DOCSLIB.ORG

Tense in Kwakum Narrative Discourse Written by David M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tense in Kwakum Narrative Discourse Written by David M Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Thesis Approval Sheet This thesis, entitled Tense in Kwakum Narrative Discourse written by David M. Hare and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics has been read and approved by the undersigned members of the faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Mirhaal kecte. Michael Boutin (Supervising Professor) Paulnlscpe Kroeger Shin Ja Hwang' Ervin Starwalt 2a June 20)& Date TENSE IN KWAKUM NARRATIVE DISCOURSE By David M. Hare Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics June 2018 © 2018 David M. Hare All Rights Reserved CERTIFICATE I acknowledge that use of copyrighted material in my thesis may place me under an obligation to the copyright owner, especially when use of such material exceeds usual fair use provisions. I hereby certify that I have obtained the written permission of the copyright Owner for any and all such occurrences and that no portion of my thesis has been copyrighted previously unless properly referenced. I hereby agree to indemnify and hold harmless the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics from any and all claims that may be asserted or that may arise from any copyright violation. Signatúre 21 June 208 Date THESIS DUPLICATION RELEASE I hereby authorize the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics Library to duplicate this thesis when needed for research and/or scholarship. Agreed: (studentsignature) Refused (student signature) ABSTRACT TENSE IN KWAKUM NARRATIVE DISCOURSE David M. Hare Master of Arts with major in Applied Linguistics The Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, June 2018 Supervising Professor: Michael Boutin This thesis presents the first discourse analysis of tense in Kwakum (A91), a sub- Bantu language of Cameroon. Previously available grammatical analyses of Kwakum describe tense without regard to context. After an overview of the grammar, this study examines the use of tense in narrative discourse. The analysis of peak and profile reveals a shift from absolute tense to relative tense with the present tense auxiliary becoming a “narrative tense” during episodes. In climactic narrative, peak episodes demonstrate particular features, such as: (1) authorial intrusion, (2) few punctiliar verbs, (3) a variety of tense/aspect markers (usually including several tenseless clauses), and (4) an increase in background information and repetition. Episodic narrative, while lacking a peak episode, follows the same salience scheme as climactic narrative. These observations demonstrate that to genuinely understand the tense system in Kwakum, one must analyze its use in discourse. DEDICATION Dedicated to the Kwakum people. This is to date my greatest labor of love for you and I have great hopes of seeing the advancement of literacy and Bible translation in the years to come. June 2018 xiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I am thankful to my Lord and Savior Jesus Christ, who has given so much more than I could ever imagine so that I could be where I am today. I am thankful to my wife (Stacey Hare) and children, who have endured many long months of a busy and overworked husband and father. I would also like to thank all of those on my committee: Dr. Michael Boutin, Dr. Shin Ja Hwang, Dr. Paul Kroeger, and Dr. Ervin Starwalt. There should be special recognition, however, of Michael, who invested innumerable hours into this thesis. You have been an incredible support. Also, thanks to Marlin Leaders, who helped me think through many different discourse issues. And finally, to Linda Jordan, without whom I would have never been able to figure out dialect analysis. Mes remerciements s’adressent à mes informateurs qui ont rendu cette collecte de données possible. Je suis reconnaissante envers papa Simon Charles Ndengué Ndengué et Jean Bosco Titiké pour les heures longues qu’on a passées ensemble. Je n’oublierai pas M. le président du comité de langue, Onésime Ebongué Ebongué. Je suis également reconnaissante envers M. le maire de Dimako, Janvier Mongui Sossomba pour ses efforts pour l’avancement des peuple et langue Kwakum. June 2018 xv TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract .............................................................................................................................. xi Dedication ........................................................................................................................ xiii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... xv List of Tables ................................................................................................................... xix List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xx List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................... xxi 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Kwakum people ........................................................................................... 2 1.2 The Kwakum language ....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Data sources ...................................................................................................... 17 1.4 Methodology/Framework ................................................................................. 19 1.5 Thesis organization ........................................................................................... 22 2. Literature review ....................................................................................................... 24 2.1 Kwakum ............................................................................................................ 24 2.2 Kwakum tense in literature ............................................................................... 25 2.3 Tense marking in five other languages in eastern Cameroon ........................... 31 2.4 Use of tense in discourse................................................................................... 37 3. Overview of the grammar of Kwakum ...................................................................... 