,.-..:...... , Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage ->·--5"- --7 - --8---9-- . 1(1 1 2 3 4 _--6 ------1 Ad dharmi (SC) ~' 3 4.5 60 89.5 4 6.0 67 100 2 Balmiki (SC) 21 87.5 3 12.5 24 1(10 3 Bazigar (SC) 15 88.2 2 11.8 17 100 4 Ramdasi (SC) 1 100.0 100 5 Keri (SC) 1 100.0 1 100 6 Sansi (SC) 1 100.0 1 100 7 Jhir 9 100.0 9 100 8 Arora 42 91.3 4 8.7 46 100 9 Bania 21 80.8 5 19.2 26 100 10 Brahmin 42 93.3 3 6.7 45 100 11 Ghumhar 3 75.0 1 25.0 4 100 12 Gujjar 1 100.0 1 100 13 Jat Sikh 20 95.2 1 4.8 21 100 14 Khatri 58 87.9 8 12.1 6() 100 15 Muslim 1 ioo.o 1 100 16 Nai 2 75.0 1 25.0 3 100 17 Rajput 14 100.0 14 100 18 Ramgarhia 13 92.9 1 7.1 14 100 19 Saini 50 86.2 8 13.8 58 100 20 Sunars 1 100.0 1 100,· 21 Thathiars 5 100.0 5 100 22 Unspecified (Other) 25 96.2 1 3,8 26 1oo'non i ~~'r Total 3 0.7 400 89.9 42 9.4- 445 ~ .'.: \ ", ____ , _____ ...... _.0:.-..--:._'-.•.___ ?, ,d I NOl E.; S C. stands for Scheduled Castes Based on sample about 90 percent male workers the town which is restricted to Scheduled Castes belong to ] 5-59 years age-group in Phagwara communities especially among Ad dharmi caste. town. Which is fairly in consonance with the consi­ dered view that 15-59 years is the appropriate age 4.12 Table No. IV.8 giv,::s the distribution of group representing worker. It is relevant to note workers by sex and educational levels. Table indi-' that percentage of workers in this particular age cates that out of 461 workers netted in the sample, group remains substentially high even if commu­ 146 are matriculates comprising 31.67 percent of nities are considered separately and percentage of total workers followed by 26.90 percent primary workers never fell below 75. More over in case of and 16:92 percent degree holder and above level. some communities all the workers of that commu­ However, 17.79 percent workers in the sample re­ nity are found in this single age group. It has been ported that they are illiterate. In case of male observed that workers belonging to Ghumhar. Nai, workers the highest percentage (31.46 percent) is Bania, Balmiki, Saini, Khatri, Bazigar, Arora, again of matriculates followed by primary level Ad dharmi, Ramgarhia, Brahmin and J at commu­ male workers 27.87 percent. As marly as, 15.95 per­ nities work even beyond 60 years of age. Good cent male workers in the sample reported their health and nature of work they perform are consi­ educational level degree and above whereas 17.98 dered the attributes of working in the old age. Child percent male workers are illiterate. But in case of labour, thouih on a very limited scale, do exist in female workers in the town the pOSition is entirely

TABLE IV.8 Workers by Sex and Educational Level (SAMPLE DATA)

SI. Educational level WORKERS No. ,------~------~ Total Male Female r---_..}o.. ,-_ _..}o..------, ,-~----A-_ ____. Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage

2 3 4 5 5 7 8

1 Illiterate 82 17.79 80 17.98 2 12.50 2 Literate (without Educational level) 1 0.21 0.22 3 Below primary 23 4.99 23 5.17 4 Primary 124 26.90 124 27.87 5 Matric 146 31.67 140 31.46 6 37.50 6 Diploma & Certificate 7 1.52 6 1. 35 1 6.25 7 Degree & above 78 16.92 71 15.95 7 43.75 Total 461 100.00 445 100.00 16 100.00 ._------contented even if they get comparatively less re­ different. In case of male workers about fifty per­ munerativ~ job within the town. Thus the percentage cent are matriculates or more educated whereas in of highly educated female workers is the highest in case of female workers the percentage of matric the town as compared to male workers. and more educated is very high (87.50 percent). Out of total female workers 43.75 percent reported 4.13 Apart from attributes of workers discussed their educational level as degree and above followed already information regarding employment status by matriculates 37.50 percent. Apart from this one of workers was also collected during field enquiry. female worker fell in the category of diploma and 1n census, workers are categorised as employer, em­ certificate level. Among the female workers only ployee, single worker and family worker according two females, comprising 12.50 percent of total their employment status. However, workers cate­ female workers, reported that they are illiterate. ;It gorised as Cultivators and Agriculture labourers are has been observed that young males who attam not so classified and kept separate. who hires one or comparatively higher level education generally leave more persons to get his work done is called emp­ the town and settle in big cities like J alandhar, loyer. Contrarily who does work under others for Ludhiana, Chandigarh, Delhi, Bombay or abroad wages or salary in cash or kind is levelled as emp­ wherever they get more remunerative employment. loyee. A single worker is defined as doing work On the other hand females generally like to stay without employing others except casually and even with other members of their households and feel without the help of other members of the family i9

, . ~ .... except casually and a participant in work as member percent of total workers. This apart there are 42 of CO-Gperative. Where as a family worker is doing cultivators and one Agriculture labourer. Although work in a family enterprise alongwith other members quite meagre in number yet quite influential lot is of the family without wages or salary in cash or that of employers. In the sample maximum number kind. On the basis of information collected from of employers (14) were found residing in modern the field appendix 5 shows employment status of area followed by 7 in Grain market. five each in workers by locality and appendix 6 gives employ­ Thathiar and 'Industrialists & Businessmen' locali­ ment status of workers by caste/tribe or community. ties. 2 each are residing in Harijanvas and Jewellers localities. Quite Obviously, barring 2 employers of 4.14 Out of a total number of 461 workers. Harijan Vas locality remaining 33 employers about recorded in 252 selected households. predominent 94 percent are residing in posh areas of the town. number 144 comprising 31.24 percent of total workers are categorised as employees. 125 (27.11 • percent) are single workers whereas 114 (24.73 per­ 4.15 Table number IV.9 gives distribution of cent) are family workers. Eventually number of workars (percent) according to employment status employers whittles down 10 35 consisting ('nly 7.59 residing in different localities.

TABLE IV.9

Localitywise Distribution of Workers (Percentage) According to Employment Status

(SAMPLE DATA) ------Sl. Name oflocality Total EMPLOYMENT STATUS BY No. workers r- Employer Employee Single Family Cultivators Agricultural workers workers labourers

~------~------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I. Bazigar Basti 100.00 5.88 64.71 29.41 II. Rarijan Vas 100.00 2.22 38.89 47.78 11.11 III. Modern Area . 100.00 9.79 23.78 20.98 43.35 2.10 IV. Grain Market 100.00 30.44 13.04 56.52 ! V. Thathiars 100.00 13.51 18.92 37.84 29.73 . VI. Ramgarhias 100.00 40.00 20.00 40.00 (Servicing Profession) VII. Brahmins 100.00 42.86 14.28 42.86 _/ VIII. Jewellers (Sunars) 100.00 16.67 58.33 25.00 IX. Potters (Earthenware makers) 100.00 33.33 66.67 X. Industrialists and businessmen 100.00 31.25 6.25 37.50 25.00 Xl. Jat and Saini Sikhs (Mehligatearea Agriculturist) 100.00 19.23 7.69 71.16 1.92 XII. Professor and Teachers 100.00 100.00 XIII. Thaper colony (J .C.T. Mill area textile workers) lOO.OO 95.56 4.44

Table reveals that nct even in a Single locality major communities in the Punjab State associated employers dominate in percentage. Localities where with cultivation. Survey results also indicate that in employees predominate in number include Pro­ Jat and Saini locality of the town 71.16 :..percent fessors & Teachers colony (l00 percent) closely workers are cultivators. Nonetheless Caste/Tribe followed by Thapar Colony 95.56 percent. Emp­ or Community-wise employment status of workers loyees also out number in Ramgarhias locality. makes pOSition more vivid. Over whelming majority of single workers is, how­ ever, observed living in Potters (66.67 percent) 4.16 Indeed ours is a caste-Tidden society and Bazigar Basti (64.71 percent) and Jewellers (58.33 this town too is no exception. Even despite the percent) colonies. Single workers also dominate in best efforts of the constitution framers, caste consi­ Harijan Vas, Thathiars and Industrialists and derations could not be washed-off our psyche. There­ Bl1sine;;smen localitieS. 56.52 percent workers in the fore, analySis of caste / tribe or community wise Grain market

TABLE IV.I0

"6aite/in1Jior Coml1:u~ity wise Distribution of Wpr~fq a9c~rdiJlg to Erizp/oyment Status

,_ (SAMPLE DATA) , :'.;_ I ,,..! ~ • "l'J 0 ;~.;;." , cisteiMelCo~hY , Total ~mployer Employees Single Family Cultivator Agricultural .. . - -, ~ ;' ; ~' " ,ljo,;')' ' . workers workers worker labourers

~ -'..;....------~ .... .,.~- _. __ -_._- ' .... ' ,,":1 ~~<. }:. f,.e " .~ 3 4 ~ 6 7 8 9 .--.-.. ; ,:.; .. " " .;)l' +d P\tat~i 100.00 4.48 29.85 50.75 14.92 2 Ramdasi (Se) 100.00 100.00 3 Bal~iki (sq 100.00 70.83 29 17 .. ~pf{(S~)' 100.00 5.88 64.71 29.41 ,: 31 BanSn8C)' , 100.00 100.00 , Kori (SC) 100.00 100.00 7 Nai 100.00 33.33 66.67 I Jat Sikh 100.00 8.33 33.33 12.51 45.83 9 Rarna-rhia 100.00 6.67 46.67 13.33 20.00 13.33 10 G~t 100.00 100.00 11 Khittri 100.00 11.59 24.64 28.99 34.78 12 Arora 100.00 16.00 18.00 22.00 42.00 2.00 13 Brahmin 100.00 12.76 46.81 10.64 29.79 1~ •Bam!, 100.00 11.11 29.63 25.93 33.33 IS RiljllUt 100.00 6.67 80.00 13.33 16 Saini 100.00 1.69 16.95 10.17 22.03 47.46 1.70 17 Sunar 100.00 100.00 18 Thathiar 100.00 60.00 20.00' 20.00 19 Ghumar 100 00 50.00 50.00 20 Jhir 100.00 33.33 66.67 21 Muslim 100.00 100.00 12 Unspecified (Other) 100.00 7.69 11.54 34.62 46.15 Total 100.00 7.59 31.24 27.11 24.73 9.11 0.22

NOT!! : SC. stands for Scheduled Castes.

Data presented in the table reveals that some Rajput and Thathiar community workers is cat~ communities are very particular rather stub born gorised as employee and among Bazigar and Jhir llC't' to change their employment status inherited communities overwhelming majority of workers is from their ancestors. However, certain communities, single worker. Nai is the lone community in the_ more or les'S, are versatile to adopt new profession. sample whose workers predominate as family wor­ For inslance, apart from cultivation, which is their kers. However, among the Ghumar, community. traditi,onal oc<::up;at~o,n. ~ailli,es are observed absolu­ workers nre categorised as employees and single tdytfr~"from the ,clutqhes 'cf occupation legacy workers equally. Appreciable number of employers Tliey' adopt any type, 6f work wi~hout hesitation to is found among Arora. Brahmin, Khatri and Bania augrllent their income. Other cqrnmunities who also communities; Other communities among whom lea~t .botlie,r what their f()re·ff\tpers, were doing are employers are found are Jat, Ramgarhia, Rajput. R~i:thgatfiia':Ar()ra, Jat. K¥~tri, 'Brahmin and Bania Saini ~nd Ad. dharmi (Schedul~d Castes). and Ad dharmi among Scheduled Castes. On the other hand it has Q~en observed that among certain 4.171n the proceeding pages a few workers attain­ communities overwhelming majority of workers is ed pivotal pOSition in the discussion. Now workers fo!irlh' stitldng to so,me particular employment status. would be analysed as a part of the system i.e., Alt :J~~, w.cirk,er,s •among. ~ori, Gujar and Musli~ how the worker is fitted in the urban society. Ap­ coriU11Unities. netted in the survey, reported theIr pendix 7 gives distribution of households by en)p\~.Yme~t' sfatps' as employee; Where as all the emf.3loyment depth. In the appendix households workers of Ramdasia, Sansi and Sunar communities have been classified according to number of wor­ art!, ~(lJt'!g9r~ecl ,as siI).gle w?rkers .. T~ough to so.m_e kers and total number of members in the house­ les'Sr~t¢~t~m.yet QV~rw~lmlllg maJonty of Balmik:I. hold. Total number of adults in those households OIAGRAM TIl.I

HOUSEHOLDS CATEGORISED ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF WORKERS IN THE HOUSEHOLD

130 120 110 U) :3100 o :r: 90 LLJ ~ 80 o :c 70 ~ 60 ~ 50 CD ~ 40 :::> Z 30

20 10 o o 1 2 3 4 5 \ NUMBER OF WORKERS IN A HOUSEHOLD

3.1 have been given in the parenthesis along-with num~ marginal workers and non-work~rs • .in. 19&1, C131k ber of households in that particular category. Ap­ sus. a new category 'PersdI1~/ ,s.e~kiQgl,available pendix, illter-(tii£l, divulge important information fo~ eml?lo)'rnent was evolved. Thisjnfoim~tion .was that out of 252 households contacted during the aslet! . both from nOI~-workers and nliirginal wor­ field survey in as many as 123 households (44.8 per. kers. Noneth,~les~, dur,il.1g.",peld survey information cent only one m~mber of the household is wC'rker. inter-alia was collected regarding persons seeking StilI furth~r, out of tht~se 123 households having, employment. Out of 1535 persons covered under only one worker in each household in 70 households the ,survey only 11 persons (7 males and 4 females) (56.9 percent) number of adults is 207 and number reported that they are seeking employment. Collate of members in each household varies from 4 to 6. of appcI¥ilx tables 9 to 19 gives detailed account Though scmtiny of the appendix reveals that as of such persons. Appendices 9 to 14 give general the number of workers in the househo1cl increas-es ipf'illrmation r¢garding job se.ekcrs. Salient features the number of households in that category de­ of these app'endices. whiCh need mention are high­ creases. Diagram number IV. 1 makes the position lighted, in,the next afew paragraphs. Out of a total more clear. From the appendix as well as from of 11 job se~kers in the sample 5 are staying in the diagram it is clear that in case households the town since last 20 or more years. However. having nil worker are left aside there is' a negative al'lOther. 5: job seekers are putting up in the town co-relation between number of workers in the since last 10 to 19 years where as 1 person in households and number of households in that cate­ s.ear~h of job belongs to the town ·siuce last 6 to gory. This fact. indicates that there is a trend to­ 9 }(ears. R~ligionwise br~k-up indicates that 8 are~ wards fission of larger joint families. In other words Hjndus. 2 are Sikhs and· 0l1e' Muslim. Further 2 t~,e number of. nllclear households and lineally ex­ ea.h: belong to Bazigar, Khatri, Ramgarhia' and tended households is on the increase. After the Rajp\!t. OQwmunities where as one each beloogs to marriage the son generally tends to set up his in­ Brahmin, Saini; and Muslim communities; A dependent household. The household with larger cursory. glance at the· data reveals that even, despite number of members find it diffiCult to pull on es­ their long stay in the town job seekers have ade­ pecially in urban areas. Slightly more than 61 per­ q!.mte affillity to th~ir state of origio; Although over· cent households fall in the categury of less than 7 w~lming ·majo.l!ity of job seekers 9 have reported member households in the sample. There are only their place. of bil1th· as Pllag,wara town. and only 2 16 households in the sample having 11 or more persons see~ing employment have rep()fted· their membe.rs, last residence ill Himachal Prad~sh. yet·· consider­ able.nurober of. job se~kers.bave hinted their' legacy Unemployment ood seeking;/ available ror empJoy~ elsewher,¢<.. Two e1Wh have indkated their. legacy. ment .. I'dll to Paj.cistan am Hinla~hal Pradesk where as:' one t hi .m jOQ: s~er has repol'teci; that he belongs to Uttar 4.18 Appendi~ '8 g~yen at the. epd gives distri­ Praile~h. Howeyer. as many as 6 job .seekers' were b~tion of households by unemploym~nt depth (num­ emphatic illi teniA$' ,that they belong. to Punjab; State.' ber unemployed in the household). Appendix A& ex.peqttid· all the jttb ,seekers; woo. _ve If'lported reveals that there are oo]y 16 households. out of their State. oLqriginiother; than Punjab are· males. 252, having nil unemployed (inCIudl,ng . &eeking All the four fjJ1j}~e job ~kers reported their· state. work) member. Out of these 16 houseiiblds' 10 are of origin as Punjab: 1 to 3' membet· households and 6 ,#~ ~ .:t_,~o,.6 mem­ 4:1.0 It! isl r.elevant to mention here that all the. ber. Maximum number of households 73 having 11 .j~I1J seelOOrs irnt<;pective of their Se~; religion;· 288 adults have 2 unemployed meml;lers in e,ach caste' or c;oltlmunity ~re educated perSons. Still' fur­ household followed by 68 households naving one th~r ~e

PLATE 21. A Diesel Engine, an important product of the town

1-'-~~~"--,-"- ~

I l ~'~W'v

,)~>.;::::;::

PLATE 22. Jagatjit Cotton Textile Mills (J.C.T.)

PLATE 23. Jagatjit Sugar Mills (recently purchased by Oswal Agro)

r

PLATE 24. Sukhjit Starch Mill sales. The three export houses are recognised by the percent) are unskilied. 326 (45.15 percent) are skilled government of India. The government policies and workers and only 19 (2.63 percent) are in the ad­ the facilities extended to exporters have boosted ministration / supervisory capacity. Mill produces morale to take their export sales targets to the new about 12109 tODs of sugar in a year worth rupe"es heights. If not all. at least some of the prominent 592 lacs. Finance is raised by selling shares and small scale industrial units must find their appro­ profit of rupees 13.79 lacs was earned during the priate mention separately over here alongwith large year 1985·86. Bonus is paid to the employees regu· and medium scale industries. larly. Mill has a colony of 176 houses fGr its workers. Alongwith rice, sugar-cane is also grown 4.25 J.C.T. the facile princeps-"a unit of Thapar as cash crop in the area. Apart from fertile land group was incorporated in the year 1946 and went and enterprising sturdy sikh population in the into commercial production in the year 1951 with an hinterland the introduction of modern techniques installed capacity of 17856 spindles and 390 looms of cu1tivation grappled with the induction of In the beginning JCT manufactured varieties of high yielding varieties of sugar cane has made the cotton cloth of medium range only but gradually by same tract of land capable of producing the crop introducing manufacturing of fine and super-fine many fold. It was told that during a climatically cotton fabrics it earned a name for itself in the field favourable year the production of sugar cane be­ of textile. In the year 1976, J.C.T. entered in the comes so enormous that sugar mills in the area fail synthetics market and being a highly quality con­ to accomodate entire crop of sugar cane grown in scious unit soon made a big dent in the market. the area during the crushing season. Sugarcane At present with 80,000 spindles and 1758 looms it from near by areas is generally brought by the manufactures a Wide range of suiting, shirting, safaris farmers on bullock carts and tractor trollies, where and dress material. Further, the textile divisiOn con·" as from comparatively distant places the produce is sists of two composite textile mills -one at phagWara brought on trucks. Sugarcane is also purchased by and the other at Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan and the mill from still far off places and transported to four ginning factories at Jagraon. Khanna and the mill on railway wagons or trucks. During crush­ Abohar in Punjab and at Sri Ganganagar. The com­ ing period in winter a very peculiar phenomenon is pany's both textile units are equipped with latest and observed around the sugar mill. Railway wagons, most modern and sophisticated textile machinery. A trucks, tractor troHies and bullock carts all loaded Sizeable amount of production, however, goes for with sugarcane con-terge towards the mi1l. Farmers export to countries such as USSR, u.K., New worried about the early disposal of their product Zealand etc. JCT is also contributing its share for often spend chilly winter nights in the open waiting the promotion of sports in the country. It's foot ball for their turn. The caravan of vehicles goes on team is one of the best teams in the country. Appen­ moving in long queues till the vehicle is weighed dix 20 contains some basic information regarding alongwith its product on the weighing bridge of the JeT inaddition to information regarding two mill and eventually unloaded. medium size and 6 small scale industries. J.c. T. located on G.T. road (within Municipallimit~ has 4.27 Starch Manufacturing unit known as the an area of approximately 60 hectares. Out of total Sukhjit Starch & Chemicals Ltd. again a medium 8050 workers 4762 (slightly less than 60 percent) sized concern, located within the Municipal limits, are skilled followed by 3105 (38.57 percent) un­ has obout 3 hectares area in its possession. This skilled and only 183 (2.27 percent) are working in unit employs highest proportion of unskilled wor­ the administratiC'nl supervisory capacity. The factory kers. 280 out of a total strength of 457 workers are is producing textile worth rupees 5497.74 lacs unskilled. This works out to Slightly more than 61 annually. As on last day of April, 1986 company percent. 153 workers (33.48 percent) are, however, had fixed capital amount worth rupees 2626.70 lacs skilled, 24 persons. comprising 5.25 percent, are ar,d 3036.70 lacs in circulation. Company is raising employed in administration and for supervision. funds from financial institutions, banks and internal Annual output of the unit in rupees is 554.49 lacs. sources. Company earned 654.18 lacs as profit The concern has capital amount in rupees 338.07 during the year 1985-86 and to keep their employees lacs fixed and 419.59 lacs in circulation. Apart happy regular bonus and rewards fOr good work from selling shares and arranging secured loans the arc also given. Company has built 1 J84 quarters unit mobilizes other sources too. During the year for the employees and Industrial relations with 1985-86 the concern earned rupees 39.49 lacs as wcrkers reported as cordial. profit. In league with other big concerns of the town the authorities of this unit pay bonus to their 4.26 Jagatjit Sugar Mills. a medium size establish­ employees. The concern has 22 residential quarters flwnt is spread over an area of approximately 2.4 to prOVide residential accomodation to its skilled hectares. It is located between main railway line workers. It was told that the unit is facing acute and G.T. road. Over whelming majority of workers shortage of its -basic raw material i.e. maize. The in the mill is of unskilled workers. Out of a total cultivation of maize has been dwindled down in of n2 workers employed in the factory 377 (52.22 the state conSiderably due to 5>hift in cropping .34.; rOlf, p~tter~. Peunj(ib f!inner has ,abandoJft~d.its old tradi­ so~ significance in the selection of the unit. In ticipa1 ~oppillg 'patt~rn. fIe has apopted: mod~m the ~lected. qnits 2 units are producing electrical metho,ds of ,cttltivat.ion. He is no more t~nacious" goods of ·{fiffcreHt type, another two units are manu­ to 's'tib'sis~ance fanping 'and instead has" adopted facillFjng Djesel engine. parts mainly and one each cO,mrrieicial farming with modern techniques., is \uanufacturing Agricultural implements and Auto Ha'v,lrig' arj1ph~ water resources availablti! in the pam.. Of the, 6 uhits" 3 are located on the G.T. hinterJanicl: 1l1~lze cultiv~tlQn has give;n way to rke roa4 a[l~hon~ each' at Plahi road, Industrial area cultivation. It Was gathered that cultivation. 'of ricl!, and near old girls school (Bazar Sarafan). Barring which IS a casl1 crop, ismuch morc remunerative, one unit in which skilled workers predominate, than' thaizt. ,Consequently area under maize culti­ number' of unskilled workers far exceed number of vation is decreasjng cpnsiderably, resultantly, pric~ skiiled workers in the other units. Number of of tne maize is going up every year. Inspi(e of price , total workers in. these units' varies from 7 to 42. incr'~ase': its ;culti'vation is stlll uneconomical to the' Hi~est number of workers 42 was engaged in the fa~tv~r. :yis-a:yis. other cash crops: :rhe starch mje,.of goods,produ¢cd:by,these units dtlcing :Brass patts of Diesel Engine. and, valW!/irnpprtance.l@f these goods in the whole 'Yabl'C lVilLi givcliIJbelow indicates amount invest­ setJl,P, .of, intlQ~trial Froduction.. NumbeF of emp.,; ed and,· profit earned during the year 1985-86 by loy!!~~\ ,::w¢ ~IOOunt invested in the' unit had also a bovc/'rnentioIied 'six units.

TABLE IV. 11 . ComP(lrative POSition ofltivi!ftine~t and P'rofit '

Unit manufacturing CAPITAL AM6uNT·(rN'Rs.) PROFIT .-_.__ .A._. _~ ~:r-_'--.,- --~~~,:___._,+ .__:-~ "Fi:x~d prCU~iqgl( , Total Total Percentage I ~.. .. (in Rupees) to total investment 2 :3 4 5 6 .:-.;

Electtic.al porcelain 13,612 1,85,926 1,98,638 13,597 6.85 Electrical' good!; 1,06,000 2,60,000 3,66,000 6,759 1.85 Agricultural, itnplet'nents 5,51.822 3,28.544 8,~O,366 82,433 9.3 Auto parts 12,7~,600 19,03,000 31~75,iJoo 1,09,000 3.43 Diesel engine, parts .4,80;30,3 ,fS,OO;460 ' 19,80,763 N.A. '" ~, 1, ~ , j" i . ~ ~ , ;. ~ .: ,-," .. Brass pitts of' diesel engin~ 7,?fJ?- 6.1.929 75,921 N.A. ~, . ) 1.1'" ,,~ . " -:'~.

~-.

Depenqing i:upon above, datai, manufacturitlg of, at devdopill~ stage to show good results. There Agrj,:;:ultu~..tl Impl~meJlts seem most profitable fol~ is a! vast scor,e for complete assembled Diesel lowed ..by Electrical porceilltn. As the data speak engines. Phagwara can lead India is this line if prodllftion of,.,gl~ctricaf gQ(lEls .is; least profitable manufacturers exert more to increase production Such: data" frOl1l,rlooth thef Oi)ncerns. dealing With} keeplng ;a. ,strict eye on quality.. No technical know­ productlqn of; Di(Jsel 'engiDe;r1partg was Jidt readily" h0¥.J (:kl_lltx has been provided by the Government ava~la\)lt\ Barring. two firms mahufacb.iring Diesei in tl1~, town. For any technic-al guidance the indus­ engine, parts, aU ;are paying, bonus to 'their emptoye~s.' triamts _espeCially the exporters, have to run time 4.29\ What We are, witnessIng is the birth of. and. again to Ludhiana Or Ialandhar which results a powerful' lihei!()!f' ~ma'll s,cale indu,stty. It is'jrd _" in wastage of tiin'(; in transit besides the avoidable strain. The establishment of a technical centre in moti C1lur.de~ladoo. Similarly Banarssi..tjnjMs, oabbage~,,,ladY'§' fi.J1gei; where ItS local businessmen accotiiP4riietJ By 'their POJoPtirt' ete~.; /~Ut:lOn!F~ fruits c: good ; quality ~ Of fe110\\s or family members' ~rterally .visit restau- . apple ~hiolt' ,tome~Uftotti qJanunu : & Kashmir ttild' rants for refreshment. People oomi,ilfHp t9wn '1dr Hitnach:aV.3»radesW~:J;t~aitable: it. ldrg6 tttUtntitf,': . various reasons generally take tea 'at tea' sta:1fslliid" . '1.1 .: • :>, \. : carry home some sweelmeats frQnbsh(i)p8 /seUing ~ejof·traoSpottil.ort, . sweetmeats. Urban people also pUrchase sweet.. , 4;-34 J:niporm.nt 'oo:Runodit:fes ,ttarisPm'tM from meats from these shops. Sweetme~ts of. some shop..: ~ ana to the: town:>.are ~ven: in the ',:'JltiD1e:lV:' l~. k~~peIS of the town are quite fame'U~;, ,Aryan ,de." Smr:eb-{utdth; ~s~ Mttr J.k}Ui'Fgl'l.iOOse:iate', pro. . Hatti, located on the G.T. road. is famous for duced in various mills located within tbe town 36 whereas rice. wheat and potatoes are produced in the country. On the other hand coal, maize, topica the sucrounding rural areas and brought here for and sacks are transported to the town as input of sale or onward transportation to various parts of various mills.

TABLE IY.12 Transport o/Commodities by Rail/Other Public Transport During 1984-85

SI. IMPQRTANT COMMODITIES EXPORTED/SENT FROM TOWN IMPORTANT COMMODITIES IMPORTED/BROUGHT No...... --______.A.. ______., TO TOWN r------A.. Name of commodity Place of despatch Total export/ SI. Name of commodity Place from where brought Total sent from No. to the town import the town brought to (In Qtls.). town (In Qtls.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Rice & Wheat Delhi, South India, West 566,890 1. Coal West Bengal, Bihar and 4,62,000 Bengal Madhya Pradesh 2 Potato Howra, Bombay, Delhi, 19,808 2 Khad (Fertilizer) Gujrat, Ahmedabad, Madras 5,13,710 Madras 3 Starch Bombay 18,540 3 Maize (For Mill) Maharashtra 97,020 4 Cloth Uttar Pradesh, Madras 10,387 4 Topica for starch Mill Howrah 14,300 (For Army) 5 Sugar Moga, Pathankot, Batbinda 7,021 5· Sacks) Calcutta 12,500 6 Liquid Gulucose Bombay 5,685 7 Cotton waste Uttar Pradesh 3,601 8 Oil engine parts Through-out India 6 Stainless steel brassware Muradabad and Jagadhari 1 9 Fresh vegetable (Tomato, Rowrah, Gowalior, Kaiyan 7 Ve~table, Ginger Dehradoon & Saharanpur I Cauliflower Brinjal) (Bombay) Chlku & other / / 10 Tractor parts Madhya Pradesh I }-4,284 r 11 Brassware Jagraon,NangalDam } 13,600 8 Medicines Veterinary Kamal, Amb\!la Moga etc. J 12 Handloom cloth Punjab and outside

Source .-Compiled from data supplied by the Agricultural marketing committee Phagwara, various industrial concerns and field work.

l,80d, Uyestock anti other resoures of ma.rketing committee in the town. The market commIttees were constituted to enforce some r~lles 4.35 Big tracts of cultivable land do exist with· ~nd regl1~ations in th~ grain markets (Mandis). The in 'the Municipal limits mainly' on the Qut skirts mtroductlon of high yielding varieties of various all along the Municipal boundary. Phagwara being crops, especially wheat, has contributed to the a central place in the State and due to avail· green revol~tion in a big way. During harvesting ability of ample water resources in the area, the season (Apnl·May) heavy transactions in wheat town, apart from developing as industrial centre ta~e place. ~imilarly during crushing period in has developed as Agricultural town as well. Phag­ wmter there IS a great rush of vehicles loaded with wara is the famous agricultural marketing centre sugarcane around the sugar mill. Vegetables are of Doaba region. Apart from fertile land the en· also grown all around the settlements and brought terprising sturdy farmer adopting modern methods to the market for disposal by the grower. Culti­ of cult;ivation have contributed to the green revolu· vable land ~ithin the Municipal limits is costly as tion in the State. Wheat, Sugarcane. Rice and compared WIth those of rural areas. Maize are the principal crops grown in the area. Agriculturists in the surrounding viUages dispose 4.36 According to 1981 Census there are 57 of .their marketable surplus mainly in the grain cultivators in the town 56 males and only one market of Phagwara. Trade in agricultural pr6. female. Number of Agricultural labourers in the a\lcts h~~ ~a~ned jmpetus. with ~h~ es~a1;>lisbplent t9wn is. lJ.Qwever~ much more 498 ~rsons (489 PLATE 25. Punjab Nell lanai Bank Towards lefr, Life Insurance Corporation Office is also_seen

PLATE 26. A view of Bansanwala Bazar

PLAn 27. A view of wh,)ie SaJe Cloth Market, Bansanwala Bazar

PLATE 2S. A furniture shop on Sarai Roat:!

PLATE 29. A view of Gaushala Bazar

PLATE 30. Poonam Hotel on G.T. Road

PLATE 31. A Liquor Shop

PLATE 32. A view of Grainmarket

._]

j

PLATE 33. A view of Vegetable Market

37

males and 9 females). Table IV.] 3 gives informa­ gathered that in some cases entire rent is paid aft.r . tion regarding Households cultivating rented land selling the produce after harvesting. Where as in . ~P.d type of tenancy prevailing in the town. case of Batai produce is shared by both landlord and tenant equally. It again depends on terms TABLE IV. 13 settled between both parties. In some cases land­ Households Cultivating Rented Land Members of Household lord pays a part of the cost incurred in purchasing and Cultivators among them by Tenancy seeds and fertilizers and also cost involved in 1981 Census watering the crop. Out of the two, Batai system is more popular. 25 households get land for culti­ Tenancy No. of HOUSEHOLD vation from the land-lords on Bala; and only 10 households MEMBERS , __.A.. households in the town have procured land on Total Cultivators Thekapar. However. in some cases the terms are not disclosed due tC' the fear that landlord may 2 3 4 not loo'>e the right of ownership. 90 households out of ) 25 art! tenant cultivators but they could All tenancies 125 190 100 not disdose the terms on which they are cultivating Theka or Thekapar 10 70 5 the land. Thus the term unspecified has been used for such cases. Batai 25 150 10 Unspecified 90 570 85 4.37 Apart from dairy farms for providing milk to the Citizens of Phagwara considerable number Total 125 households having 790 members are Of households rear their own milch cattle for ob­ cultivating rented land in the town according to' taining good quality and quantity milk for their 1981 Census household records. But out of 790 own consumption. It was observed that among members only 100 persons are actually working the milch cattles, buffaloes are more popular than in the fields. Two types of tenancy prevalent in cows in the town. Bullocks were also seen in some the town are Theka or Thekapar and Balai. In peripheral areas of the town. It was learnt that case of Theka or Thekapar type of tenancy the the bullocks are used both for cultivation and dri­ rent is paid to the landlord in cash. Terms are ving carts. Some he buffaloes were also seen pull­ generally settled for a year in advance. It was ing carts. Poultry farms were also spotted on the learnt that whole or part of the rent is paid in outskirts of the town. Piggery, being quite profi­ advance but it entirely depends on terms settled table, is also being introduced along tile out skirts between the landlord and tenant. It was further of the town by some progressive individuals. CHAPTER V

':£l'HNIC AND SELECTED SOCIO·DEM08RAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE .' POPULATION

Et~ntc 't~mp()Si~on of tbe .population tion in the town. Numerically speaking 330 persons rl!pofted their religion as Muslim, 255 Jain, 75 C'ent'iuiIl ,dttta reveal that Tn almost all the urban Christian, 6 Budhist and 16 persons fall in the areas t1f the Slate 'Hindu 'population far exceed po­ category of 'Other Religions and persuations'. putatiol\ 'bel~riging' to tl)i remaining religions fotind~ in'tht~'tl~bai1 ai-,eas. Accordirig to 1981 Cell­ 5.2 It is interesting to note that sex-ratio varies su!';164·.'16 '~rcerrt urban population of the State significantly from one reliJ5ion to another. Against is 'Hjndu; felHowed 'by 33.19 percent Sikhs. Re­ over all S"'cx ratio of 803 females per thousand prcs(!i!,4atfon' of other. religions,. If considered. sepa­ males in the town the highest sex-ratio of 992 rately, is i:~igljifitatit. The combined 'figure of reo females per thousand males of Jain religion and maining religions adds upto 2.65 percent in the the lowest sflx-ratio of 358 has been observed total urban population of the State. It has been among the Muslims. Sex-ratios worked out for ob~rNf!~' tUJit· in, P,hagwara, l~wn the petcentage of Sikhs~ Hindus, Christians and Buddhists are 858', HiWu ,~~latit}n .js· sti.U:.:highet as compared to 790, 5% : l?¢fSO)'I:S stated their ,rdligiof] as Hindu ptions :as they keep their female members with (cqmnris~ 75.42 1 percent) followed by Sikhs theM. Dis·tr1btUion of population by religion, per­ 17 .986 ~rsoj)£ :Q}.6£ Il'-araent) :cons~qnenlly per~ ce~~e >of J:fupulatwn of each religion to total sona!.bplo~n:g ito aJi 'other religions combined add . populatioill fwd s~x-ratio teligionwise of the town upotn ~~.2 ;comprisilJg 1e85 .than ~e plerceilt df the ac~miAg to 1981 Censas is given in table V.l to~'.s: ,tQfal:cpopl.ibttion. A1t)lou~ separately c-al~ and! di~trib~ltion of hoUseholds and population by culft~4t pef~e_~t.a.s. hatdly '. 'give .a.ny· significa'nt relt~iOil.aceormng to satvey data is given in table value yeFtl)¢~ J:d1g£Qt1&.do tm "" ,theil' representa- V.2.

TABLE V.l

Distribution of Households and Population of the Town by Rtligion-1981 Census ----- . __ S1. Religion Households Population Sex-ratio No. r __,_"...., .------~------l Number Percentage to Males Females Persons Percentage to total total households persons

~~-. 2 3 4 J 6 7 8 9

1 Budhist 1 0.01 4 2 6 0.01 500 2 Christian 16 0,12 47 28 75 0.10 596 3 Hindu 9,935 75.25 32,016 25,277 57.293 75.42 790 4 Jain , 33 0.25 128 127 255 0.34 992 5 Muslim 68 0.52 243 87 330 0.43 358 6 Sikh 3,147 23.83 9,678 8,308 17,986 23.68 858 7 Other religions and 3 0.02 11 5 16 0.02 455 persuations

------~.-.-- Total 13,203 100.00 42,127 33,834 75,961 100.00 803

38 39

TAlILE V.2 Distribution of Households and PoplIlation by religion (Sample Data)

Religion HOllseoolds Persons r------·---A...------, r------A.------. Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total households persons -----_. 2 3 4 5 .._-_ Hindu 195 77.38 1,181 76.94 Sikh 52 20.64 329 21.43 Muslim 3 1.19 13 0.85 Religion not stated 2 0.79 12 0.78

------~>------.--~-- Total 252 JOO.oo 1,535 100.00 ------.------_.. _-_----_._-._-. _--.-._------.-._------.-

5.3 As indicated earlier survey data contain sample. Households of these religions could not detailed information regarding 252 households se­ represent in the sample simply because of their lected in the unbiased sample. Survey data. by and very meagre number as compared to Hindu and large, are analogous to census data in the sense Sikh religions. Locality wise detailed information that proportions of various major religions are of various religions is represented in appendix 21. almost identical having only marginal differences Appendi~ reveals that barring three localities viz., in percentages. Table shows that out of 252 house­ Ramgarhla, Professors & Teachers and Jat & Saini, holds the heads of 195 (77.38 percent' households Hindu population predominate in all the localities. belong to Hindu religion, 52 (20.64 percent) to According to survey data overwhelming majority Sikh religion and heads of 3 households compris­ of Sikh population is found in the localities where ing 1.19 percent belong to Muslim religion. In­ Hindu population is scanty. terestingly two heads of households indicated that they do not have any re1igioll. However, house­ Mother tcngue holds belonging to Buddhist, Christian and Jain 5.4 Table number V.3 contain speakers of various religions are conspicuous by their absence in the mother tongues according to-ieducational score.

