DOCSLIB.ORG

The Effectiveness of Cultural Diplomacy in State Trust Building Between China and the Uk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Effectiveness of Cultural Diplomacy in State Trust Building Between China and the Uk THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY IN STATE TRUST BUILDING BETWEEN CHINA AND THE UK A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations Liang Xu Politics, Philosophy and Religions Faculty of Arts and Social Science University of Lancaster Supervisors: Dr. Astrid H. M. Nordin Dr. Martin H. M. Steven September 2017 Abstract In this thesis, the most important argument is that cultural diplomacy can maintain, enhance and even create state trust, at the same time, the effectiveness of cultural diplomacy can influence state trust building. This research is an in-depth, empirical study of the linkage between cultural diplomacy and state trust, and this thesis aims to explore whether the effectiveness of cultural diplomacy could influence state trust building or not, particularly in the relationship between China and the UK. More generally, this research has three key themes: first, it establishes the conceptualisation of cultural diplomacy and state trust by discussing the thoughts from different schools and proposing new perspectives rather than simply looking at the arguments from scholars; second, it puts forward five indicators of existing state trust and five factors that influence the effectiveness of cultural diplomacy in state trust building; third, it explicitly explores the situation of state trust building by looking at the development and effectiveness of cultural diplomacy in both China and the UK. With the re-emergence of approaches towards soft power in global politics, there comes a growing interest in the potential power of cultural diplomacy. As it is being regarded as the emerging state with great power, China is trying to seek a “soft” path of facilitating harmonious development to thereafter shoulder the responsibility and reshape its national image. In addition, the United Kingdom was one of the earliest states to carry out programs of cultural diplomacy and has already achieved outstanding progress. Therefore, under the grand background of “Golden Era” (Xi, 2015) between China and the UK, improvements of their relationship could be witnessed from many areas. Also, it is a good opportunity to examine whether the state trust level between them might increase or otherwise by taking cultural diplomacy as the main contributor. Key Words: cultural diplomacy, state trust, China, the United Kingdom i Declaration I hereby declare that no portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree or Qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning. ii Acknowledgement I would like initially to express my sincere gratitude to those members of the staff of the Department of Politics Philosophy and Religion at Lancaster University who have supported me during the four years of my PhD career; in particular my two supervisors: Dr. Martin Steven and Dr. Astrid Nordin. Their academic guidance, constant support and encouragement, inspirational advice and rich expertise are invaluable throughout the course of my PhD research. Special thanks to the Albert Sloman Library of Essex University; I spent a lot of time in this library writing up my PhD thesis. Thanks for help from librarians and I really precious the period so much in this library. This research would not be possible without the support of those people I interviewed or talked to, formally and informally, both in China and the UK. They were busy and enjoyed high reputation in the academic and political fields but were still so generous to support my research. Their advice was invaluable at the time when I was struggling to give some shape to my works. Definitely, I should owe the greatest debt of thanks to both of my parents and my husband Mr. Yunong Han and whom this thesis is for. Thanks to my parents for funding, encouraging and supporting me all the time unconditionally. Without them, I would never have been able to live in a foreign country and finish my doctoral research here. Thanks to my lovely husband, he keeps on encouraging me in my life. At last, thanks all of the people for loving me so much, here, I would like to give my special thanks to all of my dearest friends. I am so honoured to meet you in my life. Thanks again for sharing happiness and sorrows with me, and thanks for helping me to be better. Liang Xu Lancaster, 2018 iii Table of Contents ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................................................ i DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................ viii Chapter 1: Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research Background ........................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Aim and Objectives .............................................................................................................................................. 4 1.3 Methods of This Research ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Limitation of Research Methods .................................................................................................................. 10 1.5 Overview of Thesis Structure ......................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 2: Cultural Diplomacy as a Concept ................................................................................... 14 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 What is Culture? ................................................................................................................................................. 14 2.3 What is Diplomacy? .......................................................................................................................................... 18 2.4 What is Cultural Diplomacy? ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.5 Differentiation of Similar Concepts ........................................................................................................... 31 2.6 General Background of Cultural Diplomatic Practices ..................................................................... 40 2.7 Limitations of Cultural Diplomacy ............................................................................................................. 45 2.8 Merits of Cultural Diplomacy ................................................................................................................... 46 2.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 48 Chapter3: State Trust as a Concept ..................................................................................................... 51 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.2 What is Trust? ..................................................................................................................................................... 51 3.3 Social Capital and Social Trust .................................................................................................................... 57 3.4 What is State Trust? ......................................................................................................................................... 62 3.5 The Relationship of Cultural Diplomacy and State Trust ................................................................. 69 3.6 The Game of State Trust .................................................................................................................................. 80 iv 3.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 86 Chapter 4: Measuring the Effectiveness of Cultural Diplomacy in State Trust Building .................................................................................................................................. 88 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 88 4.2 The Indicators of Existing State Trust Created by Cultural Diplomacy ....................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cultural Diplomacy and the National Interest