43 3.1 Phonology ......................................................................................................... 43 3.2 Syntax ............................................................................................................... 50 3.3 Information structure ........................................................................................ 72 3.4 Nominal system ................................................................................................ 76 3.5 Verbal system.................................................................................................. 105 4. Tense in narrative .................................................................................................... 143 4.1 Climactic narrative .......................................................................................... 144 4.2 Episodic narrative ........................................................................................... 174 5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 190 5.1 Summary of tense in narrative discourse ........................................................ 190 5.2 Application to translation ................................................................................ 193 5.3 Areas for further study .................................................................................... 195 Appendix 1: God and his wives (Wives) ........................................................................ 198 Appendix 2: Bembe thoughtlessly cuts off his leg (Bembe) .......................................... 204 Appendix 3: The history of Til (Til) ............................................................................... 212 Appendix 4: The young daughters of Bembe go fishing (Daughters) ............................ 219 Appendix 5: Bosco’s father goes to prison (Bosco) ....................................................... 226 Appendix 6: Monitor lizard, snails, and tortoise (Lizard) .............................................. 234 Appendix 7: Panther and tortoise kill their mothers (Panther) ....................................... 242 Appendix 8: Story of Simon’s father’s death (Simon) ................................................... 254 xvii xviii Appendix 9: Kwakum origins (Origins) ......................................................................... 262 Appendix 10: Story of the Kwakum (Story) ................................................................... 275 References ....................................................................................................................... 285 Vita ................................................................................................................................. 290 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: GPS coordinates for Kwakum villages ................................................................11 Table 2: Dialect comparison ..............................................................................................15
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Assessment Report
    Needs Assessment for Self-Reliance of CAR refugees in Gado, Borgop, Ngam, Mbile, Lolo and Timangolo Camps, and In Touboro Assessment Report Monitoring & Evaluation department November-December 2017 Page 1 of 30 Contents List of abbreviations ...................................................................................................................................... 3 List of figures ................................................................................................................................................. 4 Key findings/executive summary .................................................................................................................. 5 Operational Context ...................................................................................................................................... 6 Introduction: The CAR situation In Cameroon .............................................................................................. 7 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Study Design ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Qualitative Approach ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Options for a National Culture Symbol of Cameroon: Can the Bamenda Grassfields Traditional Dress Fit?
    EAS Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies Abbreviated Key Title: EAS J Humanit Cult Stud ISSN: 2663-0958 (Print) & ISSN: 2663-6743 (Online) Published By East African Scholars Publisher, Kenya Volume-2 | Issue-1| Jan-Feb-2020 | DOI: 10.36349/easjhcs.2020.v02i01.003 Research Article Options for a National Culture Symbol of Cameroon: Can the Bamenda Grassfields Traditional Dress Fit? Venantius Kum NGWOH Ph.D* Department of History Faculty of Arts University of Buea, Cameroon Abstract: The national symbols of Cameroon like flag, anthem, coat of arms and seal do not Article History in any way reveal her cultural background because of the political inclination of these signs. Received: 14.01.2020 In global sporting events and gatherings like World Cup and international conferences Accepted: 28.12.2020 respectively, participants who appear in traditional costume usually easily reveal their Published: 17.02.2020 nationalities. The Ghanaian Kente, Kenyan Kitenge, Nigerian Yoruba outfit, Moroccan Journal homepage: Djellaba or Indian Dhoti serve as national cultural insignia of their respective countries. The https://www.easpublisher.com/easjhcs reason why Cameroon is referred in tourist circles as a cultural mosaic is that she harbours numerous strands of culture including indigenous, Gaullist or Francophone and Anglo- Quick Response Code Saxon or Anglophone. Although aspects of indigenous culture, which have been grouped into four spheres, namely Fang-Beti, Grassfields, Sawa and Sudano-Sahelian, are dotted all over the country in multiple ways, Cameroon cannot still boast of a national culture emblem. The purpose of this article is to define the major components of a Cameroonian national culture and further identify which of them can be used as an acceptable domestic cultural device.