TABLE V.3 Speakers of Various Mother Tongues According to Educatiollal Score

(Sample Data) ------~------_. ------._-_ ------_ ------_ MOTHER TONGUE Educational score ,------"- ...... , Punjabi Hindi Bhojpuri Pahari Marathi Mother tongue not stated ...----'--. r--A.--, ,.-- _.A.-----, ,--"--.--. ,----.A---, ,.--_..A...__ ------, Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent of age to of age to of age to of age to of age to of age to persons total persons total persons total persons total persons total persons total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ------.------. --_ Illiterate 384 33.36 89 25.14 3 50.00 4 40.00 2 50.00 10.00 Below primary 175 1~.21 57 16.10 2 33.33 10.00 Primary 261 22.68 91 25.71 16.67 2 20.00 2 50.00 4 40.00 Matric 224 19.46 73 20.62 4 40.00 3 30.00 Diploma & Certificate 9 0.78 3 0.85 Degree & Ilbove 98 8.51 41 11.58 10.00 Total 1,151 100.00 354 100.00 6 100.00 10 100.00 4 100.00 10 100.00

-----.-.~_- 89-L/J(N)672RGI-4 40

Out of total 1535 persons cover<;!d in the sample percent are graduate and above and 0.78 percent J 151 ;354;6; 10 and 4 persons ir.dicated their mother are diploma & certificate holder. On the other tongues PunjaJ.:::i, Hmdi. Bhojpuri, Pahari and hand, among the persons having Hindi as their Marathi re~pectivcly. Ten members of a single mothertongue 25.71 percent are primary, 25.14 per­ household refused to disclose their mother tongue. cent are illiterate. 20.62 percent are matrie, .16.1 0 Although members of this household are well euu­ percent are below primary and 11.5& percent are cated yet they indicated that they wa'1t to remain as educated as degree and abov..e. Persons having away from the language controversy. Persons their mother tongues Bhojpuri, Pahari and Marathi having Punjabi as their mother topgue are compa­ are comparatively less educated. Most of them (I re ratively less educated than p~rsons having Hindi illiterate. as their mother tongue. Out of the pt:rsons having Scheduled Cast~s,l Scheduled Tribes Punjabi as their n1C'ther t0ngue 33.36 percent are illiterate, 22.68 percent are primary, 19.46 percent 5.5 Scheduled Castes as recorded in the town are matric, 15.21 percent are below primary, 8.51 during 1981 Census are given in table VA.

TBALIl V.4

Castewise distribution 0/ Scheduled Castes population in the Town 1981 Census

S1. Scheduled Castes Population No. r------, .--____Person.A...- _____, Male Female Number Percentage to total scheduled caste population ------_ ------2 3 4 5 6

1 Ad dharmi 6,212 5,134 11,346 67.74 2 Balmiki, Chuhra or Bhangi 1,232 1,120 2,352 14.04 3 Bazigar 364 325 689 4.11 4 Bhanjra 38 38 76 0.45 5 Chamar Jatia, Chamar, Rehgar, Raigar 712 616 1,328 7.93 Ramdasi or Ravidasi 6 Darain 12 6 18 0.11 7 Dhanak 2 4 6 0.04 8 Dumna, Mahasha or Doom 14 4 18 0.11 9 Kabirpanthi or Julaha 170 177 347 2.07 10 Kori or Kcli 113 63 176 1.05 11 Mazhabi 35 21 56 0.33 12 Pasi 114 71 185 1.11 13 Sansi, Bhedkut or Manesh 5 2 7 0.04 14 Sarera 6 6 0.04 15 Sikligar 29 30 59 0.35 16 All Scheduled Castes 9,111 7,638 16,749 100.00 ------NOTE :-'AII Scheduled Castes' tncIude the figures of 'Unclassified."

The Scheduled Castes form about 22 percent of in the town. Leaving aside 5 castes mentioned the total popUlation of the town against an appro­ above and two more castes of Kori & Koli and ximate percentage of 18 in the urban areas of the Pasi the representation of remaining 9 cast.~s is state according to 1981 Census results. The Ad­ very meagre. Separately calculated percentage b~ dharmi community amongst the Scheduled Castes each of the 9 communities remain much below one dominate in number which alone constitutes oyer percent. About half percent Scheduled Castes of 67 percent of Scheduled Castes population in the town could not distinguish their castes. the town. Ad dharrni, Balmiki, Chamar, Bazigar and Kabirpan,hi communities jointly constitute 5.6 Castewise and localitywise information of slightly less than 96 percent of the total Scheduled Scheduled Castes was collected during field survey Caste population of the town. Total 16 castes also which is given in Table v.s. among the Scheduled Castes have been reported 41

I r I 8 [8 18 § g 8......

8 8 8 8 8 ~ [ ...

8 8 ...... <'1 8...... 8.... 8 ...... N -8

...... 8 8 ...... § § o 8 8 ...... 8 ...... 8......

o00 [ ... V) 8

...... N 00 00 ...... - 8 8 I ~ § 8 §

8 8 § §

~ 00 ...... l 42

Out of the 13 localities selected for survey. Sche­ Institutional and houseless population duled Caste population was noted in 4 localities 5.7 As per 1981 census, out of total 13.203 viz., Bajigar Basti, Harijan-Vas, Modern area and households in the town 23 are institutional and Thapar colony. In the sample 70 households' com­ 19 houseless households comprising 0.17 percent prising 411 persons (218 males and 193 females) and 0.14 percent of the total householdc;. :42 per­ belonged to Scheduled ('ask~ ~llt (If .. the 70 sons (219 males and 23 females) cor:stitute insti­ households 5(, hOI scholds hve 10 HarIJan Vas tutional population where as 76 persons (45 males locality. iO in Bazigar Basti. :) in Thapar colony and 31 females) enumerated in the town fulfilled (J.c.T. Mills area) and one household in Modern the criteria of houseless population. Almost all area. T:'.ble reveals thai 7835 pf;Tc~nt Scheduled the persons recorded as living in the institutional Castes population live in single Hartjan Vas loca­ households are stt1dents of Bachelor of Education lity. ~tiil furth~r, Harijan-Vas and Bazigar Basti training C(lurSe and polytechnic trailJing college. combined have 96 ~5 percem Scheduled Ca[)tes populati,)l1. Out of the remaining less tl'~m 4 per­ Most of them belong to Sikh religion, Students cent Scheduled Castes population 8 persons live belonging to other religions are also there but in modem area of the town and 7 persons in very meagre in number. Residen~s of institutional Thapar colony. In Thapar colony employees of households H!ainly belong to Jat, Ramgalhia. Saini J.C.T. MilJ reSide to whom mill authorities have and Bania communities/castes, Ethnic composition allotted accomodation. Scheduled Castes population has been segregated into 6 castes. Apart from 74 of houseless population is, however, different. They persons, classified as Bazigar and living in Bazigar belong to Hindu religion and mainly to Sansi, Basti and a Single person b~longing to Kori caste Kori Or K oli castes of ~cheduted Castes. These living in Thapar colony, the overwhelming majo­ houseless households have been migrated mainly rity of Scheduled Castes population comprising from UP. and Bihar States in search of manual 199 persons belonging to Ad dharmi caste, 112 persons of Balmiki. 5 persons of Ravidasi and 6 labour which is easily available in the town. Table persons belonging to Sansi caste live in Harijan­ V.6 contains information regarding institutional Vas locality alone. and houseless population.

TABLE V.6 Institutional and Housetless Population of the Town 1981 Censlls

Type of population Households Persons Males Females ,------___._____.--, r---__.A- __-----, r---"------, r--.-.A-._-, Sex ~urnber percentage ~UInber percentage ~umber percentage ~umber percentage ratio to total to total to total to total house- persons males females holds

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Institutional 23 0.17 242 0.32 219 0.52 23 0.07 105 Houseless 19 0.14 76 0.10 45 0.11 31 0_09 689

Table reveals that in institutional househOlds operations have no comparative background with males far exceed females. Sex ratio works out to earlier censuses. Only three ma.ior categories of 105 femaJes- ner thousand males in institutional handicappd persons viz., totally blind, total1y crip' households which is extremely low. On the ('ther pled and toraJly dumb were considered for census hand sex-ratio worked out for houseless population purpo<;es. A person havincr mClre than one dis:lbi­ is not so low (689) as compared to total population. lity mentioned abOve was~ considered for the gra. Sex-ratio for total popubtion of the tcwn is 8'03 vest disability only e.g., blindness is considered a females per tllOllsand males. Jn contrast ~ex-ratio greater disability than either dumbness or being worked OUt for urban areas of the state 15 865. crippled. In Phagwara town during HCl.lselis!ing operations total 50 persons were recorded as disa­ DisllbI'fd population bled. Of these 22 were totally bHnd, 18 totally crip­ pled and 10 totally dumb. The proportion of hardi­ 5.8 Data on disabled population by type of capped persons to the total population of the town disability collected during the 1980 bous~listil1g \vorks cut to approximately 7 per ten thousand 43 persons. Of· the total handicapped persons in the Val'ious demographic. characteristics. of population town 44 percent are totally blind, 36 percent totally crippled and 20 percent as totally dumb. The 5.9 Marital status, as affected by other socio­ degree of reliance on data and further analysis and economic conditions, has an important bearing on appraisal are questionable about the hanaicapped popUlation dynamics. Particularly the education persons, apparently for want 01 supporting infor­ and economic condition of cunently m(1.rIied wo­ mation about the age, sex, economic acdvity and men whose marriages· have not been dissolved vi­ the migratory character of handicapped. Moreover, tally influence the demographic pattern of the the assigl!ment of collecting this information to population. Distribution of· the sample population the census field workers alongwith hnuselisting of the town by age, sex and marital status is hriven cannot be considered a scientific approach for in appendix 22. How\~ver, table number Y.7 show­ full coycrage and model classification of disabili­ ing percentage distribution of the sample popula­ ties in the light of very rigorous definition and tion according to marital status by age and sex sensitiveness of the subject.. Nonetheless only in­ and diagram V.I indicating distribution of popu­ dependent research/ survey to be conducted by the lation (Surveyed) by age, sex and marital status experts can throw more light 011 this sensitive issue. are given here after.

TABLE V.7 Distribution 0/ Population According to age, Sex and Marital Stallls (Sample Data)

Never married Married Widowed Age group Total population , ___.A.-----, .------"-.__ -, r------..J..----, ,~__.A..._------, Males Females Males Females Males Females Males Females

------~------.------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

----.--~------" ---"------_. 0-4 76 83 100.00 100,00 5-9 92 76 100.00 100.00 10-14 100 71 100.00 100.00 15-19 80 61 100.00 95.08 4.92 20-24 84 72 89.29 38.89 10.71 61.11 25-29 75 65 21.33 3.08 78.67 96.92 30-34 57 52 7.02 92.98 100.00 35-49 132 116 1.52 98.48 97.41 2.59 50-59 66 58 1.52 93.94 94.83 4.54 5.17 60-69 39 32 2.57 89.74 78.13 7.69 21.87 70+ 30 18 76.67 61.11 23.33 38.89

_.. _-- ~ ----- Table as well as diagram reveal that all persons 5.10 Sex ratio worked out age-group and marital up to the age of 14, irrespective of sex, are unmar­ status wiSe reveal some irHeresting features. Table ried. All the males in the age-group 15-19 are V.8 gives age group and marital status wise sex­ still unmarried whereas only 4.92 percent females ratio of the town based on sample data. in this age-group are married. In the age-group TABLE V.8 20-24, however, overwhelming majority of Age-Group and Marital Status wise sex-ratio femals 61.1] percent get married where as percen­ (Sample Data) ------_ tage of married males is still low (10.71). 25.--29 Sex ratio among years is the age-group having predominent number of married persons irrespective of sex. Jn this Age-group Never- Married Widowed Total married age group 78.67 percent males and 96.92 percent --".-.. _---_.- females are married and rest of the persons in this 1 2 3 4 5 -~~------~----- age group are still unmarried. In age-group 30--34, 0-4 1,092 1,092 all the females and 92.% percent males are mar­ 5-9 826 826 10-14 710 710 ried. 7.02 percent males in, this age group are still 15-19 725 S.N.C. 763 unmarried. 98.48 percent males and 97.41 percent 20-24 373 4,889 857 females in age-group 35·-49 are married. Remaining 25-29 125 1,0~8 867 30-34 981 912 males of this age group felll in the category of 35-49 869 879 unmarried whereas females in the category of wido­ 50-59 887 1,000 879 wed. Above 50 years the percentage of married per­ 60-69 714 2,333 821 70·1- 478 1,000 600 sons both males and females is decl'ining and per­ centage of widowed is taking their place. Salient Total 711 987 1,538 847 _.. _--- features as revealed through the table are as given NOTE : S. N. C. stands for sex-ratio not calculated as figur in the next paragraph. ' for only one sex (Le. females) are available. 44

Among the unmarried the sex-ratio is the highest from previous husband where as in case of (1092) ftmales per thousand males in the 0-4 years widowers econolIlic background of the widowers age group and it starts declining afterwards and at is the main consideration. It was told that some­ 25-29 age group it becomes 125. Among the times to grab property young girls are married married sex-ratio is the highest ill the age group to older males if they are issueless. It was further 20-24 (4889) and it declines to 478 at 70+ age­ gathered that with the increaSe in the female group. Females start marrying earlier than males. literacy rate such cases are on the decrease. In case of females marriages start from the age 5.12 During field survey efforts were made to group of 15--19 and 30-34 years is the age collect information of sociological interest. To group in which almost all the females get married extract this information probing questions were and there after the percentage of married females asked from knowledgeable pefsons of the house­ decreases giving rise to widowed· marital status. holds as people generally try to conceal such in­ However, in case of males marriages generally formation. Inter caste and inter-religion marriages start from the age group of 20--:24 and marriages are not very prevalent in the town. However, are solemnized up to the age group of 35-49. among the people of Saini caste Hindu-Sikh mar­ Females start entering in the widowed status from riages are prevalent. the age group 35_!_49 where as males start from still higher age-group 50-59 years and that too Education comparatively less in number. No female beyond 5.13 Information regarding children attending the age of 29 years remain as unmarried and on schools and belonging to different age groups was the other hand a few males remain unmarried also collected which reveaJed that as many as throughout their life span. 10.32 percent of the children in age group 5-14 and slightly more than 41 percent of children in 5.11 Another important observation made dur­ the age grolJp 15-19 did not attend the school ing field survey is that widowers get married more at all, The attendance of educational institutions frequently than widows andAhus the number of in the higher age group was still lower. Appendix widower is comparatively less as compared to 23 gives distribution of surveyed population. ex­ widows. No person in the sample reported his or cluding 0-4 years, attending! not attending educa­ her marital status as separated or divorced as in such tional institutions by sex. age group and religion situation, apart from concealing the truth males whereas Table V.9 gives the percentage distri­ as well as females. by and large, get remarried. bution of population (5-24 years) attending/not However, in case of widows remarriage depends attending educational institutions by sex, age upon age of the widow and numb~r of living children group and religion.

TABLE V.9 Percentage distribution oj population (5 to 24 Years) alleMi1l8/nol attending educational Institutions by sex, age Group and Religioll _ .. ------Age Studying Not studyin, SI. Religion . No. group r- .A. ,- ...... __ ------, Males Females Males Females ,--_-"-__------,,----A. Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percen- tage ------~------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ----- Hindu 5-9 78 95.12 55 85.94 4 4.88 9 14.06 1(}-14 68 87. ]8 45 80.36 10 12.82 11 19.64 15-19 39 63.93 21 50.00 22 36.07 21 50.00 20-24 9 16.36 9 17.65 46 83.64 42 82.35 2 Sikh 5-9 7 87.50 11 100.00 12.50 1(}-14 20 100.00 14 100.00 ~ 15-19 9 56.25 10 66.67 7 43.75 5 33.33 20-24 5 17.86 4 19.05 23 82.14 17 80.95 3 Muslim 5-9 1 100.00 10-14 1 100.00 15-19 2 100.00 2 100.00 20-24 4 Others 5-9 100.00 I 100.00 10-14 100.00 1 100.00 15-19 2 100.00 1 100.00 20-24 1 100.00 0 c--'"" 0 X c-- -0 W 0 if) c- .... 0 w (1) (!) 0 CO 0 « 0 w c-. 3: 0 >- 0 0 CD (J) to W ~ _J 0 ..-.. - M W 0 > N a: 0 :J 0 (J') - W (/') In.. 0 - (1) (1) (1) (1) (1) ....:t en ...:2' a: w.;:) + to U1 ('I') N ~ ...- ...- 0:: - (.!)O I I I ""I I I I I I c 0 0 U1"" 0 U1 0 L() « Z N (/') a a... ('I") (J) :J 0 0 w ....;t a.. _J 0 0:: 0 (Q W<{ Z~ 0 Z _) ["-.. 0 0 - ~ co r - 0 H :::> 0:: en p4 « 0 CO 0 - ~ c-- ~ 0:: a If) 0 Z N « - c- O 0 « 0 ('I") c- .....,o co- I 45

It is apparent from the table that the proportion available. Thirteen persons belonging to Islam of school goers in the age group 5--14 is high religion were reported in the sample. It has been in case of SikhS' as compared to Hindus. Barring observed that Muslims rarely se,id their duughters one male child in the age group of 5-9 years beyond 14 years and boys after 24 years age to all the children in the age group 5-14 belonging any educational institution. On the oth~r· hand to Sikh religion were attending school where a~ all the boys in the age group 5-19, belonging to in caSe of children belonging to Hindu r.:ligion Islam were found attending educational institu­ 4.88 percent male and 14.06 percent fema:es in th.:; tions Against the overall sex ratio of 803 females age group of 5-9 and 12.82 percent males and per 1000 males in the town, the sex ratio of 19.64 percent female children in the age group students according to sample works out to 951;670 of 10-14 years were not attending school. Still and nil in case of Sikh, Hindu and Muslim stu­ further in the 15-19 years age group the propor­ dents respectively. tion of females attending educational institutions is higher in case of Sikhs as compared to Hindus 5.14 Information collected from various schools and the proportion of educational institution goers functioning in he town reveals that about 4 percent in the age group 20-24 years is high in cas~ of students discontinue their studies without complet­ Sikhs for both the sexes as compared to Hindus. ing a sp'ecific academic s~ssion in a particular It is rather. interesting to note that the proportion c1ass. However, at secondary level this rate is still of females attending educational institutions in higher (abc-ut five percent). In the school records case of Sikhs in all age groups are greater than in allIlost all the cases the reason for discontinua­ boys whereas in case of Hindus, except 20.-24 tion of study has been indicated as transfer of the years age-group, the higher proportion of boys father. ~ are attending eduC'atitnal institutions between 5 to 19 years age as compared to females of this age 5.15 Caste/Community wise study of surveyed group. High proportion of females attending edu­ population data reveals still distinctive picture. cational institutions as compared to boys in the Despite number cf facilities provided to the students age group 20-24 among Hindus DS well as Sikhs of Scheduled Castes by the Government under the as represented in the sample may be attributed to constitution of India in the form of fee concessions, the fact that boys belonging to this age group granting of scholarships/ grants etc., the proportion generally go out to obtain higher professional edu­ of Scheduled Castes children atter;ding variqus cation like Engineering, Medical, Master of Com­ educational institutions is distinctly different from merce, Bachelor of Law degrees etc. as the Phag­ children of other communities. ADpendix 24 p'ive:; wara town is devoid of such educational facilities distribution of surveyed population, excluding 0-4 locally. However, females by and large stick to aca­ years, attending/not attending educational 1.nsti­ demic type of education like obtaining degrees in tutions by sex, Age group and caste or community Bachelor of Arts, Master of Arts, Bachelot of and table V.lO represent same data in the form of Education etc., the facilities for which are locally percentages.

TABLE·V.lO Percentage distribution of population excluding 0-4 Years attending/not attending educational Tnstitutions by sex, age Grollp alld Cc,sle or Community (Sample Data)

SI. Caste(rribe/Community Studying Not._.A. studying___ ---, No, Age- r- group Males Females Males Females , r- ,---"- Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total to total ---_._------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

1 Bazisar (SC) 5-19 11 78.57 3 21.43 3 21.43 11 78.57 20-24 2 100.00 4 100.00 25+ 16 100.00 11 100.00 Total Jl 34.38 3 10.34 21 65.62 26 89.66 2 Sansi (SC) 5-19 100.00 100.00 20-24 25+ 1 100.00 1 100.00 Total 50.00 2 100.00 1 50.00 3 Batmiki (Se) 5-19 22 88.00 12 60.00 3 12.00 8 40.00 20-24 4 100.00 7 100.00 25+ 1 3.70 26 96.30 24 100.00 Total 23 41.07 12 23.53 33 58.93 39 76.47 46

TABLE V. 10-contd.

~- . ,.---.--,--~--- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 ----, 4 Ad dharmi (SC) 5-19 24 57.14 22 68,75 18 42.86 10 31.25 20-24 1 5.56 17 94.44 8 100.00 25+ 47 100,00 41 100.00 Total 25 23.36 22 27.16 82 76.64 59 72.84 5 Ramda,i eSC) 5-19 2 100.00 100.00 20-24 2St- 1 100.00 1 100.00 Total 3 100.00 2 100.00 6 KaT; eSc. 5-19 20-24 25+ 1 100.00 Total 1 100.00 7 Jat Sikh 5-19 11 84.62 13 81.25 2 15.38 3 18.75 20-24 1 16.67 1 100.00 5 83.33 25+ 18 100.00 17 100.00 Total 12 32.43 14 41.18 25 67.57 20 58.82 8 Gujjar 5-19 2 100.00 100.00 20-24 25+ 1 100.00 1 100.00 Total 2 66.67 50.00 1 33.33 1 50.00 9 Khatri 5-19 45 91.84 17 80.95 4 8.16 4 19.05 20-24 4 26.67 3 33.33 11 73.33 6 66.67 25+ 2 3.51 55 96.49 49 100.00 T;)tal 51 42.15 20 25.32 70 57.85 59 74.68 10 Ramgarhia 5-19 8 88.89 6 100.00 1 11.11 20-24 1 50.00 1 100.00 1 50.00 25+ 2 13.33 15 100.00 13 86.67 Total 8 32.00 9 39.13 17 68.00 14 60.87 11 Arora 5-19 18 90.00 19 90.48 2 10:00 2 9.52 20-24 1 10.00 9 90.00 8 100.00 25+ 40 100.00 35 100.00 Total 19 27.14 19 29.69 51 72.86 45 70.31 12 Brahmin 5-19 31 100.00 20 95.24 1 4.76 20-24 3 60.00 3 60.00 2 40.00 2 40.00 25+ 47 100.00 42 100.00 Total 34 40.96 23 33.82 49 59.04 45 66.18 13 Ghumar 5-19 50.00 50.00 20-24 50.00 50.00 25+ 4 100.00 Total 16.67 4 100.00 16.67 5 83.33 5 83.33 14 Gupta (Bania) 5-19 11 91.67 12 100.00 1 8.33 20-24 1 33.33 2 66.67 3 100.00 25+ 27 100.00 Total 12 23 100.00 28.57 12 31.58 30 71.43 26 68.42 15 Raj put 5-19 8 100.00 5 100.00 20-24 2 100.00 2 100.00 25-t- 13 100.00 Total 8 34.78 7 100.00 5 35.71 15 65.22 9 64.29 16 Saini • 5-19 13 76.47 15 88.24 4 23.53 20-24 3 17.65 2 11.76 14 82.35 13 100.00 25+ 46 100.00 Total 16 20.00 15 40 100.00 21.43 64 80.00 55 78.57 Nai 5-19 2 100.00 2 100.00 17 20-24 1 100.00 25+ 3 100.00 Total 2 40.00 2 2 100.00 40.00 3 60.00 3 60.00 Thathiar / 5-19 18 20-24 2 100.00 25+ 2 100.00 1 Total 100.00 _-- 2 100.00 3 100.00 .. 47

TABLE V.l O-concld. 2 3 4 5 6 7 g 9 10 n 19 Sunar 5-1' 100.00 20-24- 25+ 2 100.00 2 100.00 Total 1 33.33 2 100.00 2 66.67 20 Muslim • 5-19 3 100.00 2 100.00 20-24 25+ 2 100.00 1 100.00 Total 3 60;00 2 40.00 3 100.00 21 Unspecified (other) • 5-19 17 .85.00 10 90.91 3 15.00 1 9.09 20-24 5 55.56 1 100.00 4 44.44 25+ 29 100.00 24 100.00 Total 17 34.00 15 34.09 33 66.00 29 65.91· 22 Total other communities 5-19 170 90.43 122 87.14 18 9.57 18 12.86 20-24 13 21.67 13 24.53 47 78.33 40 75.47 25+ 2 0.65 2 0.76 304 99.35 261 99.24 Total 185 33.39 137 30.04 369 66.61 319 69.96

NOTE: ...:SC. stands for Scheduled Castes.

Table reveals that among the Scheduled Castes their daughters upto the age of 9 and boys upto communities only 26.50 percent persons in the age the age of 14 years to schools and beyond these span of 5 to 25 + years attend educational institu ages they rarely send their children to schools. tions where as persons belonging to other commu­ Main profeSSion of this community is basket mak­ nities attend educational institutions at much higher ing and begging and they try to adjust their child­ proportion. slightly less than 32 percent. 'Sexwise ren in their profeSSion rather than sending them calculations give still wider differences. Among the for higher education. Sansis, Ramdasias and Koris Scheduled Castes 29.35 percent males and 23.03 do not bother to send theIr children to schools. :>ercent females attend educational institutions Number of persons belonging to these communities where as among the remaining communities select­ however. is very low in the town. Balmikis and ed in the sample 33.39 percent males and 30.04 Ad dharmis generally send their daughters to percent females attend educational institutions of schools up to the age of 4 and in case of boys they one type or the other. Castes / Community wise sex­ are going for higher education also. Among the ratio of students bring forth still wider differences. Jats 36.62 percent persons attend educational insti­ Calculated separately, among the scheduled castes tutions. Females of this community are doing bet­ 644 females per 1000 males attend educational insti­ ter than males especially in higher studies. Persons tutions. Sex ratio further faUs if we exclude Ad­ belonging to Ramgarhia community are equally dharmi caste from total Scheduled Castes. Sex ratio conscious regarding education of their females. Like excluding Ad dharmi workers 0\1t to 512. Sex ratio J ats females of this community go for higher among Ad dharmi students is rather high 944 as studies also. Aroras are very particular regarding compared with students belonging to other castes education up to the level of Matric and they rarely among Scheduled Castes. Sex-ratio worked out for send their children for higher studies. Brahmins students belonging to other communities is also are very education conscious. They are generally not ijniform. It varies from community to com­ anxious that their children should study at least munity. Overall sex-ratio of students belonging to upto graduation level jf not more. It has been non-Scheduled Castes cummunities is 741 female observed that Guptas are rather meticulous to students per 1000 male students. Sex ratio is the provide education upto the level of matriculation. highest among Jat students 1167 followed by 1125 In case their child is really good at studies only among the Ramgarhia students. Sex ratio worked then they would send their children for pro~essional out separately is, 1000 for each of the Gupta, education otherwise he or she would be Inducted Arora, Ghumar and Nai communities. Sex ratio into their traditional profeSSion i.e. business. worked out for students of remaining communities Rajputs are satisfied if their child obtains matri­ is less than 1000. culation certificate. Well to do Saini families go for higher education especIally in case Of... ~eir male children. It has been observed that GUJJars, 5.16 Caste/Communities studied separately give Ghumars. Nai, Thathiars and Sunars are by and rather interesting results. Bazigar community large of the view that their children should remain among the Scheduled Caste generally send their all familiar with their traditional profession as com­ younger children to schools. They mainly send pared to academic studies. CHAPTER VI MIGRATION AND SETTLEMENT OF FAMILIES Migration cularly of place of r('sidencc. Migration can be Population change has thre~ components i.e. both inward as well as out ward. Migration from births, de.lths and migration. As people born, die other places to place ur:der study·is called immigra­ or migrate from a place their total number in an tion where as migration fi·c,m place of study to area changes. During most of its history, world other places, anywhere in (he world, is termed as population has increased very slowly, but during out migration. Migration of former type helps to 20th Century this growth has accelerated. Migra­ increase population siZe of that place and migra­ tion, however, hardly plays any role in this over tion of later type results in depletion of population all increase in world population. Increasing .gap from where migration takes place. Migration can between birth and death rates during the 20th be attlibuted to sociai, economic. political, higher Century, especially, in developing countries like education etc. factors. Apart from number of other India, is the main reason of this abnormal popula­ direct reasons of migration a few im~ortant factors tion growth. It does not mean that migration has such as rising industrial wages indt{ce a flow of no role to play in this phenominal change of workers frOm the low-wage agricultural sector to population. People move from more populated the high-wage industrial sector' and marriage in areas to comparatively less population areas, from case of females, need special mention. one country to another, from rural areas to urban 6.2 During field enquiry data Was collected re­ areas and vice versa. Apart from births and deaths garding place of birth of all the persons residing in migration does play an important role in changing 252 households selected in the sample. It is rele­ size of population of a particular place. There arc vant to mention here that discussion throughout various kinds of migration but for this study migra- . this chapter is based on surveyed data. Tab1e VI. I tion relates to shifting of human beings from one shows distribution of surveyed population accord­ geographical unit to another involving change parti- ing to place of birth.

TABLE VI.I Distribution of Population according to Place of birth and Sex (Sample data) Place of birth Sex-wise distribution of population

Number Percen- Number Percen- (Males) tage to (Females) tage to total total males females 2 3 4 5 Same place (Phagwara Town) 602 72.44 283 40.20 Same Distt. (Kapurthala) Rural 8 0.96 9 1.28 Urban 4 0.48 6 0.85 Other Distt. of the State Rural 53 6.38 133 18.89 Urban 41 4.94 142 20.17 Other States Rural 37 4.45 42 5.97 Urban 37 4.45 54 7.67 Other Countries 49 5.90 35 4.97 ._-_._------_---Total 831 100.00 704 100.00 Table shows that out of 831 males and 704 marriage become part and parcel of their husbands' females 229 males comprising 27.56 percent of households at some other plaCe which is generally total males and 421 females (59.80 percent) have different from their (female's) place of birth. Diffe­ born outside the town. Of course the percentage of rences in percentages calculated separately for both females born in places outside the town is more sexes will widen in case these percentages are cal­ than double as compared to the percentage of culated excluding 0 to 19 years age group popula­ males born in places out-side the town. Differellces tion. Age and marital status wise analysis of data in above mentioned· two percentages arise (lue to will further reveal that 40.20 percent females shown the fact that females, according to' tradition, after in the table as born in the town comprise. by and 48 49 latge, un-married females below marriageable age. males (72.44 percent) have bom in the town. Bar- ' Table further reveals that about 39 percent females ring born in other countries the percentages of presently living in the town were born in other males having born in places outside the town is districts of the State. However, out of these 20.17 invariably less ill each category compared to percent were born in urban areas and 18.89 per- females. cent in rural areas. 7.67 percent females were born 6.3 Distribution of households by number of in urban and 5.97 percent in rural areas of other members, migration status and place of birth of states. Of th~ total females 4.97 percent have been head of household has been depicted in appendix born in other countries. In case of males birth 25. Based 011 this appendix table VI. 2 has been place data shows that overwhelming majority of prepared to crystalise data. TABLE V1.2 Distribution of Households by Numbers, Migration Status and Place of Birth of Head of Households (Sample Data) Number of Households having members

Migration status and 1 2 3 4 5 place of birth of r- ~ A. ,,--"- ,----"------y--"-___-.. head of household Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total to total to total ------2------3------4-- 6 7 8 ------9 10 11 A. Non Migrant 2 0.8 6 2.4 18 7.1 14 5.6 (Born in the Town) Phagwara) B. Migrant 1. Born in the district (Kapurthala) but outside the town Rural 0.4 5 2.0 Urban 0.4 1 0.4 II. Born in other dis­ tricts of the state Rural 0.4 2 0.8 2 0.8 6 2.4 5 2.0 Urban 1 0.4 2 0.8 2 0.8 III. Born in other States : Rural 6 2.4 7 2.7 2 0.8 8 3.2 Urban 1 0.4 0.4 2 0.7 1 0.4 1 0.4 IV. Born in other Countries 2 0.8 2 0.8 7 2.8 9 3.5 Total 8 3.2 8 3.2 21 8.2 36 14.3 45 17.9

TABLE VI 2-concld. Number of households having members

1 12 13 A. Non Migrant 43 17.0 (Born in the Town Phagwara) B. Migrant I. Born in the district (Kapurthala) but outside the town Rural 0.4 7 2.8 Urban 1 0.4 3 1.2 II. Born in other districts of the state Rural 8 3.2 5 2.0 4 1.6 2 0.8 35 14.0 Urban 3 1.2 2 0.8 10 4.0 III. Born In other States Rural 6 2.4 29 11.5 Urban 3 1.2 9 3.5 N. Born in other Countries 11 4.4 5 2.0 5 2.0 41 16.3 Total 75 29.8 31 12.3 21 8.3 7 2.8 252 100\0 50

Table reveals that 46.7 percent households in 6.4 Table VI. 3 shows distribution of households the sample are such households whose heads have by migration status and place of birth of head of been born in PEw.gwara town followed by 18 per­ household and ('Olnposition by sex. and age cent households having heads born in other dis­ of members. Members of a household have been tricts of the state. A considerable proportion of dichotomised according to age. Members of 15 16.3 perc_ent households are headed by persons years and above age have been categorised as born in other countries closely followed by house­ adults and members upto age 14 years have been holds 15 percent whose heads have been born in treated as minors. Of the 10tal households in the other st:1tcs. Only 4 percent household have heads sample composition of 74.6 percent households is born within the district (Kapurthala) but· outside the such that these households contain adult male town. Overwhelming majority of heads of bouse­ and female and minor male ;female m_;mbers. Mi­ holds havinll born outside the town were born in graticn status and place of birth of such heads of rural areas. Dichotomy of households according to households highligbts an interesting observation. heads born in the town and bora elsewhere do Out of the above mentioned 74.6 percent households reflect surlIe differences in the size of households. heads of exactly fifty percent households are non· Households whose bead was born in the town are migrants i.t:-. born in the town and remaining fifty of larger site as compared to households having percent have reported their birth places other than heads born elsewhere. The differences, however, Phagwara town. 13.9 percent heads. 0f the house­ are not very sharp. holds have born in the state but out side the Kapur-

TABLE VI.3

Distribulion of households by migration !lia/us and place of birth of head of Jlouse/wld and composilioll hy sex and age of Members (Sample Data)

Number of households where composition by se:. and age of members is Mjgration status and pJace of birth 1,- of head of hQusehold (Rural/Urban) Aduk and and .. male female Adult male and female Adult male/males only minor male/female r- r----..A. ,----__J... Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total house}l(llds households household

---.------~- -~--~~~------~--~~ 2 3 4 5 6 7 ~ ... -.------~ -~--- A. Non-migrant 94 37.3 (Born in tlte town) 24 9.4 B. Migrant 94 37.3 29 11.6 ]0 4.0 1. IJQrn ou t-liide the town but with in the district

Rural 5 2.0 2 0.8 Urban 3 1.2 ll. Born with in the State but outside the district

Rural 27 10.7 7 2.9 0.4 Urban S 3.2 2 o S Hl. Born in tne other States

Rural 18 7.1 4 1.6 7 2.8 Urban 6 2.4 2 0.7 1).4

IV. Born in other Countries 27 10.7 12 4.8 0.4

18S 74.6 53 21 0 '4.0

Note :-l\{inor upto age 14 years 3!1d adults1S years and above.· 51

TABLE VI .3-concld.

Number of households where composition by sex and age of members is Migration status and place of birth a f r- .A. . --____ head of household (Rural/Urban) Adult female Adult male and Adult female and temales only minor male and/ minor male and or female female/or females Total ,--__--" ____ -" .... ,-_.A. r------A.----..., Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total to total households households households households

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

'~'- _._-_._-_._------A. Non-migrant 118 46.7 (Born in the lawn) B. Migrant 0.4 134 53.3

1. Born out-side the town b.~t with in the district Rural 7 2.8 Urban 3 1.2 ./ n. Born with in the State but out­ side the district. Rural 35 14.0 Urban 10 4.0 HI. Born in the other States / Rural 29 11.5 Urban 9 3.5 IV. Born in other Cuntries 1 0.4 41 16.3 .._--_ .._------.------Total 0.4 252 100.0 ---..------thala district. Followed by 9.5 percent household to the town insearch of. work and they keep their whose heads of households have been born in other families at their native places. After passage of states of India. Heads of 3.2 percent hcuseholds have time such households grow in size and qualify to been reported ~1~ born in district Kapurthala but be cov~red under the second Or first category of outside PhaQwara town. It has further been ob­ compoSItion of households. This change in the served that birth place of overwhelming majority composition of households takes place when adult of heads of households of this category is in ruml member migrated earlier feels that his service is areas. Noneth~~less 10.7 percen t households of this secure and remunerative enough to feed his family. category are sllch whose heads have been reported At this stage his family members migrate to stay as born in other counlries. 21 percent households with him. Predominent number of such heads of in the sample are represented by adult male and households, however, come from rural areas of female memb~rs. It is relevant to mention here that other states. Lone head of the~household, born in households having their head born outside Phag­ other countries, qualifies for the category of adult wara out number households having their head female I females type of household. In the sample born in Phagwara. Still further amongst the migrant not even a single he3d of the household reported he;lds of hou'ieholds the highest proportion 4.8 per­ that the composition of his or her household fal1s cent households h,lVe reported their head born in under last 1wo categorie1i of households. Last two other countries. Again in this category of households categories having nil information are adult male majority of he'Jds of households reported their birth and minor male and/or female and finally adult place in nIral areas leaving aside head of house­ female and minor male and female/or females. holds born in Phagwara town who comprise 9.4 Apart from consolidated 'itlformation given in the percent households. Third category of households abOVe table similar information much in detail and is formed by members such as adult male/males in absolute figures is represented in the appendix 2fJ. only. 4.0 percent hOLls;,:holds fall in this category of household5. I.eaving apart a few head of house­ 6.5 Table vr. 4 derived from appendix 27 gives hC'ld overwhelming majority of heads of house­ distribution of households by' locality and place holds falling under this particular category migrate of birth of head oj' household. 52

TABLE VIA Distribution of households by locality and place of birth of head of household (Sample Data)

------_._------.-.. ---.. ------~ Households where head of household born in ,.------~------, Within district (Kapurthala) Other districts oft he state , ______....J.. ______._____ ...... r-,------~'------...... , SI. Locality Same town Within district but No. (Phagwara) out side the town Gurdaspur r---"'- ,--~ .------. Number Percent- Rural Urban Rural Urban tage to ,---""""'----, ,___.A..---..-.A..---:----;r---A..---...... , total Number Percent Number Percent- Number Percent- Number Percent- age age age to age to to total to total total total ------_. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 ------_.. _---_._------T. Bazigar Basti 3 1.2 II. Rarijan Vas 36 14.3 2 0.8 1 0.4 III. Modern area 24 9.5 2 0.8 2 0.8 0.4 1 0.4 IV. Grain market 2 0.8 0.4 V. Thathiars 17 6.7 VI. Ramgarhias 1 0.4 VII. Brahmins 3 1.2 0.4 VIII. Jewellers 5 2.0 IX. Potters 2 0.8 X. Industrialists and Businessmen 7 2.8 XI. Jat and Saini Sikhs 17 6.7 XII. Professers and Teachers 0.4 XIII. Thapar colony 0.3 1 0.4 Total 118 46.7 7 2.8 3 1.2 2 0.8 1 0.4

TABLE VI.4-contd.

