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Introduction to Physical Oceanography
Introduction To Physical Oceanography Robert H. Stewart Department of Oceanography Texas A & M University Copyright 1997–2000 ii Contents Preface vii 1 A Voyage of Discovery 1 1.1 Physics of the Ocean . 1 1.2 Goals . 2 1.3 Organization . 3 1.4 The Big Picture . 3 1.5 Further Reading . 4 2 The Historical Setting 7 2.1 Definitions . 7 2.2 Eras of Oceanographic Exploration . 8 2.3 Milestones in the Understanding of the Ocean . 11 2.4 Evolution of some Theoretical Ideas . 15 2.5 The Role of Observations in Oceanography . 16 2.6 Selecting Oceanic Data Sets . 16 2.7 Design of Oceanographic Experiments . 17 2.8 Accuracy, Precision, and Linearity . 17 2.9 Important Concepts . 19 3 The Physical Setting 21 3.1 Oceans and Seas . 22 3.2 Dimensions of the Oceans . 24 3.3 Bathymetric Features . 25 3.4 Measuring the Depth of the Ocean . 28 3.5 Bathymetric Charts and Data Sets . 34 3.6 Sound in the Ocean . 35 3.7 Important Concepts . 38 4 Atmospheric Influences 39 4.1 The Earth in Space . 39 4.2 Atmospheric Wind Systems . 40 4.3 The Planetary Boundary Layer . 41 4.4 Measurement of Wind . 42 iii iv CONTENTS 4.5 The Sampling Problem in Scatterometry . 49 4.6 Wind Stress . 49 4.7 Important Concepts . 51 5 The Oceanic Heat Budget 53 5.1 The Oceanic Heat Budget . 53 5.2 Heat-Budget Terms . 55 5.3 Direct Calculation of Fluxes . 59 5.4 Indirect Calculation of Fluxes: Bulk Formulas . 61 5.5 Global Data Sets for Fluxes . -
C a S / J S C Wgne Report No. 19
INTERNATIONAL INTERGOVERNMENTAL WORLD COUNCIL FOR OCEANOGRAPHIC METEOROLOGICAL SCIENCE COMMISSION ORGANIZATION WMO ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH AND ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME WMO/IOC/ICSU WORLD CLIMATE RESEARCH PROGRAMME C A S / J S C REPORT OF THE NINETEENTH SESSION OF THE WGNE CAS/JSC WORKING GROUP REPORT ON NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION NO. 19 (Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Salvador, Brazil, 10-14 November 2003) WMO/TD-NO. 1252 2004 REPORT OF THE NINETEENTH SESSION OF THE CAS/JSC WORKING GROUP ON NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTATION (Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Salvador, Brazil, 10 to 14 November 2003) CAS/JSC REPORT NO. 19 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. 1. RELEVANT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF WGNE/GMPP ACTIVITIES 1 2. PHYSICAL PARAMETERIZATIONS IN MODELS 3 2.1 Cloud parameterizations 3 2.2 Land-surface processes 5 2.3 Atmospheric boundary layer 6 3. STUDIES AND COMPARISONS OF ATMOSPHERIC MODEL SIMULATIONS 7 3.1 General model intercomparisons 7 3.2 Standard climate model diagnostics 10 3.3 Developments in numerical approximations 10 3.4 Model-derived estimates of ocean-atmosphere fluxes and precipitation 11 3.5 Model stratospheric representation 11 3.6 Regional climate modelling 13 3.7 Other climate-related modelling initiatives 14 4. DATA ASSIMILATION AND ANALYSIS 15 4.1 Reanalysis projects 15 4.2 Observing system and observation impact studies 17 4.3 Co-ordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) 17 5. NUMERICAL WEATHER PREDICTION TOPICS 18 5.1 Short- and medium-range weather prediction 18 5.2 Ensemble prediction 26 5.3 Recent developments at operational forecast centres 26 6. OTHER WGNE ACTIVITIES AND FUTURE EVENTS 39 7. -
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members of commissions, boards, and committees1 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE2 C. J. Murino J. Smagorinsky E. W. Bierly E. G. Droessler H. D. Orville J. R. Mahoney K. C. Spengler D. F. Landrigan COMMITTEES OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Awards Chairman: Prof. David D. Houghton, Dept. of Meteorology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Dr. Douglas A. Abbott, 2413 Antiquity Lane, Belleville, IL 62221 Dr. Elbert W. Friday, Jr., 9827 Wolcott Ct., Burke, VA 22015 Dr. Jerry D. Mahlman, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, NOAA, Box 308, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 Prof. Thomas B. McKee, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Foothills Campus, Fort Collins, CO 80523 'The executive director is an ex officio member of all commissions, boards, and committees. 2Addresses listed on preceding page. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 945 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/08/21 07:43 PM UTC 946 Vol. 66, No. 8, August 1985 Nominating3 Chairman: Prof. Richard E. Orville, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, State University of New York at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222 Dr. Robert C. Beardsley, Clark Laboratory, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02536 Col. Floyd F. Hauth, U.S. Air Force, 312 Donn Dr., O'Fallon, IL 62269 Prof. Kristina B. Katsaros, Dept. of Atmospheric Science, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Richard C. Przywarty, Alaska Regional HQ, National Weather Service, NOAA, 701 C St., P.O. Box 23, Anchorage, AK 99513 Admissions Chairman: Owen R. Cote, Electronic Systems Div., Air Force Systems Command, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731 Valentine J. Descamps, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region I, J. -
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members of commissions, boards, and committees EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE2 J. Smagorinsky Albert J. Kaehn, Jr. C. J. Murino E. W. Bierly Julia N. Paegle J. R. Mahoney K. C. Spengler COMMITTEES OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Awards Chairman: Dr. John B. Hovermale, Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility, Monterey, CA 93940 Dr. Neil L. Frank, National Hurricane Center, NOAA, 1320 South Dixie Highway, Coral Gables, FL 33146 Prof. Peter V. Hobbs, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, AK-40, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 Dr. William R. Holland, National Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307 Dr. Cecil E. Leith, Jr., Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, L-13, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, CA 94550 'The executive director is an ex officio member of all commissions, boards, and committees. 2Addresses listed on preceding page. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 953 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 10/11/21 08:45 AM UTC 954 Vol. 67, No. 8, August 1986 Nominating3 Chairman: Dr. Charles L. Hosier, 114 Kern Graduate Building, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802 William R. Bandeen, Laboratory for Atmospheres, Code 610, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771 Dr. Louis Battan, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Building 81, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721 Dr. Richard E. Hallgren, National Weather Service, NOAA, 80601 13th St., Silver Spring, MD 20910 John E. Wallace, Weather Services Corporation, 131A Great Road, Bedford, MA 01730 Admissions Chairman: Owen R. Cote, Electronic Systems Div., Air Force Systems Command, Hanscom Air Force Base, MA 01731 Prof. Keith L. Seitter, Dept. of Earth Sciences, University of Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854 David B.