    [Show full text]
  • Cameroon July 2019
    FACTSHEET Cameroon July 2019 Cameroon currently has On 25 July, UNHCR organized a A US Congress delegation 1,548,652 people of concern, preparatory workshop in visited UNHCR in Yaoundé on 01 including 287,467 Central Bertoua ahead of cross-border July and had an exchange with African and 107,840 Nigerian meeting on voluntary refugees and humanitarian actors refugees. repatriation of CAR refugees. on situation in the country. POPULATION OF CONCERN (1,548,652 AS OF 30 JULY) CAR REFUGEES IN RURAL AREAS 266,810 NIG REFUGEES IN RURAL AREAS 105,923 URBAN REFUGEES** 25,938 ASYLUM SEEKERS*** 8,972 IDPs FAR NORTH**** 262,831 IDPs NORTH-WEST/SOUTH-WEST***** 530,806 RETURNEES**** 347,372 **Incl. 20,657 Central Africans and 1,917 Nigerian refugees living in urban areas. ***Incl. 6,917 Central Africans and 42 Nigerian asylum seekers living in urban areas. **** Source: IOM DTM #18. Including 237,349 estimated returnees in NW/SW regions. *****IDPs in Littoral, North-West, South-West and West regions, Source: OCHA. FUNDING (AS OF 30 JULY) USD 90.3 M Requested for Cameroon Gap: 86% Gap: 74% UNHCR PRESENCE Staff: 251 167 National Staff 42 International Staff 42 Affiliate workforce (8 International and 34 National) 11 OFFICES: Representation – Yaounde Sub Offices – Bertoua, Meiganga, Maroua, Buea Field Offices – Batouri, Djohong, Touboro, Douala and Bamenda. Field Unit – Kousseri Refugees from Cameroon and UNHCR staff on a training visit to Songhai Farming Complex, Porto Novo-Benin www.unhcr.org 1 FACTSHEET > Cameroon – July 2019 WORKING WITH PARTNERS UNHCR coordinates protection and assistance for persons of concern in collaboration with: Government Partners: Ministries of External Relations, Territorial Administration, Economy, Planning and Regional Development, Public Health, Women’s Empowerment and the Family, Social Affairs, Justice, Basic Education, Water and Energy, Youth and Civic Education, the National Employment Fund and others, Secrétariat Technique des Organes de Gestion du Statut des réfugiés.
    [Show full text]
  • A Community-Based Survey Determining the Prevalence Of
    Review Article Volume 12:1, 2021 Journal of Health and Medical Informatics ISSN: 2157-7420 Open Access A Community-Based Survey Determining the Prevalence of Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Amongst the Baka and Bantu Populations in the Abong-Mbang Health District, Cameroon. Achangwa Chiara* and Boock Alphonse Department of Preventive Medicine, Konyang University, Daejeon, South Korea Abstract Background: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a global issue still affecting many people in different communities and community- level interventions maybe helpful in population-focused HIV prevention. The pygmy populations’ traditional hunter-gather life style is observed to be changing. Because of the transformations of the traditional lifestyles of pygmies caused by agriculture and infrastructure projects, their health situation too is observed to be changing. Numerous findings on HIV have been reported in literature but to the best of our knowledge, very few studies on the prevalence of HIV in the Baka people in the Abong-Mbang district of Cameroon exist. The study had as main objective to determine the prevalence of HIV in the Baka and Bantou communities who live and interact together. Method: A community based sero-epidemiologic survey of HIV infection was carried out. 529 people took part in the study. After pre- counselling, venous blood (3ml) was collected from each participant into an EDTA tube. Determine was used as the first-line test, Immunocomb® ELISA HIV-1/2 was used as a second line test and Western blotting was done as a confirmatory test. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20 software package. Results: The HIV prevalence in the Baka community was found to be 2.1 %.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Rural Livelihoods Through Participative Research on the Domestication and Breeding of the Palm Weevil Larvae (Rhynchophorus Phoenicis Fabr.)