Households where head of Household born in Other districts of the state r-I~------~------~ SI. Locality Firozpur Ludhiana .-.______-A. ______~ No. .-.------~------. Rural Urban Rural Urban .-_ ____.A..-----.., ,,___ .A.. ___~ ,--A.__ -, r---..A..------, Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total to total

2 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1. Bazigar Basti II. Harijan Vas 1II. Modern area 1 0.4 1 0.4 IV. Grain market V. Thathiars VI. Ramgarhias 0.4 VII. Brahmins VIII. Jewellers IX. Potters X. Industrialists and Businessmen XI. Jat and Saini Sikhs XII. Professers and Teachers XlII. Thapar colony 0.5 Total 0.4 1 0.4 2 0.9 53

TABLE VI. 4-contd.

Households where head of household born in Other districts of the state ,--.------~------~ SI. Locality Jalandhar Hoshiarpur PaHala No. ,-- ,- r---~.----....., Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban ,------'-----,r---"-----, r-~ r---"-----, r----A..----, ,--..A.._----.. No. Percent- No. Percent- No. Percent- No. Percent- No. Percent- No. Percent- age to age to age to age to age to age to total total total total total total ------_. -----.- _- - .. --- l 1 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 -----~- ~ I. Bazigar Basti II. Harijan Vas 5 2.0 2 0.8 0.4 1 0.4 .III. Modern area 8 3.1 1 0.4 4 1.6 0.4 0.4 IV. Grain market 0.4 0.4 3 1.2 V. Thathiars VI. Ramgarhias VII. Brahmins VIII.Jewellers IX. Potters X. Industrialists and Businessmen 0.4 0.4 XI. Jat and Saini Sikhs 1 0.4 2 O.S XU. Professers and Teachers 1 0.4 XIII. Thapar colony 3 1.2 Total 16 6.3 5 2.0 14 5.6 2 0.8 0.4

TABLE VI.4--contd. ----_.. __._------Households where head of household born in ,------~------~ Other states SI. Locality r------.~----.----.------Bihar Haryana Himachal No. ,--. ______-..A. Pradesh~ Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban-' ,---'-.------,r----A.--,,-__'O"'---.,r---A--.-..,,-----A..---,r-..-..A-____ -. No. Per- No. Per- No. Per- No. Per- No. Per- No. Per- centage centage cen- cent- cent- cent- to to age to age to age to age to total total total total total total

33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 2 ------43 44 I. Bazigar Basti II. Harijan Vas Ill. Modern area 0.4 0.4 IV. Grain market 0.4 V. Thathiars VI. Ramgarhias V n. Brahmins VIII.Jewellers IX. Potters X. Industrialists and Businessmen Xl. Jat and Saini Sikhs XII. Professers and Teachers XIII. Thapar colony 10 4.0 4 1.5 2 0.8 Total 10 4.0 0.4 0.4 5 1.9 2 0.8 --_._------.------_ .. 54

TABLE VI. 4-contd.

Households where head of household born ill ,-,------~.------. ,-______Other A- stat!s____ --. SI. Locality Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Rajasthan No. ,------J~------~r------~------~ , Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban r------A.------, ,....---"---. ,---A.----., ,--"--.. ,---A.----, ,---"---, No. Percen­ No. Percen- No. Per- No. Per- No. Per- No. Per- tage to tage cell- cell- cen- cen- total to tage to tage to tage to tageto total total total total total

2 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 ------~------J. Bazigar Basti II. Harijan Vas 1 0.4 0.4 III. Modem area IV. Grain market 1 0.4 V. Thathiars VI. Ramgarhias VII. Brahmins VIII. Jewellers IX. Potters X. Industrialists and Businessmen XI. Jat and Saini Sikshs XII. Professers and Teachers XIII. Thapar colony 1 0.4 0.4 Total 0.4 0.4 2 0.8 0.4

TABLE VI.4-concld.

Households where head of household born In ,------~------.------Other states Other countries ,------.A..______...,,______.-A- Sl. Locality No. Uttar Pradesh ,-'------~~------~ Rural Urban Pakistan BangIa Desh Total r---"-'--.--,,------A.------, ,-----"----. ,-~---. ,-___"'_----. No. Percent- No. Percent- No. Percent- No. Percent- No. Percent- age age age age age to total to total to total to total to total -----_. __._- 2 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 _._._-_•. ------_. 1. Bazigar Basti 7 2.8 10 4.0 n. Harijan Vas 2 0.8 4 1.5 56 22.2 III. Modern area 0.4 24 9,6 74 29.4 IV. Grain market 2 0.8 12 4,8 V. Thathiars 17 6.7 VI. Ramgarhias 0.4 3 1.2 VII. Brahmins 4 1.6 VIII. Jewellers 0.4 6 2.4 IX. Potters 2 0.8 X. Industrialists and Businessmen 9 3.6 Xl. Jat and Saini Sikhs 20 7.9 XII. Professers and Teachers 2 0,8 XlII. Thapar colony 8 3.2 3 1.1 2 0.8 37 14.6 Total 9 3.6 5 1.9 40 15.9 0.4 252 100,0

------..------_._--_.. _--- --_------~.----- S5

Tabie reveals that in localities like Thclthiars and localities where head of the households have been Potters .aU the hc,:ds of households are locally found living but born in other states are Radjan born. In other words these are well defined localities Vas, ivlodern area and Grain market. Not even a of households having particular profession and be­ single head of the household presently living in long to this place sine;.; generatiolls. They manufac­ 'Professors & 1cachers colony indicated that he or ture different type~ of utensils which were quite she was born in the town. People in tbis colony, popular in the town as we'll as in the surrounding however, have been migrated from the adjoining areas. Once brass utemils were considered integral. districts or from within the district. It is relevant to part of dowry and were ill 3reat demand. It waS mention here that majority of the head of the told lhat this art of utensil Inaking is decaying as households migrated from Pakistan, at the time of sleel utensils arc repJacing these traditional utensils partition, settled in Modern area of the town. once quite popular i!1 the area. Table further re­ Among the Schedul~d Castes Ba2,igars created veals that very few head of the households born their new Basti outside the town and Scheduled elsewhere settle in localities like J at & Saini Sikhs, Castes belonging to other castes settled in Rarijan Industrialists & Businessmen, Jewellers and Brah­ Vas. Alone head of the household born in BangIa mins. Heads of the households born outside the Desh, however, reported living in Ramgarhial town however, settk in localities like modern area, colony. Number of households according to place . Grai;l market, Ramgarhias, IJrofessors & Teachers of birth of head of household and locality in which and Thapar colony. People belonging to weaker houst:hold is living at present is given in sections generally settle in Bazigar Basti and Rari­ appendix 27. jan Vas. In Thapar colony accomodation is pro­ vided by the Jagatjit Cotlon Textile Mills authori­ 6.6 AppendiX 28 contains information regarding ties to its employees. Heads of the households born place of last residence of members of households in different parts of the country live here being as related to place of birth. Very few people, ac­ employees Ol~ the mill. Apart from neighbouring cording to sample have place of last residence diffe­ states like u.P., Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh rent from their place of birth Table VI. 5 makes people born in far off states like Bihar, Madhya the position vividly clear in this respect. •Pradesh and Maharashtra are living here. Other

TABLE Vl.5 Place 0/ last residence 0/ members 0/ households as related to place of birth (Sample Data)

Place of Last residence Place of birth , Same as place of birth Different from place of birth , .-- -, Male Percentage Female Percentage Male Percentage Female Percentage to total to total to total to total males females males females ---.-----, ---_._._ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . --- _._-----_._-- ~------Same place (Phagwara) 589 70.9 276 39.2 13 1.6 7 1.0 Same district (Kapurthala but out side the town) Rural 7 0.8 8 1.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 Urban 4 0.5 6 0.9

Other districts of State Rural 44 5.3 130 18.5 9 1.1 3 0.4 Urban 35 4.2 139 19.7 6 0.7 3 0.4

Other States Rural 31 3.7 34 4.8 6 0.7 8 1.2 Urban 27 3.3 45 6.4 10 1.2 9 1.3 Other countries 44 5.3 30 4.3 5 0.6 5 0.7 ------Total 781 94.0 668 94.9 50 6.0 36 5.1 ------9O.LjJ(N)572RGI-5 56

According to table VI. 5 only 6 pf-Iccnt males males indicated their place of birth as well as last and 5.1 percent females have indicated their place residence in othu countriLs. It has been '_:;bser:ved of last residence different from their place of birth. that higher proportion d fema:es migrate from III case of mall's 70.9 percenf have reporttd that urban areas where as in case of m(!les h:gr:er pro­ their plaCe of birth as well as th"ir place of last portion has been migrate.d from rural ar~as having residence is the same i.e. Phagwara town, 95 per­ same place of birth and last reside,:ce. As indicat d cent males stated tJ:at they hccYe migrated directly earlier higher ploportion d males hwe been re­ from their birth place in other districts of the state corded as born in the town as compared to females. 5.3 p~rcent come from rural areas and 4.2 per­ The reason being female migration as a result of cent from urban areas. However, 7 percent male marriage. hwe indicated their birth place as well as last resi­ dence in other states. Nonetheless 5.3 percent males 6.7 As observed already. in case of majo­ said that their birth place as well as their last rity of migrants the place of last re~ide;'ce is residence is in other countries. In case of females in consonance with place of b1rth. So far migr;­ the pcsition is diffei ent. 38'.2 perce:lt females tion from p'ace of birth dominated;n tl-e discus­ c.)vered in the sample were born in other districts sion and from now onward mig'ati~n ci"m place of the state and migrated from that veiy place. of last n:s:dence would be disc.3SS :d. In the series 1l.2 percent females have reported thdr birth table num~)cr VI. 6 to VI. 9 prepa!'ed from uppen­ place and place of last residence in other states. dices 29 to 31 giVe information regardit:g mig­ Though Slightly less than males yet 4.3 percent fe- rants according to their place of 1 !st reside pc::.

TABLE VI.6 Distribution of households by number of members. migration status and last residence of hec.d of households (Sample Data) ------.-..__ ._-

Number of households.A.._____ having members• __ . __. ______. ____., Migration status and , last residence of head of household Single 2 3 4 5 ,--____.A.__ ---. , ___.A. ___...,,-----_.A.- __-----,, ___ .__.A.. __-----, , ______. .A.. ______--, Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number P:;;rccntage NlIlJlber Percentage to total to total to total to total to total households HHS HHS HHS HHS

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Jl

----_._._-----_------~------A. Non-Migrant 2 0.8 6 2.4 16 6.3 12 4.8

B. Migrant I. Last residence out­ side the town but within the district Rural 0.4 0.4 6 2.4 Urban 0.4

II. Last residence outside the district but within the States Rural 1 . 0.4 0.4 0.4 5 2.0 5 2.0 Urban 0.4 2 0.8 4 1.6 4 1.6

JIJ. Last residence in other States • Rural 6 2.4 5 1.9 5 2.0 Urban 0.4 2 0.8 5 1.9 2 0.8 4 1.1;

IV. Last residence in other Countries 0.4 0.4 8 3.2 9 3'5 Total 8 3.2 8 3.2 21 8.2 36 14.3 45 17.9

------_._--_.------_-- -_._--.----- ._._--.. _------_._----_ .~/J

TABLE VI. 6-concld.

, ... ------~-----.------_"--_- Number of households having members Migra(ion status and ,- ., last residence of 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 & above Total head of households r---.A..-----lf---_..-A..---~l (--- -~--~r_--~--___:_-I Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total to total to total HHS HHS HHS HHS HHS

-- -_------.---~-.------.- -- 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 -.------.------._---- A. Non-Migrant 39 15.5 16 6.3 10 4.0 5 2.0 106 42.1 B. Migrant I. Last residence out side the town but within the district Rural 0.4 9 3.6 Urban 0.4 2 0.8 4 1.6 II. Last residence out- side the district but within the State Rural 10 4.0 6 2.4 4 1.6 2 0.8 35 14.0 Urban 6 2.4 2 0.8 1 0.4 20 8.0 III. Last residence in Other States Rural 3 1.2 19 7.5 Urban 6 2.4 0.4 21 8.3 IV. Last residence in other Countries 10 3.9 4 1.6 5 1.9 38 14.9 ~--~-~-~~ Total 75 29.8 31 12.3 21 8.3 ------7 ------2.8 _------252 100.0

Table VI.6 shows percentage distribution of house­ last residence in other states ovelwhelming majori­ holds by number of members and last residence of ty of migrants heads have irdicated their last resi· migrant heads of households. Migration status of dence in rural areas. This condition, however. does heads of 42.1 percent households is non-migrant not apply to migrants' migrated from other countries according to survey data. Consequently remaining as such information is not collected from persons 57.9 perc. nt };olis:h )lds aie such whose heads having last resideGce ii} other countries. It has have miL'l',lnt status. Out Of total hOl'seholds the further been observed from the data that heads of last residence of heads of 22 percent households households haYing migrant ~tatus have comprati· have been recorded as o"tside the district but with­ vely smaller size families as compared to family in the stat.;. Last residence of heads of 15.8 per­ size of heads having non-migrant status. Still fur· cent househo1ds have been mentiomd as in other ther, heads of hcuseholds having List residence in states. Last residence in other countries have been others states have smallest size hc.useholds. Epitome reported in case of h(ads of as mar.y as 14.9 per­ of above table given as table VI. 7 shows compara­ o:n o households. Heads of 5.2 percent households tive size of households of migrant and non-migrant ha~"'e indicated their last residence outside the heads of households. town but within the district. Barring heads having

TABLE VI. 7 Comparative size 0/ households based on last residence 0/ head 0/ household (Sample Data)

Pc:rccntage of households having members

Mir,ration st:ltus and r- -~.______..----_. ----~- ~----~------., last residence of hea

Migrant 3.2 2.4 5.8 8.0 13.1 14.3 6.0 4.3 0.8 57.9 Non-migrant o 8 2.4 6.3 4.8 15.5 6.3 4.0 2.0 42.1 Total 3.2 3.2 8.2 14.3 17.9 29.8 12.3 8.3 2.8 100.0 58

6.8 Percentage distribution of households by the household who has stay:,!d the longest in re­ number of members, migralion status of head of ferent town has been given in lable VI.8. household and duration of stay of any member of

TABLE VI.S

Percentage distribution 0/ households by members. migration status 0/ head 0/ household and duration 0/ stay of allY member of the household who has stayed the longest in referent Town

(Sample Data)

Number of members in a Non- Last residence in rural area and duration Last residence in urban area migrant and duration household ._.A. ______~ (Born &, .A.------, , last Less I-sYrs. 6-10 11-20 21,- Less 1-5 6-10 11-20 21+ Total resi- than Yrs Yrs. Yrs. than Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. Yrs. dence one one in the year year town) -.,------1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 -~------~---- Single 0.8 0.8 1.2 0.4 3.2 2 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.2 3.2 3 2.4 0.8 0.7 0.8 0.4 1.2 1.9 8.2 4 6.3 1.2 0.8 0.4 1.2 4.4 14.3 5 4.8 0.4 2.4 3.5 0.4 0.4 6.0 17.9 6-7 15.5 0.4 0.4 2.0 2.4 0.4 1.2 7.5 29.8 8-9 6.3 0.4 2.0 3.6 12.3 10-12 4.0 2.0 2.3 8.3 13 and above 2.0 0.8 2.8 ------Total 42.1 1.6 2.4 7.9 12.7 0.4 2.0 4.0 26.9 100.0 --- Overwhelming majority of migrants are staying state (43.4 percent have come from urban areas in the town since more than last 21 years. There is and 18.9 percent from rural areas). 12.6 per­ a positive co-relation between stay in the town cent female workers reported their last residence a,nt;l, proportion of migrants. As the period of stay in other countries and 6.3 percent migrated from in the town increases the number of such migrants urban areas of other states. Sexwise study of aJ~o in~reases and vice versa both in case of employment status of workers is rather interestIng. migrating from rural as well as from urban Overwhelming majority of male employers is non­ areas. There was no migration to the town one migrant on the other hand all the female employers y~ar prior to survey according to survey data. An­ are migrants having migrated from urban areas of other important feature revealed by the table is that t4~ st~te a~ well as from urban areas of other states. most of the migrants have last reSidence in urban ~n case of male employees non-migrants and mi­ areas as compared to last residence in rural areas. g~ants are exactly equal in number but this is not It is also evident that earlier migration had its roots so in case of female employees. 62.2 percent female in urpan, areas_ where as recent migration is mostly \vorkers are employees ar:d as many as 49.7 percent from rural areas. Very fey.; single member house­ out of the total female employees are migrants that holds come from urban areas. Heads of the house­ too mostly from urban areilS of the state but from holds having urban background have comparatively outside the district. The situation in case of single large sized households. People coming from rural workers, family workers and cultivators is also not areas generally keep some of their family members different. In consonance with other categories male in their native villages as the cost of livincr in the non-migrants in these categories are also higher in villages is lower than urban areas. Apart f;om this proportion as compared to migrants whereas in they have their own houses in the villages and in caSe of females the pOSition is reverse i.e., the num­ urban areas they have to stay in rented accomo­ ber of migrants is higher than non-migrants. Ac­ dation which is costlier. They prefer to visit their cording to sample there is not even a single female family members at regular intervals instead of kee­ worker in the categories of cultivators and Agricul­ ping the whole family in the urban area. tural labourers. However, there is only one non­ migrant male agricultural labourer. Actual figures have been given in. appendix 31. 6.9 Table VI.9 indicates that out of "'the total male workers 64.7 per cent are non-migrants where 6.10 Out ot 252 households selected in the sam­ as' in case of females 81.2 percent are migrants. Out ple the members of only 8 households reported that of total female workers 62.3 percent reported their they had successive migration in two stages. last residence outside the district but within the Characteristics of the places from where migrated 59

N o

.... o .~ ! N VlI-.r e o °l~ j:I

o N ,..., cO

0'. N 0, 0\ 00 o cO o 0 N 0

t­ o

0\ t"­ t"­ o 0 o

00 -00

.... .,.... '" ~:€ ..c: ..c: s:: ';;;- ',g ~ "0 "0 "0'" "E.= 8::; 'iii 0_ ,!:> .S .S ta .... <> ::l

TABLE VI.ll

Distribution of head of households according to migration status (Sample data)

Sl. Migration status of head of household No.

------___:_------1 2 ------"------.------(A) Non-migrant (B) Migrant (i) Migrated from outside the town but flam with in the District Rural Urban (ii) Migrated from outside the District but from within the State Rural Urban 1. Gurdaspur Rural Urban 2. Arnritsar Rural Urban 3 Firozpur Rural Urban 4 Ludhiana Rural Urban 61

T AI1LE VI.ll-concld.

------2 4 5 - -_------_-_------5 lalandhar Rural 19 I 16 15 LJcb:;n 9' 5 5 6 Hoshiarpur Rural 12 14 13 Urban 4 2 2 7 Patiala Rural Urban 3 3 (iii) Migrated from other States Rural 19 29 30 Urbm 21 9 8 Bihar Rural 10 10 10 Ul'b81'

:2 Gujarat Rural Urb"n 3 Haryana Rural 1 1 Urbrn 4 1 1 4 Himachal Pradesh Rural 4 5 5 Urban 1 2 1 5 Madhya Pradesh Rural Urban

6 Maharashtra Rural 1 Urhan

7 Rajasthan Rur,d 2 3 Urban 6 1 1 8 Uttar Pradesh Rural 5 9 9 Urban 8 5 5 Migrated from other countries 38 41 37 Pakistan 37 40 37 2 Bangia Desh

Total 252 252 252 62

6.12 Table as well as diagram reveal that out of portion immigrated from adjoining districts of the a total of 252 households, selected in the sample. State, Number of households migrating from other considerable number of heads of households infor­ States and CountTies is, by and large, identical med that they were born in the town, they neyer Table VI, 12 derived from appendix 32 gives broad settled outside the town and above all they belong category of place from where the household hails, to the town i.e, their place of origin is Phagwara time and reason for migration. town. Among the migrants, however, highest pro-

TABLE VI. 12 Broad category ofplace from where the household hails, teme and reaSon for migration (Sample data)

Broad category of place from where the Time of Percentage of households migrating because of household hails migration r-~-~-'--'------.A.------'----. Work Partition Purchase of Study Total agricultural land

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

I. From within the distt. (Kapurthala) Prior to 1956 7.6 0.7 0.7 9.0 1956-60 3.5 3.5 1961-65 0.7 0.7 1.4 1966 and Jater 2.1 2.1 II. other districts of State (Ph.) Prior to 1956 20.1 20.1 1956-60 2.1 2.1 1961-65 6.3 6.3 1966 and later 3.5 3.5 III. Other states Prior to 1956 3.4 0.7 4.1 1956-60 4.1 4.1 1961-65 2.1 2.1 1966 and later 16.0 16.0 IV. Other Countries Prior to 1956 25.7 25.7 1956--60 1961-65 1966 and later Total Prior to 1956 31.1 26.4 1.4 58.9 1956-60 9.7 9.7 1961-65 9.1 0.7 9.8 1966 and later 21.6 21.6 O. Total 71.5 26.4 1.4 0.7 100.0

6.13 Even cursory glance at the table reveals from other states in or after 1966. Figures con· that people, by and large, came to the town in spicuous by their absence in the relevant columns search of work and settled in the town. This apart indicate that no body from other countries migrate considerable number of households migrated to the to the town in connection with getting work in the town in 1')47 at the time of partition of the country, town. Broadly speaking 32 percent migrant house­ Members of only one household put forward holds informed that their place of origin is in 'study' as the reasOn of migration to the town. other districts of the state, followed by 26.3 percent Migration of this household took place between having origin in other states. Very close to above 1961 and 1965. One household each having origin figure 25.7 percent households indicated their ori­ in Kapurthala district and Rajasthan state migrated gin in other countries i.e. Pakistan. Only 16 per­ to the town in connection with purchase of agricul­ cent households hail from within the district. tural land before 1956. Partition affected 38 house­ holds settled in the town rrior to 1956. As indica­ 6.14 144 households having place of origin ted earlier most of the households informed that other than Phagwara town would now be studied the reason of migration to the town is work. Avail­ having time of migration and stages of migration ability of work in the town attracted people from in mind. Such information is contained in· table almost all over the country, Minute analYSis of the VI.13 and appendix 33. Same households would table indicate that migration from within the State be studied from slightly different angle through lo the tOWl1 took place prim(trily be~ore 1966 ang table VI.14 and appendix 34. DIAGRAM JZI.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO MIGRATION STATUS BASED ON THEIR PLACE OF BIRTH, LAST RESI" DENCE AND PLACE OF ORIGIN (SURVEY DATA)

120

~ ~ BIRTHPLACE J J j 100 C ~ LAST RESIDENCE Ll n j 80 j PLACE OF ORIGIN c l. j 60 j ~ Ll C 40 J.. ~ 1:: !.I D 20 ~ J ~ o WITHIN THE WITHIN THE IN OTHER IN OTHER TOWN STATE BUT STATES COUNTRIES OUTSIDE THE TOWN

63

TABLE VI.13 Migration stages of households and place from where household hails (sample data)

Number TInd percentage of households migrating in ,------_. .A.. Place from where Total number 1966·70 1971-75 the household hails of households 1966 ,, ____ -A.______,---"----, or earlier Directly from the In two stages Directly from the r -.,--"'--) place of origin place of origin Number Percentage Number Percentage -. ,---"--.,--'-,------. to total to total Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

From other places within the district (Kapurthala) Rural area of the 8 5.6 6 4.2 0.7 district Other towns of the 15 10.4 13 9.0 0.7 districts Other districts of the State Rural 30 20.8 26 18.0 2 1.4 Urban 16 11.1 15 10.4 Other States Rural 30 20.8 9 6.2 6 4.2 0.7 4 2.8 Urban 8 5.6 2 1.4 2 1.4 1 0.7 Other countries 37 25.7 37 25.7 ----#- .. Total 144 100.0 108 74.9 9 6.3 1 0.7 8 5.6

TABLE VI. 13-Contd.

.--_,_ Number and percentage of households migrating in r Place from where the 1971·75 1976 and later household hails , • In two stages Three stages Four or more Directly from the In two stages stages place of origin , __' __ -A. ---"-__-,,---'-----,,-A. Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage to total to total to total to total to total

1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21

From other places within the district (Kapurthala) Rural area of the 0.7 district Other towns of the 0.7 district Other districts of the State Rural 0.7 0.7 Urban 0.7 Other stat::s Rural 0.7 6 4.2 3 2.0 Urban 0.7 0.7 0.7

Other countries

-~--~- ----~~~-_- Total 3 2.1 0.7 0.7 9 6.3 4 2.7 64

Table VI.13 shows percentage distribution of 144 mostly immigrated directly from the place of origin. households according to place from where house­ Multi-stage migrations are very few in number. ho~d hails, period of migration and stages of mig­ HovV'Lver, during the period 1971--75 households raro;). MOSl of tIle households immigrated to t11e havil~g upto fom or even mOle stages migration tOVIl1 in or prier to J 966. According to table about immigraled to the town. All the 37 househoTds 75 pcrc2nt out of the total imm'igrant households hailing from other countries immigrated b~fo:e immigrated in or prior to 1966, 7 percent between 1%6. rn which localities these immigrant house­ 1966-70,9.1 percent between 1971 and 1975 and holds settled could be seen in table VI.! 4. 9 percent some time in 1976 or later. Housr:holds

TABLE vI.14 Distribution of households by locality and place to which head of household belongs migrated (Sample data)

Number of households where head of household belongs to SI. Locality .- ..A.. -. No. Same town Same st'lte Other states Other countries Total Punjab Pakistan ,---A.---, r---"---., ,--A.------, r--A..---. No. Percentage No. Percentage No. Percentage No. Percentage No. Percentage to total to total to total to total to total

~~---~- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 . ~------~------"-----~ 1 Bazigar Basti 1 0.4 9 3.6 10 4.0 II Harijan Vas 33 13.0 16 6.4 4 1.6 3 1.2 56 22.2 III Modern Area 19 7.6 33 13.0 2 0.8 20 7.9 74 29.3 IV Grain market 2 0.8 5 2.0 3 1.2 2 0.8 12 4.8 V Thathiars 16 6.4 1 0.4 17 6.8 VI Ramgarhias 2 0.8 0.4 3 1.2 vn Brahmins 3 1.2 1 0.4 4 1.6 VIII Jewellers 5 2.0 0.4 6 2.4 IX Potters (Earthen ware 2 0.8 2 0.8 makers) X Industrialists and 8 3.2 0.3 9 3.5 Businessmen XI Jat and Saini Sikh 16 6.3 3 1.2 0.4 20 7.9 (Mehli gate area)

XlI Professors and 2 0.8 2 0.8 Teachers XIII Thapar colony 0.4 7 2.8 29 11.5 37 14.7 (J.C.T. Mill Area) Total 108 42.9. 69 27.3 38 15.1 37 14.7 252 100.0 -_----'--- 6.15 Slightly more than 57 percent heads of the states. In 'Bazigar Basti' out of 10 households households does not belong to Phagwara town i.e. heads of 9 households reported that they belong to their place of origin is somewhere else, 27.3 percent Pakistan. In 'grain market' and professors & tea­ heads of households reported that they belong to chers colonies considerable number of heads of Punjab state but their place of origin is outside households hinted that they belong to Punjab State Phagwara town. Apart from this 15.1 percent heads but not to the town being studied. In modern area of households belong to other states and 14.7 per­ locality people, however, belong to . variollS places cent to other coqntries {Pakistan). It has further been but highest proportion belongs to Punjab State. As observed from the table that households settled in most of the refugees, came to the town, during Thathiars, Ramgarhja, Brahmins, J eweller.s,. Pot· ) 947 settled in this part of the town. A con~jder -hIe ters Industrialists & Businessman, Jat & Sami and proportion (7.9 percent househDlds) intimNed that to s'ome extent in 'Harijan Vas' localities primarily they belong to Pakistan (Other countries). belong to Phagwara town. They are recognised as local residents. On the other hand heads of all the 6.l6 With-the help of table VJ.15 and appendices households selected from Professors & Teachers 35 and :16 it has been endeavoured to study charac~ colony reported that none of them belong to P.hag­ teristics (at the time of migration) of the place of wara town. It is interesting to note that predomlnent origin of migrants. Although the information is not numb-or of heads of households reSiding in very reliable yet it can prove useful to the students Thapar colony indica fed that they belong to other of social sciences\ 65

TABLE VI.l$

Characteristics (at the time of Migration) of the place of origin of Migration by time .Jj Migration and Broad category of the Place : (Sample data)

8L Broad category Total Number Households migrating from place of Originearlier than 1956 from No. of place from of households where the house- ,-__..A. ___ --, Village Small town Medium size town City ,_--A-__, ,-__--A-_--, hold hails Numher %age ,------"------, ,-~~ Number %af\e Number %age Numb~r %age Number %age

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Other places of the Distt. (Kapurthala) 23 21.5 3 2.8 9 8.5 0.9 2 Other Districts of the State 46 43.0 17 15.9 3 2.8 6 5.6 3 2.9 3 Other States 38 35.5 4 3.1 0.9 0.9 Total 101 100.0 24 22.4 13 12.2 1 6.5 4 3.8

TABLE VI. 15-Contd. SI. Broad category of Households migrating from place of origin during (1956-60) No. place from where r------"------. the household hails Village Small Town Medium size town City ,-_____..A.. __ ----, ,-__----"-_-----, , __---'""- ,,-___ --A.. ___• Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age 2 13 14 15 16 11 18 19 20 -----"-"" 1 Other places of the Distt. (Kapurthala) 2 r.9 2 1.9 1 0.9 2 Other Districts of the State 3 2.8 3 Other States 6 5.6 Total 11 10.3 2 1.9 0.9

TABLE VI.15-Contd. SI. Broad category of Households migrating from place of origin during (1961-65) No. place from where ,-______-A.. the household hails Village' Small town Medium size town City ,-___.A. ______-. ,-_ __..A. ______, _____.-A.. ___ -.. , ___-A.. ___• Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age _--- 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 ------Other places of the Distt. (Kapurthala) 0.9 0.9 2 Other Districts of the State 6 5.6 0.9 2 I.S.!' 3 Other States 3 2.8

Total 10 9.3 0.9 0.9 2 1.9

TABLE VI. 15-Concld. ------_ SI. Broad category of Households migrating from place of origin during 1966 and later No. place from where ,-- ---, the household hails Village Small town Medium size town City ,- .A. ,----A__ ------, .. -----, , Number %age Number %age Number .%age Number %age ----- 2 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Other places of the Distt. (Kapurthala) 2 1.9 0.9 2 Other Districts of the State 4 3.7 0.9 3 Other States 17 15.9 2 1.9 2 1.9 2 1.9 Total 23 21.5 2 1.9 3 2.8 3 2.8 66

Since we do not have information pertaining to ply. Data reveals that Phagwara town came to characteristics of the place of origin of those immi­ lime-light, at the nationa! level, after 1966. The grants who have hailed from other countries, there­ date, however, synchronizes with the reorganiza­ fore, the table being discussed h~ls been restricted tion of Punjab state. Appendix 36 apart from con­ to limited number of immigrant households having taining above information shows dista!!ces of vari­ place of origin within the country. Major chunk ous places from where' immigrants hail. From these (63.5 percent) of households reported that their data one can derive clues how distance affects im­ place of origin is in the villages and consequently ~igration to a particular place like Phagwara town. only 36.5 percent migrants hail 'from different urban areas of the country, Fewer number of migrant 6.17 Four appendices 37 to 40 contain informa­ households hail from cities. From the table it is tion regarding visits by the members of households abundantly clear that there is negative co-relation staying in the town to their close relatives staying between the size (according to popuoation) of the at their place of origin and vice versa. From such plaCe of origin and number of migrants hailing information one can visualise how the members of from that place. Bigger the size of place of origin a household staying in the town maintain their fewer number of migrants hail from that -plaCe and links with their place of origin. Members of 58 vice versa as 63.5, 16.9, 11.1 and 8.5 percent mig­ households are payin~ visits to their place of origin rants hail from villages, small towns,medium size at regular intervals. Contrary to this members of towns and cities respectively. Going still deeper it 48 households staying in the town are visited by has been observed that earlier than 1956 overwhel­ their close relatives staying at a place from where ming majority of households hailed from (an types household staying in the town hails. Six tables of categories of places) other districts of the have been ·prepared from these appendices to ex­ state where as the recent trend is different. The plain variolls important facts of these appendices. above slot has been filled by immigrants hailing 6.18 Table VI. 16 shows visits to close relations by from other states of the country as manual labour members staying in the town during last three available locally is costlier and inadequate in sup' years.

TABLE VI.16 Visits to close relations during last three years by at least one member of Household and frequency of visits (Sample data) Close relations at place Number of house­ Number of households which are staying in the town and at least one from where migrated holds having re­ member of which visited the close relations during last three yean classi­ lations (as in Col. fied-according to frequency of visits 1) at place from I _.A.., _-'--__ ------. where migrated Not once 1-3 times 4-6 times 6 and more times 1 2 3 4 5 6 Father 21 14 4 Mother 10 8 2 Son 1 1 Wife 4 4 GUiers 22 14 8 Total 58 40 6 12 -~ --~------'------Table reveals that members of 21 households out on an average one visit in a year to his wife where of 58 pay visits to their fathers staying at their as father visits his SOn on an average twice in a place of origin. M.ajority of members of such year. Apart from this, members of 22 households households pay at least one visit in a year but visit their relations quite frequently but their nature members of some househOlds are visiting their of relation is different from above mentioned four fathers twice in a year or: even more. Members of relations. Not even a single household indicated 10 households visit their m,others at places ·from that they pay visits to their unmarried daughters, where they hail. They generally visit their mothers unmarried sisters and husbands. Unmorried d~lUgh­ once in 0 year however very few members residing ters and unmarried sisters generally stay with their in the town pay two visits in a year and no one pays elderly household members till they are married. more than two visits' in a year. Comparatively less As expected no husband would like to send his number of members like to keep their wives or sons wife 10 stay. in town while he is staying at their away from them. Members of only four households place of origin. How the period of stay in the town have kept their wives at a place from where the affects visits to tbeir native place is revealed through household hails and only ()ne head «)f the household tabl~ Vl. 17. has kept his son at his place of origin. Husbands pay 67

TABLE VJ-17 , Visit to close relations during last three years by duration of stay in present residence (Sample datal ------.. ------Close relations at place Number of Number of households which are staying ill the towri and at least oue from where migrated households having member of which' visited the close relations during last thrc;: years clasli- relations (as at fied according to stay in the twon Col. 1) at place r------'------.-A..------., from where Upto 4 years 5-9 years 10-19 yeats 20 years & migrated more

2 3, 4 5 6 ----_.------PathlO[ 21 2 3 8 8 Mother 10 2 2 3 3 Son 1 Wife 4 1 3 Others 22 3 4 15 Total 58 4 9 18 27

------_.. _------6.19 It is abundantly clear from the table that members to visit their aged relatives more fre­ as the stay in the town increases the number of quently. visits by the household members to relatives stay­ ing at the place of origin also increases. There can 6.20 Table VI. J8 is based on data collected be two reasons for this development. Firstly with from members of households residing in the town the passage of time members staying in the town who indicated that members of their household become financially sound and can afford to spend paid visits to dose relations during last three years more money on frequent visits and secondly rela. at least onCe classified according to place from tives staying at their plaCe of origin become older where the household migrated, religion. caste or and it becomes obligatory on the part of earning tribe or community of head of household.

TABLE VI-IS Visit to close relations during last three years at least once by household classified by place from where the Household migrated. Religion, Caste or tribe or community of head of household (Sample data)

Last residence of Number of households members of which visited close relations at the place of last residence at household least once during last three years and whose religion, caste or tribe or community is ,------.-A.. Hindu Sikh Muslim Others Total r--..A---"--.-A..----v---~~----,,-----..A.,----, - ____ Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age Total of to total of to total of to total of to total Number house house house house house- house- house- house- of house- holds holds holds holds holds holds holds holds holds. --_._------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Last residence outside the town but in the district_ Rural 1 2.5 7.1 2 Urban 3 21.4 3 I!. Last residence outside the district but within the State Rural 2.5 2 14.3 3 Urban 12 30.0 4 28,7 100.0 17 Ill. Last residence in other States Rural 4 10.0 4 Urban 21 52.5 3 21.4 3 100.0 27 IV. Last residence in other Country 2.5 7.1 2 Total 40 100.0 14 100.0 3 100.0 100.0 58 ---. ------, 68

It is apparent from the table that out of total areas of other states. However, 7.1 per cent house­ 58 households whose members pay vh-,its to their holds indicated their last residence each in rural close relations ~taying at their place of origin arcas cf the district CKapurthala) and in other ,fO (')9 percent) belong to Hindu r~ligion, 14 countri~s. All ih..: three households belonging' to households 124. [ pCfl'c,H) to Sikh, 3(5.2 percent) to Muslim rclidon have infonned their last residence Muslim (:::d one household to 'other religions' Fur­ in urban areas cf other state:;. Alone household thcrscl"Utiny of the table reveals that majo­ b;~lol}gir;g to 'othn religion' indicated its last resi­ rity of h~msddds bLlcnging to Hindu religion dence in urban areas outside the district but with­ have indicated that their last residence is in the state, Overall position as the table depicts in urban areas of othcr states followed by urball is that households having links at the place of areas l'utside the district (Kapurthala) but within origin gellerally hail from urban areas, the 5tatc, Apart from this households also hail fran] rUi"i.ll areas of other states. In case of Sikhs th.: position is slightly different. 28,7 percent 6.21 So far we have discussed households whos'e hOiJs,_,;holds told their iast residence in urban areas members were visiting their close relations living at outs;~~e the dis/rict but within the state followed by jhdr place of origin but in Tables VI. 19 to VI.21 21.4 percent each in urban arees outside the town we ~lre discus,ing characteristics of those households but within the district (Kapurthala) and in urban of the town which are visited by their close relations

TABLE VI-19 Hou5eholds classified by place from where migrated, religion of head of Households which were visited at least once dUy/'lg last three years by any close relation living in the place from where the household migrafed (Sample data)

Last residence of Number of households visited (according to religion of head of household) household , ..A.. Hindu Sikh Muslim No religion Total %age to ,----A. ,-----A. ,___.A.__ --, ,---"---, HHS total Number %age to Number %age to Number %age to Number %age to total total to!al total ._--_._--- -_.------" . ------.. _-_ - _- ---~- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 --_._._------,,---~-- _._--_. - --~---~ - I, Last residence out- side the town but with in the Distt, Rural 2 6.2 1 7.7 3 6.3 Urban 2 15.4 2 4,2 II, Last residence out- side the Distt. but with in the State: Rural 5 15.6 3 23.1 100,0 9 18.7 Urban 7 21.9 3 23.1 10 20.8 III, Last residence in other States Rural 11 34.4 7.7 12 25.0 Urban 6 18.8 2 15.4 2 100.0 10 20.8 IV, Last residence in other Countries 3.1 7.6 2 4.2 Total 32 100,0 13 .100.0 2 100.0 100.0 48 100.0 residing at the place of their last residence. Accord­ households --however indicated their last residence ing to table VI. 19 there are total 48 such house­ in urban areas and 7.7 percent in rural areas of holds, 32 belonging to Hindu, 13 to Sikhs. 2 to other states. 1\\10 households belongi.ng to Musli.m Muslims and members of one household told that religion migrated from urban areas of other states. they do not believe in any religion. Further, scru­ Over all position is very clear. Out of 48' house tiny of table however indicates that 53.2 per cent of holds 50 percent households indicated their last Hindu houscholds indicated their last residence in residence within the state where as remaining 50 other states 34.4 percent from rural areas and percent households informed their last residence 18,8 percent from urban areas whereas overwhelm­ outside the state. Table Vl. 20 gives freq:uency of ing majority of Sikh migrants told their last resi­ visits by the close relations staying outside and pay­ dence in other parts of the state. 15.4 percent Sikh ing visits to their relatives in the town. 69

TABLE VI-20

HOUS5!lOld~ visi:?d dlrLlg /,!if [/ll'ee ye:zrs )y (// ie.1St a I? close re!'J!h'l .1'I:lyillg outside (clas,I'(fied aC:'1rding to jrequl!ncy ofvisit,'s) (Sample datB) _. __ . __ ._-_._------_- --_._----_._------.-

Close r,:Ltliolls at pl:lcc fl'lllll Nlunb:;r of house­ Number or hOllseholus whlcil arc ;,(dyinL; in the lown- ;ind visited ;iI le",t where hl)us,~hold migrated i10!US havillg by one close relation during last three years elassiticd according to relations (as at fn;quency of visits Col. 1) at place r"----·----·-----.A.------______r __ , from where the Not once 1-3 times 4-6 times More than 6 times household mig­ rated

2 3 4 5 6 ---.-.------Father 21 3 13 4 Mother lO 2 5 2 Son 1 1 Wife 4 3 1 O(h2;', 22 2 11 2 7 Total 58 10 31 8 9

------.------_------_ .._------6.22 Ollt of 58 households having close relations 6.23 Table VI. 21 indicates that those households at the place from where household migrated rela­ which are staying in the town since more than 10 tions of 10 households staying at their place of origin years are visited more fr~quel1tly by their relativ~s never visited the Phagwara town to see their rela­ staying at the place from where household migrated. tives residing there. The reason may be attributed The reason may be attributed that households stay­ to the fact that generally dependents who are very ing in the tOWll since more than 10 years have old or very young in age stay at a place from where sufficient accommodation to accommodate their re­ household migrated. In most of the cases relatives latives coming f.rom the place from where the house­ pay only one visit in a year but relatives of a few hold migrated. households pay two to three visits in a year. In most of the cases fathers pay visits to their sons who Unit of migration are staying in the town. Mothers also pay visits to their children staying in the town. Out of four wives 6.24 The p:lUern of migration of s'ampled house­ only one wife paid a visit to her husband and that holds by unit of migration as related to place of too only once in a year. last residence is given in table VI. 22.