    Cultural Diplomacy and The National Interest Cultural Diplomacy and The National Interest: In Search of a 21st-Century Perspective Overview Interest in public and cultural diplomacy, after a long post-Cold War decline, has surged in the last few years. This new focus inside and outside government has two causes: first, the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the perception that the U.S. is losing a war of culture against Islamic extremists; and second, the documented global collapse of positive public sentiment toward the U.S. But the task facing policy leaders – translating interest into action – must accommodate the reality that government cultural work has been diminished in scope even as trade in cultural products and Internet communication has increased the complexity and informal character of cross-cultural communication. The current state of U.S. cultural and public diplomacy has been reviewed by numerous special commissions and elite bodies, ranging from the 9/11 Commission to the RAND Corporation, from Congress’s Governmental Accountability Office (GAO) to the Council on Foreign Relations. Resulting recommendations have emphasized increased funding, better coordination, increased State Department programming, and more private-sector partnership to support programming that the State Department and governmental broadcasting outlets are already producing. However, because cultural work constitutes a long-term, diffuse, and largely immeasurable solution to a pressing problem in an age of quick fixes, the larger concept of cultural diplomacy – defined most broadly as the propagation of American culture and ideals around the world – tends to get short shift in these presentations. In addition, the lion’s share of The Curb Center for Art, American cultural content is conveyed by private-sector film, recording, and Enterprise, and Public Policy at Vanderbilt broadcasting industries, functioning beyond the realm of official policy objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of Cultural Diplomacy by Brazilian Government Abstract The
    1 Building a new strategy: the use of Cultural Diplomacy by Brazilian Government Abstract The paper will explore the co-relation between diplomacy and culture when States seek for power in the international arena. We postulate that countries with an interest to push the current power structure – and change today’s established order – can try to use cultural assets to enforce their own interests and values at the international arena. Considering that culture becomes an apparatus to achieve power and transform international society, we hypothesize that emerging powers - introduced lately at International Society - could articulate their positions by associating culture and diplomacy – an essential institution of international society. The instrumentalization of culture by Cultural Diplomacy contributes to these countries becoming more reputable in the international environment and tends to re- structure the balance of power. We propose to use the Brazilian case to illustrate our proposition. In this way, the paper will especially work with literature about International Cultural Relations and its intersection with Cultural History. The works of Robert Frank, Pascal Ory and Anaïs Fléchét will offer the main contribution for this argument. Introduction The research presented here intends to be a contribution to International Relations research field, especially by incorporating elements of Cultural History and by reflection on identity issues and on Brazilian international projection in the twenty-first century. Thus, from the study of the Brazilian cultural diplomacy strategies in the beginning of this century – period of major changes in the organization of international relations of Brazil –, we aim to demonstrate how countries considered ‘emerging poles’ (LIMA, 2010) can and make use of mechanisms created by States established in International Society.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of Study-Abroad Students in Cultural Diplomacy: Toward an International Education As Soft Action Madalina Akli, Ph.D
    International Research and Review: Journal of Phi Beta Delta Volume 2, Issue 1, Fall 2012 Honor Society for International Scholars ISSN: 2167-8669 Publication URL: http://www.phibetadelta.org/publications.php The Role of Study-Abroad Students in Cultural Diplomacy: Toward an International Education as Soft Action Madalina Akli, Ph.D. Rice University Abstract This paper argues that study-abroad students should be at the center of cultural diplomacy. It recognizes that students can engage in soft action to establish intercultural dialogue. They develop and sustain relationships with people from host countries through cultural immersion and education. Study-abroad students are encouraged to proactively claim their cultural diplomacy role, and thereby cause a shift from formal soft power, traditionally concentrated in embassies and the diplomatic corps, to informal soft action in daily life abroad. With the recent development of a plethora of study-abroad opportunities, soft power can be re-configured by students and educators who cross national borders. Consequently, they are the potential agents of a paradigm shift regarding cultural diplomacy and international education: they are today’s new unofficial cultural diplomats. Key words: international education, study abroad, student cultural ambassadors, cultural diplomacy, soft action A Brief Historical Overview of U.S. International Education: A Diversity of Rationales and Purposes From a historical perspective, the development of international education from 1945 to 1970, although dynamic,
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution
    Cultural Diplomacy and Conflict Resolution Introduction In his poem, The Second Coming (1919), William Butler Yeats captured the moment we are now experiencing: Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world, The blood-dimmed tide is loosed, and everywhere The ceremony of innocence is drowned; The best lack all conviction, while the worst Are full of passionate intensity. As we see the deterioration of the institutions created and fostered after the Second World War to create a climate in which peace and prosperity could flourish in Europe and beyond, it is important to understand the role played by diplomacy in securing the stability and strengthening the shared values of freedom and democracy that have marked this era for the nations of the world. It is most instructive to read the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy, in which he encouraged Americans not only to do good things for their own country, but to do good things in the world. The creation of the Peace Corps is an example of the kind of spirit that put young American volunteers into some of the poorest nations in an effort to improve the standard of living for people around the globe. We knew we were leaders; we knew that we had many political and economic and social advantages. There was an impetus to share this wealth. Generosity, not greed, was the motivation of that generation. Of course, this did not begin with Kennedy. It was preceded by the Marshall Plan, one of the only times in history that the conqueror decided to rebuild the country of the vanquished foe.