    Improving rural livelihoods through participative research on the domestication and breeding of the palm weevil larvae (Rhynchophorus phoenicis Fabr.)- The African palm weevil project FINAL PROJECT REPORT Presented by Fogoh John MUAFOR Philippe LE GALL Patrice LEVANG April 2014 ABSTRACT As part of efforts to fight against food insecurity, poverty and biodiversity erosion, this project was elaborated to initiate the breeding and domestication of the palm weevil grubs (edible larvae of the African palm weevil: Rhynchophorus phoenicis Fabricius, 1801). The project was aimed at determining an appropriate technique and feed formula for the domestication of the larvae, as well as training local people on acquired multiplication and breeding techniques. In order to meet this objective, an experimental system was established in the village of Ntoung, Abong-Mbang Division, East Cameroon. The experimental system was made up of a hut and seven boxes in which the domestication attempts were made. Four feed formulas were introduced in the boxes as substrates to which adult palm weevils were added after being coupled. The feed formulas included: i) only fresh stems of raffia; ii) A mixture of fresh and decayed raffia tissues; iii) Only decayed raffia tissues; and iv) A mixture of decayed raffia tissues and chicken feed. Water was sprinkled on the substrate on a daily basis to maintain the humidity of the milieu. In total, 13 grown individuals of palm weevil grubs were harvested in the domestication attempt, with only two of the feed formulas being efficient for the production of the grubs. However, young maggots were noticed in all the three food formulas within the first two weeks of the experiment, most of which died within the third week.
    [Show full text]
  • Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa
    Quickworld Entity Report Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa Quickworld Factoid Name : Central Africa Status : Region of Africa Land Area : 7,215,000 sq km - 2,786,000 sq mi Political Entities Sovereign Countries (19) Angola Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo (DR) Congo (Republic) Equatorial Guinea Gabon Libya Malawi Niger Nigeria Rwanda South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia International Organizations Worldwide Organizations (3) Commonwealth of Nations La Francophonie United Nations Organization Continental Organizations (1) African Union Conflicts and Disputes Internal Conflicts and Secessions (1) Lybian Civil War Territorial Disputes (1) Sudan-South Sudan Border Disputes Languages Language Families (9) Bihari languages Central Sudanic languages Chadic languages English-based creoles and pidgins French-based creoles and pidgins Manobo languages Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins Prakrit languages Songhai languages © 2019 Quickworld Inc. Page 1 of 7 Quickworld Inc assumes no responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions in the content of this document. The information contained in this document is provided on an "as is" basis with no guarantees of completeness, accuracy, usefulness or timeliness. Quickworld Entity Report Central Africa, 2021 Region of Africa Languages (485) Abar Acoli Adhola Aghem Ajumbu Aka Aka Akoose Akum Akwa Alur Amba language Ambele Amdang Áncá Assangori Atong language Awing Baali Babango Babanki Bada Bafaw-Balong Bafia Bakaka Bakoko Bakole Bala Balo Baloi Bambili-Bambui Bamukumbit
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitaemia in Asymptomatic Bantu and Baka Pygmy People Living In
    ISSN: 2643-461X Diane et al. Int J Trop Dis 2020, 3:039 DOI: 10.23937/2643-461X/1710039 Volume 3 | Issue 2 International Journal of Open Access Tropical Diseases ReseARCh ARTiCle Parasitaemia in Asymptomatic Bantu and Baka Pygmy People Living in the East Region, Cameroon Gangueu Djape Clotilde Diane1*, Yondo Jeannette2, Noumedem Anangmo Christelle 2 1 1 1 Nadia , Nkouayep Vanessa Rosine , Atiokeng Tatang Rostang Joel and Mpoame Mbida Check for updates 1Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, Cameroon 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon *Corresponding author: Gangueu Djape Clotilde Diane, Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box: 67, Dschang, Cameroon Abstract mean parasitaemia (8855 ± 7834 (1455-40000) parasites/ µl blood). In the general population short rainy season (P = Background: Asymptomatic malaria constitutes a silent 0.00) and spending more time in the forest (P = 0.04) were threat to an efficient malaria control strategy. The aim of this factors associated with higher parasitaemia. In the Bakas study was to assess the level of malaria parasitaemia toler- communities, people who went to secondary school were ated by asymptomatic individuals in Baka pygmies and the more resistant (16735 ± 21919 (5200-49600) parasites/µl Bantus of the East Region, Cameroon. blood) to malaria parasite whereas in the Bantus, they had Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was the least mean parasitaemia (6760 ± 6177 (462-27200) par- conducted among asymptomatic Bantu and Baka pygmies asites/µl blood). from 6 months aged to 76-years-old.