TABLE VI.22 TABLE VL21 Distribution of Migrant households by unit of migration as Hous?llOlds visited during last three years by at least one , related to place of last residence close relation staying outside according to stay of the household in the town (Sample data) (Sample data) ------.------Place of last Total ,--__Unit of.A. Migration____ Close relations at Number of households who are staying in residence migrant --, place from where the town and visited at least by one close house­ Male All at Malewor­ migrated relation during last three years classified holds working a time king mem­ according to stay of the household in the members ' bers first town only & than r------~------~ followed Upto 4 5-9 10-19 20 + by others Years Years Years Years 2 3 4 5 2 3 4 5 Other places with- in the district 13 11 2 Father 2 2 7 7 Other district Mother 4 3 within the State 55 47 7 Son Other states with- in the country 40 Wife 9 14 17 Others 2 4 14 Other countries 38 38 Total 3 5 15 25 Total 146 10 110 26 70

the table reveals that in case of 10 out of 146 districts of the state all the members of 47 house­ migrant households only the male working mem­ holds migrated at a time. For obvious n;asons bers migrated and in case of 26 households male membc~s of all the 38 hJuscholds migrated from working members migrated first followed by other other countries migrated all at a time. However. in members of the migratory households. But in case case of 40 households migrated from other states of majority of households, 110 out of 146 (about of the country in case of 17 households male work­ 75 per cent) migrated all at a time. Among the ing members migrated first followed by other households whose members migrated all Llt a time members of households. considerable number of households migrated from west Pakistan at the time of partition in 1947. The 6.25 Out of the 146 migrant households covered table further reveals that out of 13 households, in the sample only 31 households received help which migrated from other places within the district' from various sources at the time of migration in the majority of households migrated all at a time the town. Table number VI. 23 contain illforma­ Again in case of 55 households migrated from other tion regarding such households.

TABLE VI.23 Help received from various sources classified by religion. Caste/Tribe or Community (Sample data)

Help received from Reli$ion/Caste of the head Total No. of r- . of household households Co-villagers ~latives Caste Employing already settled associ a ti on agency in the town

------~ ---_. ---~.-- 2 3 4 5 6

SIKH 1. Jat 4 3 2. Rajput 1 3. Saini 1 4. Unspecified 2 HINDU 1. Gujjar 1 1 2. Khatri 3 2 3. Arora 1 4. Bania 1 1 5. Brahmin 6 4 2 6. Rajput 4 2 2 7. Ad dharmi (SC) 2 1 1 8. Balmiki (SC) 2 9. Others (unspecified) 3 3 Total 31 9 12 9

------.---.~ .. - ... ------_ Note: S C. stands for Scheduled Castes. Table reveals that out of 31 migrant households, associati01l co-villagers helped in case of 2 Sikh who received help from various sources, 12 heads and 7 Hindu households, relatives helped in case of households indicated that they received the help of 3 households belonging to Sikh religion and 9 from their relatives at the time of migration. Nine households belonging to Hindu religion. However households each received help from employing employing agencies helped 3 Sikh and 6 Hindu agency and their co-villagers already settled in the households. Not even a single migrant household town. One household whose head belongs to Hindu reported any special problem during or after religion settled in the town with the help of caste migration. CHAPTER VIi NEIGHBOURHOOD PATTERN The most distinctive characteristics of a neigh­ also. These seven localities are situated in different bourhood are its relation with a lucal area suffi­ parts of the town and vary in their socio-economic ciently compact to permit frequent and' intimate composition. The salient features of various neigh­ association and the emergence out of such associa­ bourhoods as observed during field survey are given tion .of sufficient homogeneity and unity to permit below locality wise: a primary or face to face social grouping endowed with a strong sense of self consciousness and cap­ Badgar basti able of influencing the behaviour of its several constituents. Howewr, for the purpose of present 7.4 This basti is situated on the left hand side of study the concept of neighbourhood has been con­ Phagwara-Hoshiarpur road in the north east corner fined to eth!Jic compoSition problems faced by of the town where Municipal limits end. It is in­ households with reference to locality and floor on habited predominently by the Bazigars, a caste which the house is located, layout as well as cul­ among the Scheduled Castes having faith in Hindu tural, social, religiOUs and economic activities per­ religion. During partition in 1947 these people formed by the residents within the nejg~bourbood. migrated from West Pakistan and s::ttled in this 7.2 The neighbourhood pattern of 'Phagwara part of the town. The locality comprises compara­ town has been studied in the light of th.:: above tively small and compact residential area which is criterion. Before entering into further detail, it slightly less developed as compared to other parts would be worth while to mention here that there of the town. For constructing reSidential houses. is not much diversity among the inhabitants of the generally burnt bricks are used as wall material town as far as their socia-religious set up is con­ and timber. thatch and mud are used as predomi­ cerned. Most of the inhabitants follow Hindu reli­ nant roof materials. Almost all the houses have gion and are grouped in various Hindu castes like Katcha floors and entirely Katcha houses are also Brahmin, Bania, Khatri. Ghumar, Nai and Sche­ spotted in the Basti. duled Castes viz., Bazigar, Chamar, Baimiki, Sansi etc. Sikh religion is also followed by conSiderable Harijan vas number of persons in the town. Among the Sikhs, Ramgarhia. Jat, Saini are the important castes. 7.5 This locality constitutes a very big area in Religion as well as caste plays a significant role which Scheduled Castes population predominate. while contracting matrimonial alliances. On the But for the purpose of neighbourhood study only other hand a great laxity has been observed as far a part of this locality, comprising an area on the as the commensal relations among different castes right hand side of Hoshiarpur road from where a are concerned. The Scheduled Castes would accept road leads toward Palahi Gate has been taken into food and water from the hands of each other irres­ account. This is a typical residential area occupied pective of their social status in Scheduled Castes mostly by the Jhuggi dwellers and Scheduled Castes hierarchy. Similarly there is .hardly any restriction belonging to Balmiki and Ad dharmi Castes. An for them to draw watl!r from public municipal taps Apahaj Ghar also forms a part of this segm~nt. In which are also being utilized for drawing drinking the Apahaj Ghar people belonging to different water by the so caned clean castes of the town. ' castes live together. They hardly have any socio­ Another interesting feature which has been observed religiOUS links with other residents of the town. during the survey is that the earlier settlements of Rich people of the town donate mO.ney, c1othe~. Scheduled Castes have existed on the outskirts of food articles and medicines to ApahaJ Ghar. ReSI­ the town while those who migrated to the town "in dents of Apahaj Ghar have selected a Mukhia from the recent past have settled in the v~riQ\1$ centrl:ll among themselves to keep account of money and localities of the town. The local enquiries have articles donated by the public. Money is spent for further shown that the inhabitants of the town parti­ the welfare of the residents and articles are distri­ Cipate in the SOCia-religious functions. irrespective buted among the· residents according to need. of their religion or caste, which further determine ]huggi dwellers'. mostly migrated from Uttar Pra­ the homogeneous character of the ethnic composi­ desh and Bihar, belong to various castes of Hindu tion of the town. religion. They are very poor people. Their daily 7.3 Out of the thirteen localities selected for income is very meagre which they generally ~arr~ canvassing household schedules seven were selected by selling scrap which they coUect from yanous for studying neighbourhood pattern of the town parts of the town. Like residents of ApahaJ Ghar. 71 89·L/J (N)67111GI-6 72

Jh~g_gi d~ellers also maintain limited socio­ Jat and Saini relIgIous Imks with rest of the town. They, how­ 7.9 This locality comprises the eastern periphery ever, celebrate socia-religious functions among of t~e town. Majority of the population in this The locality lacks adequate civic them~e~ves. localIty follow Sikh relIgion and Agriculture is their amelllties. On both sides of Bhula Rai road Sche­ main profession, Younger generation, being edu­ duled Castes population mainly Balmikis and Ad· cated, prefer to enter into government service or live. The male members are in dha~mis mostly settle abroad rather than to adopt any traditional serVIce (Unsk~lle~ labourers) and females supple­ profession. ReSidential houses in this locality arc ment the famdy mcome by doing work in houses spacious but mainly single storeyed. Residents by ~nd also by rearing milch cattle and pOUltry. Houses ~lnd la:ge ?e~ong !o mid~l'e class stl'ata and feel pride 111 the area have been built on Katcha floor. The III mamtamrng hnks WIth the people belonging to houses are available at comparatively cheaper rent other castes or communities. Though not very fre­ a.nd, therefore, attract the lower strata of the popula­ quent yet inter caste marriages are solemnized by tIOn the town .. Although economically weaker o~ the residents of this locality. yet resIdents of thIS area have socio-re!jgious links with rest of the town. Thapar colony 7.10 This colony consists of residential part of Grain market the J agatjit Cotton Textile Mills Complex which 7.6 This locality comprises central part of the comprises South~eastern part of the town. Colony's town ..The resi~ential houses in this area are largely gate opens at the G.T. Road which is always occ~pIed by Hmdus and business is their main pro­ guarded by the security men of the mill. Within fessIon. Ap~rt from dealing with food grains, resi­ the residential area, the houses are of different sizes dents of thIS locality deal with tIle sale purchase and appearance but in a particular block all the of other articles also. They are very successful houses are of the same size and appearance. Accor­ general .merchants. Being comparatively rich they ding to mill authorities there are slightly less than have budt multi storey spacious houses. Residents 400 residelltial houses within the complex. All these celebrate their socio-religious functions with great houses are pucca, neat and clean having almost all pump and show and invite well to do pc'rsons from the modern amenities. How,~ver, ~izc of a house all over the town when they organise such func­ ditlers from block to block. There are eleven blocks tions. Residents of this area are status conscious or in other words there is eleven types of accommo· and mix up with the people of their own economic dation available feft different categories of emplc· status without carring much for the c~lste or religion. yees. Allotment of a house in a particular block However, they are very particular to marry their depends on the. income level of the employee. children within their own caste. Characteristics of neighbourhood 7.11 Discussions were held with the individuals Ramgarhias of different back-grounds, residing in above men­ 7.7 This locality also forms central part of the· tioned localities, to determine the physical boun­ town of left hand side of the Banga road. Sikh pC'pu daries of their neighbourhoods and also to explain lation dominate in this locality and service is the the main characteristics of the same. Purposely it main profession of people living in this lccality. How­ was put as an op·en question to know the level and ever, some residents of this locality have set up extent of mutual expectations among the neigh, small scale units in various parts of the town. Resi­ bours, who live in local proximity. In the localities where opinion regarding neighbourhood differed dents. are comparatively m.ore educated and belong widely, more individuals i'rom that locality were to thIS tow~ slllce generatlOlls. Being economically sound, reSIdents have built multistorey houses. contacted to form an over all view. It was observed Apart from having very sound socia-religious rela­ that neighbourhood pattern in the town depends, tions among the residents of their own locality, resi­ inter-alia, on ethnic compo.;itioll, religion. caste dents maintain socio-religious links with the resi­ and economic status. dents of other localities also. 7.112 The number of persons contacted in diffe· rent localities is as follows :- Brahmins Bazigar Basti 3 7.8 Density of popqlation in this part of the town Harijan Vas 5 is comparatively high. Hindu population in this Grain market area 3 locality predominate and among the Hindus Rarngarhia locality 5 Brahamins out number persons of any other caste. Brahmins locality 3 Jat & Saini locality 5 The r~sidential area is predominently occupied by the mlddle class people. ReligiOUS preaching, ser­ Thapar colony ---4 vice and business are the main means of livelihood Total 28 of the people of this locality. ~ ",0

PLATE 34. Apahaj Ghar (an asylum for destitute and physically handicaped

73

'1.13 The characteristics of the neighbourhoods socio-religious functions among the people of their were described variedly by the different inter­ respective communities. However, the trend is viewees. These include antiquity, landscape. loca­ changing and residents of these, localities have tion, ethnology and socio-economic oackground of ~tarted mailltaining socio-religious links with the the population. Some of the details as explained by people belonging to other ethnic groups also. th~ interviewees for dilferent neighbourhoods are n;entioned here after. Views of not any two individuals agreed while I.:xplailling physical boundaries of neighbourhoods 7.14 During the CJur:-:;e of field enquiry ill the of Ramgarhia and Jat & Saini localities. However, B;.'.Ligar 13asti. almost all the intervicwes were physical boundaries of these neighbourhood were uilanimous in indicating that the entire Bazigar iuclltified with the help of some knowledgeable Basti IS th~ir neighbourhood. III other words, there persons belonging to these localities. In residential is hardly ally doubt in the minds of residents of areas of these localities Sikh population predomi­ this ll,\.:allty regarding the physical boundaries of u\itc. People of Ramgarhia community have set up th;.;ir n 'ighbourhood. Since the locality is composed lllllnber of educational institutions in the town. of only one ;.;thnic group i.e., Bazigar the first degr;.;e social 111ter action is observed among its inhabitants. ReJigious, Cultural and Social activities inside/Out­ The lo,~ality presents a primary group in tli.e social Side the neigbbourhoods texture of the town and furms a neighbourhood of its OWJ~ type. Bazigar, a caste amocg the Scheduled 7.18 In fact people are mJre concerned with Castes has their own distinct customs. Participation cawing their livelihood inste::ld of having formal in the socia-religious functions is re::,tricted to their ,,<.;sociations. However, persons from different loca­ own lll:ighbourhood and resiliellts of this Ba~ti lities have mentioned some religious, cultural and hardly maintain socio-religious links out-side their soda} activities either in the neighbourhood or neighbourhood. within the town. There are a few religiOUs institu­ tions in the town which perform "kirtan" and 7.15· Since Harijan vas locality is quite big in "havan" 011 certain fixed days. "Kirtan" and area, the interviewees living therein mentioned a "havans" are performed in the houses also while part of their rcspective localities as their neighbour­ celebrating marriages or to express happiness or hood up to the extent of :.ocial and moral bindings. S01TOW. PeJpie are invited irom within the neigh­ Residents of Apahaj Ghar, Bhula Rai Road and bourhood as well as from outside to attend such Jhuggi dwellers indicated their respective localities functions. Generally Sikhs perform "Kirtan" where­ as their neighbourhood. Comparatively poor people as Hindus perform "Havan". There is at least one live in these localities having equally poor living primary school in every neighbourhood. However, conditions. Streets are Kaccha, crooked and narrow. for higher education residents of most of the above The heaps of debris dumped around jliuggis breed mel1ti~ned ncighbOl,J.fhoods have to go outSide their fowl smell and give fise to uilhygenic conditions. ll(;ighbourhoods. Medical facilities are not available It was gathered that the inl111bitants do not haw in each and every neighbourhood. However, one many religious or cultural functions to perform in can avail medical facility in the neighbouring loca­ the neighbourhood. However, marriages are solem­ lity if his own neighbourhood is devoid of medical nized in a very simple way. facility. Barring a few neighbourhoods privately managed medical clinics are functioning in almost 7.16 ln the Thapar Colony employees of Jagat­ all the neighbourhoods. People gelerally have more jit Cotton Textile Mills live. Although they belong faith in allopathic treatment as compared to the to ditIercm ethnic groups yet they perform most of Unani and Homeopathic systems. The Civil Hospital tbeir socio-religious and cultural functions together. of the town caters to quite a good number of Majority of the reSidents are Hindu by religion. patients due to the availability of free meJical con­ Scheduled Castes also reSide in the colony without sllltations anti medicines. Burring a few neighbour­ any' discrimination. Scheduled Castes are part and hoods, recreational facilities such as play-ground, parcel of the locality and participate in various club and park etc. are

DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS ACCORDING TO AGE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS

50

Ul 0_, 0 I w 40 (j) :::> 0 ::r: l1.. 0 30 w~ m ~ :::> 20 2

o en 0') en N N ...:t ll'l ~ I I I o ~ - -_ ~ o N .J W CD AGE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD I .J

DIAGRAM mII.2

DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS BY NUMBER OF MEMBERS & AGE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

80

10 AGE OF HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD

60+ 60 50-59

40 -49 50 30-39

: ::: 20 - 29 40 BELOW 20 (/) a -I o 30 :r: w (/) :::::> a :r: 20 LLo cc: LU 10 :Een """""""n7 :::> 2

o~~--~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13+ NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN A HOUSEHOLD

75

VIII.2 gives bird's-eye view revealing how the immediately after the marriage the couple sets up number of households change as the number of their own independent household. Eventually this members in the household changes. Diagram indi­ phenomenon inHates the number of nuclelr f..lmiJies. cates that out of 252 households the highest number Other categories of households having Significant of 75 households consists of 6 or 7 members, follow­ nUUlber are lineal joint, 50 households 09.8 per­ ed by 45 households having 5 members in each cent), supplemented nuclare, 28 (11.1 percent and household. It has been observed that in more than· Lineal collateral j(;jnt. 23 households (9.1 percent) 90 percent hC'useholds the number of members where as slightly more than 88 percent households varies from 3 to 12. On the other hand there are adorn the above mentioned four categories the re­ 8 single member and another 8 two member hous'~­ maining about 12 perceut sample households are holds where as only 7 households in the sample are .hardly sufficient to· give adequate representation to such which are 13 or more member households. the remaining 8 categories. So much so not even a Diagram also r~veals distribution of households single household could find place in the category according to age of the head of households in each of supplemented sub-nuclear and only one house­ category. hold has been identified as supplemented lineal collat.eral jOint type household in the sample. Types of households 8.4 For better understanding and also to fully· 8.5 Appendix 43 is sel£ explaDatory which shows evaluate various parameters of family composition distribution of households by type and educational the grouping of the households into twelve classes, level of head of household. To make analysis as suggested by Kolenda Pauline, seems inevitable. interestin~ and result oriented two diagrams Vln.3 Appendix number 42 gives the classification of and VrHA have been designed. In both the household types with their definitions. Based on diagrams 4 distinct types of families having classification indicated in the appendix table VHI.l adequate number c,f households in each type gives number of households according to type of are represented individu:l11y and households of re­ hous'ehold. maining 8 categories having negligible number of households in each category are clubbed together TABLE VIII. 1 under the caption 'others' to make this category Distribution of households by type of Households representable too. Diagram number VIII.3 makes (Sample Data) a mply clear that ed'ucation :rlays significant role in Households the formation of different types of families. Attain­ Type of household ,---"----, ment of education by some members of a family Num- Percen­ exerts a sort of fragmentary effect on joint families her tage to total as educated young members of households feel more house­ confident to earn their livelihOod independently. holds Diagram reveals that highest number of households ._----_-- 121 and also highest number of educated heads of 2 3 ---_._-- ---'"------_.- households 91 is found in the fragmented category 1. Nuclear 121 48.0 of nuclear families. As the number of households 2. Supplemented nuclear 28 11.1 varies from one type to another the number of 3. Sub-nuclear 6 2.4 educated heads of households also varies in the 4. Single persons 8 3.2' same direction and also, by and large, i.n the same S. Supplemented Sub-nuclear proportion. It is thus abundantly clear from the 6. Collateral joint 5 z.o diagram that apart from negative corelatioll bet­ 7. Supplemented collateral joint 5 Z.O ween literacy rate of heads of households and size ..• 8 .. Lineal joint 50 19.8 of the households there is a positive corelation bet­ 9, Supplemented lineal joint 4 1.6 ween the literacy rate of heads of households and 10. Lineal collateral joint 23 9.1 mlmbcr of households identified in that particular 11. Supplemented lineal collateral joint 0.4 category of households. This seems to be a healthy 12. Others 0.4 trend. Succinctly, education can act as catalytic agent to whittle down population growth which is Total 252 100.0 ------at pre~ent rampant in the country. In diagram VIIl.4 apart from total number of households According to above tabJe there are 121 nuclear classified according to tyPe of household educa­ households consisting of a couple with or without tional levels of head of households have also been unmarried children. Nuclear households comprise indicated. This diagram also supports tbe statement 48.0 percent of total sample households. This high given above that attainment of higher education percentage of households in this particular group is besides having fragmentary effect on larger ~ized fairly in consonance with already given statement families als'O plays significant role in checking that fission of joint larger families is quite pre­ population growth as educated person prefers valent in urban areas of the state. In most cases smaller Sized families.. 76

8.6 Table captioned as distribution of households household each. Household belonging to Kori com­ by caste/tribe/community of head of household munity has been identified' as single person house­ and type of household given as appendix 44 hardly hold where as household of Sunar community has needs any elaboration as the table is self explana­ been classified as lineal joint family. Out of the tory. Any-how. certain salient features which need two households of Ghumar community one belongs some mention are given here briefly. Nuclear type to supplemented nuclear family and another to of households predominate among all castesi supplemented lineal joint faJllily. communities except Kori, 'Sunar and Ghumar com­ 8.7 Table VIII.2 gives distribution of households munities. Nonetheless the number of households by nature of relation of members to head of house­ belonging to theS'e three communities is very meagre hold and migration status of head of hous'ehold. in the sample which varies from one to two house­ Apart from ad'ministrators such tables are of funda­ holds. Kori and Sunar communities account for one mental interest to social scientists.

TABLE VIII. 2 Distribution of Households by nature of relation of members to head of Household and Migration status of Head of Household (Sample Data) Rclation of member;-to he~d~f household Number of households where migration status of head of household is r- Non-migrant Migrant Total r- r- Number Percentage Number Percentage 2 3 4 5 6 ---,~---.-.-- 1. Self 8 100.00 8 2. Self, Spouse 2 33.33 4 66.67 6 3. Self, Spouse, Unmarried Sons and Daughters 47 ! 39.50 72 60.50 119 4. Self Spouse, Married Sons and Sons's wife with or ~ithout unmarried sons and daughters 1'5 48.61 37 51.39 72 5. Self Spouse, Married brother, Brother's wife with/without unmarried sons and daughters 60.00 2 40.00 5 6. Self Spouse, Married brother, Brother's wife, mar- ried sons, Son's wife with/without unmarried sons and daughters 100.00 1 7. Self (Male), unmarried son/daughter 1 100.00 1 8. Self (Female), Vnmarri~d son/daught~r 33.33 2 66.67 3 9. Self Spouse, WIth or WIthout unmarrIed son/dau- ghter and widowed father 2 100.00 2 10. Self Spouse, with or without unmarried son/ daughter and widowed mother 3 33.33 6 66.67 11. Self (Male), unmarrried brother/sister 9 12. Others (Given as below) 12 46.16 14 53.84 26 (1) Self, Spouse with father and mother 1 50.00 1 50.00 2 (2) Self, Spouse with mother 2 100.00 (3) Self, Spouse with daughter's, husband and 2 daughter's son 1 100.00 1 (4) Mother widowed, Married son's and son's/son 50.00 (5) Self, Spouse with son's/wife and unmarried 1 50.00 2 sons/son and daughter 100.00 (6) Self Spouse, with father, Mother and married Brother/Wife and Brother/Sons 2 100.00 (7) Self, Spouse with widowed father 2 1 100.00 1 (8) Self, spouse with widowed brother 100.00 (9) Head female with marrried son and unmarried 1 son and sons/son+son's/daughter 100.00 (10) Head female with married daughter and dau- 1 ghter's husband 100.00 (1 t) Self, Spouse with father and mother and un. married daughter 1 100.00 (12) Self, Spouse with widowed sister 1 100.00 (13) Self, spouse with unmarried brother 1 100.00 1 (14) Head male with married son and son/sons 1 25.00 3 75.00 4 (15) Self, Spouse with unmarried son and father and mother 100.00 (16) Self, Spouse with married son+son-in-Jaw and daughter 100.00 (17) Self, Spouse with widowed father and ma- rried son. 100.00 1 (18) Self, Spouse with unmarried son and widowed mother and unmarried brother 1 100.00 1 (19) Self, Spouse with mother and sons/son 1 100.00 1 Total 106 42,86 146 57.14 252 77

Appraisal of the above table categorically reveals 75.8 percent of the total hC'useholds earmarked for that majority of the househl,lds in the sample survey. However, number of households in the arc of those hC'useholds whose heads have remainiJ!.Jg categories is very meagre and deeper been migrated to the town from some other anaIY',is of these categories would hardly ]ead to pLici's. 1rl,1(hC'f words head of such households w:tS :'TlV generalization except the fact that among some ei, her born outside the town or resided some where of the categories of households non-migrant status else before settling down in this town, Out of a of head of household also predominate. tOlal of 252 households number of households having migration status of head of household is 146 comprising 57.14 percent. Minute scrutiny of the 8.8 Prepared from survey data table numbers tah1e indicates ih'lt all the 8 singL~ member house­ VIII.3 to VIII.5 inter-alia, indicate that out of 15 h~lds have migrant status. Out of 6, two member hot'S h~)lds, whose close family m~'mbers are staying h"u'ei1olds comprising self a'cld spou

TABLE VIII. 3

Households, whose close family memhers are staying outside, hy Religion and Caste or Tribe or community and place/ State of belonging of Head of Household (Sample data)

Religion and caste or tribe or Total numbers of Number of households whose family mem- community of head of household households bers are staying outside and where head of household belongs to r A ______~ Punjab State other states/ countries ------_._--_-_ ---.- 2 3 4

1. Hindu (a) Balmiki (SC)

(b) Ad dharmi (SC)

(c) Bania

(d) Khatri

(e) Arora

2. Sikh

(a) Ramgarhia

(b) Saini Other (Unspecified) Total

NOTE : SC. Stands for Scheduled Cl\stes. 78

r ABU! VIII. 4 Households; whose family membns are staying outside, hy religion and Caste or Tribe or community and distance of place of last residence Q,f head of Household (Sample data) ------SI. Religion and Caste/Tribe/ Total Number of households whose family members are staying outside according No. Community !o distance (in Kms.) of place of last residence of head of household number of -, households Same 50 or 51-100 101-200 201-500 500 -; " town less

---_._------~ -- _._- -.-.~- -- I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ------~ ------_------1 Hindu 9 4 3 (a) Balrniki (SC.) 1 1 (b) Ad dharmi (SC) 2 1 (c) Bania 3 2 (d) Khatri 2 (e) Arora 2 Sikh 6 4 (a) Ramgarhia 3 2 (b) Saini , 2 2 Others (Caste not stated) ------_ NOTE ; sc. stands for Scheduled Castes. TABU! VllI.5

Households, whose family members are staying outside, by religion and Caste or Tribe or Community and according /0 . occupational category of Households (Sample data)

SI. Religion and easte/ Num­ Number of households whose members are staying outside and whose heads are in No. Tribe/Community ber of occupational category house­ .A.. ., holds an- Wor- Far- Oe- Wor- Archi- Ad- Wor- Culti- Labou- rical king, mers, rical king tects minis- kers vators rers and re- Prop- other and prop... Bngi- trative not latOO rietor, than other rietor, neers, &Exe- repor- worker Direc- cultiva- super- Direc- Tech- cutivc ting tors & tors visors tors & nolo- Offi- any oe- Mana- Mana- gists cials cupa- gersin gers & Sur· Govt. tions Min- Other veyors & Local ing, ser- Cons- vices truc- tions, Manu- factu- ring Rela- ted con- cerns ------_ ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

----~------_._-_. 1. Hindu 9 2 3 Balmiki (SC.) Ad dharmi (SC.) 2 Bania 3 Khatri 2 Arora 2. Sikh 6 1 2 Ramgarhia 3 2 Saini 2 1 Others (Caste not stated)

NOTE : SC. stands for Scheduled Castes. OIAGRAM VIII·3

NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE AND HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD LITERATE

120

TOTAL NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS ______HOUSEHOLDS HAVING HEAD OF 100 HOUSEHOLD LITERATE

t/) \ \ o \ -l o 80 \ \ :r: \ w \ t/) \ ::> \ o \ :r: 60 -,\ \ L1... \ o \ \ 0:: \ W CD 40 ~ ," :::> , , , , "" 2 , , ", , , "" \ ~' " I , 20 \,,' " , '\.------­

0 ;i 0: 0 W UJ ti ...... J Z Z _J UJ 0 0 0: J ~cr U \J) ~ W« w _JUJ ,_J 0: -l 0....J <{ ;t .... UJ UJ wZ U o..U , 2- I :l ::>::> , Z _0 ,{ , -.... -. Z \J)Z :J -', b

-. "'" .-.

o _, _J « o u 2: :r: 0:: o o W I-- ...... N ~. « <[ o o :E (.) ::> - o -o w e o~m --e o If)0> o eta z 0 « « _'CO0 w fr w o :r: 0« WW I-~ 0::> w Ie LL ~ (.!) 0 a.. wC'-. o 0...0:: wm >­ tno ::> a.. 0 « I- :::>eD o Io >­ lJ...L{) w~mD roo _J W _. 0 0 --::t w ~I- If)0 a:: -' f­ « OI_.w wo « N _J _w U)I 2: « o u _J ou ::> ...- :::> OIJ.. o IO w IJ... O -' O<{ <{ W c:r ZI w o o I­ ..... lL. W f- <{ :::>0 -...... Z _J Z _J (D WOO a:_JW a:: ~a:: -, u I- « W « If) (J» W _'W .....J _. a:: o_.W _, o.._. « « ...... W U o..u W WZ I ::> :J::J Z z-_0 I- Z tnZ ....J ....JI 0 OlOH3SnOH ~O 3dAl l 1

79

Table number VIII.3 prepared on the basis of hardly needs any interpretatiC'n or elaboration, No data collected from 252 sample households reveals particular caste or community conspicuously reo that entire lot of 15 heads of households whose present adequate number of heads of households close family membei's are staying outside, irre­ in any particular occupation or vice versa, How­ spective of their religion, caste / tribe or community, ever, 3 households of Hindu religion are such belong to Punjab state. However, generalization of households whose heads arc jn the same occupa­ this po:,sibility hardly seems plausible as sample tional category of working proporietors, directors represents only 1.9 per,:ent households of the town and managers in mining. constructions, manufac­ Nontheless, possibility of some of the heads of turing and related concerns. Nevertheless, one thing households in t};c whole town, whose family mem­ is vividly apparent from the table that some selective bers are staying c.:;1~·ide, belonging to other states set of occupations is adopted by heads of Hindu of the country can't be ruled out. Therefore. we religion where as another set of occupations is should cs.:hevi from drawing any conclusion unless adopted by heads of Sikh religion. Barring one or until-all the households of the town are put occupation 'Architects, Engineers. Technologists to test for this particular aspect of the study. In and Surveyors, which is adopted by ~eads of ~oth the Series another table VIll.4 which proffers that the religions (one head cach belongmg to Hmdu preponderant number of households, whose family and Sikh religion) remaining 9 occupations adopt­ members are staying outside have reported the ed by the heads of such households can distinctly place of la:-,t residence of their heads of households be segregated according to religion or caste or either same town or same place within 100 kilo, community of the heads of the household. Ap:\rt meters from the town. This fact again elucidates from scholars of other diScipline such tables are that overwhelming majodty of heads of household generally liked by the students of sociology. of this category of households have indicated their place of last residence somewhere within the 8,9 Table number VIII.6 can also be interpre­ Punjab State, Only one head of the hOlIsehold tted alongwith the next a few tables having relation­ belonging to Khatri community of Hindu religion ship to head of household common in these tables, has stat~d thnt his place of last residence is more In the cun-ent table hcuseholds have been clubed than 500 kilometers from Phagwara town, It has keeping in view occupation of head of the housl!hold further been observed that among the HinduS as. one variable and nature of relationship with Banias and Khatries are comparatively more mo­ the head of household of those persons who are bile, Table number VJIL5 is self explanatory and staying outside as another variable.

TABLIl VllI.6 Occupation of head of households and nature of relation of those staying outside with Head of Household (Sample data) ------_.------Occupation of head of household Total Number of members staying outside who are related to head of household as No. of ~----.....------~------. households Father Mother Son Daughter Brother Self(Head) Total No. of members staying outside ------~------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -~------1. Industrial Engineers 2 3 2. Administrative and Executive Of­ ficials, State Government 3. Working Proprietors, Directors and Managers Manufacturing 3 7 8 4. Working Proprietors, Directors and Managers, Recreation and Entertainment 5. Clerical Supervisors (Office) Superintendents, Head Clerks and Section Heads 1 6. Clerks General 1 7. Library Clerks 8. Cultivators (Owner) 2 2 9. Dairy Farmers 1 10. Labourers 11. Workers not reporting any oc- cupation . 2 3 3 Total 15 1 15 2 2 2 23 ------80

Even a cursory looK at the table indicates that holds are family members of such households omong tre familv members siavim! outside', the whose l!~'acls f,ill in 1112 C~:LcgOl'y 0" 'worker'; not numb~r of sOi1S far c:":c('c{l the numb ..-r 0" oil other re tloriil1g any occup:ition'. Two p:'rs )"s from ~i rdatioJl_<; taken togdhL-r, Sbtisiically ~pedking, out si(li~l(' It ...luseho1d whosc hfad' of the household is pC n f:lI11,ly memb.:rs staying outside 15\6522 per cl!]tivatlir (owwr) ;,1'': ~ilf;{J slaying outside. Re­ c~mJ .He WI" a \);1'; , It i,~ ~ cnn1mon practice that maining 7 pe; ~ons, mostly SJm, bc~lol1g to such growr up sor~; gcndally mow out to adopt some f;()ltseh()ld~ ,,\'llOS;? hetus ar~ in 7 different occu­ comparatively n:Ofc rcm'.ll~rative occupation else­ pations. !\nalysis of such stray events 1'ardlv Jeads where. It seems relevant to mrrltion here that to any concrete conclusion, . most of the neople of this area have relatives set­ tled in other countries. TI'ns avem'e facilitates some: of tlle job seekers LO migrate tODther coun· 8.10 ThrOlH!l\ almost all the ensllin~ tables of tries. Non(heies". head of the household feels thi'> chapler we endeavour to study' partieult:t,:s pride in sl.':nding a son or two abroad which is exclusively of family members swying 0utside. cons:dercd a status symbol in the area. Apart from O~lr main interest. h(lwever. wOllld be to obs~rve sons other f<:mily memhers staying out&ide, two I~ow the~¢ particulars inter-act undel' given cordi. each arc related to hc-udf; of hous~h()lds as d.lU!2h­ tions, We have alreetdv observed from the previous ters. bro1hers. heads {selfl and ol'e each as father table tklt (In!y 23 peisors bl~Ol1gjn;r to 15 house· and moth:.'T, The OCCl'D0tion of he"d of house· holds are ~taying outside. We also Undi.'Istand that hold WhlCh exerts so!pe' cenlrifugal force is 'work­ these 23 f3milv members shrying outside ar;~ from ing proprjC'tors, dil'ecl''''~ :mll mana~ers_ 'manufac· :1 sample of 252 househC'lds sdected for the study. turil1/. Out or a total of 23 persons staying out­ Tn the rCtnaini~g pa;'agraphs or this chapter these Side as many as 8 -persons belong. to three house­ 23 m~mbers would rem~in main target o~ discus­ holds WhOS2 hC'::;d of the household fall in the sion. Moreover the enmrine tables ;:n mawe. are category of above mentioned occupation. How­ so inter linked that it seerlls imp~ratlve to have ever, three such members belong to two bouse­ at least one assessment of aU these tables en ra­ holds bflving their IJeads in the occupation 'In­ (Iport. However, taking one by one, tablt numb~r dustrial Engfncep;' aBd

TABLE VIII. 7

Family members ,~taying o:ltsfde by age and relation to head oj hOl!sehold (Sample ,lata) _------~------_._-'-_ NumbeI of members stal'ing outside who are related to head of hou,chold as • ~ ___.Jt._~_~ ___-..___,~ _____ ~_ -__, r­ Total Age·Group Father Mot,her Son ' Daugl1rcl' Brother Self (Head) -~~------3 4 5 6 7 8 2 ------_-- 0-9 10-14 15-24 5 7 25-34 9 10 3 3-5-59 2 60+ 2

Total 15 2 2 2 23 --~------Contents of the table are very clear. The facile by 7 in the 15-24 years and 3 in the 35--59 years princep.I' feature of the table indicates that over­ age group. Relation to head of the household para. whelming majority of persons 20 (86.95 percent) meter further reveals that aU the sons, brothers out of 23 stayinQ. outside are in the working age ~nrl other Lins are in the working age group. One IJroup of 15-59 years. This trend signifies that d~1l1ghter each is in the working and dep211d,::nt family members staying 0l!tside ~o. so main'y dl:1e age group where as one each father and mother to cco-nomic reasons. Havmg llmlted means In are in the dependent age group of 60 + . the home town, persons in the working age group, do not hesitate to leave the town to work elsewhere with the motiv~ to augment family income for 8.11 Next two tables embrace particulars of better living. Further. in the working age group family members staying outside by educathlDal ]0 persons ~are in the age group 25-34 folloWeq level,- 81

TABLE vrn. 8

FamilY /,;emb.!l's staying o:ltsirie by educational level lIlld relation to head of household (S::mple dr.!a)

Ednratjonal level Number of pr:-"on nadng outside "'ho ;:re lelated 10 heacl. (If hOU'l(-hold as of family member, r------.----. _~. ______._____ ~_A______. ______._.~. ____, staytng out.~ide F'llher Moth",' Son D~ught:r Brother Olher (Head) Total

3 4 5 6 7 8

------~ ------~----- JIliterate Below primary 2 Primary 2 5 Matrie 5 5 Diploma & Certificate 1 Degree & above S 10 ------_ ------_. __ . --~------_--_._-- Total 15 2 2 23

Table VIII.S exhibits educational level of those persons stayin_!l outside also increase with the family members who are staying outside. In the exceptioll of diploma and certificate holders, who sample, out of 23 family members staying: out­ are !'enerally absorbed locally. Highest number of side not even a single person is illiterate. Howewr, family members staying outside i.e. 10 is also pOS'­ further perusal of the table indicates that level of sessing highest educationl level 'degree and above'. education exerts main thrust, 1n other words there There is only one diploma & certificate holder, exists positive corelation between educational level 5 each are matric and primary where as 2 persons and number of family members stayinr. outside. are below primary. With the increase of educational level number of