    [Show full text]
  • Foucault, Laclau, Habermas
    CULTURE – SOCIETY – EDUCATION NO. 2 (12) 2017 POZNAN Lotar Rasiński Dolnośląska Szkoła Wyższa we Wrocławiu Three concepts of discourse: Foucault, Laclau, Habermas KEYWORDS ABSTRACT Michel Foucault, Ernesto The aim of this article is to examine three currently dominant con- Laclau, Jürgen Habermas, cepts of discourse, developed by Michel Foucault, Ernesto Laclau and discourse, theory of lan- Jürgen Habermas. I argue that these concepts of discourse constitute guage, linguistic turn neither a coherent methodological agenda nor a coherent theoretical vision. That means that the reference to discourse will always imply engaging with a particular theoretical framework. I briefly discuss the theoretical traditions from which these concepts emerged and point to the essential elements which the respective concepts of discourse derived from these traditions. Concluding, I examine differences be- tween and similarities in the discussed concepts, whereby I address, in particular, the relationship between discourse and everyday lan- guage, the notion of subjectivity and the concept of the social world. Adam Mickiewicz University Press, pp. 33-50 ISSN 2300-0422. DOI 10.14746/kse.2017.12.2. The aim of this article is to examine three currently dominant concepts of discourse developed by Michel Foucault, Ernesto Laclau and Jürgen Habermas. I purpose- fully relinquish the term “theory of discourse” as at the core of my argument is the idea that such a theory is, in fact, non-existent. An essential challenge that social sciences scholars who use discourse analysis face is locating their own research in a broader methodological framework in which a particular concept of discourse was formulated. As a result, theoretical choices involved in research, such as, for example, the notion of subjectivity, the concept of the social world and the rela- tionship between discourse and everyday language, are essentially influenced by this framework.
    [Show full text]
  • Parrhesia 31 · 2019 Parrhesia 31 · 2019 · 1-16
    parrhesia 31 · 2019 parrhesia 31 · 2019 · 1-16 gaston bachelard and contemporary philosophy massimiliano simons, jonas rutgeerts, anneleen masschelein and paul cortois1 There are philosophers whose name sounds familiar, but who very few people know in more than a vague sense. And there are philosophers whose footprints are all over the recent history of philosophy, but who themselves have retreated somewhat in the background. Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) is a bit of both. With- out doubt, he was one of the most prominent French philosophers in the first half of the 20th century, who wrote over twenty books, covering domains as diverse as philosophy of science, poetry, art and metaphysics. His ideas profoundly influ- enced a wide array of authors including Georges Canguilhem, Gilbert Simondon, Roland Barthes, Michel Foucault, Bruno Latour and Pierre Bourdieu. Up until the 1980s, Bachelard’s work was widely read by philosophers, scientists, literary theo- rists, artists, and even wider audiences and in his public appearances he incar- nated one of the most iconic and fascinating icons of a philosopher. And yet, surprisingly, in recent years the interest in Bachelard’s theoretical oeuvre seems to have somewhat waned. Apart from some recent attempts to revive his thinking, the philosopher’s oeuvre is rarely discussed outside specialist circles, often only available for those able to read French.2 In contemporary Anglo-Saxon philosophy the legacy of Bachelard seems to consist mainly in his widely known book Poetics of Space. While some of Bachelard’s contemporaries, like Georges Canguilhem or Gilbert Simondon (see Parrhesia, issue 7), who were profoundly influenced by Bachelard, have been rediscovered, the same has not happened for Bachelard’s philosophical oeuvre.