    [Show full text]
  • Herent Complement Verbs in Ibibio Viktoria Apel
    Contents Acknowledgments ........................................................................... 1 Schedule ..................................................................................... 2 Abstracts .................................................................................... 10 Conference Venue ........................................................................... 50 Nearby Dining and Attractions ............................................................. 51 Notes ........................................................................................ 54 Invited Speakers Firmin Ahoua,Akin Akinlabi, and Gildas Gondo ....................................12 When a five-way opposition does not represent a five-tone language: The case of Dan Jeff Good .............................................................................10 Stability under contact as a guide to reconstruction: Noun classes, argument alignment, and the Macro-Sudan belt Tom G¨uldemann .....................................................................14 A shared pronominal canon in the Macro-Sudan belt: typological, areal and geneological aspects Claire Halpert .......................................................................11 Surmountable Barriers Sharon Rose .........................................................................13 Areal vowel harmony patterns in the Nuba Mountains and Beyond Papers and Posters Hasiyatu Abubakari ..................................................................28 Contrastive focus particles in Kusaal
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Language, Culture, and Religion
    Journal of Language, Culture, and Religion Volume 1, Issue 2 Published bi-annually by Dallas International University ISSN 2689-8160 Managing Editor: Todd A. Scacewater, [email protected] Advisory Board: Scott Berthiaume, Dallas Int’l University Stephen Levinsohn, SIL International Albert Bickford, SIL International Bryan Harmelink, Wycliffe Global Alliance Michael Boutin, Dallas Int’l University Freddy Boswell, SIL International Peter Unseth, Dallas Int’l University Ernst Wendland, Stellenbosch University Robin Harris, Dallas Int’l University Tim Stirtz, SIL International T. Wayne Dye, Dallas Int’l University Mark Harlan, Dallas Int’l University Christopher Fresch, Bible College of South Australia Article and Book Review Submissions: Send to Managing Editor: [email protected] Style Guidelines and Journal Scope: Available at www.diu.edu/JLCR Copyright © 2020 by Dallas International University All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other—except for brief quotations in printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher. Articles Church-Driven Bible Translation ............................................................................................................ 1–18 ADRIANA TUNLIU AND LARRY B. JONES African Dialogue Proverbs: An Initial Study of Their Distribution and Forms ........................ 19–32 PETER UNSETH Conditional Constructions in Kwakum (A91)
    [Show full text]
  • Language Information LANGUAGE LINE
    Language Information LANGUAGE LINE. The Court strongly prefers to use live interpreters in the courtrooms whenever possible. However, when the Court can’t find live interpreters, we sometimes use Language Line, a national telephone service supplying interpreters for most languages on the planet almost immediately. The number for that service is 1-800-874-9426. Contact Circuit Administration at 605-367-5920 for the Court’s account number and authorization codes. AMERICAN SIGN LANGUAGE/DEAF INTERPRETATION Minnehaha County in the 2nd Judicial Circuit uses a combination of local, highly credentialed ASL/Deaf interpretation providers including Communication Services for the Deaf (CSD), Interpreter Services Inc. (ISI), and highly qualified freelancers for the courts in Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County, and Canton, Lincoln County. We are also happy to make court video units available to any other courts to access these interpreters from Sioux Falls (although many providers have their own video units now). The State of South Dakota has also adopted certification requirements for ASL/deaf interpretation “in a legal setting” in 2006. The following link published by the State Department of Human Services/ Division of Rehabilitative Services lists all the certified interpreters in South Dakota and their certification levels, and provides a lot of other information on deaf interpretation requirements and services in South Dakota. DHS Deaf Services AFRICAN DIALECTS A number of the residents of the 2nd Judicial Circuit speak relatively obscure African dialects. For court staff, attorneys, and the public, this list may be of some assistance in confirming the spelling and country of origin of some of those rare African dialects.