TJ\BLE vrn. 9 Educationut level of members of sampled households and also of those staying olltside (Sample data) ----~~-- -~------~------Tota I population of sampl ed households Members staying outside .---~ ., r­ -----, Edue~tionallevel Number Percentage Number Percentage

2 3 4 5

Illiterate 483 31.47 Below primary 235 15.31 2 8.70 Prim2ry 361 23.52 5 21.74 Matric 304 19.80 5 21. 74 Diploma & Certificate 12 0.78 4.35 Degree and abo~e 140 9.12 10 43.47 Total 1,535 100.00 23 100.00 ------It is quite apparent from the table VIII.9 that percent are matric or above. Table shows that out highly qualified persons generally prefer to go out of the 23 persons staying outside and havina links in search of better prospectus. Table reveals that with. th: ~ample h~useholds not even a single per­ in the sample only 9.12 percent persons are quali­ son IS. IllIterate. Vlftually, as opined earlier also. fied as 'graduates and above' where as out of 23 educatIOn paves the way rather stimulates educa­ persons staying outside and having links with the ted persons to work elsewhere for lucrative earn. sample households 43.47 percent are 'degree hol­ ing. der or above'. Still further, about 70 percent 8'.12 Table number VUI.IO gives details of staying outside are matric or above where as out famIly members who arc staying outside bv length of the persons selecteQ in the sample only 29.70 of time, reason an9 relation to head of hoUsehold. 82

TABLE VIII. 10 Number of family members staying outside by period of stay reason alld relatioll to Head vf Households (Sample data)

Numbers of family members staying outside for Relation to Head of r- household Less 1-4 years 5-9 years 10-19 20 Years than ,---"-----, ...-- ___..A.. ____ -, Years & more one La- Wel- Stu­ Ser- La- Pro- Res- Me- Elec- Shop,-"""'" ,-~ Total year bour der dent vice bour fes- tau- chao trio ke- Ma- Asstt. De· sor rant nic dan eper son Engi- pen· wor- neer dent ker ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ------_._------I. Son 1 2 5 15 2. Self 1 2 3. Daughter 2 4. Brother 2 5. Mother 1 6. Father 1

------~---- Total 2 3 2 6 2 23 ------Table reveals that out of 23 persoils staying out­ TABLE V 111.11 side, 15 are staying outside for 5 to 9 years. Out Family members staying outside classified by nature of OCCI/­ pation aruJ relationship with the head of Household of these 15, nve sons. and one daughter are work­ (Sample data) ing in restaurants. The reason of staying outside Number of family members of 2 other sons has been stated that they are staying outside who are related to head of household as working as professors in the teaching department. Occupation of members • ~ One son, one head himself and one brother of a staying ... .9 e ~ outside ~ ... head are working as 'Labourers' elsewhere. Where ~ ..<:l -- '" ~8 ~ nic, electrician and shop keeper. However, out of 2 3 4 5 6 4 persons :staying outside from 1 to 4 years, one 1. Architects. Engineers, Techno- brother of the head is working as labourer, whereas logists & Surveyors, n.e.c. 1 2. Librarians, Archivists & Curators t 1 one son is wod;ing as welder and one daughter 3. Teachers, (University and Colleges) 2 2 4. Working proprietors, Director & of the head is student. Three family members stay­ Manager, (Manufacturing) ing outside for more than 20 years and their 5. Merchants and shopkeepers (retail trade) 1 1 reason of stay away from family. has been stated 6. Hotel and restaurant keepers 5 6 7. Mechanics, Repairman, Other 2 2 as one head himself is working as assistant engi­ 8. Electricians. Electrical fitters, - Related workers 1 neer and one mother and one father are staying 9. Welders & Flame cuttrers 1 away as dependents. One son staying away from 10. Labourers, n.e.c. 2 4 the family for 10 to 19 years is working as mason Total 15 1 2 2 20 ------elsewhere. Out of 252 households surveyed not even a single member of any household left the TABLE VIII.12 town to stay elsewhere within a year prior to Non-worker family members who are staying outside by nature of activity and relationship to Head of Household survey i.e. in 1984-85. (sample data) Nature of activity of Number who are related to head Non-worker family of household as of members staying outSide 8.13 Dichotomy 23 family members. who are Father Mother Daughter Other staying outside, as workers and non-workers 2 3 4 5 reveals that 20 are workers and 3 non-workers. Student Particulars of worker and non- worker members Rentier are given separately in the ensuing two tables. Household 83

Table number VIII.1 t exhibits that out of 20 household receives on an average rupees 12,000 workers as may as 15 (75 percent) are related to every year 'Yhere as. 3. househ~lds whose family the head of the: household as sons 2 each are members are In tl1e dlstnct Pahala receive on an brothers and other kins and one da~ghter. 5 sons average rupees 6400 each annually. and one daughter are working as hotel and restau­ rant keepers followed by 4 working as labourers 8.15 Apart from other points the notable r~ature and related to head as brothers two. son one and of apr:endix 46 is that! mostly sons send money one other kin. It is distinctly clear from the table to their parents. On an average a son settled in that overwhelming majority of closely related per­ England, Dubai and Holand sends rupees ten sons such: as sons and daughters have adopted thousand, twenty thousands and seventeen thou­ comparatlVely respectable and rewarding occupa­ sands respectively every year to his parents. On tions where as other relatives of head of the the other hand a son working in Delhi sends households are mostly in the occupation of labour. rupees 3600 annually to his parents where as one son each sends rupees 3000 from other states of fwo sons tach ar~ working as 'Teacher. University and Colleges: and Mechanics, repairman and the country viz., Haryana and Gujarat. Nonethe:. less, from urban areas of district Patiala on an other~ .. (Jne so:' each is work.ing as .Librarians, average a son sends rupees 9000 per year. In con­ ArChIVISts anti Curators: 'Working l)r()prictors~ Dlfectors alld Managers, Manufacturing; "Mer­ trast a dejure head of the household working in Jordan sends rupees 15000 annually to his depen­ chan~ :'Ind S1]op·keepers, retail trade~ 'Electricians. dents where as an other, dejure. head of the house­ ElectrIcal fitters. related workers~ and 'Welders and flame cutters'; One person. head himself haE been bold working in urban areas of district Bathinda classified in tf'!e category of Architects, engineers. o~ the ~tate sends rup~~ 12000 every year to technologists and surveyers n e.c, Table number hiS family members resldlIlg in Phagwura. How­ VIII.12 indicates that three 'non-worker' family ever, a daughter working in Holand sends consi­ derable amcunt of rupees 15000 every year to member.·~ WIJO are staying outside ure related to head of the household as daughter, father and her parents settled in Phagwara town. On an mother ;jnd thair nature of activity is student, reno average a brother toiling in Dubai sends rupees tier and househOld duties respectively. 6000 annually to his brother who is a head of their joint family Apparently this amount is much 8.14 Through ensuing couple of paragraphs we l~ss in comparison to money sent by a son to would endeavour to explain remittance from both IllS. parents from the same country. A father sides viz., to the household and vice versa In the reSIding in urban areas of Patiala district scnds appendices 45 and 46 particulars of those absentee rupees 1200 annually to his son. family members who send money nave been given. It is. adequately clear from the table, given as ap­ 8.16 While conducting field survey it was gat. pendiX 45 that 21 absent,~e family members send hered that a daughter of the head of the household remittance to 14 households and ma]i.imum money is studing in Mass00ri (Uttar Pradesh). Concerned comes from foreign countries. A household whose household sends rupees 5000 per year to enable family mem.bers are staying in Boland on an her to continue her studies there. This is one of average receives rupees one lac every year followed the wen to do households of the town. This. how­ by 3 households whose family members are in ever, is not a: common phenomina. People gene­ Dubai receive on an average rupees 24.000 per rally hesitate to send their daughters to far of household. Money is also received from Jordan places especially for study. Moreover. barring and U.l(' but the amount received is comparati­ highly sophisticated and technical education all vely less. An absentte family member dejure head types of studies I courses are available in the state at present residing in lardon sends rupees 15.000 itself. every year to his family members living in Phag­ 8.17 Scrumptious observation derived from two wara. frOm UK. two households receive remit­ last appendices and two last tables is that remit­ tance. On an average each household receives tance sent by absentee family members tor exceed rupees 10,000 annually from their absentee family remittance sent by households to other absentee members. Alone household whose absentee family member is in Delhi receives rupees 3600 yearly. family members. This fact fairly supports our ear­ On an average rupees 3000 every year is received lier notion that those who are staying outside are by a single household from its absentee family doing so to augment their family income by work­ member working in Gujarat. Similar amount is ing lucratively elsewhere. As a matter of fact it received by another household whose absentee is a mondial trait that every body wants to move family member is in Haryana. From Bathinda one with mande. CHAPTER IX HOUSING AND MATERIAL CULTURE

By the middle of this century almost whole of volume, census of India 1981, Part VII, Tables the open land within the old town, callcd Hadia­ on Houses and Disabled Population'. In table H-I, bad, was exhau~ted and expansion of the town of the above mentioned volume the total number thereafter took place at a distance of about 5 kilo­ of census huuses and the llses to which these are metres from the old town near the Railway station put, separatdy for rural and urban areas at the alollg the G.T. Road. Having sufficient open spaces State, district and for each city is indicated. This all around, the growth of the town near the Rail:­ table, infact. gives the housing stock in the state way station 5kcwcd partkularly along roads ema­ accordin\T to uses. It seems relevant to mention nating from the town towards Jalandhar, Hoshiar­ here thai information relating to predominant pur, Nawanshahr, Ludhiana and Nakodar towns. construction material of census houses, number of The old town has houses mainly of different types living rooms in the occupied census houses and and sizes. The streets and lanes in the interior of the whether the household lived in owned or rented town are zig-zag, nalrow, uneven and irregular. houses as was contained in 1971 ct:nsus was removed The houses follow a traditional pattern generally from the purview of 1981 census houselist. It waS' ins­ found in old towns. A conservative approach in tead added te) household schedule canvassed dur­ new houses is also visible to some extent ing actual c~l\\'.nelati~'n. This schedule consists of but houses of very recent origin arc built according two parts. Th(; first part, Part-l, interalia, con­ to some design. arc betti:r ventilated and provided tained information relating to the households such with all essential amf-nities. Ialota house an old as the hOllsing conditions and amenities available mansion in Gaushala Bazar is one of the presti­ to the hOllsehold. ownership of the housesite, land gious builclir,gs of the town. Architectural impact and culciyatiLJll etc. The second part of the house­ ~f Challd~i:'arh is ad.:qllatcly reflected in the bllild­ hold schedule, Part-Jr, llOwever, contained popu­ ings h\.lilt recently by well to do residents of ~he lation re('ord. To process this information a 20 town. On the whole, disorderly growth perslsts percent linear sample was used. aud it is dilIicult to get rid of traditional approach. A few photographs showing different types of 9.3 E--r administrative and other purposes, thl! houses found in the town have been incorporated. town committee has divided the town into 21 wards 9.2 Like previous ccn~uses, housclisting opera­ on the bfsis of populatit)i}. Following table shows tions wer~ carried out in 1980 too, as preparatory the ward\\isc distribution of popUlation, households to 1981 Census, but this time very limited infor­ and llumber oj' occupied residential houses as per mation was collected through houselist form. What 1981 census. Table also contains information re­ so ever data was collected through houselist have garding two outgrowths as identified during 1981 been compiled and published separately in the Census.

TABLE No. IX.l Wardwise distributioll of How>eholds alld occupied reside1ltial houses

~--~------~~ .------~---

Number of the Total population No. of house- No. of occupied No. of person~ ward/outgrowth (including Insti- holds residential houses (per occupied tutional & house- residential hous;) less population)

2 3 4 5 +-- 3,505 511 500 7 2 3,555 615 602 6 3 3,183 498 488 7 4 2,722 402 395 7 5 2,822 407 397 7 6 2,197 338 328 7 7 2,761 458 442 6 8 3,178 512 500 6 9 2,755 479 465 6 84 85

TABLE No IX-I-Conld.

---'-~ ------_.-- 2 3 4 5 ----_------10 2,784 486 472 6 11 2,777 434 420 7 12 3,661 688 670 5 13 2,431 534 522 5 14 5,425 811 801 7 15 3,854 700 690 6 16 5,167 1,107 1,097 5 17 2,739 458 450 6 18 2,934 562 550 5 19 5,070 974 960 5 20 5,227 965 950 6 21 3,752 603 592 6 (i) Mohalla Gobindpur (0. G.) 1,990 402 390 5 (ii) Kot Rani (0. G.) 1,472 259 240 6

Total 75,961 13,203 12,921 6

Table shows that there were altogether 12,921 Number of rooms occupied resid~ntial houses in the town. In these 9.4 According to J 981 Census, a room should residential houses 13.203 households were found have four walIs with a d,:orway and should be wide living during 1981 Census. This indicates that in and long enough for a person to sleep in, i.e., it a few census houses more than one household was should have a length of not less than two metres living. Phagwara town had a population of 75,961 and breadth of atleast one and a half metres and persons (according to t 981 Census) which means tv,o metres in height. An cnclGscd space which that about 6 persons on an average were living is used commonly for sleeping, sitting, dining, in each census house. In other words the average storing and cooking etc., should be regarded as size of a family in the town is six. However, ward- / room. In this chapter an attempt has been made wise average size of a family varies from 5 to 7. to study households and the number of rooms occu­ Population in a ward varies from 2,197 persons to pied by household members. This will show the 5,425 persons. Maximum number Jof households accommodation pattern of Phagwara town as a 1.1 07 were recorded in ward number 16. It was whole. also gathered during field survey that majority of 9.5 For the purpose of this study the households the wards have mixed population. But a few loca­ are classoified into seven djfferent categories accordL lities in each ward found to be predominantly in­ ing to number of rooms occupied. They are occu­ habited by particular caste! community or religion. pants of single room, two rooms, three rooms, four Hindu population dominate in almost all the rooms, five r00111S, six rooms and seven and more wards. rooms. TABLE IX. 2 Households Classified by Number 0/ Members and Number 0/ Rooms Occupied by'f/lem (Sample data) ------SI. Number of rooms Number of Nnumber Average number Percentage dis- Percentage dis- No. occupied by each households of persons of persons PCI' tributioll of (ribution of household household households to persons to total total house- population holds '\ ~-... ------.------.~. 2 3 4 5 6 7

I Single 51 214 4.20 20.24 13.94 2 Two 50 287 5.74 19.84 18.70 3 Three 52 309 5.94 20.64 20.13 4 Four 34 254 7.47 13.49 16.55 5 Five 21 143 6.81 8.33 9.32 6 Six 21 154 7.33 8.33 10.03 7 Seven and more 23 174 7.57 9.13 11.33

Total 252 1,535 6.09 100.00 100.00 86

11 is seen in table IX. 2 that the households hav­ per household is the highest (7.57) among the house­ ing three rooms under occupation are the highest holds having seven or more rooms closely followed in numb,~r 120.64 percent) closely followed by by households having fouT rooms. householdS' occupying one room (20.24 percent) and two rooms (19.84 percent). The number of Amenities households having four rooms, five rooms, six 9.6 Based on information contained in household rooms and seven rooms and more is 13.49 percent schedule canvassed during 1981 Census table num­ 8.33 percent, 8.33 percent and 9.13 percent respec­ ber IX. 3 gives information regarding source of tively. It is also seen that average number of persons drinking water.

TABLE IX.3 HOll.leholds by SOUfce of Drinking Water-1981 CellSus ------_-. --- Source of drinking water Number of households having the facility ___,.-----~-.------.--.---.----- .. _---, Within premises Outside premises Total ,-___.A. ____ -, ,-___.A.. ___ . ______._, ( ____ ~ ____ ._.____..A. ____.. Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage I

2 3 4 5 (> 7

PHAGWARA TOWN

Tap 4,795 36.6 1,490 11.4 6,285 48.0 Hand-pump/Tubewell 5,180 39.6 755 5.8 5,935 45.4 Well 310 2.4 175 1.3 485 3.7 River/Canal 10 0.1 to 0.1 Tank 10 0.1 10 0.1 Others 355 2.7 355 2.7

Total 10,285 78.6 2,795 21.4 13,080 100.0

------~---~-- ~--- PUNJAB-URBAN

Tap 3,10,830 38.5 62,765 7.8 3,73,595 46.3 Hand-pump/Tullewell 3,08,025 38.1 53,810 6.7 3,61,835 44.8 Well 27,390 3.4 11,610 1.4 39,000 4.8 River/Canal 1,235 0.2 1,235 0.2 Tank 1,365 0.2 1,700 0.2 3,065 0.4 Others 28,305 3.5 28,305 3.5

---.----~------~ Total 6,47,610 80.2 1,59,425 19.8 8,07,035 100.0

NOTE: This table excludes institutional and houseless households.

According to table 48 percent households in water. In tb.e t?wn 10,285 . h~:r:seholds (78.6 per­ the town drink tap. water. Out of this 36.6 percent cent) .~t drmkmg water wlthln premIses where as households enjoy this facility within premises remammg 2,795 households comprising 21.4 per­ where as 11.4 percent households have to depend cent have to walk dGwn SOlTle distance to get on tap water outside their premises such as muni­ drinking water. The position becomes little dis­ cinal taps etc. Closely followed by45.4 per cent couraging if we compare the figures with state households who use hand pump/tubewell as their figures as in the urb::1n areas of the state slightly drinking: water source. In this case as high as 39.6 more than ~O percent households get drinkinO' percept households avail this facilit~ within pre­ water within premises. '" mises where as only 5.8 percent have to depend on drinkinp- water available outside their premises. 3.7 percent households, however, reported their 9.7 Table 'number IX.4 indicates number of drinking water source as well. Number of house­ households having amanities like availability of holds depending on river/canal or tank water is electricit}~ and tOilet f;:cilities alo:1gwith tenura} very low as compared to other sources of drinking status of households based on 1981 Census. PLATE 35. Jaiota House an old mansion

PLATB U. A residen.tial bouse in Hargobind Nagar Poah atea

----~. . ~ .< ~ I - . I~.-i.

PLATE 37. A modern house in model town

PLATE 38. A middle income group habitat

...- -

PLATE 39. A scheduled Caste Habitat

87

TABLE IXA Households According to availability 0/ blectricity and Toilet Facilities alld Tellure Status of House Occupied-1981 Census ------_-- State/Town Tenure Total Electricity Toilet facility status , .. r- ___..._ -. ...,--~-~.------of house households Available Not available Available Not available occupied ,~.. ,------"------, r--~~-' r' ----"---, , --, Number Percentage Number Pcn.. entage Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage 01 nouse- of house- of /louse- of house- holds holds holds holds ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 --~ ------_. ---- Phagwara Owned 7,295 55.77 6,645 91.09 650 8.91 4,415 60.52 2,880 39.48 Rented 5,7~5 44.23 4,ll60 84.01 925 15.99 3,430 59.29 2,355 40.71 Total 13,080 100.00 11,505 87.96 1,575 12.04 7,845 59.98 5,235 40.02 Punjab Owned 5,32,280 65.96 4,55,215 85.52 77,065 14.48 3,36,1l25 63.28 1,95,455 36.72 (Urban) Rented. ]",74,755 . 34.04 :':,34,295 ~5.],.7 40,460 14.73 1,85,755 67.61 89,000 32.39 Total ~,O7,035 1oo.uO 6,89,5lU--~5.44 -0.7,525 --~;6 - j,22,5~O~-:-i5 2,84,455 35.25 _. ------~------__ -_------_------_--- -- _------Non; : This table ex.cludes institutional and houseless households.

According to the table IXA. out of total 13.080 state almost 65 percent households have the faci­ households /,295 ltouseholds compriSIng 55.77 per­ lity of toilet witnin their premises which is mw;h cent live in owned bouses where as remaining higher laan percentage of households enjoyin£ thiS sllghtly more than 44 percent households reside in facility in the town. In case of toilet facility tne rented accommodation. On the other hand. in the position is rather serious. A good proportion of urban areas of the state, more people lIve in their population. especially weaker sections of society, OWn houses as compared to Phagwara town. settled on the OUt skirts ot the town defecate In FIgures pertaining to whole state (urban) indicate the open which is a slur on the face of Phagwara that 65.Yo percent households live in self occupied town. houses ana only 34 percent were found resiomg 9.8 Based on survey data( table n.umber IX.S in rented accommodation during 1981 Census. Like shows distribution of households claSSIfied by size toilet facility electricity is also not available to all of the household and the tenure status of house­ the househOlds of the town. In the town electricity hold alongwith corresponding percentage distrJbu­ is available in 91.09 percent self-occupied houses tion. and only 650 (8.91 percent) self occupied houses TABLEIX.5 are without electricity. Position. however. is slightly Distribution 0/ Households Classified by size 0/ the Household and different- in case of rented houses. 4.860 households the Tenure Status residing in rented accoll)lTI,odati\.'n enjoy the. facility (Sample Data) of electricity where as 925 households almost 16 percent of total households living in rented accomo­ dation are without eiectnclty facillty in the town. The difference is not so sharp between owned and rented accommc.dation in case of toilet facilities. According to table. 60.52 percent self occupied houses have toilet facility and very close to above percentage 59.29 percent rented houses too have the facillty i.e., the facility of toilet within premises. Out of a total of 13.080 housholds 7,845 house­ holds -(about 60 percent) have toliet facility. Re. maining 5.235 households comprising as high as 40 Total percent households are wihout toilet facilities within the premises. Thus. we can very safely Table reveals that all the etght single member conclude· that neither all the hC'useholds in the households selected in the sample lIve in rented town enjoy the facility of electricity nor that houses. In _case of households living in their own Df toilet within the premises. Comparison with houses the highest number of households 59 (29.65 state figures -show some divergent trend. In percent) are eight and more meIl!b.er .housholds case ot electricity 87.96 percent housholds where as in case of households livmg In rented in the tOwn enjoy the facility whereas in the- state accommOdation the highest number of households (urban) 85.44 percent households have the access 12 (22.65 percent) are five member households. to electricity for domestic purposes. The poSition, Out of total 252 households selected in tpe sample however. "is reverse in case of toilet faci­ 199 live in t1feii' Own houses and S3 live in rented lity. Table shows tha~ in ~he urban areas ~f the houses. S~·L/J(~)61Z&Gl- 7 CHAPTER X ORGANISATION OF POWER AND PRESTIGE Ours is the largest and most popular democracy 10.2 The urban life is a welt-knit and organised in the wC1rId. Power, in our country, has been de­ social phenomenon. Apart from educated and ce'ntralised ri~ht up 10 the lowest level i.e. up to believers of religion. people of the town are com­ town/village level. At every level decisions are paratively more politically awakened. Phagwara taken by democraticaBy elected bodies and Phag­ being a medium sized town does not enjoy any wara town is no exeception in this regard. But it special significance in national politics but at the was learnt that the socic~political powers and pres· state level the town does play its role in the politics. tige. in the town are influenced by a few persons The influence which the national or state politiCS only. These individuals have been able to carve exert in the life of this town directly or indirectly, out their special position in their respective locali­ necessitates to study the functioning of various ties and in the t0wn as a whole. Phagwara being a political parties active in the town. In all, seven small town, the persons who are prestigious at the political parti'es, viz., Congress m, Bhartiya Janta locality level are given respect in the town as well. Party, Janta Party, Akali Dal, Communist Party, They have a dc.minant voice in the meetings and Communist Party of India and D.S.4. are active in deliberations held in the town. It will not be out of the town. place to mention that most of the prestigious per­ sonalities are political leaders and have vested P()litical Parties interests. Their poliCies are generally politically motivated and quite often find strong opposition 10.3 Table X.1 gives particulars of political from the other parties. Sometimes, this tends to parties found active in the town at the time of retard the development "f the town. survey.

TABLE X.l Particulars of Political Organisations including All India and Local Political Pgrties ------Membership SI. Name of the party Location" of Since when J. No. main office functioning Aims and in the town Approxi. Basis cif Whether mainly mate membership associated with objectives n'lllnber particular caste of or community/ members occupation group/in- terest grouD

8 2 3 4 5 6 7

12,000 18 years or No (Open to all) Perform poli· Congress (I) Guru Hargohind Before partition tical activities Nagar (1947) imorea~ 2 Akali Dal Sarai road 1918 12,000 Do. Do. Do. S D.S.4 Sarai road 1985 li,OOO Do. Do. Do. 4 Communist Party of India G.T. Road Opp. 1947 9,000 - Do. Do. Do. J;C.T. Mill 5 Communist Party G.T. Road 1947 8,000 ·Do. Do. Do. 6 Bhartiya Janta Party Gandhi Chowk 1952 5,000 Do. - Do. Do. 7 Janta Party Banga road 1977 2,500 Do. Do. Do.

Among these seven parties the Congress "(D and respectively. Communist parties are opm'ating in th Akali Dal claim to have the largest number of town sinCe 1947 having offices, at present. on O. 1 members i.e. 12;(}()O each. The office of Congress Road. D.S.4 patty is, however, of recent origin. ~ party, functioning in the town since. before partition, started functioning in the town only in 1985 throug is located in Guru Hargobind Nagar. Akali Dal its. office. on Sarai road. Bhartiya' Janta Party (Ja which has its influence in the toWn since 1918 has Sangh) having offiees '®a1'. Gandhi-Chowk is oper: established its _office on S~nii road. Other political tive in the town since 195-2. A .spokesman of thi parties having .. sjzaple ~r!tbersbip are D.S.4., partty claimed that. tlwyhave about five tbou~an Communist Party of India and Communist Party followers' in -the town; . J anta.. Party is the Jeal claiming eleven, nine and eight thousand m~Inbers important in the t<>wnc· thlt .. ·partt- came int 88 89 existence in 1977 with opening of its office sional Officer (Civil) Phagwara as there was no on Banga road. Basis of membership, aims elected body to look after the working of Municipal and objectives of various parties are identical. Committee at that time. In the absence of elected Although some parties safe-guard the interests of body the Sub-divisional Officer (Civil) under whose persons belonging to a' particular religion or group jurisdiction that committee falls, act as' administrator but on being asked specifically, they emphatically of the committee. Voting behaviour of tbe popula­ tell that their party is not associated with particular tion in the last parliamentry, assembly as well as caste or community / occupation group etc. They municipal elections remained, by and large, peace­ say the membership of their party is open to all, ful. People of the town beHeve in democracy and irrespective of caste, creed, religion, occupation or elect their representatives carefully. Particulars of sex. most respected and most influential persons in the 10.4 At the time of survey, affairs of the Munici­ town are given below: pal Committee were looked after by the Sub-divi-

Name of the person Religion Sex Educational Occupation/Other activities qualifications

- --,- ---~- ---,-~ -----. ------2 3 4 5 /'"

1. Dr. Des Raj Hindu Male Registered Medical Doctor-President of the local Congress (I) practitioner Committee also members of Aman Com- mittee. 2. Sh. Inderjit Ghai Hindu Male M.A. Industrialist--Active member of Congress (I), quite popular among the industrialists as well as public.

3. Sh. Manohar Lal Kaura Hindu Male M.A. Dry cleaner's shop-President Nagar Sad. har Sabha and member Arnan Committee Also press representative.

4. Sh. Joginder Singh Mann Sikh(SC.) Male B.A. Business-Agriculturist and active wOr- ker of Congress (I).

5. Sh. Kuldip. Sardana Hindu Male B.A. Business-startch Mill owner. -_--._------

It is difficulf to record who is more respected/ following. These two unions combined have the influential as compared to other, as the order of following d about 73 percent workers enrolled with their scores varied according to one group of various trade unions. The oldest in the town is informants to' another group of informants. When Sugar mill Mazdoor union which was established in asked people generally prefer person of their own the town in 1948 to safe guard the interests of sugar community / caste /religion. mill workers. The mechanical starch mill union is also very old in the town. Last of all woollen mill Trade unions Mazdoor union came into exsitence in 1979. Most of the unions are under the influence of Congress 10.5 Presence of various trade unions in the party which has its government at national level town was adequately felt during field survey. Flags and are affiliated to all India level. of different colours and designs belonging to differ­ ent parties were found fluttering on the gates of Only workers of various factories can become all the big factories. People residing close to fac­ members of these unions which is an important tories told that gate meetings and slogan shouting condition of these trade unions. by workers hardly Il1a4e any impact on their routine life style. There are seven recognised trade unions 10.6 Table number X.2 given here gives more in the town. Rehri union, however, is not reco­ details of various trade unions having base in the gnised by any body as yet. Trade union congress town. Table is self explanatory and hardly needs and Sugar mill Mazdoor union have the largest any elaboration. 90

TABLE X-2 Trade Unions Organisation and Operational Aspect

i SI. I Name of Union Industry to Factory to which Category of workers When Whether Whether No. which related to which related esta- affiliated to under the related bIished any all influence India/Orga- ofan,y nisation political party _.. _-_--- 2 3 4 S 6 7 8

Trade union Congress (JCT I.N.U.C. J.C.T. Mill All workers except 1960 I.N.U.C. Congress Mill Phagwara) management workers 2 Sugar mill Mazdoor Union I.N.U.C. Sugar Mill Do. 1948 I.N.U.C. Congress 3 The Mechanical Starch/Union I.N.U.C. Starch Mill Do. 1949 I.N.U.C. Congress 4 Municipal/Sweeper union I.N.U.C. M.C. All sweepers 1959 I.N.U.C. Congress 5 Municipal employees union I.N.U.C. M.C. All employee (Except 1959 I.N.U.C. Congress administration) 6 Central Mazdoor union I.N.U.C. All small industries of All workers 1972 I.N.U.C. Congress the town 7 Rehri union Independent All rehris in Phagwara All rerhriwalas in 1976 No Congress town Phagwara town 8 Woollen mill mazdoor union I.N.T.U.C. Woollen mill workers All workers 1979 I.N.T.U.C. Congress

NOTE : I.N.U.C. stand for Indian National Union Congress and I.N.T.U.C"for Indian National Trade Union Congress.

TABLE X--2 coneld.

SI. Name of Union No. & catego- MEMBERS No. ries of office ,------.------'--...;_------, bearers who are Approxi- Whether mainly Basis of Issues and problems History of not employees mate No. belong to any member- being currently conceilliation of the Estt. of caste or com- ship and dealt with and arbitration, members munity /operation subscrip- method of dealing ghearao, strike group/other tion with the same or lock-out, interest group if any in which the worker of the Industry/fac- tory or plant operational unit was invol- ved during last three years

2 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 Trade union Congress (JCT Only employees 3,000 No Only Only with Recogni- Nil Mill PhagWara) employees sed union SON.P. 2 Sugar mill Mazdoor Union Only employees 3,000 Open to all types Do. Do. Ni! 3 The Mechanical Starch/Union Only employees 500 No Do. Do. Ni. 4 Municipal/Sweeper union Only sweeper 200 Sweepers Only Do. Ni! sweepers Rs.1.00 5 Municipal employees union Only employees 300 All employees Rs.1.00 Do. Ni! 6 Central Mazdoor union All workers 450 All workers Rs.1.00 DO. Nil 7 Rehri union All rehriwalas 400 All rehriwalas Rs.1.00 Only with the presi- Nil dent of the union 8 Woollen mill mazdoor union. All workers 400 All workers Rs.1.00 O~ly with recognised Nil uDlon CHAPTER XI LEISURE AND RECREATION. SOCIAL PARTICIPATION, SOCIAL AWARENESS, RELIGION AND CRIME

Leisure time is that period of the day or night and commerce and they hardly have any idle time when a person is not sleeping. eating or working to think about recreation. However, on sundays and recreation is the form of activity that is persu~ small shopkeepers keep their shops closed and play ed during this leisure time. In fact. for the best cards in the open space' in front of their shops. The part of the day, people usuaUy remain occupied in persons engaged in services and having fixed work­ toiling for their livelihood and in the res~ective occu­ ing hours wiht adequate free time at their disposal pational activities, leaving therefore, very little time can think of recreation. Apart from working popu­ for leisure and recreation. At the same time it is lation there are non-workers who can afford suffi­ ture that leisure and recreation are usually delibera­ cient time for the recreational activity. In the tely planned and enjoyed, but it'has been observed sample there are 1074 non-workers (386 males and that most of the people are callous about this idea. 688 females). Their distribution, age-groupwise and In urban areas major segment of population re­ by type of activity they perform is given in Table main engaged in activities like manufacturing, trade XI. 1. TABLE XI-I Non- Workers by Sex. Age and Type of Activity (Sample Data)

Number of non-workers Full time student Household duty Age-group .... Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

2 3 4 5 6 '1 8 9 10

Below 10 327 168 159 154 87 61 12 6 6 10-14 168 97 71 150 90 60 10 3 '1 15-19 116 57 59 83 50 33 24 1 23 20-24 92 22 70 27 14 13 54 1 53 25-29 72 8 64 5 3 2 63 1 62 30-34 51 1 50 50 50 35-39 44 2 42 42 42 40-49 65 65 65 65 50-59 62 4 58 57 57 60-64 22 6 16 15 15 65+ 55 21 34 26 1 25 Total 1,074 386 688 419 244 175 418 13 405 ---- TABLE XI-1-contd.

Dependent Infant Retired Beggar Age-group r -; Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female ----- 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 --" Below 10 137 63 74 24 12 12 10-14 8 4 4 15-19 9 6 3 20-24 11 7 4 25-29 3 3 30-34 1 1 35-39 1 1 1 1 40-49 50-59 5 4 1 60-64 6 5 1 1 1 65+ 27 18 9 1 1 1 1 Total 208 tt2 96 24 12 12 2 2 3 3

91 92

11.2 Man can devise several types of recreations. have been u~ed for the construction of this bUilding. Recreational activity usually changes with time and BUl1C1ing IS qUite spacious, airy and houses the offices age. Many a people spend their leisure time in of Municipal Committte-.Phagwara. Apart from watching television, listening to radio or reading vanous lVlUnicipal Committee offices a Public newspaper and magazines etc. Some people like to library, hilallCed by MUllicipal Committee. and visit religious shrines, parks, li~raries or call on residence of Sub-C1ivisional Ufhcer (Civil) are also their friends, neighbourers or relatives~ Very few located. within the COlilpOLllld. The hall has the people were reported to be having routine hobbies. capaCity io accomodate big public gatherings. General body meetings of the committee and otl,er important functions are invariably htld in the hall. Culimal and recreational centres_ 11.3 Like most of the towns of the state, Phag­ wara town too, lacks well maintained parks and 11.6 . There is one City Gub. Members of thiS recreational centres 'where the Citizens could go to . dqb gather here to play :various indoor games. enjoy nature's gift away from noise and din of the One swimll~ng pOOl is alSo then:. Phagwara is town. The town is afso devoid of recreational centres called City of Clubs,' 'Rotary club' came into exist­ like Botanical garden and Zoological parks. Munici­ :illCe in l~ 70 o,fnd 'Phagwara Jaycees' in 1976 and pal committee, however, has carved out 20 parks there after the 'Lions Club' and 'Bharat Vikas in ditIerent parts of the town. Very few parks are farishad'. Apart from one main library.jn the Town properly maintained and most of the sites look tlall complex there is another Municipal Public like play grouncls rather than parks. Hargobind library with reading room at Hauiabad. 1 his library nagar, Satnampura, Model town area and Palahi was established by the Municipal Committee ill gate area have six, five, four and two such parks 1984 and had 153 members at tae time of survey. respectively. Out of the remaining three parks two Two officials manage the affairs of this library. 10 are located on the G. T. road, one opposite court become member of this library one has to get his complex and another opposite the J.C.T. Mills. form attested by a Municipal Commissioner. In Municipal park within the Town Hall complex is addition to this he or she is required to pay rupees· comparatively better maintained . .Barring a few. in six as annual sllbscription and rupees ten as fixed most of the parks children play and social functions security. For the benefit of college staff members are held. In some parks old and retired persons and students there are six libraries in the town were found sitting together and gossiping. having 3 employees in each ~ibrary. Four such libraries are located on Satnampura road and one 11.4 While talking about cultural and reo.rea­ each on Banga and Palahi road. Libraries ai"e also tional activities we think of sports also which, attached with high/higher secondary schools having during the past few years, have acquired special· . two employees in eacll library. Out of eight such attention anti importa!1ce in the country. The libraries there are two each in Satnampura and on town in this field is adequately pr.:9gressive,J.C.T .. Banga road. One library each is functioning in Mills have patronised sp~ts in a big-way. Triey have I-iJGiabad and ('n the post office, Hoshiarpur and two sports teams in Football and- Hockey which Uaushala roads. One common condition for all have earned a name throughout the country and COllege as well as schoQl' libraries is that the member­ orten attract head lines'in various regional news­ ship is restricted to st~tI :me'mbers and students of papers for their brilliant performance. J.C.T. foot­ that very institution to whichJhe library is attached. ball team ranks as high in fame and perform~nce to that of Mohan BCl.gan, Mohammedan Sporting 11.7 IncreaSing number. of t~levisions in the town and East Bengal Clubs, the pioneers of football in ,could hardly make any dent in the over crowoing th~ country, Sometimes-back, the football club shot . . around cjnema halls· in the evening. For those who into prominance when it \vas prized'with the Coveted ·cari'f atIord television and~'especially for labourers "Arjana Award" to its member. J.C.T. mills stadium cinema is a major source of entertainment as and in Thapar Colony, 'Ramgarhia: stadium' on Hadia- . when they can afford. Two cinema halls viz .• bad road, 'Akal stadium' on the back side of the Paradise and Elite are located on G. T. road. These RaI1}garhia Polyte_chnic GoUege ~re the _places where are functioning in the tQwn since 1952 and 1971 sports lJver gather in the evening to. play or to respectively. Paradise has a seating capacity for S90 - watch various games and sports being played there. persons where as Elite has a seatiug capacity of 652. In both the cinemas four shows are held daily. Town Hall· The show timings are 10.30 AM, 1.00 PM. 4.00 . 11.5 In the heart of the town where Chandigarh PM and 6.30 PM., Apart Hindi films. Punjabi and . Banga road meets G. T. road is located a red English films are also screened. The projection Coloured magnificent building called Jagatjit TaWil . length for Paradise and Elite are 60 feet and S5, Hall. This building came into existence in January feet respectively. The rates for entry tickets are identical in both the halls ·and are determined by 1921. Bricks, Cement, Lime, Iron and Concrete \ PLATE 40. Akal Stadium-Ramgarhia Educational Institutions

PLATB 41. Municipal Library Adjacent to Town Hall

PLATE 42. City Club for recrcationa activities

PLATE 43. Elite Cinema at G.T. Road

93 the seating comforts and distance from the screen, Baisakhi : Baisakhi, the first of Baisakh, invari­ Comparative position of seats is given in table X1.2. ably falls on the 13th April of every year. The day cOlOcides with the ripen1l1g of rabi crop. the happy TABLE X1.2 llme for the peasant togather the fruits of hi:; Number of seaN> according to rate of tickets 1985-86 labour and in this area It is considered a gooo omen to apply siCkle to the crop for. the first time on this oay. The virile peasant then comes out, Type of seat Rate of Number of seats in ticket in ,--~'-----. attired in his best clothts, to express his joy by rupees Paradise Elite performillg LJhungra, the typical Punjabi folk dance:.