    [Show full text]
  • Surrationalism After Bachelard: Michel Serres and Le Nouveau Nouvel Esprit Scientifique Massimiliano Simons
    parrhesia 31 · 2019 · 60-84 surrationalism after bachelard: michel serres and le nouveau nouvel esprit scientifique massimiliano simons 1. INTRODUCTION The work of Michel Serres, if considered at all, is often presented as a radical break with or criticism of the work of Gaston Bachelard. This is sometimes also endorsed by Serres himself, who in an interview stated: Yes, I wrote my thesis under Bachelard, but l thought privately that the “new scientific spirit” coming into fashion at that time lagged way behind the sciences. ... The model it offered of the sciences could not, for me, pass as contemporary. This new spirit seemed to me quite old. And so, this milieu was not mine.1 Bruno Latour, in a similar vein, has described Serres as the anti-Bachelard.2 Within this context the project of Bachelard is described as a naive belief in the rational- ity of science or as a misguided project to purify science from all non-scientific el- ements. For instance, in his own work, Latour, inspired by Serres, uses Bachelard as the perfect illustration of the paradox of modernity he is attacking: Gaston Bachelard’s dual enterprise—which […] exaggerates the objectiv- ity of the sciences by dint of breaking with common sense, and symmetri- cally exaggerates the objectless power of the imaginary by dint of episte- mological breaks—offers the perfect symbol for this impossible crisis, this drawing and quartering.3 This image, however, is too simplistic and in fact makes us unable to really appre- ciate what we can learn from the work of Bachelard today.
    [Show full text]
  • Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers: from Structuralism to Postmodernity
    FIFTY KEY CONTEMPORARY THINKERS From structuralism to postmodernity John Lechte London and New York FIFTY KEY CONTEMPORARY THINKERS In this book, John Lechte focuses both on the development of structuralist theory and on key thinkers opposed to this tendency. For the specialist and the general reader alike, it is an indispensable reference book on this century’s most important intellectual revolution. In each of the fifty entries, John Lechte skilfully illuminates complex thought with unusual clarity. He also provides comprehensive bibliographical information and suggestions for further reading. From early structuralism, Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers guides us through post-structuralism, semiotics, post-Marxism and Annales history, on to modernity and postmodernity. It includes chapters on Bakhtin, Freud, Bourdieu, Chomsky, Derrida, Lacan, Kristeva, Saussure, Irigaray and Kafka among others. Literary figures who have changed the way language is conceived are considered, together with philosophers, linguists, social theorists, feminists and historians. Fifty Key Contemporary Thinkers shows that thought in the twentieth century emphasises the relational dimension of existence rather than an essential dimension. This kind of thought leads on to nihilism, but also to the point where nihilism might be overcome. In explaining new developments in literature, art and philosophy, John Lechte helps readers to achieve a more profound understanding of the underpinnings of post- war thought and culture. John Lechte, a former student of Julia Kristeva, teaches social theory and the sociology of representation at Macquarie University, Australia. He has also worked in the fields of history, semiotics and politics, and has an abiding interest in psychoanalysis. He has taught and published widely on many aspects of modern thought.
    [Show full text]
  • A Poetics for Spatial Justice: Gaston Bachelard, Walter Benjamin, and the Return to Historical Materialism
    LAW & LITERATURE A Poetics for Spatial Justice: Gaston Bachelard, Walter Benjamin, and the Return to Historical Materialism Christopher Tomlins Abstract, With the ebb of the last half century’s linguistic/cultural turn, Keywords, Gaston Bachelard, socio-legal and legal-humanist scholarship has begun to return to Walter Benjamin, Materialism, materiality. This article addresses the “new materialisms” and “vibrant Material Imagination, Historical matter” of recent years, and asks how they might be embodied in a Materialism, Law, Time, philosophy of law that can address the forms, notably “spatial justice,” Spatial Justice that materiality is assuming in contemporary legal studies. To attempt answers, the article turns to two figures from the middle decades of the twentieth century: Gaston Bachelard – once famous, now mostly forgotten; and Walter Benjamin – once largely forgotten, now famous. A prolific and much-admired writer between 1930 and 1960, Bachelard pursued a trajectory of inquiry that braided two putatively distinct elements: a dialectical and materialist and historical (but non-Marxist) philosophy of science; and a poetics of the material imagination based on inquiry into the literary reception and representation of classical antiquity’s four physical elements – earth, water, fire, and air. Between the late 1920s and 1940, meanwhile, Benjamin developed an idiosyncratic but potent form of historical materialism dedicated to “arousing [the world] from its dream of itself.” The article argues that by mobilizing Bachelard and Benjamin for scholarship at the intersection of law with the humanities, new materialism can be reminded that it has a potent history from which a poetics can be fashioned for the material forms in which law appears to us today.