    [Show full text]
  • Signatory Cities and Municipalities
    Cities #WithRefugees Signatory Cities and Municipalities Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Grande-Synthe, Hauts-de-France, France Paris, Île-de-France, France Adana, Mediterranean Region, Turkey Greater Dandenong, Victoria, Australia Paterson, NJ, USA Aix-les-Bains, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France Guarulhos, Sao Paulo, Brazil Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Alba, Provincia di Cuneo, Italy Hangu District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Albuquerque, NM, USA Pakistan Pessat-Villeneuve, Auvergne-Rhône- Albury City, New South Wales, Australia Hargeisa, Somaliland Alpes, France Altena, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Hobart, Tasmania, Australia Philadelphia, PA, USA Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands Houston, TX, USA Pittsburgh, PA, USA Anchorage, AK, USA Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, UK Port Moody, BC, Canada Ann Arbor, MI, USA Jackson, WY, USA Prince Albert, SK, Canada Arica, Arica y Parinacota Region, Chile Jacksonville, FL, USA Providence, RI, USA Athens, Attica, Greece Jonava District Municipality, Lithuania Puerto Asís, Putumayo, Colombia Atlanta, GA, USA Kabul, Afghanistan Queanbeyan, New South Wales, Baku, Azerbaijan Kalumbila town Council, Zambia Australia Bannu, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan Kampala, Central Region, Uganda Quibdó, Chocó Department, Colombia Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain Kentzou, East Region, Cameroon Quilicura, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Batouri, East Region, Cameroon Kette, East Region, Cameroon Chile Berbera, Sahil, Somaliland/Somalia Kigali, Rwanda Quito, Pichincha Province, Ecuador Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy
    [Show full text]
  • Artisanal Gold Mining in Batouri Area, East Cameroon: Impacts on the Mining Population and Their Environment
    Vol. 9(1), pp. 1-8, February, 2017 DOI: 10.5897/JGMR2016.0263 Article Number: 161D63C62925 Journal of Geology and Mining ISSN 2006-9766 Research Copyright © 2017 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/JGMR Full Length Research Paper Artisanal gold mining in Batouri area, East Cameroon: Impacts on the mining population and their environment Kouankap Nono Gus Djibril1*, Tah Bong Cliford1, Wotchoko Pierre1, Magha Alice1, Chianebeng Japhet Kuma2 and Tene Djoukam Joëlle Flore3 1Department of Geology, HTTC, University of Bamenda, P. O. Box 39 Bambili, Bamenda, Cameroon. 2Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Dschang, P. O. Box 49, Dschang Cameroon. 3Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaoundé I, P. O. Box 812 Yaoundé, Cameroon. Received 30 October, 2016; Accepted 3 February, 2017 Batouri is located in the East region of Cameroon; geologically the area is made up of Pan African granitoids, which are the host rocks of gold mineralization. Batouri gold deposits have long been subjected to artisanal mining activities carried out by the indigenes for livelihood. Majority of the mining population (45%) is made up by youths (15-30 years), followed by the adults (35%) within the age range 46-60 years old. Adults within the age range 31-45 years constitute only about 5% of the mining population. Female artisans constitute 35% out of the total mining population and are involved in all the stages. The artisanal gold mining has caused damage on the environment which directly or indirectly affects the population. The standard of living of the miners in Batouri is still very poor giving rise to high rate of school drop outs, high rate of prostitution, poor hygienic conditions and health challenges.
    [Show full text]