-----"~- .i!ersons Of aU ireligions participate in the Baisakhi 2 3 4 celebrations. To the Sikhs, the day has also a reli· ----.- gious sighificance. It was on the Baisakhi day iii Balcony 4.60 120 136 1699 A. 1). that the tenth Sikh Guru. Guru Gobir.d Reserve First Class (Box) 3.50 240 256 ~il1gh Ji founded the Khalsa Panth. The Sikhs were Reserve Second Class 3.10 156 150 baptised into a martial community by instituting First class 2.10 74 110 the custom of Pahul \baptism). Basant: Basallt Total 590 652 Panchami falls on the fifth day of the bright halt: of lvlagh, occuring in the latter half of January or ----_-. ------.- _._--- tIrst half of February .ind marks the commence­ The films screened ~overed variegated themes, ment of the spring season, when weather begiI.s to such as social, religious. historical, comedy, crime, warm up and nature starts pulsating with new lite. detl.!ctive etc. 'the visitors from surrounding villages in this area fairs are held and kite-tlying is enjc,yed are also attracted. At the first instance managements on this day. of both the cinemas were reluctant to diVUlge any thing about their sale proceeds. On repeated re­ Dussehra : Dussehra or Vijay Dashmi is some­ quests management _of Paradise and Elite cinemas, times described as the Royal festival of the Hinaus. however, gave the sale proceeds for the year 1978~79 It occurs on the 10th day gf the bright half of the as Rs. 4.50,910 and Rs. 3.36,588 respectively. The Hikrami month of As-oj (September-October). It is town is devoid of any professsional theatre. one of the greatest Hindl! festivals and ii celebrated Cire. with great zeal throughout Punjab. as elseWhe£e in the country. The celebrations are extended over a 11.8 The viSit of a circus is an infrequent pheno­ period of ten days during which the life story of menon. However, insummer 1981, a circus by the 1{ama is enacted (Ram Lilla) as narrated in the name of 'Apollo Circus' came to the town. They Ramay~na.' ,On the tenth day. the Dussehra day. pitched their tents in the open space in Model huge ,crowds as~emble in parks and open spaces Town area. It exhibited its shows for about two where· large effigies of the demon-king Ravna. weeks and amused people of the town and the Meghtlaaa (his son) and :Kumbhkarna. (his brother). hinter tailer as well. On saturdays and sundays they are put up. A ba~tIe is displayed of the warrillg held extra special shows . .People from surrounding ciliets ~[idlng in the Ravana receiving a fatal arrow rural areas generally witnessed -the shows in day. from Rama; :rhe effigies are then put to fire to the time where as urbanites used to enjoy evening per­ accompaniment of fireworks. people enjoy sweet­ formances. meats to rejoice the victory of RaD1a.

FaiJ:'s add f~sti~. _. ~ Diwali: It falls on t~e moonless night in the .11.9. Indian .culture is an amalgam of diverse month of Katak (October-November). Although the ideolCDgies. From times immemorial people belonging origin of tbis ancient _festival is associated with to va.riou&etlu1ic:.groups~have been pouring into this various .Hindu legends but according to the most land and lending themselves to the growth of diverse popular belief in the area it is believed that after beliefs. It has ne-yer been.the practice in this country the conquest of Lanka and return to Ayodhya. to atteinpt_ to. forge unity with force. Whatever Rama was crowned as king on this day. For sikhs, people:.clune here.they settled down freely retaining the day has gained added importance, as on this their social'myths and beliefs. Gradlially they day Guru Hargobihd Sahib was set free by the became - part _and . parcel of this great country. Mugbal emperor. On this day people enjoy sweet­ NaturaMy. they influenced immensely the life and meats and children explode crackers. thought _of the people here as they themselves were in turn influenced· by them. The huge multiplicity of castes and the diversity of faith that we fii~d today Holi : Holi is the gayest among the Hindu festi­ is the outcome of this process of integration. Ti,us vals. It talls on me full moon day of the month of our fairs. ,ond festivaJs cut across religious. caste / Phagun (February-March). It is a festival of rejOiC­ tribe. - boundaries,. Sollie important festivals being ing, and is reminiscent of irmocent frolics of the celebrated iri the area are: youthful Krishna with milkmaids of Brindaban. 94

Lohri : Lohri, like Basant and Baisakhi, is a out-side the town such as Jalandhar, Chandigarh, seasonal festival observed in whole of Punjab. It Delhi, Bombay, Allahabad and Calcutta. It is perti­ falls on the last day of Poh (Mid-January) when the nent to add that not only number is adequate but sun after touching the southern most poiht on the variety of papers also. Appendix 47 gives details ecliptic starts its journey towards equator and the of papers/periodicals in circulation in the town. duration of the nights start dwindling down. Places of worship The following sentimental song relates to one Dulla Bhatti who, out of compassion, helped a poor 11.11 Before having discussion on town's various Hindu farmer in his daughter's marriage. Some religiOUS institutions and religious activities it seems miscreants hindered in the solemnization of the essential to have knowledge of the numerical marriage, and he punished them. The song is sung strength of various religious groups. Table XI.3 on the Lohri night. given below gives religion-wise population as per 1981 Census. Sunder mundarie, Tera Kaun Vichara,. TABLE XL3 Dulla Bhatti-wafa Number of adherents in each religion Dulle dhi wiyahi, Sl. Religion Number of Percentage to Nau Man Shakkar Pai, No. adherents total population

Kuri da faf pataka, 1 2 3 4 Kuri da safu pata, Hindu 57,293 75.4 Sal[u kaun siwasi, 2 Sikhs 17,986 23.7 Chachay churi knli, 3 Muslims 330 0.4 Zimidaran luti 4 Jains 255 0.3 Zimidar sadae, 5 Christians 75 0.1 6 Buddhists 6 N Gin gin paule fae. 7 Others 16 N (Beautiful damsel, who is thy well wisher? Dulla ----.------the Bhatti, Dulla celebrated the marriage as if of N-stands for negligible. his own daughter. (HE) gave nine maunds of jaggery. She wore a red veil; the veil was torn (by miscreantS). Who will patch up the veil.., (Your) Above table reveals that apart from Hindu and father had preparoo- churi (for thy marriage). This Sikh religions, which are adequately represented, was looted by the' Zimidars. (OuIla) sent for the people belonging to other religions also live in the Zimidars, and- gave them good shoe-beating.) town. Apart from. these there are other festivals like Gurpurbs, Gugga Naumi, Janam Ashtami, Maghf, 11.12 The religiOUS activity was found both at Mahavir Jayanti, Nirjala Ekadashi, Rakhi (Raksha the level of the household and at community level. Bandhan), Rama Naumi, Ravi Das's Birthday, Those at the level of the household consists mainly Shivratri, Teej, Muharram, ld-VI-Fitr. Id·Vl-Zuha of worshipping the deity in which the family etc. which are celebrated, in the town as well as members join. These include some rituals or cere-­ in the area, by different religious groups jointly or monies connected with various days or events of separately by· a particular religious group. religiOUS Significance. Those at the level of the whole religiOUS group inchlde activities which in Newspapers / jobmals etc. addition to being religioqs also have a social conno­ tation and in turn are responsible for social cohesion 11.10 During brief field enquiry it was observed are generally performed at religious places connected that there was great demand for daily news papers with that religion. They include festivals like Ram in the town. This may be attributed to extra ordi­ Naumi, Janam Ashtami, Gurpurbs, Muharram, nary conditions prevailing in the state. Apart from Mahabir Jaynti etc. They also serve as the cohesive listening radio news every body wants to read news force for community gatherings. paper in the morning. Circulation of Journals and periodicals in the town was also adequate. Not even a single newspaper, Journal or Periodical is 11.13 There are several religious shrines in the published in the town. All such papers in circula­ town. Particulars in respect of fifteen such shrines tion in the town· are published at various places are given in the table XI.4. 95

o 00 o I 13 Z

eo .S '> :.atil .9 .9

n Z

o < "" -01

• 0 ~z I .... 96

Apart from Gurdwara Sukh Chain-Ana Sahib, are those connected with the birth days of Guru which is located aBout three Kilometers away from Nanak Dev Ji and Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the town in the north-eastern direction, there are martyrdolIl of Guru Arjan Dev Ji and Guru Teg two other Gurdwaras within the town. These three Bahadur Ji. On these Gwpurbs Akhand Paths (non Uurdwaras remind the visit of Guru Hargobind ~top recital) of Guru Grandi Sahib, Keertan and Sahib-the Sixth guru of Sikhs to this place. It was religiOUS discourses are held in Gurdwaras and, pr,a­ learnt that the guru killed Painta, the Pathan of ce~sion is taken out. Free meals (iangar) are served Kartarpur {Dhtrict J alandhar). The other Pathans and partaken of by all without any dis~inction of gathered to take r~vcnge from th~ Guru and foll@w­ caste and status in life. Similarly in temples people d him. They pursued the guru upto Phagwara gather on auspicious days to pay homage to thcir \vhere he wanted to take re:fpge. T~c Citizers of deities. Keertans are held in most of the temples Phagwara, however, refused to give him shelter and alms given. . and the Guru was forced to take refuge at a place about three kilometers away from the tOWll. As the Law and ord~r Guru felt great r"lief here the place was named ~s 'Sukh Chain-Ana Sahib.' All· the taree Gurdwaras 11.14 The quality of social lif, in any area can are under the management and control of Shi[

PLATE 45. Gurdwara Sahib Patshahi Sixth Chaura Khuh (wide well) in Gaushala Bazar

PLATE 46. Vishvakarma Temple on Banga Road

PLATE 47. Gita Mandir in Model Town

PLATE 48 A mosque on Gaushala Road

CHAPTER XU

LINKAGES AND CONTINUA

Kapurthala is the only district in the state which TABLE XlI.l is split in two parts. The main block in the north Percentage distribution of inhabited villages in different population is hounded by the districts of Hoshiarpur and bracket in tahsils of Kapurthala district Gurdaspur, in the west by the river Beas and district Amritsar, in the south by the river Sutlej ancl Population bracket and Jalandhar and Firozpur districts an4 in the east by percentage J alandhar district. Phagwara tahsil is surrounded SI. Tahsil r- No. in the north by Hoshiarpur district and ill the south, Less than 200-999 1,000+ 'east and west by Jalandhar district. In between the 200 tWo blocks lies the territory of J alandhar district. The Phagwara tahsil comprises portions of the 2 3 4 5 Sirwal and' Manjki tracts. The Dhak tract, which 1 Kapurthala 77 176 70 derives its name from the abundance of the growth (24%) of dhak (Butea brondosa) trees wbich once coyered (54 ~-;;) (22%) 2 Sultanpur Lodhi 68 94 12 most of the land, has now been brought under .the (39%) plough. There is one stream namely white or the ~54%) (7%) 3 Phagwara 'eastern Bein' which enters the Pha~ar;l t~4sil from 24 39 42 (21%) (37%) Garhshankar tahSil of Hoshiarpur district and (40%) traversing its territory for about thirteen kilometers Total 169 309 124 enters Jalandhar district and ultimately empties (28%) t51 %) (21 %) itself into the Sutlej river. Phagwara town and its surrounding areas form southern part of Doaba, The abOVe table reveals that in the tahsils of This region is most fertile having abundant under­ KapurthBegowal, Bhulath, Nadala, Dhil­ by a good network of national and State highways wan (all notified area committees) and Kapurthala . in addition to district roads. Government of India in Kapurthala tahsil, Talw3ndi Chaudrian (N.A.C.) has set up a big Rail Coach Factory in -the district and Sultanpur in Sultanpur Lodhi tahsil and Phag­ which has started production recently. It was wara in Phagwara tahsil. In the tahsils of Kapur­ further learnt that apart from the design of coaches thala, SuJtanpur Lodhi and Phagwara there are 364. and technology being up dated the capacity of the 215 and 114 villages respectively. The percentage of Factory is also being enhanced substantially to ease urban population to total population in Kapurthala, the passenger rush in the country. Sultanpur Lodhi and Phagwara tahsils is 24.85, 18.07 and 44.73 respectively. Relations with other towns of the region

Transport and Communication 12.6 Group discussions were held with the local elites to get an idea regarding economic, social and 12.5 Kapurthala, Phaf?;wara and SuItanpur are cultural relations with other towns of the region. the three important railway stations in the district. Apart from Government officials discussions were Kapurthala is connected to Phagwara (via Jalardhar) held with merchants, manufactures of various goods, and to Sultanpur by broad gauge railway. Again, educationists, politicians and social workers. Close Phagwara is connected with Ialandhar, Nawanshahr, relations were established with five towns of the Ludhiana and SuItanpur (via Phillaur and region. Particulars of these five towns are given Nakodar. Sultanpur is connectedJ by broad in the table XII.2.

TABLE XTI.2 Particulars of towns (with population 0/ less than 50,000 withill distance of 15 Kms. and with population 0/50,000 or more, withill distance 0/ 75 Kms.)

SI. Name Distance from Area in Population as in Nature of No. the referrent town Sq. Kms. r------~~------_, communication in Kms. 1961 1971 1981

------~------.--- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ... _--__- (TOWNS WITH POPULATION LESS THAN 50,000) 1 Goraya 11 2.65 6,000 8,802 Road, Rail (TOWNS WIm POPULATION 50,000 OR MORE) 2 Jalandhar 24 79.40 2,22,569 296,106 408,196 Do.

3 Ludhiana 38 110.00 2,44,032 401,176 607,052 Do.

4 Hoshiarpur 38 21.46 50,739 57,691 85,648 Do. (Via Jalandhar)

5 Kapurthala 41 8.00 29,334 35,482 50,300 Do. (via Jalandhar)

It was learnt that Goraya depends upon Phag­ depends upon Kapurthala on Administrative services wara in many ways. Industrial raw material used as district headQuarters are situated there. Pady in Goraya is generally brought from Phagwara. purchased from Phagwara is processed in shellers Engines and Motor parts manufactured at Phag~ located at Kapurthala. wara are sold in the market of Goraya. rabour is also exchanged between the two towns. Phagwara Travel index has strong trade links with lalandhar. Traders of Phagwara bring Grocery and General Goods from 12.7 To determine travel index, maxitnum diS­ Ialandhar for sale in the town. For higher educa­ tance travelled by all persons, males and females tion Phagwara depends upon Jalandhar. Phagwara aged 5 years and above has been added up separately depends upon Ludhiana for most of the daily use and divided by the corresponding number of persons goods, such as Hosiery goods, Toys. Plastic goods who travel1ed that distance. Table XII.3, male,~ and Motor parts etc. Wooden goods, Toys and Cane and females depicts trav~l index of persons, males arriVe in the town from Hoshiarpur. Phagwara and females of the town by locality. 99

TABLE XII.3 TABLE XII.4

Travel Index of persons. males alld females by locality Travel Index of perSOIlS, Males and Females by caste or Tribe or Community (Sample data) (Sample data)

---. --~------Travel Index Locality Ttavel_.A. Index___ _ Caste/Tribe/Community , ___.A. -, .---- Person Male Female Person Male Female -----_._-- 2 3 4 2 3 4 1. Bazigar (SC) 236 298 86 2. Balmiki (SC) 273 278 267 I. Bajigar basti 236 298 86 3. Ad dharmi (SC) 390 479 245 4. Jat 546 554 537 II. Harijan Vas 327 411 200 5. Ramgarhia 982 870 1,119 6. Sansi (SC) 979 979 Ill. Modern area 836 898 763 7. Ramdasi (SC) 23 23 23 8. Gujjar 840 1,327 353 840 957 655 IV. Grain market 1,301 1,340 1,246 9. Khatri 10. Arora 573 636 502 11. Brahmin 1,098 1,211 974 V. Thathiars 704 854 496 12. Bania 1,432 1,623 1,216 13. Rajput 1600 753 234 VI. Ramgarhias 351 299 417 14. Karl (SC) 1,550 1,550 15. Nai 353 353 353 VII. Brahmins 1,114 1,262 965 16. Sunar 1,214 1,895 532 17. Saini 506 577 425 VllI. Jewellers (Sunars) 727 877 477 18. Ghumar 134 122 150 19. Thathiar 282 295 263 IX. Potters (Earthenware 20. Muslim 353 353 Makers) 150 150 150 21. Jhir 235 261 200 22. Others (unspecified) 644 716 564 X. Industrialists & Busi­ ness Men 761 868 637 NOTE : SC. stands for Scheduled Castes. XI. Jat & Saini Sikhs (Mehli Gate Area) 334 420 245 The above table reveals that males belonging to Sunar community travel the maximum followed by XII. Professors and Tea­ males of Bania and Kori communities. Males be­ chers 801 396 1,104 longing to Gujjar, Brahmin, Sansi, Khatri, Ram­ garhia, Rajput, Arora, Saini, Jat and Ad dharmi XIII. Thapar colony (JCT Mills Area) 875 communities also travel adequately. On the other 908 815 hand males' belonging to Ramdasi. Ghumar. Jhir. Balmiki, Thathiar. Bazigar, Nai and Muslim com­ munities travel comparatively less. Females of The abOve table based on sample data reveals Bania, Ramgarhia, and Brahmin com:munities that peop~e living in 'Grain market' locality travel travel frequently. Being adequately educated they the maXImum. followed by people living in do not hesitate to travel even long distances in­ 'Brahmins' locality. On the otherr hand residents dependently. Females belonging to Sansi, Kori and ?f :Potters' locality travel the least. Females of Muslim communities hardly go out of the town. Bazlgar Basti' hardly go out of the town as their Females of Ramdasi and Bazlgar communities also customs do not allow their females to travel inde­ avail least chance of travelling. Females of remain­ pendegtIy. In 'Professors and TeacherS" locality ing communities however travel moderately. females travel many times more than males. In 'Ramgarhias' locality also females travel more than 12.9 Tables XII.S and XII.6 are fairly iIlter­ males. linked. These tables, inter.alia, show visit to rural areas by members of households classified by loca­ 12.8 Table XIIA represents travel index of lity in which the members of household live. Both persons, .males and females by caste or Tribe or the tables are based on information collected from communIty. ~252 households selected in the sample. 100

TABLE XII.5 Visit to rural areas by members of households classified by locality, distallce of places visited and purpose of visit (Sample Data) l.ocality of household Total No. Number Distance Number of households whose members visited rural areas of house- of house- ofpJace ,..... ___A.. -..... holds holds from visited To attend To attend To see To cele- To see To see where fIn Kms.) marriage social relatives brate Agricul- friends members function Rakhi tural visited land rural areas ------' -----_- . 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------I. Bazigar Basti 10 1 5 II. Harijan Vas 56 7 105 1 5 III. Modern Areas 74 6 138 1 1 2 IV. Grain Market 12 2 48 2 V. Thathiars 17 1 26 1 VI. Ramgarhias 3 2 38 VII. Brahmins 4 VIII. Jewellers (Sunars) 6 IX. Potters (Earthernware makers) 2 X. Industrialists & Business men 9 XI. Jat and Saini Sikh (Mehli- gate Area) 20 6 168 3 1 XII. Professors & Teach-:rs 2 1 10 1 XIII. Thapar colony (JeT Mills Area) 37 6 1,003 5 Total 252 32 1,541 3 6 15 5 2

TABLE Xn.6 Frequency of visit to rural areas by members of household dos.rifled by locality of the households and distance of the places visited (Sample data)

Locality of Total Number Distance Number of households whose members visited household number of house­ of places r------J~------,__. of house­ holds visited Once Twice Thrice Four Five times holds where (In Kms.) times or more members visited rural areas

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I. Bangar Basti 10 1 Uptoil0 n. Harijan Vas 56 2 Upto 10 1 4 11-201 1 1 21-50 ' m. Modem:Area 74 2 Upto 10 1 1 11-201 1 3 21-50 3 IV. Grain market 12 1 11-20 1 1 21-50 V. Tbatbiars 17 I 21-50 VI. Ramgarhias 3 1 Upto 10 1 1 21-50 VII. Brahmins 4 Vm. Jewellers (sunarst 6 IX. Potters (Eart emware makers) 2 X. In4ustriaiists and Business- men 9 XI. Jat and Saini Sikh (Mehll- gate Area) 20 1 11-20 5 21-50 4 XlI. Professors and Teachers 2 I Upto 10 XIlJ. Thapar colony (Jet' Mill Area) 37 I Upto 10 :; 101-200 4

Total 252 32 14 4 6 3 5 101

It is apparent from the tables that people belong­ 12.11 Table XII.6 shows that barring Thapar ing to four localities, namely Brahmins, Jewellers colony the residents of other localities hardly ex­ (Sunar), Potters (Earthen ware makers) and Indus­ tend their .journeys beyond SO kilometers in rural trialists and Businessmen do not visit any rural areas. Most of the journey." however, end within area. In other words people living in these localities 20 kilometers or even within 10 kilometers. Resi~ have links in other urban areas only. Out of the dents of Bazigar Basti never go beyond 10 kilo­ remaining nine localities people living in Ram­ meters in rural areas. Noncthele~s, residents of garhia locality have strong links in rural areas as 'Thapar colpny' perform long journeys as in that out of 3 households selected in the sample members concern workers are attracted from all over the of two households- (moi'e than 66 p~rcent) visit country and as and when they can afford they visit rural atea.s followed bv residents of Professors and their native places at far of places. Members of Teachers loca:Jity in which case out of two house­ most of the households pay only one visit to rural holds members of one household, i.e. fifty percent, areas. Frequency of visits by members of 32. house­ visit rufal areas. Residents of other localities having holds has been determined. Members of 14,4, 6, 3 fairly good links in rural areas are Jat and Saini, and 5 households visited rural areas once, twice, Grain market and Thapar Colony localities. How­ thrice, four times and five times or more respec­ ever, as per ta:bles residents of Harijan-Vas and tively. B!lzigar Rasti maistain calmal links in rural areas and residents of Thathiar locality maintain very weak Jinks with rural areas. On the whole, out of 12.12 In the year 1987-88, 596 rickshaws and 50 252 hO!lse~ol-ds selecteq in the sample members of tongas were registered with the Municipal Com­ only 32 households 02.7 percent) visit rural areas. mittee. These rickshaws as well as tongas generally ply within the town. However, very few rickshaws 12.10 Table XII.S reveals that in most cases and tongas ply between the town and the surround­ people flO to rural areas to see their reHHives as ing villages; Whenever these ply outSide the town out of 32 households members of 15 households these rickshaws as well as tongas hardly go beyond (46.9 percent) visit rural areas for this very purpose. 5 kilometers from the periphery of the town. Ot4~r jmpot:tant reasons stated are to attend social Number of tongas is decreasing in th'e town as functiqn~. 08.8" percent), to see the Agricultural people no more want to travel by tonga these days. land (l$.~, perc~nt), and to attend marriages (9.4 Newspaper vendors supply newspapers in surround­ pergeni). People also visit rural areas to see their ing villages upto 10 kilometers from the periphery friends living there. Members of one household of the town. Newspaper vendors generally use bi­ stated that they visit rural areas in connection with cycles . to distribute newspapers in surrounding Rakhi. villages.

TABLE XII-7 Denwgraphic and economic characteristics of sampled villages-1981 Census .--.--" DiS!lt~~ from. Name of Popula- Density No. of No. of Literacy Tobil Percen- Percentage Phagwara (Krlls.) Village tion ofpopu- reS)den~ house-" rate workers -tage of of irrigated lation tial. holds secondary area to (Per Sq. houses and total cultiv- Kms.) Tertiary able area workers to total workers 1 2 3 4 5 • 6 7 8 9 10

Khotran 2,678 783 477 487 43.50 682 81.38 96.35 Chaeheki 2,977 1,341 521 554 44:64 , 1,014 90.34 100.00 Gohawar 2,016 378 324 328 40.92 550 53.82 99.31 Maull­ ·2,546 648 378 394 40.69 605 47.60 98.85 Mellat 2,208 783 302 340 47.55 593 46.54 88.19

5 to 10. Jasso Mazara 1,228 447 198 200 45.77 343 34.99 100.00 .. - Mandhali 2,410 621 387 394 48.00 501 44.31 96.05 chachrori 1,231 716 :200 200 39.81 311 21.97 83.89 Saprore 1,171 353 131 - 149" 36.81 432 73.61 97.37 More than 10 . ChakDilgam 1,569 726 267 270 49.27 ' 471 43.95 100.00 Dehram 2,458 362 423 443 44.79 669 35.72 94.93 Chaheru 2,003 353 334 352 50.52 555 44.68 100.00 102

12.13 Table XI!.7 gives village-wise figures'. 12.16 The literacy rate in the twelve sample according to 1981 Census, from primary census vil1agt:s approximates to 44.36 percent. The percent­ abstract and village directory by three distance slabs age 01 literacy with three concentric slabs in as­ ior the twelve villages sdected around Phagwara cending orCl'er of distance from Phagwara works town on Phagwara-Jalandhar. Phagwara-Banga and out to 43.46. 42.60 and 48.19. The trend in.dicates Phagwara-Ludhiana roads. Various hypotheses con­ that the twelve sample villages are not influenced cerning the linkages between the urban and the rural by the town Phagwara alone but are simultaneously life and also concerning the continuation of urban under the influence of three other towns vis., life to the rural surroundings are proposed to be Jalandhar, Banga and Ludhiana. tested with the help of these data. Analysis of the demographic and economic characteristics of these 12.17 The twelve sample villages constitute 27.59 villagc.s would determine the thresh-hold point. The percent workers out of the total population as per point where urban influence tends to become meagre 1981 Census. Phagwara tahSil rural cOIJstituted 27.14 percent workers of the total population as or practically inoperative. In other words villag~s closer to urban centres teud to have high urban per the same source. The percentage of workers intluence. In the nearest hinterland zone of the urban centre exceeds the corresponding percentage in the tahsil rural as a whole. Thus the hypothesis that village 12.14 The average population per village of the influenced by an urban centre. tend to have a large sampled villages is 2041 persons. On the other proportion of workers seems to hold good. hand the average population per village in the 12.18 The villages situated at closer distances Phagwara tahsil rural, Kapurthala district rural and from ~n urban centre usually show a larger propor­ Punjab State rural comes to 823. 551 and 941 res­ tion or workers engaged in the scconC1ary and ter­ pective1y. However. average population per village tiary sectors of economy as compared to farther of the five sampled villages within 5 kms from off villages. Thus is so sjnce urban centres provide Phagwarjl works out to 2485. Thus the average opportunities to the villagers and exert a pul1 for popUlation per village in the sample of five villages industrial and. commercial occupations which are within five kms. from Phagwara is higher than available in the said centres. The distribution of the average population per village in the sample workers engaged in the secondary and tertiary of twelve· villages in the Phagwara· tahsil rural. sectors combined in three distance slabs in the as­ Kapurthala district rural and Punjab State rural. cending order works out to 63.94 percent. 44.59 The average population per village in the three perc.ertt and 41.45 percent to total workers of that distance slabs. viz; less than 5 km, 5-l0 km and slab. more than 10 km works out to 2485 persons. 1510 persons and 2010 persons respectively. The density 12.19 The area under irrigated cultivation in the of population in the twelve sample villages appro­ three distance slabs in the ascending order of dis­ 2 ximates to 626 persons pcr km • which is higher tance is 96.54. 94.33 and, 98.31 percent. It has been than the Phagwara tahsil rural whereas the density observed that in some areas of the state hundred of popqlation in the five sample villages within the percent of the cultivated land is irrigated irrespec­ 2 five kms; approximates to 787 persons km • The tive of distance from any urban centre. Thus the density of population in the twelve sample villages notion that cultivable lands nearer the urban cen­ in the three distance slabs in ascending drder works tres are intensively irrigated hardly holds good. out to 787 persons, 534 persons and 380 persons respectively. It may be pertinent to mention here 12.20 In fact. Phagwara has been developed as a that tlYe density of population in the rural areas satellite town of J alandhar City which is much goes on decreasing as one moves away from Phag­ bigger in size. Apart from lalandhar which is 24 wara Town. kms away from Phagwara there are other urban centres also which exert ·influence on rural areas lying in between these urban centres and Phagwara. 12.15 The hypothesis that the villages nearer an Goraya, Banga and Ludhiana urban centres are . urban centre tend to have higher ratio of house­ eight, twenty-five and thirty-eight kms. respectively holds to houses. does not give encouraging evidence from Phagwara. Therefore not only Phagwara but as is clear from the Table xiI.7. There is not any other urban centres also exert their influence on significant variation in the ratio of households to rural areas situated between Phagwara and those census houses vis..a-vis the distance from the town. urban centres. Thus we can safely conclude that The reason for this is that in the Punjab State rural most of the hypotheses hold good if we keep in there is normally an independent house with every mind the iinpact of other urban centres also along- household. with Phagwara.· . CHApTER XIll CONCLUSlON Phagwara town_ which falls in district Kapurthala, Himachal Pradesh beyond Rahon and Jaijon ,Ooaba was a smalJ town before independence. It has now also. It is an equally important nodal point of blossomed into an Industrial town of fame in the roads. It has a direct road link with state capi­ state. Rapid industrialisation of the town generated tal Chandigarh via ROl?ar. Good metalled. all more employment avenues in a comparatively weather, roads connect it with Jalandhar, Pathan­ shorter period which resulted in more and more kat, Amritsar, Ludhiana. Moga via Nakodar, Nur­ inflow of popUlation into the town. According to mahal, Hoshiarpur. Nawanshahr and Garhshankar. 1981 Census. it bas become a fairly big town with The town was selected for the purpose of intensive a population of 75,961 (42,127 males and 33.834 study as it has the potential for further develop­ females) and has aU· the modem facilities which a ment in industrial. marketing and agricultural big urban unit can boast of. The percent decadal produce. trade and commerce and education. growth~ of population for the last four consecutiye decades i.e., 1'941.-51. 1951-61, 1961-71 and 13.2 On tracing the history of origin of the town 1971--81 has been worked out to be StW3; 48.2.1; it was learnt that a person named Phagu settled 45.04 and 3&'.08 tespectively showing a high but here long age. The town derived its name from the declining growth rate. The density at population as name ot Phagu and later on became popular as per 1981 Census approximates to 4,531 persons Phagwara. However, according to written records 2 per km • It has undergone considerable expansion the town remained part of erstwhile Kapurthala in industry and education. Grain market of Phag. principality. In the hierarchy Maharaja J.agat Jit want has emerged as a distinguished grain market Singh became empror of Kapurthala state in .187.1- in the state. The town at present is the headquar. and during his regime allround development of the ters of a Sub-division of the same name but jts town took place. Big industrial. units. Hospitals and importance from Industrial point of view is much some other important institutionsLbuildings came .inore than administrative. A few giant Industrial into existence in the town during his regime. Indus. units sucll as Jagatjit Cotton and Textile Mills; trial units and important public building& estab. Sukhjit Starch and· Chemicals Ltd., and Jagatjit lished in the town at that time bear his name. Apart Sugar Mills Co. exist here which are the envy of from Railway line and Rallway station which were other big towns. This apart, the town is having got constructed by the British government the potential of more than 800 small scale units, pro­ Maharaja got constructed number of roads to con­ ducing export quality prod.ucts and sharing the nect Phagwara town with other important places of country's export to a considerable extent. The town the region. is full of small scale units producing Diesel engines. its components, automobile components, electrical 13.3 Phagwara has the privilege of enjoying an accessories etc. Some of the units are manufactur­ urban status sinCe .1884. Old part of the town is ing Electronic components also. The town also has called Hadlabad. The town is administered by the some factories manufacturing medicines. Industrial town committee consisted of elected members. unitS. apart from spreading through out the length However, during the survey it was found that a apd br¢aq.th of the town are covering some rural government officer in the rank of a Sub-divisional ~s'on iis outsKirts also. The government of India Officer (Civil) was looking after the affairs of the has 'sel~teu Phagwara town to develop it as 'Model town committee as the old coblmitteo was dissolved City' upder the Integrated .Development J:>r~ ancJ a new committee was yef to be elected. gra11lO,l~. -SUch a fast growth of the town in such a short period depends upon various factors and the 13.4 The inter dependence of the town and the chief ~mong them is its Geographical location. 'The adjoining rural areas on each other seems to have town sitv.at¢ on the-G.T. road, now called Natio­ increased with the passage of time. It was learnt ruJ,I High Way No.1. is well connected both by that during the by gone days the town carried the r.an and road with almost all the CitiesLTowns of hue of a rural area. The picture. however, has the. Slate. It bas a reasonably big railway Ju,uction changed now entirely. The town depends upon the on .the maUl Amritsat-Delhi railwa~ Une. From surrounding rural areas in many ways. Importance where oR shoots· a branch line towards Nawan· of grain market of Phagwara depends directly -qpon shabr and Rahon wllim serve the trafic needs not its fertile hinterland. Apart from other crops the only of Punjab area but of some billy tracts of hinterland is growing Vist quantities of sugar-cane 103 104 which find a ready market as raw material for 13.7 According to 1981 Census about 22 percent the Sugar mill located in the town. Another mill population of the town is Scheduled Castes. Num· producing starch is not getting adequate quantity 0",[ of literates in the town is comparatively high of maize from surrounding rural areas as its raw as against 5:>.63 f~rcent literacy rate in the urban material these days. During harvesting seasons of areas of the state the lIleracy rate worked out for· wheat and paddy crops a great rush is observed ·'11e town is slightly more than :,~ percent. Propor­ in the gram market. Fresh vegdables and milk tiOn pressure in the town, especially in the middle come from the surrounding areas in sufficient cent (main workers) against 2~.51 percent in all the quantity for consumption in the town. Nonetheless, urban aleas of the state combllleo. unskilled labour iorce required for various indus­ trial units is observed to be coming to the town 13.8 With the establishment of industry~ popula­ from . surrounding rural areas for earning their tion pressure in the town. espeCially in the middle livelihood. The accruing wage incomes of the of thIS century increased and the. town began fo labourer~ and the sale proceeds of agricultural pro­ expand and subsequently government and seml duce, go a long way towards the economic amelio­ government offices were established. Transport and ration of the residents in the hinterland of Phag­ business activitIes also started increasing. With wara. the growth of population tbe area under habitation has also started expandl11g. The increaSe in popula­ 13.5 Phagwara town, in turn, supplies to its tIOn of the town can mainly be attributed to migra­ surrounding rural areas many goods and services. tion. The stuJy of migration reflects that migration Most important among these are agricultural imple. to Phagwara town is a permanent phenomenon. ments including diesel engines and their parts. In Most of the families in .fhagwara town reported addition to this people of sun-ounding villages pur­ their iorefathers having mIgrated from various chase building material, fertilizers, seeds, cloth, parts of the country have Settled themselves per­ daily use goods etc. from the town. Apart from manently by engagmg themselves iIi various kInds this for ~ducation. banking and administrative ser­ of occupations. According to survey data slightly' vices and also for medical facilities the people of more than 72 percent males reported their place the surrounding villages. depend upon the town. of birth WIthin the town where as about 40 percent However, in case of higher education children are females· reported their place of birth wIthlll the generally sent to J alandhar. Ludhiana or Chand i­ town. Females primarily migrated from the adjoin­ garh. Similarly for ailments / accidents of serious ing districts of the state ano main reason of migra­ nature patients are generally rushed to Jalandhar. tion is stated to be marriage. There is a disparity Ludhiana .or Chandigarh. in favour of female over the male migrants both in intradistrict and interdistrict. Nonetheless. females born in other states of the country also outnumber 13.6 During the last four decades people from males. How~ver; male migrants bern in other other parts of the country and also from west countries out -number females. Pakistan migrated to the town. This type of migra­ tion affected the structure of the population as well 13.9 The town, however, is not so big in size to as socio-culture and economic life of the town pose problems which are generally faced' by significantly. The cultural influence of west Paki­ the administrators and residents of big··· cit~es. stan is well noticed in -the town. In model town Workers hardly point out any problem of reaching area irrespective of their caste or religion people their place of work. As mentioned earlier the town migrated from Pakistan, predominate. In the old has- been developed along the D.T. Road. This localities like Grain Market, Brahmins locality, road passing through the heart of the town js broad Ramgarhia,· Thathiars, Jewellors and Potters loca enough to accommodate all types bf traffic. Leaving lines, by and lal'ge, people of the same ethnic group aside old town area called Hadiabad it is very easy' live together whereas in the newely developing and conve.ni(ll1t to operate in the town. Fire brigade areaS it has been observed that primarily people engines, Municipal tractors alongwith trolleys and of the same economic standard live together caring trllcks can reach in any part of the town. Workers least for their ethnic association or any other such primarily use bicycies to reach their place of work. consideration. People belonging to different castes, Nonetheless, there is no dirth of motor-cyclesl.sco­ creeds and communities are living harmoniously. oters. in the town which are generallx used by They share the joys and sorrows of each other and technicians, skilled workers and servicemen to reach live as good neighbours. The population of the t):leir pla~e of work. Industrialists and big business~ town is mostly composed of Hindus and Sikhs. men use cars to carry·on their day todaybusi~e.ss. People baving faith_'in Islam, Christianity, Jaillism, and Budhism are also found in the town. Of the 13.10 In the field of education, both academic total population about three fourth are Hindus and as well as technical" Phagwara has. its importance sHghtly less than 66 percent population of the town and ranks next only to Jalandhar, Ludhiana, Arnrit­ speak Punjabi. sar and Patiala in the state. Ramgarbi~ Institutions 105 catcr to the educational needs of the town as well committee also exist and Municipal libraries also as of surrounding arcas. It has a collcge of educa­ cater to the needs of the residents. The cinema halls tion too, which serves the state with training of are the other main sourCe of entertainment. There teachers in education arid crafts. On the engineer­ are numerous clubs and social organisations which ing side the Ramgarhia Polytechnic and Industrial mL~t lhe social and cultural needs of the town and Training Institute Phagwara provides facilities to cater to and serve for the reqUirements of the, poor coach .;unior engineers. Primary level schools are and down trodden. Besides local clubs at every available in almost all the localities. Thus there is mollalla there are numerous clubs affiliated directly no problem for the parents to send their small or indirectly to International Organisations. These children to school. However, for secondary level clubs are achieving new heights and their role is eduiation some children have to walk down a praiseworthy. While talking of Social and Cultural kilometre or two as this level of education is not activities we think of sports also which JCT Mill available in all the localities. For sti11 higher educa­ has patronised in a big way. JeT football team tion there are only a few institutions in the town ranks as high in fame and performance as that of and thus students have to reach such institutions Mohan Bag3a & Mohammedan Sporting, th~ from every corner of the town which hardly pose pioneers of fooiball in the country. Routine any problem [or the grown up children. religious activitie;, are regular in Gurdwaras and other religious shrines. The town is sanctified by a visit of Sri GurlJ. Hargobind Raj Ji the . l?l~ Pha~wara. on the. other hand. has striking simIlanty WIth other IndIan :lowns, which have 1>lxth guru or ~ikhs. The town al ..so has a big some Western influence. It is blended with indi­ temple of Lord Vishwakarma. The importan~ genous and western pattern. However, the entire festlvals include Baisakhi, Dussehra, Diwalz, Boli, town has indigenous outlook, except a few locali Ram Naumi, Janamashtmi, [d-ul-Fitter and Gur­ s ties developed recently such as 'Guru Hargobind purb . The rigidity in the traditional caste system Nagar' and Model town. The land use pattern of is declining. Pha.gwara is not different from any other typical, IndIan town. There is hardly any classified busi­ 13.14 A review of the crime statistics pertaining ness area, as the same cQntains a large number of to the town reveals tha,[ cases of violation of Deputy residential buildings. The idea of business zone is Commissioner's orders are the highest followed by rather inapplicable to' .Pragwara. Similarly the possession of illicit liquor. Apart from other cases classification of middle class and high class residen­ under violation of Arms Act and opium Act are tial areas is absent. The areas of low class residen­ also registered. tial houses are scattered at the periphery of ,the town which is typical village trait. . I 3.15 Tile demographic indicators show lhe 13.12 AccQrding to the town authorities there is tendellcy for further increase in population. no declared slum area in the town. Authorities Lalld piices in the town are high ar..d are still seem allergic to such type of areas. Moreover, risir.:s Cost of Living and poor economy of town is not sO' big in size to pose such problems. several housenolds is the general complaint and Though Phagwara is an industrial town yet it is most eifected are those belonging to lower economic free from serious health hazards. strata. Nonetheless, it would not be safe to draw concrete conclusions without having sufficient and 13.13 Apart from newspapers, periodicals, radiu­ relevant data. '1 he social scientists may derive some sets and televisions as variQus sources of indoor more fruitful results by making further field investi­ recreations. Some parks created by the muniCipal gations and by increasing the size of sample.

APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX 2-contd. Distances between various places 2 J 4 Name of the State/Union Distance Connected with Territory and place from Phagwara by LONG DISTANCE TRAINS Phagwara Broad gauge Broad gauge No Ludhiana side to 03,08 (in kms,) Amritsar 04,13 06.14 2 3 06.40 PUNJAB 06.55 Jalandhar 22 Road & Rail 08,56 11.56 Phillaur 22 Do. 16,09 Nawanshahr 35 Do. 18,08 Nakodar 35 Do. l'iU.8 Hoshiarpur 38 Do. 19,24 Ludhiana 38 Do. Do. No Ludhiana side to 01.29 Pathankot/Jammu 01.56 Khanna 76 Do. 03.43 Ropar. 80 Road 06.03 Mandi Gobindgarh 99 Road & Rail ()7.18 Amritsar 102 Do. 07.55 Sirhind 104 Do. 22.30 Do. No Pathankot 121 Do. Amritsar to Ludhiana 05.55 side 08.20 Rajpura 133 Do. 10.26 Patiala 135 Do. 13.52 Bathinda 210 Do. 15.42 HARYANA 18.49 19.02 Ambala 163 Do. 20.35 Kurukshetra 198 Do. 21.19 Kamal 234 Do. 22.19 Panipat 269 Do. 23.47 JAMMU & KASHMIR Do. No Jammu/Pathankot to 00.26 Ludhiana side 01.12 Jammu 2~6 Do. 02.34 Srinagar 523 Road 03.23 CHANDIGARH (U.T.) 04.28 Chandigarh • 122 Road 21.05 DELHI (U.T.) 21.57 Delhi . 355 Road & Rail APPENDIX 3 APPENDIX 2 Short distance places connected by bus service Trains which halt at Phagwara S1. Name of the place Distances Condition No. Size of Rail- Whether Names of the originat- Frequency', from of the road way line Originat- ing and terminus of service Phagwara Broad/Metre/ ing from stations of the trains (Arrival (In Kms.) Narrow gauge the town time) Yes/No 2 3 4 2 3 4 1 Sangatpur 15 Metalled LOCAL TRAINS 2 Pathi Ranipur 15 Do. Broad gauge No Amritsar to Ludhiana 05.55 3 Merata 15 Do. 07.30 4 Mundali 15 Do. 08.55 S Phanshta 16.39 20 Do, 18.09 6 Badan via Phrala 20 Do. Do. No Jalandhar to Nawanshahr 06.48 7 Jandiala 20 Do, 08.46 8 Kukar pind . 10.57 20 Do. 14.57 9 Jagatpur Jattan Via SaraH 20 Do. Do. 18.38 10 Bangia 22 No Ludhiana to Jalandhar 12.10 Do. 15.11 11 Mukandpur. 25 Do. 21.06 12 Tasia Do. No Nawanshahr to Jalandhar 25 Do. 08.43 13 catha via Ghuman, Bhorali 13.07 Katarian . . . 14.56 25 Do. 18.41 14 Nurmahal 28 Do. 22.05 15 Rajpur Bhaian 28 Do.

l08 109

APPENDIX 4 Distribution of Workers and Non-workers by Sex, Caste or Tribe or Community and Broad Age Groups (Sa mple Data)

SI. Caste/Tribe! 0-14 15-59 No. Community r- Workers Non-Workers Workers Non-Workers r- r- r- .A.. r- .A.. Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1 Ad dharmi (SC) 3 3 60 28 32 60 60 72 18 54 2 Balmiki (SC) 48 25 23 21 21 37 6 31 ' 3 Bazigar (SC) 34 14 20 15 15 22 3 19 4 Ramdasi (SC) 2 2 1 1 2 2' 5 Kori (SC) 1 1 6 Sansi (SC) 4 3 1 1 1 1 7 -Jhir 1 1 3 3 3 3 8 Arora 39 23 16 46 42 4 49 8 41 9 -Bania 29 14 15 22 21 1 28 7 21 10 --Brahmin . 59 35 24 44 42 2 52 7 4S 11 Ghumar. 6 3 3 3 3 4 1 3 ]2 Gujjar . 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 13 Jat Sikh. 23 10 13 23 20 3 26 7 19 14 Khatri 72 44 28 61 58 3 73 19 54 15 Muslim 1 1 16 Nai 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 17 Rajput 12 8 4 15 14 13 3 10 18 Ramgarhia 18 11 7 14 13 18 2 16 ]9 Saini 40 18 22 51 SO 58 8 SO 20 Sunars 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 21 Thathiars 11 6 5 5 5 5 5 22 Unspecified (Others) : 27 14 13 25 25 35 5 30 TOTAL 3 3 495 265 230 416 400 16 502 94 408

APPENDIX 4-rontd. ---.------. 81. CastefTrib_e/ 60+ All ages No. Community r- A.. ,___"'" r- Workers Non-workers Workers Non-workres r- .- .- r- Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male -_,Female 2 15 16 17 18, 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

1 Ad dharmi (SC) 4 4 9 2 7 67 67 140 47 93 2 Balmiki (SC) ~3 3 8 5 3 24 24 94 37 57 3 Bazigar (SC) . 2 2 1 1 17 17 57 18 39 4 "Ramdasi (SC) . 1 1 4 2 2 5 Kori (SC) 1 1 6 Sansi (SC) 1 1 5 3 -2 7 Jhir 3 3 4 1 3 8 Aror 4 4 - 8 2 6 50 46 4 96 33 63 9 "Banh 5 5 5 5 27 26 1 62 21 41 10 Brahmi n : 3 3 8 4 4 47 45 2 119 46 73 11 Ghumar. ~ 1 1 1 1 4 4 11 4 7 12 Gujar . 1 1 5 3 2 13 Jat Sikh, 1 1 3 1 2 24 21 3 52 18 34 14 Khatri 8 8 _ 8 - 2 6 69 66 3 153 6' 88 15 Muslim 1 1 16 Nai 1 1 1 3 3 7 2 S 17 Rajput . 1 1 15 14 1 26 12 14 18 Ramgarhia 1 1 3 1 2 15 14 1 39 14 25 19 Saini 8 8 14 5 9 59 58 1 112 31 81 20 Sunars 2 1 1 1 1 S 2 3 21 Thathiars 2 1 1 S 5 18 7 11 22 Unspecified (Others) 1 1 3 1 2 26 26 65 20 45 TOTAL 42 42 71 27 SO 461 445 16 1,074 386 688

NOTE : SC. Stands for Scheduled Castes, " 110

APPENDIX 5 EmploY11Jent Status of Workers by Locality and Sex (5ampll Data)

Name of locality Total workers Employment Stltus by Sex r- , Persons Male Female Employers Employees Sina1c workers r- .- Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Pomale 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

I. Bazigar Basti 17 17 11 11 ..... n. Harijan Vas 90 90 2 2 35 35 43 43 m. Modem Area 143 134 9 14 12 2 34 29 S 30 2& -2 lV. Grain .Market 23 22 1 7 7 3 3 V. TItathiars 37 37 5 5 7 7 14 14 VI. Ramgarhias (Ser- vice profession) 5 5 2 2 1 1 YD. Brahmins 14 13 1 6 5 - 2 2 vm. Jewellers (Sunars) 12 12 2 2 1 7 IX. Potters (Earthen- ware makers) 3 3 . 1 2 2 X. Industrialists and Businessmen 16 16 5 S . 1 1 6 6 XI. Jat and Saini Sikhs (Mehligate area agriculturists 52 50 2 10 9 1 4 3 1 XII. Professors & Teachers 4 2 2 4 2 2 xm. Thapar Colony (J.C.T. Mill Area Textile workers) . 45 44 1 43 42 2 2 _--_----Total 461 445 16 35 33 2 144 134 10 125 122 3 APPENDIX 5-collc/d. Employment statUs-- by sex Name or locality Family workers Cultivators, Agricultural Labourers ,.---. ~ P"ersons Male Fernal, Persons Male Female Persons Male ;Pemale 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

I. Bazigar Basti 5 5 n. Harijan Vas 10 10 m. Modem Area 62 62 3 3 IV. Grain Market 13 12 1 V. Thathiars 11 11 VI. Ramgarhias (Ser- -- vice profession) . 2 2 YD. Brahmins 6 6 vm. Jewellers (Sunars) 3 3 IX. Potters (Earthen- ware makers) x. IndiJsttiaiists and Businessmen 4 4 ""'I" XI. Jat and Saini Sikhs (MehUpte area agriculturists) 37 37 1 1 XII. ProfesSors & Teachers ._, xm Thapar Colony (J.C.T. Mill Area Textile workers) . ....

ToW 114 113 1 42 42 ~ 1 1

NOI'B: 1. Cultivator-We shall call them self employed agriculturist. 2. Airiculture labour-We shall call them the employee of self employed AaricijJtQrlst. 111

APPENDIX 6 Employment status of workers by sex, caste or tribt or community (Sample Data) Total workers Employers Employees Single workers --". A...... __.~ CastejTribe/Community r . , j ~ Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Persons Male Female 1 2 ----3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Ad dharmi (SC) 67 67 3 3 20 20 34 34 Ravi~(SC) 1 1 1 Bakniki (SC) 24 24 17 17 7 7 Baziaar (SC) !. 17 17 1 11 11 Saasi (SC) 1 1 1 1 . K:orl(SC) 1 1 1 1 Nai 3 3 1 1 lat Sikh 24 21 3 2 1 8 '7 1 3 2 R.;Im,p,rhia 15 14 1 1 7 6 1 2 2 Gv.uar . 1 1 1 1 ..... ~ Khatri • 69 66 3 8 8 17 IS 2 20 19 1 Arora 50 46 4 8 7 9 7 2 11 10 t Brahmin 47 4S 2 6 6 22 20 2 5 5 ~ , 27 26 1 3 3 8 8 '7 7 Jtajput • 15 14 1 1 1 12 11 1 2 2 SaiPi . S9 58 1 1 1 10 9 1 6 6 Sunar 1 1 1 1 Thathiar 5 S 3 3 1 1 Gbumar 4 4 2 2 2 2 Ibir 3 3 1 1 2 2 Muslim • 1 1 1 1 Other Unspecified 26 26 2 2 3 3 9 9 Total 461 445 16 35 33 2 144 134 10 125 122 3

APPENDIX 6-conc1d. Family workers CUltivators Agricultural Labourers Caste/l'ribe/Community 0- r------. _. Persons Male Female Persons Male Female Presons Male Female 1 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Ad dbaimi (SC) 10 10 Ravidasia (SC) Bahniki.(SC) Bazipr (SC) • 5 S SaDsi (SC) ICon (SC) - Nai 2 2 Jat Sikh 11 11 Ramaarhia 3 3 2 2 ._ Gujjar • Khatri • 24 24 Arora 21 21 1 1 Brahmin· 14 14 Banla 9 8 1 Ilajput. Saini 13 13 28 28 1 1 Sunar · l'batbiu· 1 1 Ghumar Jhir Muslim. • • Qthbt tJi1SpeclW • 12 12 - ---- Total • 114 llS 1 42 42 I 1 - Non : Sc. ItIIlds for Sehecfwed C¥- ]12

APPENDIX 7 Distributioll of households by employmellt depth (Number of workers ill the households) . (Sample data)

Households by size and number of adults having no. of workers noted in col. 1 Number of workers'in the ------~ ,----- ~ household Number of households 1-3 4-6 7-10 11 & above m':l11bers memb~r; -- -members--_._------m~mbers 2 3 4 5 6 ------. .. ------__ _------~.------Nil 4 (3) 2 (5) I (4) 1 (4) - (-) ] 123 (356) 34 (68) 70 (207) 19 (81) - (-) 2 63 (264) 33 (119) 29 (137) 1 (8) 3 45 (274) 1 (3) 11 (53) 24 (152) 9 (66) 4 10 (69) - (-) 2 (12) 5 (33) 3 (24) 5 and above. 7 (61) -(-r - (-) 4 (29) 3 (32) ------.---._------._-_.------Total 252(1037) 37 (76) 117 (395) 82 (436) 16 (130)

NOTE :-Figures for numl)~r of adults have b~;:n given in plre.llh.!,is alo.1_gwith n:.l n')~r of h J.j ;~h)ldl given in each colum1

APPENDIX 8 Distribution of hOl/seho/ds by unemployment dept'l (ivumher of unemployed in the household) (S':lm!_)le data)

Number of unemployed Households by size and No. of adults having No. of non-workers noted in C:>l. 1 including those who are ,- seeking work Number of households 1-3 4-6 7-10 11 & above m~m1)~1'3 m!mbers m~mbers m!mbers ------_-- ._------.------~- ----.. 2 3 4 5 6 ------.------~---.--. ----_ Nil 16(24) 10(12) 6(12) -(-) -(-) 1 68(156) 18(37 42(96) 8(23) -{-) 2 73(288) 8(24) 41(157) 23(102) 1(5) 3 46(234) 1(3) 21(94) 22(124) 2(13) 4 and above 49(335) -(-) 7(36) 29(187) 13(112) ------__ . Tofal 252(1037) 37(76) 117(395) 82(436) 16(130) ------_------_._------_.. _--_._----_-- NOTE: Figures for number of anults have been given in p:uenthesis

APPENDlX9 Personr Seeking E'I1p../oy,nellt By R'!/igion and D;lratiolt Of Stay 1ft the Towll By Sex (Sample data) _._------,--- Religion Person seeking emploYIl.ent by duration of stay and sex 6-9 Years- ]0"-19 Years 20+ Years Total Remarks ,----"- ,---"-_-, ,_.A. ,--A-.__ , Per- Male Female Per- Male Female Per- male Female Per- Male Fe­ sQns sons sons sons male

2 3 4 5

Hindu 4 Sikh Muslim Total 1 5 113

APPENDIX 10 Persons Seeking Employment By Caste/Tribe/CommunitY and Duration OJ Stay In the Town (S3mpie data)

SJ. Caste/Tribe/ Persons seeking employment by duration of stay No. Community ,------~,------. 6-9 years 10-19 Years 20 + Years Total Remarks ,-'----. r--"----, ,--"- ,~ Per- Male Fe- Per- Male Fe- Per- Male Fe- Per- Male Fe­ sons male sons male sons male sons male

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. Bazigar (SC) , 2 2 2 2 Categories having no 2. Khatri 1 1 2 2 entries have been dropped 3. Brahmin 1 1 4 Ramgarhia(Sikh) 1 2 5. Saini 1 1 6. Rajput 2 2 2 2 7. Muslim 1

.-~.--- .... ------~----- Total 5 4 5 3 2 11 7 4 SC. Stands for &cheduled castes.

APPENDIX 11 Persons Seeking Employment By Sex, Last Residence And Duration oj Stay In The Town (Sample data)

Persons seeking Employment By Duration of Stay and Sex Remarks Sl. Last residence r No. of the person 6-9 Years 1()"19 Years 20+ Years Total r-----"- r---"------. r___.A.. Per- Male Fe- ' Per- Male Fe- Per- Male Fe- Per- Male Fe- sons male sons male sons male sons male

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. Non-migrant . 1 3 2 5 3 2 9 5 4 Categories having no (Born in the town) entries have been drop~ 2. Last residence in 2 2 2 2 other States -_--__ .. _-----_. Total 1 . 1 5 4 5 3 2 11 7 4

APPBNDIX12 Persons Seeking Employment By State OJ Origin, Sex and Duration OJ Stay In the Town (sample dMa)

81. State/country to Persons Seeking Employment By Duriation Of Stay Remarks No. which the per­ son belongs 6-9 Years 10-19 Years 20+ Years Total r--"---. r~ r._..-_A... _____ Per- Male Fe- Per- Male Fe- Per- Male Fe­ Per- Male Fe- sons male sons male sons male sons male ._---- 2. 3 4 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1. Himachal Pradesh . 2 2 2 2 Categories having no 2. Punjab 1 2 1 3 1 2 6 2 4 entries have been dropped . 3. Uttar Pradesh 1 1 1 , 4. Pakistan 2 2 2 2 Total 1 1 S 4 5 3 2 11 V 4 ------U4

APPENDIX .13 Number of Persons Seeking Employment By Age, se.'( ,Educational Level and Registration With Employment Exchange (Sample data)

Educationall;vel Seeking employment and resgistered with Seeking employment and not ~istered Remarks employment exchange (age.group) with employment exchange (age-group) ,- ,-__.----A. 15·24 25-34 15·24 25-34 35+ ,-~ ---'------, ,__...._" ,-___..____., r--~ Male Fe- Male Fe- Male Fe- Male Fe- Male Fe- male male male male male

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Primary -.. CatoBories Mattie 2 having no entries Diploma & certificate have been dropped Degree & above 1 1 1

Total 1 /2 4 1 115

APPENDIX-1S Number of Persons Seeking Employment for the First time by age, Sex and Educatiollal Level (sample data) ------...------Total Number Educational Level Remarks Age-group r----"-,--....., r------~ Per· Male Fe­ Matric Diploma.------, & Degree & above son male cestificate r------""--...., r-__';"---. r----""--. Per· Male Fe· Per- Male Fe. Per· Male Fe· son male son male son j ;jQ male

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14

15-19 2 2 2 2 Categories having 20-24 no entries have been 25-29 2 dropped

_.. -._- .------~------"--.-.-...... -...-~-~~--~-.- .. Total 4 3 2 2

APPENDIX 16 Number ofpersolls seekiltg employmellt for tlte first time by sex, educational level altd type of employment sought (SamJle data) ------_ ------.. -, --,---" ------Educational Level Type of employment ~ ______-_____ -----A------~ Remarks sought Matric Diploma & Degree & Total Certificate above ,--"----. ,--"----, ,----"---, r-----A..----, Male Female Male Female Malc Female Male Female ------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1, Overseer Categories having no entries have been dropped 2, Tcachingjob 3· Government service 4, T.V. Mechanic

Total 2 1 3

------_.,,------"

APPENDIX 17 Dtsc,iption and DW'(Jtion of PreviOUS Employment 0/ Persolts seeking Employment by Sex (Sample data)

" DesaiptiOA of previous .mployment " Durati9n of Number of seeking employment employment before r- ~ discontinuation Persons Male Female 1 2 4 4 S 1. Lecturer • 3 Months 1 2, Teacher • 2!years 1 4 Years 1 3. Chowkidar 1 1 4. Manufacturing of Iron drums 1 Year 1 1 5. Clerk. 2 Months 6. -Cycle r.ep.air - • 2 Yeara 1 1 1. Vending 4 Years 1 1 Total 1 4 3 116

APPENDIX 18 Descriptioll of Previous Employment and Reason for lJiscontilluatioll (Sampic data) ------D~;.:riplion of previous employment Reason for Number discontinuation r- , Persons Male Female

~--~------_ 2 3 4 5

1. Lecturer Leave Vacancy

2. Manufacturing of Iron drums Domestic

3. Chowkidar Better prospectus (Foreign)

4. Teacher Domestic problems and to look after children 1

5. Clerk. Temporary

6. Cycle repair Better prospectus

7. Vending Better prospectus

Total 7 4 3

APPENDIX 19 Occupation consonance ofpersons seeking Employment by sex who had previous Employment by the Type of occupation sought (Sample data) ----_ ------"., Description of occupaton sought Number where Employment sought is Number where Empllyment sought is not in consonance with the previous in consonance with pevious Employment employmentr------'------', r-----____A.,___._--, Persons Male Female Persons Male Female

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Lecturer 1 1

2. Teacher 1 1

3. Clerk 1 1 1 1

4. Driver 1 1

5. Refrigerator mechanic 1 1

6. Mechanic's job in some factory 1 1

Total 3 3 4 4 117

APP<3NDIX 20

De/ailed p{lrlieu/lli's o//ucl

---.. ---~-----~--.-~------~------~---~~~. ------< Size (Large/Medium/ Type with Location Approximate No, Approximate area Nature of Small) reference to the under the establi- _ power in " main prodw;t shmcnt (rn hectare'i} KW

2 3 4 5 6 ------~ .. ---~.------~---~-.---.--- . ------_- Large Textile mill G.T. Road 60.00 4,225 Medium Sugar mill G.T. Road 2 2.50 2,304 Medium Starch Manufacturing Sarai Roa- I 3.00 1,932 unit S.S.l. Unit Electrical Porcelian G.T. Road, N.A. 0.20 10 Adjacent to Sugar Mill Small scale industry Electrical goods i.e., Plahi Road N.A. 0.06 14 M.C. Switches kit kats, M.e. Cut outs Small scale Industry Agricultural G.T. Road N.A. 0.53 50 implements Small scale Industry Auto parts 24-lndustrial area N.A. 0.17 68 Small scale Industry Diesel engines parts, G.T. Road N.A. 0.03 25 goods & electrical goods Small scale industry Brass parts of diesel Near old girls school, N.A. 0.01 6 engine i.e., Bushes (Bazar Sarafan) Gun metal, Brass union, Air cocks, Brass ------.------._---_._--

APPENDIX-20 Contd.

------.------~ Size' (Large/Medium/ Approximate No. of Approimate output personnel Small) ,-______A______., ,-.~----"------., Admn. Skilled Unskilled Volume Volume Supervi· & others in Rs. visory (Lacs) ------7 8 9 10 11 ...------~-.--- Large 183 4,762 3,105 (1) Cloth 309.50 5,497.74 Lac. Mtrs. (2) Yarn 3'.85 Lac. Kgs. (3) Fents, 5.62 Rags & Chindies Lac. Kgs. Medium 19 326 377 12,109 Tons 592 Medium 24 153 280 20690.583 Tons 554.49

S.S.I. Unit 1 15 N.A. 0.58

Small scale Industry 2 2 14 N.A. 14.67

Small scale Industry 2 8 N.A. 15.08 Small scale Industry 4 2 36 N.A. 66.93 Small scale Industry 2 6 2 N.A. 18.88

Small scale Industr), Self 6 Nos N.A. 2.77

" 118

APPENDIX 20-coneld. .. Capital amount in J Source Profit Rs./Lacs Divident to share Bonus to employees in lacs as on closing,rr ay J' holder of the financial year .... r-- Fixed Circulatiu,

12 13 14 15 16 17

2,626.70 3,036.70 Financial institutions banks and 654.18 20% 8.33% internal sources 9.67 Lacs N. .\. 13.75 Sharel10lders 13.79 Rs. 1. 65 Lacs 16.22 Lacs 338.07 419.54 Shareholders funds secured loans, un- 39.49 Rs. 12.23 Lacs 4.23 Lacs secured loans, others 0.14 1.85 Bank, Own and private parties • 0.14 Rs. 0.14 Lacs Rs.9881.25 1.06 2.60 Banks and own 0.07 N.A. Rs.622S.00 5.52 3 •. 29 Banks . 0.82 Nil &s.6124.82 12.72 19.03 Baokandown 1.09 Rs. O. SS Lacs 0.23 Lacs 4.80 15.00 Bank and own sources N.A. N.A. N.A. 0.79 0.67 Bank and own sources 0.48 N.A. N.A.

APPENDIX 21 Distribution D/ Surveyed HDuseholds and Population by Locality, Religion and Sex (Rellg(on of the Head of Household) (Sample Dut,,)

Hindu Muslim Sikh Reliaion not Stated Total 81. Locality r---"----'I .-----'---; ,----"'- :.. No. House- Malo Fe- House- Male Fe- House- M.alc Fe- House· Male Fe- House· Male Fe- hold. malo holds male holds male holds male holds male

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

I. Baz:iaar Basti • 10 35 39 10 35 39 n. Hari,ian Vas .' 54 168 142 2 6 6 56 174 14& Ill. ModemArea . 49 170 148 25 80 70 74 250 218 IV. O_mar", . 11 39 30 1 4 1 12 43 31 V. Thatbiats 17 75 61 17 7S 61 VI. RamaarhillS (Sa-vice 3 11 8 3 11 8 ProftlliOD.)J. VIL BrahIJ:da 4 22 20 4 22 20 VIIL Jewellers (SUnatI) 6 23 13 6 23 13 IX. Potters (Earthenwere makers) 2 7 7 2 7 7 X. Industrialists and Bll8incss· 9 31 31 9 31 31 mea Xl. Jat and SailJi Sikh (Meb.Jj. Z 4 2 18 72 66 20 76 68 sate Area, Aaricu1tu,rists) XIL ProfCbol'l and Teachers • 2 3 6 2 , xm. Thapar cOlOIlY (I.e:r. Mill 31 68 46 3 8 5 3 5 3 37 .81 54 Area) TOTAL 195 642 539 3 8 5 52 175 IS4 2 6 6 252 831 704 119

APPENDIX 22

Distribution of Population by Age, Sex and Marital Status (Sample Data) ------_ ------~-:---

Marital Status..A. ___ and Sex _ Age-group Never Married Married Widowed Total Remarks .-_------"-__----, ,.---A._----. ,_------A-_-, r-----A..---, Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ----- _------0-4 . 76 83 76 83 Categories having 5-9 . 92 76 92 76 no entries have been 10-14 100 71 100 71 dropped 15-19 80 58 3 80 61 20-24 75 28 9 44 84 72 25-29 16 2 59 63 - 75 65 30-34 4 53 52 57 52 35-49 2 130 113 3 132 116 50-59 62 55 3 3 66 58 60':_69 35 25 3 7 39 32 70+ . 23 11 7 7 30 18 Total 447 318 371 366 13 20 831 704

APPENDIX 23 Distribution of Surveyed Population, Excluding 0-4 Years Attending/ Not Attending EdUCational Institutions by Sex, Age-group and Refitgion (Sample Data) -

Religion Age Total Number StudYing Number not Studying group r-- "------. r------A.. Male Female Male Female Male Female

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Hindu 5-9 82 64 78 55 4 9 10-14 78 56 68 45 10 11 15-19 61 42 39 21 22 21 20-24 55 51 9 9 46 42 25+ 308 260 3 305 260 2. Sikh -- 5-9 8 11 7 11 1 10-14 20 14 20 14 15-19 16 15 9 10 7 5 20-24 28 21 5 4 23 17 25+ 86 77 2 86 7S 3. Jains -Nil- 4. Christian -Nil- S. Budhist -Nil- 6. Muslim 5-9 1 10-14 1 15-19 2 2 2 2 20-24 25+ 3 2 3 2 7. Others 5-9 1 10-14 1 1 15-19 1 2 2 1 20-24 1 1 25+ 2 2 2 2 89-L! J(N)672RGI-9 120

APPENDIX 24 J)istribution of Population Excludz'ng 0-4 Years Attending/Not Attending Educational Institutions by Sex, Age-group and Caste or Community (Sample Data)

Caste or tribe or community Age-group Total Number Studying ,______.._.Number not Studying Males Females • Males Females Males Females

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1. Bazigar (Se) 5-9 6 4 6 2 2 10-24 5 6 4 1 5 15-19 3 4 1 2 4 20-24 2 4 2 4 25+ 16 11 16 11 Total 32 29 11 3 21 26

2. Sansi (SC) . 5-9 10--14 1 1 1 1 15-19 - 20-24 25+ 1 1 1 1 Total 2 2 1 2 1

3. Balmiki (SC) 5-9 13 8 12 5 1 3 1'()-14 9 10 8 7 1 3 15-19 3 2 2 1 2 20--24 4 7 4 7 25+ 27 24 1 26 24 Total 56 51 23 12 33 39

4. Ad dharmi (SC) • ~5-9 13 10 11 9 2 1 10--14 9 9 5 8 4 1 15-19 . 20 13 8 50 12 8 20-24 18 8 17 8 25+ 47 41 47 41 Total 107 81 25 22 82 S9

S. Ramdasi (SC) 5-9 1 1 10-14 1 1 15--19 1 1 20--24 25+ 1 1 1 1 Total 3 2 3 2

6. Kori (SC) 5-9 r~14 15-19 20-24 25+ 1 1 Total 1 1

7: Jat Sikh . 5-9 4 3 4 3 10--14 4 7 4 7 15-19 5 6 3 3 2 3 20-24 6 1 1 5 25+ 18 17 18 17 Total 37 34 12 14 25 20 121

APPENDIX 24-contd.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

8. Gujjar 5-9 1 10-14 1 15-19 20-24 25+ 1 1 Total 3 2 2 1 1

9. Khatri 5-9 13 9 13 8 1 10-14 21 7 21 7 15-19 15 5 11 2 4 3 20-24 15 9 4 3 11 6 25+ 57 49 2 55 49 Total 121 79 51 20 70 S9

10. Ramgarhia 5-9 3 2 3 2 10-14 5 2 5 2 15-19 1 2 2 1 20--24 2 1 1 1 25+ 15 15 2 15 13 Total 25 23 8 9 17 14

11. Arora 5-9 9 9 8 9 10--14 5 4 4 4 15-19 6 8 6 6 2 20-24 10 8 1 9 8 25+ 40 35 40 35 Total 70 64 19 19 '1 4S 12. Brahmin . 5-9 13 10 13 9 1 1(};-14 14 7 14 7 15-19 4 4 4 4 20-24 5 5 3 3 2 2 25+ 47 42 47 42 Total 83 68 34 23 49 45

13. Ghumar 5_-9 2 1, 10-14 15-19 2Q-24 25+ 4 4 4 4 TOtal 6 6 5 5

14. Bania 5-9 5 5 5 5 10-14 4 6 4 6 15-19 3 2 20-24 3 3 2 3 25+ 27 23 27 23 Total 42 38 12 12 30 26

lS~ Rajput 5-9 2 2 10-14 3 3 3 3 15-19 3 2 3 2 20-24 2 2 2 2 25+ 13 7 13 7 Total 23 14 8 5 15 9 122

APPENDIX 24~concld

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

16. Saini 5-9 2 6 2 6 10-14 7 4 7 4 15-19 8 7 4 5 4 2 20-24 17 13 3 14 13 25+ 46 40 46 40 Total 80 70 16 15 64 S5

17. Nai 5-9 1 1 1 1 10-14 1 1 1 1 15-19 20-24 1 25+ 3 2 3 2 Total S 5 2 2 3 3

18. Thathiar 5-9 10-14 1 1 15-19 1 1 20-24 25+ 2 1 2 Total 2 3 2 3

19. Sunar 5-9 1 1 10-14 15-19 20-24 25+ 2 2 2 2 Total 2 3 1 2 2

20. Muslim 5-9 10-14 1 1 15-19 2 2 2 2 20-24 25+ 2 2 1 Total 5 3 3 2' 3

21. Unspecified (Other) 5-9 5 6 5 6 10-14 9 2 8 15-19 6 3 4 3 2 20-24 1 9 - 5 4 25+ 29 24 29 24 Total 50 44 17 15 33 29

NOTE : SC. stands for Scheduled Castes Ii3

APPENDIX 25 Distribution of households by number of members, migration status and place of birth of household ----.------(Sample Data) Migration status and place of Number of households having members birth of head of household r- Single 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 and Total " above

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

(A) Non-migrant (Born in the town) 2 6 18 14 43 19 11 5 118 (B) Migrant

I. Born outside the town but within the district (Kapurthala) Rural 5 7 Urban 1 1 3

11. Born in other districts of the State

(1) Gurdaspur Rural 1 2 Urban 1 (2) Firozpur Rural 1 Urban 1

(3) Ludhiana . Rural 2 2 Urban

(4) Jalandhar Rural 1 3 3 5 3 1 16 Urban 2 2 1 5 (5) Hoshiarpur Rural 1 1 2 3 2 3 1 14 Urban 1 1 2 (6) Patiala Rural - Urban 1

III. Born in other states (1) Bihar Rural 4 3 2 10 Urban

(2) Haryana Rural Urban (3) Himachal Pradesh Rural 1 2 5 Urban 1 2 (4) Madhya Pradesh Rural l' Urban

(5) Maharashtra Rural Urban

(6) Rajasthan Rural 2 Urban 1

(7) Uttar Pradesh Rural 2 5 2 9 Urban 1 1 2 5 IV. Born in other countries

Pakistan 2 2 7 9 10 5 5 40 1 Bangia Desh I

Total 8 8 21 36 45 75 31 21 7 252 1~4

APPENI;>JX 26 " Distribution of Households by Migration status and place of Birth of head of Household and composition by Sex and Age status of members (Minor up fa age 14, Adult 15 and above) (Sample Data) -,------' Migration status and_place of birth of head of Number of Household where composition by sex and age of hOl1sehold members is r- ---.A- Adult male Adult male Adult male/ Adult female/ Total Remarks and female and female males only females only and minor male/female

2 3 4 5 6 7

A. Non-migrant (Born in the town phagwara) 94 24 118 Categories ha- ving no entries have been drop- ped B. Miarant I. Born outside the town but within the district (Kapurthala) Rural 5 2 7 Urban 3 3 II. Born other Distffcts of the state 1. Gurdaspur Rural 2 2 Urban 2. Firozpur Rural 1 1 - Urban- 1 1 3. Ludhiana Rural 2 2 Urban 4. Jalandhar Rural 13 3 16 Urban 4 1 5 5. Hoshiarpur Rural 11 2 14 Urban 2 2 6. Patiala Rural Urban III. Born in other states

1. Bihar Rural 6 4 10 Urban 2. Hazyana Rural Urban 3. Himachal Pradesh Rural 3 1 5 Urban 1 1 2 4. Madhya Pradesh Rural Urban 5. Maharashtra Rural - Urban 6. Rajasthan Rural 2 Urban 7. Uttar Pradesh Rural 6 1 2 9 Urban 3 1 1 5

IV. Born in other Countries

1. Pakistan 26 12 40 2. BangIa Desh Total 188 53 10 252 125 c,<:' APPENDIX 27 Distribution:oj Households by Locality and Place oj Birth oj Head oj Hoftsehold (Sample.Data) Households where had of household boni in------~~------·1 Sl. Locality • Same town Withill District No. (Phagwara) • • Number %age to total , Rural Urban Number % to total Number % to total

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

I. Bazigar Basti 3 1.2 n. Harijan Vas 36 14.3 2 0.8 1 0.4 III. Modern Area 24 9.5 2 0.8 2 0.8 IV. Grain market 2 0.8 1 0.4 V. Thathiars 17 6.7 VI. - Ramgarhias . 0.4 VII. - Brahmins 3. 1.2 VIII. Jewellers 5 2.0 IX. Potters 2 0.8 X. Industrialists & Businessmen 7 2.7 XI. Jat & Saini, Sikhs 17 6.7 XII. Professors and Teachers 1 0.4 XIII. Thapar colony 1 0.4 1 0.4 Total 118 46.7 7 2.8 3 1.2

APPENDIX 27-Contd. . ------SI. Locality Households where head of household born in other Districts of State No. r- Gurdaspur Firozpur Ludhiana r- , Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban----' .----'--, .---"- r-__"_~ r-__"_~ .~ .---,,-~ Num· %age Num· %age Num· %age Num· %age Num- %age Num- ~.,age ber to ber to ber to ber to ber to her to total total total total total total ----- 1 2 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

I Bazigar Basti ....;;...... n. Harijan Vas III. Modern Area 1 0.4 1 0.4 0.4 0.4-- IV. Grain market V. Thathiars VI. Ramgarhias . 1 0.4 VII. Brahmins 1 0.4 VIII. Jewellers IX. Potters X. Industrialists & Businessmen XI. Jat & Saini, Sikhs XII. Professors and Teachers XIII. Thapar colony 0.4 Total 2 0.8 0.4 1 0.4 0.4 2 0.8 126

APPEDIX 27-cQntd.

Households where head of household born in other districts of the state Sl. Locality Ialandhar Hoshiarpur P.ltiaia No. ,- , ____A.. , Rural Urban Rural Urban ,"_.A.Rural ____ Urban ,------A.----, ,--..J... __, ,----"------, ,-----"------, , __ .A.. _----, Number %age Number %age Numb::r %age Number %age Number %age Number %age to to to to to to total total total total total total

2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

I. Bazigar Basti II. Harijan Vas 5 2.0 2 0.8 1 0.4 1 0.4 III. Modern Area 8 3.1 1 0.4 4 1.6 1 0.4 0.4 IV. Grain market 1 0.4 0.4 3 1.2 V. Thathiaras VI. Ramgarhias . VII. Brahmins VIII. Iewellers • IX. Potters X. Industilalists & Businessmen 0.4 1 0.4 XI. Jat & Saini, Sikhs 0.4 2 0.8 XII. Professors and Teachers 0.4 XIll. Thapar colony 3 1.2 ------Total 16 6.3 5 2.0 14 5.6 2 0.8 0.4

APPENDIX 27-contd. ------Other States ,- , Himachal Pradesh Bihar Haryana , ___--.A.. ,- ,- ., Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban ,----"---, ,---"- ,-__./0.. __-, ,---"---. ,_./0..__ , ,_--A.___, Number r.,age Number r.,age Number %age Number r.,age Number %age Number%age to to to to to to total total total total total total

2 33 34 3S 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44

I. Bazigar Basti II. Harijan Vas III. Modern Area 1 0.4 0.4 IV. Grain market 0.4 V. Thathiaras VI. Ramgarhias VII. Brahmins VIIl. Jewellers IX. Potters X. Industrialists & Businessmen XI. Iat & Saini, Sikhs XII. Professors and Teachers XIII. Thapar colony 10 4.0 ------4 1.6 2 0.8 Total 10 4.0 0.4 0.4 5 2.0 2 0.8 121

APPENDIX 27-contd.

Other States r------______..J..,__------"-' __...,

Sf. Locality ,.___ Madhya_____A., ___Pradesh ---, , ____Maharashtra-"'- ______Rajasthan No. r------~------~ Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban ,.----'------, r------A..-", r--..A..~ r-_j..,.._~ ,-_-'--_-, ,.-___.A.----, Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age Number %age to m m m m m total total total total total total

1 2 45 46 47 48 49 50 S1 52 S3 54 55 S6 ----_.- I. Bazigar Basti II. Harijan Vas 0.4 1 0.4 III. Modern Area IV. Grain market 1 0.4 V. Thathiars VI. Ramgarhias. VII. Brahmins VIII. Jewellers IX. Potters X. Industrialists & Businessmen Xl. Jat & Saini, Sikhs XII. Professors and Teachers XlII. Thapar colony 0.4 0.4 Total 0.4 1 0.4 2 0.8 0.4

APPENDIX 27-collcld.