    [Show full text]
  • Music As a Cultural Diplomacy Between Israel and Turkey (2008-2016)
    DOI: 10.7816/idil-06-32-04 idil, 2017, Cilt 6, Sayı 32, Volume 6, Issue 32 MUSIC AS A CULTURAL DIPLOMACY BETWEEN ISRAEL AND TURKEY (2008-2016) Mehtap DEMİR1 ÖZ The objective of this research is to explore how musical and cultural diplomacy have influenced political relationships between Turkey and Israel. Cultural diplomacy encompasses the exchange of ideas and information for the purpose of promoting mutually benefiting understanding between different cultural groups. Music diplomacy is the use of songs to promote respect, cooperation and understanding. The article emphasizes how Israel and Turkey have benefited from the power of music and cultural exchanges to maintain friendly ties when they have the lowest level of connection in terms of diplomatic relations. In the diplomatic crisis of two countries in 2010, the musicians, from both countries, took on the roles of peace ambassador and helped to soothe the masses through concerts. Using the constructivist theory of international relations, this article argues for promotion of culture and music as crucial diplomatic instruments for improving cooperation and communication between countries. In this context, it is very crucial to raise the highest possible levels of musical and cultural diplomacy between Israel and Turkey and to find ways to respect each other's cultural uniqueness. The topic of this article has been probed through the historical and critical method of musicology in the interdisciplinary context, including politics, international relations and cultural studies. Keywords: Israel, Turkey, Cultural Diplomacy, Music, International Relations Demir, Mehtap. "Music as a Cultural Diplomacy between Israel and Turkey (2008-2016)". idil 6.32 (2017): 1225-1240.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia
    Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 8-2018 The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia Joseph R. Johnson Utah State University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd Part of the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Joseph R., "The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia" (2018). All Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 7257. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7257 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Studies at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF CULTURAL DIPLOMACY ON PUBLIC PERCEPTION IN ASIA by Joseph R. Johnson A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Political Science Approved: ______________________ ____________________ Yesola Kweon, Ph.D. Anna Pechenkina, Ph.D. Major Professor Committee Member ______________________ ____________________ So-Jung Lim, Ph.D. Mark R. McLellan, Ph.D. Committee Member Vice President for Research and Dean of the School of Graduate Studies UTAH STATE UNIVERSITY Logan, Utah 2018 ii Copyright © Joseph Johnson 2018 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The Effects of Cultural Diplomacy on Public Perception in Asia by Joseph R. Johnson Utah State University, 2018 Major Professor: Yesola Kweon Department: Political Science How does exposure to foreign cultures affect public opinion? Many states rely on cultural diplomacy programs to improve their national image abroad. Some scholars, however, argue that cultural exports can lead to nationalist backlashes of negative opinion that outweigh their positive effects.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 US Cultural Diplomacy
    U.S. Cultural Diplomacy: Where Are We Now? Five Papers Published by the Center for Arts and Culture Executive Summary The portrayal overseas of American democracy, values and culture is at an all-time low. According to one poll after another, perceptions around the world about America continue to sink. 1 If American values are misunderstood, or even poorly understood, by the rest of the world, what are our leaders and public institutions doing about it? The Center for Arts and Culture commissioned five papers in the spring of 2003 to explore varying aspects of the contemporary state of U.S. cultural diplomacy, which has been defined as “the exchange of ideas, information, art, and other aspects of culture among nations and their people in order to foster mutual understanding.”2 Paradoxically, official support for exchanges of people and culture has decreased by nearly 20 percent from 1992 to 2002. Yet at the same time, we are asking more of the apparatus of public diplomacy to rectify the U.S. image abroad. In Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey, Milton Cummings traces the origins of cultural diplomacy beginning in the 1930s, in response to Nazi cultural propaganda in Latin America, through an urgent period of growth during World War II, and on to a more vigorously institutionalized phase of cultural diplomacy during the 40 years of the Cold War. Programs exported in the name of diplomacy initially focused on art exhibits, and soon expanded to embrace educational, library and museum exchanges, especially with former belligerent nations. “Between 1945 and 1954, more than 12,000 Germans and 2,000 Americans participated in the U.S.
    [Show full text]