Other Countries--J--____ ,.-____~___.o...~ Other States ______. _ _, r Desh Uttar Pra1esh Pakistan BangIa ,.__ _.A.Total__ -. r- ---, ..__.., ( ..... ~ Rural Urban Number %age Number %age Number %age ,_----'----.. ,.-----"- to total to total to total Number %age Number %age to to total total

1 2 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65. 66

I. Bazigar Basti 7 2.8 10 4.0 II. Harizan Vas 2 0.8 4 1.6 56 22.2 III. Modern Area 1 0.4 24 9.5 74 29.3 IV. Grain market 2 0.8 12 4.8 V. Thathiaras 11 6.7 VI. Ramgarhias . 1 0 .• 3 1.2 VII. Brahmins 4 1.6 VIII. Jewellers 1 0.4 6 2.4 IX. Potters 2 0.8 X. Industrialists & Businessmen 9-~ 3.6 XI. Jat & Sllini, Sikhs 10 7.9 XII. Professors and Teachers 2 0.8 XIII. Thapar colon' 8 3.1 3 1.2 2 0.8 37 14.7 Total 9 3.5 5 2.0 40 15.9 0.4 252 100.0 ------12a :"~~ APPENDIX 28 Place of last residence of members of household as related to place of birth (Sample Data)

------~ -.Place ofbiitli Place of last residence ~ >, , -. , Same as place of birth ,Different from place of birth Male Female Male Female

1 2 3 4 5 --_. Salpe place 589 276 13 7 Same district (I{!lpurtbala) Rural 7 8 1 Urban 4 6 Other districts of state 1. Gurdaspur Rural 2 3 Urban 1 6 2. Amritsar Rural 3 Urban -2 11 3. Eirozpur Rural 1 Urban 3 1 4. Ludhlana Rural 1 7 Urban 7 30 S. Jalandhar Rural 27 82 6 3 Urban 16 62 4 2 6. Hoshiarpur Rural 14 27 3 Urban ··5 16 7. ~opar Rural 1 Urban 8. Patiala Rural 5 Urban 3 4 9. Sangrur Rural 1 Urban 3 10. ~thinda Rural Urban 2 11. Faridkot Rural Urban 1 2 Other states : 1. Assam Rural 1 Urban 1 1 2. Bihar Rural 9 8 1 Urban 3. Gujarat Rural Urban 1 .4.. Haryana Rural 1 1 Utban 3 7 S. ,Himachal Pradesh . Rural 9 7 1 Urban 1 10 2 6. Jammu & Kashmir. Rural Urban 2 7. Madhya Pradesh Rural 2 Urban 8. ~aharashtra Rural 1 Urban 2 1 9. Orissa Rural Urban 10. J~ajasthan Rural 2 5 Urban 2 1 11. U~tar Prad~$h Rural 7 9 2 6 Urban 9 10 5 2 12 ..w,~st Bengal Rural Urban 1 2 13. ;Chandlgarh Rural Urban 5 4 1 14.;Dplhi Rural 1 2 Urban 3 6 3 3 Other countrlts I 1. :§~a Desk 1 1 2.~ 1 1 -i, 3. England 2 ...... 4. Pakistan 39 28 5 5 S. Canada 2 1~O

APPENDIX 29 ...... ;-... 1"-:- - - ...... ~ Distribution of Households by Nllmber of Members, Migration Status and Last residence of Head of Household , c. ' ., 1:.1." ~ ,"_ ~ • , .' _ .~. • ._

Migration status and Number of households having members last residence of head r- -. of household Single .2 3 ;4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 & Total above

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

(A) Non-migrant. 2 6 16 12 39 16 10 5 106

(B) Migrant 8 6 15 20 33 36 15 11 2 146 I. Last residence out- side the town but in the district Rural 6 1 9 Urban 1 2 4 II. Last residence out- side the district but witnin the state Rural 1 1 1 5 5 10 6 4 2 35 Urban 1 2 4 4 6 ·2 1 ..~,

(1) Gurdaspur • Rural 1 ~ Urban 1 2 (2) Amritsar Rural UIban 1 1 (3) Firozpur Rural Urban '" (4) Ludhiana Rural 1 1 Urban 1 (5) Jalandhar Rural 2 3 9 4 1 19 Urban 1 2 3 2 9 (6) Hoshiarpur Rural 2 1 1 2 3 1 12 Urban 1 , 1 2 4 (7) Patiala . Rural Urban 1 3

III. Last residence in other States : Rural 6 5 5 3 19 Urban 1 ,,2 5 2 4 6 21 (1) Bihar Rural 4 3 2 1 10 Urban (2) Gujarat Rural Urban ,- I - 1 (3) lIaryana Rural

Urban ~., . 1 J 1 4 (4) .Himachal.Pradesh Rural ~ 1 1 4 Urban ' 1 1 (5) Madhya Pradesh Rural Urban - (6) .Rajasthan . Rural ..- Urban 1 2 2 6 (1) Uttar Pradesh Rural 2 2 1 3' Urban 1 ~ ·1 ·2 1 ,,8 IV. Last residence in ,8 _jO 4 other countries ' 1 J 9 S " ,,38 (1) Pakistan 1 J .8 .9 9 4 .' .s ,37

(2) BangIa Dcsh .-. 1 1

Total, 8 8 21 3fi ~ .75 31 . 21 7 252 APPENDIX 30 bistributioll of Households by LOcality and Place to which Head of Household Belongs .. , ,,_... .." ..... "... .., (Sample Data

Number of Households- where Head of Household belonging to ,------~------. Locality District of same State ~------~---~------~ Same Same Gurdas- Amritsar Firozpur Ludhiana Jalandhar Hoshiarpur Patiala town district pur

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------I. Bazigar Basti 1 II. Harijan Vas 33 5 8 3 m. Modem Area 19 13 3 2 9 4 IV. Grain Market 2 2 1 2 V. Thathiars 16 VI. Ram2Mhias 2 vn. Brahmins 3 VIII. Jewellers 5 IX. Potters (Earthanware makers) 2 X. Industrialists & Businessmen 8 XI. Jat and Saini Sikh (Mehligate area) (Agricultrists) . 16 1 2 XII. Professors and teachers . XIII. Thapar colony (J.C.T. Mm'-area) 3 2

APPENDIX 3O-Contd. . . , Number of Households where Head of Household belonging to Locality Other States Other , Countries,__....___, _ Bihar Harya- Hima- Ma_dhya Maha- Rajas- Uttar Chandi- Pakistan Total na chal Pradesh rashtra tlian Pradesh garh PradeSh

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

I. Bazigar Basti 9 10 II. Harijan Vas 2 2 3 56 III. Modem Area 1 20 74 IV. Grain market 1 2 2 12 V. Thathiars 17 VI. Ramgarhias 3 VII. Brahmins 4 VIII. Jewellers 6 IX. Potters (Eartban ware makers) - 2 x. industrialists & Businessmen - 9 XI. Jat and Saini Sikh (Mebligate ...... 20 arear Agriculturists) XII. Professors and teachers 2 ~. Tbapar colony (J.C.T. Mill area) 10 6 1 1 11 37 131 "

APPENDIX 31 Employment status of workers with reference to place of last residence and sex (Sample Data)

Employment status by se" .- Place of last residence Total workers Employers Employees • Total Male Female • Total Male Female • Total Male Female

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A. Non-migrant 291 288 3 21 21 69 67 2 B. Migrant I. Last residence outside the town but in the district Rural 8 8 1 3 3 Urban 2 2 II. Last residence outside the district but within the State Gurdaspur Rural 2 2 2 2 Urban 3 2 3 2 1 Amritsar Rural Urban 2 2 1 Firozpur Rural Urban 1 1 -, Ludhiana Rural - Urban 4 3 1 2 1 1 1 Jalandhar Rural 26 25 1 3 3 2 2. Urban 11 9 2 2 2 6 4 2 Hoshiarpur Rural 10 8 2 1 4 3 1 Urban 6 5 1 2 1 '1 Patiala Rural Urban 6 4 2 , .S 3' . ~.'2 :.. " III. Last residence in other states Bihar Rural 9 9 9 9 Urban 1 1 - 1 1 Gujarat Rural Urban 1 1 1 Haryana Rural 1 1 Urban 5 5 1 1 2 2 Himachal Pradesh. Rural 7 7 7 7 Urban 3 3 3 3 Madhya Pradesh Rural Urban 1 1 1 1 ,_ Maharashtra Rural Urbafl 1 1 1 1 Rajasthan Rural 1 1 Urban 6 6 3 3 ..._ Uttar Pradesh Rural 5 5 5 5 Urban 8 8 7 7 . ""- Delhi Rural Urban IV. Last residence in other countries Pakistan 37 35 2 3 3 6 '5 1 England BanglaDesh 1 Total 461 44S 16 3S 33 2 144 134 10 ••r<-.~ _. • .'.... 1~:

AP~rx31':""Conc/i.

Employment status by sex .. ------, Place of last residence Single workers Family workers Cultivators Agricultural labourers ...... ---"------, ..---A.----, Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

A. Non-migrant 81 80 81 81 38 38 B. Misrant I. Last residence outside ~he town but in the district Rural 4 4 Urban 1 II. Last residence outside the district but within the state >Gurdaspur Rural Urban Amritsar Rural Urban 1 1 - J1iro1pur Rural Urban 1 1 Lydhiana RuraL Urblll1 1 1 lalalldhar Rural 10 10 11 10 1 Urbain 1 1 2 2 - Hoshiarp\lt Rural- 4 3 1 1 1 Urban 2 2 2 2 >Patiala RuraT Urban 1 1 " m. ,l.alt residt.uce in 0111.01' ..tea Bihar Rural Urbaa Gujarat Rural Urban - -Haryana Rural 1 Urb.p 1 1 1 Himachal Pcadab, . . Rural Urbaa Madhya Pr&tteIh Rural Urban > MabaruhU'a Ruraf Urban 'Rajasthan R.ural 1 1 Urban 3 3 Uttar Pradtsh Rural: Urblijl 1 1 Delhi Rural Urban Iv. Last reaidcnce in o~r couatriea Pakistan 13 II '14 14 England I 1 BangIa'D. 1 .w l~ i 114 113 1 42 42 1 To1al 133

APPENDIX 32 Broad Category 0/ Place from where the Household Hails, Time and reason/or Migration (Sample Data) Number of Household Migrating because of Broad category of Time of migration .- ____.A., -. Place from where Work Partition Purchase' of Stucty the household hails Agricu1~ turalland

1 2 3 4 5 6 I. Within the District (Kapurthala) Prior to 1956 11 1 1 1956--60 5 1961-65 1 1966 and later 3 II. Other districts of the State Gurdaspur • Prior to 1956 2 1956~ 1961-65 1 1966 and later Amritsar Prior to 1956 1956-60 1961-65 1966 and later 1 Firozpur . • Prior to 1956 2 1956-60 1961-65 1966 and latl:r ...... Ludhiana Prior to 1956 2 19S6~ 1961-65 ...... 1966 and later Hoshiarpur Prior to 1956 9 1956-60 1 1961-65 4 - 1966 ~nd later 1 - Patiala . Pri~956 2 195 1961--65 1 ~' 1966 and later III. Other Sates .;...:,' Bihar Prior to 1956 1956-60 1 1%1~5 ..... 1966 and later 9 - Haryana Prior to 1956 1 1956--60j 1961-6S 1966 and later 1 .-,. Himachal Pradesh . Prior to 1956 1956-60 3 1961-65 1 1966 and later} 2 Madhya Pradesh Prior to 1956 1956-60 1961-65 -.-..; 1966 and later 1 ....., Prior to 1956 r Maharashtra ,~ 1956-60 1961-65 1 - 1966 and later 1 ..... Rajasthan Prior to 1956 195~ 1961-65 1966 alld later 2 Prior tQ 1956 3 Uttar Pradesh 2 1956-60 _,.. 1961-65 1 1966 arid later 8 ~. IV. Other countries 37 Prior to 1956 ..;.,.:.. : Pakistan 1956-60 1961-65 1966 and later 134

APPENDIX 33 Migration Stages of Households and Place from where Household hails (Sample Data) --"------Number of Households Migrati ng ,.--~-~---.--~------, Place from where the Total Number of ,.--______1966-70.A. household hails number households ---. of house- migrating Directly In two Three Four or more holds prior to from the stages stages stages 1966 place

2 3 4 5 6 7

I. From other places within the Distt. (Kapurthala) (i) Other town of the District . 15 13 1

(ii) Rural area of the District . 8 6 II. Other Districts 1. Gurdaspur Rural 1 Urban 2 2

2.} Amritsar Rural Urban 1

3. Firozpur Rural Urban 2 2 4. Ludhiana' Rural 1 1 Urban 1 1

5. Jalandhar Rural 15 12 Urban 5 S

6. Hoshiarpur Rural 13 12 Urban :2 2 7. Patiala Rural Urban 3 3 m. Other States 1. Bihar. Rural 10 1 3 Urban 2. Hazyana Raral 1 1 Urban 1 3. Himachal Pradesh Rural 5 3 Urban 1

4. MaGlhya Pradesh Rural 1 Urban

5. Maharashtra Rural Urban

6. Rajasthan Rural 3 2 1 Urban 1 1 7. Uttar Pradesh Rural 9 2 2 Urban 5 2 1 IV. Other countries : 1. Pakistan 37 37 135

APPENDIX·33-wncld.

Migration Stages of Households and Place from where Household Haffs

Number of Houeholds Migrating 1971-75 1976 and later Place from wher~ the r--- -,- - ,------"'------,------.. r-- - -- . -.. ----'------.--, household hails ' Directly Four or Directly Four or from the Iq two Three more from the In two Three more place of stages stages stages pI ace of stages stages stages origin origin

B 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 ------I. From other places within the (, Distt. (Kapurthala). (i) Other town of the District . (ii) Rural area of the District

II. Other Districts 1. Gurdaspur Rural Urban Z. Amritsar Rural Urban 1

3. Firozpur Rural Urban

4. Ludbiana- Rural Urban

S. Jalandhar Rural 1 Urban 6. Hoshiarpur Rural Urban 7. Patiala. Rural Urban m. Other States 1. Bihar Rural 2 4 Urban 2. Haryana Rural Urba[) 1

3. HimachalPradesh Rural Urban

4. . Madhya Pradesh Rural Urban

5.: Maharasbtra Rural Urban

6. Rajasthlm_ Rural Urban

7. Uttar Pradesh Rural 1 2 1 Urban IV. Other countries 1. Pakistan

89-L/J(N)61ZRGI-IO 136

APPENDX 34 Distribution of Households by locality and Place to which Head of Household belongs (Sample Data) ------Number of households where Head of Household belonging to - Locality ------District of same State ,- Same Same Gurdas- Amritsar Firozpur Ludhiana Jalandhar Hoshiar- Patiala town district pur pur "_------2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------_------~------~---- I Bazigar Basti II Harijan Vas 33 5 8 3 III Modern Area 19 13 3 2 9 4 IV Grain market 2 2 2 V Thathiars 16 VI Ramgarhias 2 VII Brahmitls 3 1 VIII Jewellers 5 IX Polters (Earthan ware mak- ers) 2 X Industrialists & Businessmen 8 XI Jat and Saini Sikh (Mchli- gate area) 16 2 XII Professors and Teachers 1 1 XIII Thapar COIOilY (JeT Mill area) 1 ---- 3 2 ------.. _------_._-- _.,,-,-- _._ .. __ - ----_.

APPENDIX 34--colltd. ------_.-.------Number of llOusd1oldswhcreHead of Household belonging to--- Locality ,--.------A..______Other -Stat~s Other countries .--.______--A--.______-, ~ Bihar Haryana Himlch.tl Madhya Maha- Rajasthan Uttar Pakistan Total Pradesh Pradesh rashtra Pradesh ------11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 _------I Bazigar BasH 9 10 II Harijan Vas 2 2 3 56 III Modern Area 20 74 IV Grain market 2 2 12 V Thathiars 17 VI Ramgarhias 3 VII Brahmins 4 VIII Jewellers 6 IX Potters (Earthan ware makers) 2 X Industrialists & Businessmen 9 XI Jat and Saini Sikh (Mehli- gate area) 20

XII Professors and Teacher~ . 2 XIII Thapar colony (JeT Mill area) 10 6 11 37 i31

APPENDIX 35 Characteristics (At the time 0/ Migration) a/the Place a/Origin of Migration by time of Migration and broad category 0/ the place (Sample Data) ------Households migrating earlier than Household migrating from place of origin 1956 from during 1956-60 Broad category of place from Total r- ---, r------J~------. where the households migrated Na. of Village Small Medium City Village Small Medium City Distt./State/Countries house- town size town size holds town town

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------I. Other places of the Distt. (Kapur­ 23 3 9 2 2 thala) II. Other Distt's of the States 1. Gurdaspur 3 1 2. Amritsar . 1 3. Firozpur . 2 2 4. Ludhiana 2 1 1 5. lalandhar 20 8 2 2 2 6. Hoshiarpur 15 7 1 1 1 7. Patiala 3 2 III. Other States 1. Bihar . 10 2. Haryana. . 2 3. Himachal Pradesh 6 3 4. Madhya Pradesh 1 5. Maharashtra 1 6. Rajasthan . 4 2 7. Uttar Pradesh . 14 1 2 8. Chandigarh IV. Other countries 37 Pakistan'" ------.--~------

ApPENDIX 35--contd. ------Brold category of place }om Household migrating frum place of origin HJusehold migr~.ting from place of origin during where the household migrated during 1961 to 1965 1966 and later ,____.A.._____ --. distt./State/Countries r- ----.., Village Small Medium City Village Small Medium City town size town size town town ------1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1. Olher places of the Distt. (Kapur­ 1 1 2 thala) II. Other Distt's of the State 1. Gurdaspur 2. Amritsar . 3. Firozpur . 4. Ludhiana S. lalandhar 2 3 6. Hoshiarpur 4 1 7. Patiala 1 III. Other States L Bihar . 9 2. Haryana. . 3. Himachal Pradesh 1 1 4. Madhya Pradesh 1 5. Maharashtra 6. Rajasthan . 1 7. Uttar Pradesh . 5 2 8. Chandigarh IV. Other countries Pakistan*

------~-----:------·Characterstics in the case of other countries have not been mentioned. 89.L/l(N) 672RGI-ll 138

APPENDIX 36 C.'I Jm; teristics (At the Time of Migration) oj the Place of Origin of Migration by Time of Migration.and Distance (Sample data)

------~~--.-- .. ------~OadCategories of Placefrom where the HouseholGurdaspur District Amritsar District r-.------A.------~ r------~~------. 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late ---4-----5------c6--~7---- 2 3 8---9----10 10 & Less 11-20 Village Small town . Medium size town City 21-50 Village Small town . Medium size town City 51-100 Village Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village Small town . Medium size town City 201-500 Village Small town . Medium size town City . Other country 501+ Village Small town . Medium size town City ApPENDIX 36-contd.

------~----~------.-~ ------~-~--~---- Broad Categories of Place from where the Household hails and time of Migration Distance Characteristics of the place r- (Kms.) of migration III IV Firozpur District Ludhiana District .- ~ -,_.., 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late __~1 ______2 11 12 13 14 15~---f6---17--18- 10 & Less 11-20 Village Small town . Medium size town City 21-50 Village Small town . Medium size town City 51-100 Village Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village Small town . 2 Medium size town City 201-500 Village Small town . Medium size town City . Other country 501+ Village Small town . Medium size town City ---~------139

APPENDIX 36-contd. ------Broad categories of Place from where the Household bails and time of Migration Distance Characteristics of the place r- (Kms.) of migration V VI Jalandhar District Kapurthala District r- r- 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late

-- -~------~------2 19 20 21 22 23 24 2S 26

10 & Less 11-20 Village 2 2 1 Small town . Medium size town City 21-50 Village 7 2 2 3 1 Small twon . 9 2 Medium size town 2 1 1 1 City 2 51-100 Village Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village Small town . Medium size town City 201-500 Village Small town . Medium size town City . Other country 501+ Village Small town . Medium size town City

ApPENDIX 36-contd. ------Broad categories of Place from where the Household hails and time of Migration Distance Characteristics of the place (Kms.) of migration VII VIII Hoshiarpur District Patiala District r- 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late ------2 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 ------.. ------~-- 10 & Less 11-20 Village Small town . Medium size town City 21-50 Village 7 3 Small town . 1 Medium size town 1 City 51-100 Village 1 Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village S Mali town . Medium size town 2 City 201-500 Village Small town . Medium size town City . Other country 501 + Village Small town . Medium size town City

~, APPENDIX 36-contd. - ---~------,- Broad Categories of Place fom where ______.A.the Household ______hails and tim~ of Migration ----. Distance Characteristics of the place IX X Kms. of migration ,-______----"-_.-- Bihar --__-----.., ,-______-..A-. Haryana ___ ----, 1955 or 1956- 1961 or 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late

---~----~------.------~~~ ---~--~- -~-- -~------2 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 10 & Less 11-20 Village Small town . Medium size town City 21-50 Village Small town . Medium size town City 51-100 Village Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village Small town . Medium size town City 201-500 Village Small town . Medium size town City . Other country 501+ Village 9 Small town . Medium size town City

APPENDIX 36-contd.

Broad Categories of Place from where the Household hails and time of Migration Distance Characteristics of the place (Kms.) of migration ~------~------~XI XII ______Himachal-..A-. Pradesh ______-----, ,-______Madhya----"- Pradesh______-----, 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late

2 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

10 & Less 11-20 Village Small town . Medium size town City 21-50 Village . Small town. . Medium size town City 51-100 Village . Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village . 2 Small twon . Medium size town City 201-500 Village 1 1 Small town . 1 Medium size town City . Other country 501+ Village Small town . Medium size town City 141

APPENDIX 36-colltd. ------

,-______Broad Categories of Place from where the __.A.. Household ______Hails and time tof Migration _ Distance Characteristics of the place (Kms.) of migration XIII XIV ,-_____-----A- Maharashtra______---, ,-______Rajasthan---A. ______, 1955 or 1956-- 1961- 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late ------2 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 ------10 & Less 11-20 Village . Sman town . Medium size town City 21-50 Village . Small town . Medium size town City 51-100 Village Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village Small town . Medium size town City 201-500 Village 2 1 Small town . 1 Medium size town City . Other country 501+ Village Small town . Medium size town City

APPENDIX 36-concld.

,-______Broad Categories of Place from where the-A Household______hails and time of Migration -, Distance Characteristics of the place (Kms.) of migration XV XVI ,-______Uttar ....-A. Pradesh ______, , ______Pakistan ..A.. ______-, 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or 1955 or 1956- 1961- 1966 or earlier 1960 1965 late earlier 1960 1965 late ------_---_------_-----_------2 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 --_-_------_----_------_--- _----_ ------~----- 10 & Less 11-20 Village Small town _ Medium size town City 21-50 Village Small town . Medium size town City 51-100 Village Small town . Medium size town City 101-200 Village Small town . Medium size town City 201-500 Village 2 3 Small town . Medium size town 1 City . 1 2 Other country 37 501+ Village 1 2 Small town . 1 Medium size town City 142

APPENDIX 37 Visit 10 Close Relations during last three years by duration of Stay in present residence and frequency of visits (Sample Data)

Close relations at place from Number of Number of households which are staying Number of households which are staying where migrated households in the town upto 4 years and having close in tile town 5-9 years and having close having relations to head of household described relations to head of households described in relations in Col. 1 and at least one member of which Col. 1 and at least one member of which as at Col. 1 visited the close relations during last three visited the relations during last three years at place years from where migrated ____.., ,------~------~------, r- More than Not 1-3 4-6 Moretllan 6 times Once times times 6 times

1 6 7 8 9 10

Father • 3

Mother.

Un-married daughter Son

Un-married sister

Husband Wife 4] Other also n 2 Total 58------3 1 6 2

APPENDIX 37-contd.

Close relations at place from] Number of households which are staying Number of households which are staying where migrated in the town upto 10-19 years and having in the town 20+ years and haying close close relations of head of household relations of head of househol d described described in Col. 1 and at least one mem­ in Col. 1 and at least one member of which ber of which visited the close relations visited the close relations during last three during last three years years r- r-,------A.------~ Not 1-3 4-6 More than Not 1-3 4-6 Morethan Once times limes 6 times Once times ~ times 6 times

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Father 6 4 2 2

Mother 2 3

Un-married daughter

Son

Un-married sister

Husband

Wife 3

Other also 3 10 5

Total 14 2 2 17 3 7 l~;: 143

APPENDIX 38 Visit to close relations during last three years at least once by Household classified by place from where the Household Migrated, Religions, o/head 0/ Household (sC\mple Data)

Last residence of household Number of households members of which visited close relatiolls at the place of last residence at least once during last three years and whose .____ religion, is --A.-- ______'-'------. Hindu Sikh Muslim Religion not stated

2 3 4 5 ------._-_. ------_.

1. Last residence outside the town but within the district . Rural 1 1 Urban 3

II. Last residence outside the District but within the State Rural 2 Urban 12 4

Gurdaspur district Rural Urban 1

Amritsar district Rural Urban 1

Ludhiana district . Rural Urban 1

Jalandhar district . Rural Urban 7 2 1

Hoshiarpur district Rural 1 1 Urban 1

Patiala district Rural Urban 2

III. Last residence in other States Rural 4 Urban 21 3 3

Bihar Rural 3 Urban 7

Gujarat Rural Urban

Haryana Rural Urban 2

Himachal Pradesh Rural Urban 4

Rajasthan Rural Urban 3 1 Utter Pradesh Rural Urban 5 2 IV. Last residence in other countries

Pakistan

Total 4Q 14 3 144

APPENDIX 39

Number of Households, classified by place from where migrated, reli~ion, of head of Household which were visited at least once during last three years by any close relatiolls living in the place from w:rere the Household migrated (Sample Data) ------_ ------Last residence of household Number of households visited and Religion Remarks of head of household is r- ..., Hindu Sikh Muslim Religion not Total stated

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

A. Non migrated (Born in the town)

B. Migrant I. Last residence outside the town but in the district

Kapurthala Distt. Rural 2 1 3 Categories Urban 2 2 having no entries have been dropped

II. Last residence outside the district but within the State

Gurdaspur Rural 1 1 Urban

Amritsar Rural Urban 1 1 Ludhiana Rural Urban 1 1

lalandhar Rural 3 3 1 7 Urban 2 1 3 Hoshiarpur Rural 1 1 Urban 1 1 2 Patiala Rural Urban 2 3 III. Last residence in other States

Bihar Rural 5 5 Urban

Gujarat Rural Urban 1 1 Haryana Rural Urban 2 3

Himachal Pradesh Rural 3 4 Urban 1 1

Rajasthan Rural 1 1 Urban 2 3

Uttar Pradesh Rural 2 2 Urban 1 1 2 IV La~t residence in other country (pakistan) 1 2 Total 32 13 2 1 48 145 :

APPENDIX 40

Households visited by close rerations staying outside during last three years by duration at present residence 0/ Head of Household and frequency of visit (Sample Data) ------Close relations at place Number of Number of households which are staying Number of households which are staying from where household households in the town upto 4 years and have close in the town upto 5-9 years and have close migrated having re­ relations as described at Col. 1, in the relations as described at Col. 1, in the lations (as place from where the household hails, who place from where the household hails, who at Col. 1) visited the household during the last three visited the household during the last three at place years years , _____---A-.______. , ______.A._ __ ~_____. from where the house­ Not 1-3 4-6 More than Not 1-3 4-6 More than hold migrated once times times 6 times once times times 6 times

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Father 21 1 1 2

2. Mother 10 2

3. Son 1

4. Wife 4 1

5. Others 22 1 2

Total 58 3 1 1 2 4 2

APPENDIX 4O-Contd.

- --- ~ _- ---- Close relations at place from where Number of households which are staying Number of households which are staying household migrated in the town upto 10-19 years and have in the town upto 20 years and have close close relations as described at Col. 1, in relations as described at Col. I, in the place the place from where the household hails, from where the household hails, who who visited the household during the last visited the household during the last three , three__,.,___ years years Not 1-3 4--6 More than Not 1-3 4-6 More than once times times 6 times once times times 6 times

1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

1. Father . 5 1 1 5 2

2. Mother 1 2 3

3. Son 1

4. Wife 3

5. Others 3 1 8 2 4

Total 5 9 3 3 17 4 4 146

APPENDIX 41 Distribution of households by number of Members and Age of Head of Household (Sample Data)

------.~------_ ._------~------_------

Number______of households_A.. hav,ing members Age of head of house- ,-- - .. _---~------, hold Single 2 3 4 5 6-7 8-9 10-12 13 and Total above

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Below 20 1 1 20-29 2 2 4 1 1 10 30-39 3 1 4 12 12 15 3 1 51 40-49 1 1 5 11 11 23 7 3 62 SO-59 1 2 5 7 16 21 6 6 64 60 and above 2 3 6 5 15 15 12 6 64

Total 8 8 21 36 45 75 31 21 7 252

APPENDIX 42 Definitions of various types 0/ Households

Type of households Definition

1 2

1. Nuclear A couple with or without unmarried children 2. Supplemented nucJoat A nuclear family plus one or more unmarried, separated or widowed relatives of the parents, other than their unmarried children. 3. Sub,.nuclear A fragment of a former nuclear family. Typical examples are the widow with unmarried children or the widower with unffilrried children or siblings­ whether unmarried; or widowed, separated or divorced living together. 4. Single person household Self explanatory. 5. Supplemented Sub-nuclear A group of relatives, member of a formerly complete nuclear family plus some other unmarried, divorced or widowed relative who was not a member of the nuclear family. For example, a widow and her unmarried children plus her widowed mother-in-law. 6. Collateral joint Two or more married couples between whom there is a sibling bond-usually a brother-brother relationship plus unmarried children. 7. Supplemented collateral joint A collateral joint family plus unmarried, divorced or widowed relatives; Typi­ cally, such supplemented relatives are the widowed mother of the married brothers, or the widower father or an unmarried sibling. 8. Lineal jOint Two couples between whom there is a lineal link, usually between parents and married son, some times between parents and married daughter. 9. Supplemented lineal jOint A lineal joint family plus unmarried, divorced or widowed relatives who do not belong to either of the lineally linked nuclear families, for example, the father's widower brother or the son's wife's unmarried brother. 10. Lineal collateral joint Three or more couples linked lineally and collaterally. Typically, parents and their two or more married sons, plus the unmarried children of the three or more couples. 11. Supplemented lineal collateral joint . A lineal collateral joint family plus unmarried, widowed, separated relatives who belong to I,lone of t~e nucle~ families lineally and collaterally linked; for example. the father's WIdowed sIster or brother, or an unmarried nephew of the father. 12. Others Those not covered above. ------.. _-- 147

APPENDIX 43 Distribution of households by type and educational level of Head of Households (Sample Data)

------._------_.. _._--_------,------.--_-~ --~ __ - ~---~--- Number of households where educational level of head of household is S\. Type of household r- ---A. _,..._, No. JIliterate Below Primary Matrie Diploma Degree Total primary and certi- and above ficate

-~---~ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Nuclear 30 7 31 20 4 29 121 2 Supplemented nuclear 10 7 6 4 28 3 Subnuclear 3 3 6 4 Single person 5 2 8 5 Supplemented Sub-nuclear 6 Collateral joint 1 2 5 7 Supplemented Collateral joint 2 1 1 1 5 8 Lineal joint 12 6 12 16 4 SO 9 Supplemented lineal jOint 2 1 4 10 Lineal collateral joint 9 2 S 6 23 11 Supplemented lineal collateral joint 1 1 12 Others (Specily) 1 Total 74 17 59 57 5 40 252

APPENDIX 44 Distribution of Households by Caste/Tribe/Community of head of Household and the type of household (Sample Data)

------~ --_-----_.------~-~---- Number of households where head of household belongs to Type of household r- Bazigar Harijan Balmiki Ad dharmi Sansi Ramdasi Kori Other Un- specified (SC) --- - 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Nuclear family 5 5 7 20 1 1 1 2 Supplemented nuclear family 3 3 2 3 Sub-nuclear family 1 4 Single person household 1 5 Supplemented sub-nuclear 6 Collateral joint family. '1 Supplemented collateral joint family. 8 Lineal joint family . 3 3 6 4 9 Supplemented lineal joint family 10 Lineal collateral joint family 11 Supplemented lineal collateral joint family 12 Other (those not covered above) Total 10 11 16 28 1 1 2 148

APPENDIX #-contd. ------Number of households where head of household belongs to Type of household ~------~ Nai Sunar Ghumiar Brahmin Gujjar Saini Bania Rajput ------10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 ------1. Nuclear family 14 7 9 5 2. Supplemented nuclear family 3 3 3 3. Sub-nuclear family 4. Single person household 2 5. Supplemented sub-nuclear 6. CoHateral joint family 7. Supplemented collateral joint family 1 1 8. 1.ineal joint family 1 1 2 5 5 9. Supplemented lineal joint family 2 10. Lineal collateral joint family 6 5 11. Supplemented lineal collateral joint f~mily 12. Other (those not covered above)

Total 2 2 26 23 18 11

APPENDIX #-ocone/d.

Number of households where head of household belongs to Type of household r- --. Jat Sikh Khatri Ramgarhia Thathiar Arora Muslim Other Total Unspeci- fied

-----_------_ ..------_._-- 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 ---- I. Nuclear family 8 18 3 6 7 121 2. Supplemented nuclear family 3 3 28 3. Sub-nuclear family 2 1 6 4. Single person household 1 8 5. Supplemented Sub-nuclear 6. Collateral joint family 3 5 7. Supplemented collateral joint family 1 1 5 8. Lineal joint family 8 7 4 50 9. Supplemented lineal joint family 4 10. Lineal collateral joint family 2 2 1 3 1 23 11. SUEplemented lineal collateral joint arnily . 1 12. Other (those not covered above) . Totar IS 36 8 1 20 2 15 252 149

APPENDIX 45

Remittance by the absentee members classified by State to which the head of household belongs and the present address of the members 0/ the family staying outside (Sample Data)

Average amount of remittance (In rupees) sent by absentee family members and their address is State to which Number of Total ,- head of household household number of District within the State belongs absentee r- members Patiala Bathinda r- r- No of No. of Average No. of No. of Average households households amount of households households amount of to which receiving remittance to which receiving remittance absentee remittance received absentee remittance received members from per members from per belong absentee household belong absentee household members (including members (including households households not receiving not receiving remittance) remittance) --_-- 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Punjab 14 21 3 3 6,400 1 1 12,000

------

APPENDIX 45-contd. ------_ ------Average amount of remittance (In rupees) sent by absentee family members and their address is State to whicn head of , ----... household belongs , Other States Hryana Delhi Gujarat __. -A.. , \ , No. of No. of Average No. of No. of Average No. of No. of Average house· house- amount house· house· amount house· house· amount holds holds ofre· holds holds of reo holds holds ofre· to recei· mitt· to which recei· mitt· to recei· mitt· which ving ance absentee ving ance which ving ance absen· remi· recei· memo remit· reeei· absen· remit· receiv- tee ttance ved bers· tance ved tee tance ved memo from per belong from per memo from per bers absen' house· absen house- hers absen· house- belong tee hold tee hold belong tee hold members (inclu· memo (inclu- members (inclu· ding hers ding ding house- house- house· holds holds holds not not not reco- rece- reee· ivin~ iving iving remtt· remit· remit- tance) tance) tance)

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 ----

Punjab 3,000 1 3,600 1 3,000 150

APPENDIX 45-Oontd. -----_---- Average amount of remittance (in rupees) sent by absentee f,~mily members and their address is Other countries State to which head of ...., household U.K. Holland belongs .- .- .A. ...., No. of house- No. of house- Average amount No. of house- No. of house- Average amount holds to which holds receiving of remittance holds to which holds receiving of remittance absentee mem- remittances received per absentee mem- remittances received per bers belong from absentee household bers belong from absentee household members (including members (including households households not receiving not receiving remittance) remittance) 19 20 21 22 23 24 ----- Punjab 2 2 10,000 100,000 _------APPENDIX 45-Concld. ------Average amount of remittance (in rupees) sent by absentee family members and their address is

State to which head of ,.______Other-A. countries ______--, household blongs Dubai Jordan .------~------__, r-.------~ No. of house- No. of house- Average amount No. of house- No. of house- Average amount , holds to which holds receiving of remittance holds to which holds receiving of remittance absentee mem- remittances from received per absentee mem- remittances from received per bers belong absentee mem- household bers belong absentee household bers (including members (including households not households not receiving receiving remittance remittance) 25 26 27 28 29 30

------:-----::-:-=~------:------Punjab 3 3 24,000 15,000 APPENDIX 46 Remittance by absentee family members classified by reltionship to head 0/ household and present address (SImple Data) ------Average amount of remittance (in rupees) sent by absentee family members whose present address is Relationship to head of house­ r hold Number Absentee Other districts of the state of house- family Same Other Rural , ---, holds members town town area Patiala Bathinda but of of - _ _.A..--, separate the the Rural Urban Rural Urban house- district district holds 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Son 10 15 9,000 Head 2 2 12,000 Daughter 1 1 Brother 1 2 Father 1 1 12,000 APPENDIX 46-Contd.

Average amount of remittance (in rupees) sent by absentee family members whose present address is Relationship to head of house- , hold Other States Other countries ,.------~.------. , Gujarat Haryana New Delhi England Dubai Holand Jordon ---- 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Son 3,000 3,000 3,600 10,000 20,000 17,000 Head 15,000 Daughter 15,000 Brother 6,000 Father 151

APPENDIX 47

News papers, Journals and Periodicals by type in circulation in the town . ----. ------. SI. Name Language Place of publication Approximate number No. in circulation ._-_._-----_._-- 2 3 4 5

DAILY v·l Ajit Punjabi Jalandhar 1,200 2 Jugbani Do. Do. 500 3 Punjabi Tribune Do. Chandigarh 150 4 Lok-Lehar Do. Jalandhar 25 5 Nawan Jamana Do. Do. 20 6 Akali Patrika ' Do. Do. 150 7 Punjab Kesri Hindi Do. 2,200 8 Vir Partap Do. Do. 40 9 Hindustan Do. Delhi 60 10 Nav Bharat Times Do. Do. 12 11 Dainik Tribune Do. Chandigarh 50 12 The Tribune English Do. 700 13 Indian Express Do. Do. 400 14 Economic Times Do. Delhi 10 15 Hindustan Times Do. Do. 50 16 Times of India Do. Do. 50 17 Hind Samachar Urdu Jalandhar 600 18 Partap Do. Do. 50 19 Milap Do. Do. 25 WEEKLY 1 Illustrated Weekly English Bombay 50 2 Dharamyug Hindi Do. 70 3 Hindustan Saptahik . Do. Delhi 25 4 Blitz English Bombay 100 5 Blitz Hindi Do. 30 6 Blitz Urdu Do. 20 7 Employment News English Delhi 200 8 Link Do. Do. 8 9 Mayapuri Hindi Do. 250 10 Loat Poat Do. Do. 80 11 Eves Weekly English Bombay 15 12 Sunday Do. Calcutta 15 13 Sports week Do. Bombay 10 14 Screen Do. Do. 100 15 Inder-Jal-Comics Do. Do. 5 16 Inder-Jal-Comics Hindi Do. 20 FORTNIGHTLY 1 India Today English Delhi 250 2 Femina Do. Bombay 50 3 Filmfare Do. Do. 10 4 Khel Bharti Hindi Delhi 25 5 Front line English Do. 10 6 Manorama Hindi Allahabad SO 7 Sarita Do. Delhi 200 8 Chambal Do. Do. 50 9 Star and Style . English Bombay 30 MONTHLY 1 Manohar Kahanian . Hindi Allahabad 200 2 Filmi KaHan Do. Delhi 100 3 Filmi Dunian Do. Do. 100 4 Satya Katha Do. Allahabad 50 5 Nutan Kahanian Do. N.A. 15 6 Grah Shobha Do. Delhi 350 7 Star Dust English Bombay ; 75 8 Star Dust Hindi Do. r20 9 Society English Do. 120 10 Show time Do. Do. 120 11 Sushma Hindi Delhi {SO 12 Shama Urdu Do. 5 13 Komi Ekta Punjabi Do. 125 14 Sant Sipahi Do. Do. 30 15 Tasveer Do. Jalandhar 100 16 Science today English Bombay"! 10 17 Nandan. Hindi Delhi 75 18 Parag Hindi Do. 25 19 Mirror English Bombay 10 20 Cine Blitz Do. Do. 25 --'-- 89.M/J(N)672RGI-300:...... 2S·6.91-G1PS