DOCSLIB.ORG

Confronting Gerontocracy the Youthful Character of the Egyptian Revolution

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Confronting Gerontocracy the Youthful Character of the Egyptian Revolution Sina Birkholz Confronting Gerontocracy The Youthful Character of the Egyptian Revolution Working Paper No. 9 | March 2013 www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/vorderer-orient 2 Sina Birkholz: Confronting Gerontocracy Working Paper No. 9 | March 2013 3 Working Papers for Middle Eastern and North African Politics Confronting Gerontocracy This Working Paper Series is edited by the Center for Middle Eastern and North African Politics The Youthful Character of the Egyptian Revolution at the Freie Universität Berlin. It presents original research about the social, political, cultural and economic transformations in the region and beyond. It features contributions in area Sina Birkholz studies, comparative politics, gender studies and peace and conflict studies, thus representing a broad variety of critical and empirically founded fresh insights on current issues in these fields. Abstract Downloads From day one, the Egyptian uprising in 2011 has been called a “youth revolution”. While young The Working Papers are available online at www.polsoz.fu-berlin.de/vorderer-orient/wp. educated Egyptians indeed were at the forefront of the protests on January 25, an exclusively age- You can order your print copy at [email protected] centred perspective is insufficient for grasping the meaning of the events. Rather than focusing purely on a specific age group I conceive of “youthfulness” as a broader social construct. In this © 2013 by the author(s): Sina Birkholz paper, I explore in what way we can consider the Egyptian revolution to be a youthful revolution, and argue that a focus on both youth and youthfulness offers an important conceptual access Birkholz, Sina (2013), Confronting Gerontocracy – The Youthful Character of the Egyptian Revolution,Working Paper No. 9 | March 2013, point to understanding the ongoing social, political and cultural transformations in Egypt. In Center for North African and Middle Eastern Politics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, March 2013. order to make sense of the developments, we need to be aware of the most important youth- ISSN (Print) : 2192-7499 related (structural) causes, triggers, and demands. The gerontocratic regime and its symbolism ISSN (Internet) : 2193-0775 explain why youth advanced to a category of political conflict. Finally, also the largely negative image of youth that prevailed in Egypt, as well as young people‘s role and situation need be taken into account for analysing not only the dynamics of the 18 days in Tahrir but also the ongoing Center for Middle Eastern and North African Politics struggle for power and identity in Egypt. Fachbereich Politik- und Sozialwissenschaften Otto-Suhr-Institute for Political Science Freie Universität Berlin Ihnestr. 22 About the author 14195 Berlin Germany Sina Birkholz studied Political Science and International Relations at Augsburg University, Phone: +49(0) 30 838 56640 Germany and the University of St Andrews, Scotland. She has been living in Cairo, Egypt for Fax: +49(0) 30 838 56637 extended periods of time since 2008. Sina is currently working as a researcher at the Institute for Email: [email protected] Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence IKG, Bielefeld University. Within the project “Violence Research and Development” she coordinates cooperation with Egyptian universities and scholars, and supervises a research line on police violence. Sina has been writing recently about narrative identity, women, youth and political change in Egypt. 4 Sina Birkholz: Confronting Gerontocracy Working Paper No. 9 | March 2013 5 Table of Contents 1. Two years after the “youth” revolution – the difficulties of writing about a revo- 3.5.4 Was “Tahrir” nothing but a huge marketing success? 32 lution that is “ongoing” 6 3.5.5 The global cultural repertoire of contemporary revolution making 34 2. “Youth is just a word” – explorations of the category youth in general and in 3.5.6 The (younger) people demand the fall of the (old) regime – the Egyptian context 8 political categories in an autocratic gerontocracy 36 2.1 Various definitions and connotations of youth 8 3.6 The Revolution two years after – some tentative hypotheses on 2.1.1 Youth as a transitional phase 9 the outcome 39 2.1.2 Youthfulness and a youthful habitus 9 3.6.1 More respect for youth? Changing inter-generational relationships? 40 2.1.3 The potential of youth as a collective actor and as a resource 11 3.6.2 An overall sense of empowerment and ownership 41 2.2 Perceptions of youth in Egypt: youth as baltagiyya and victims of 3.6.3 The revolution failed to bring about youth’s inclusion in globalisation 12 the political process 42 3. The Egyptian Revolution – and its relation to youth 15 4. The changing face of a failed revolution 47 3.1 The question of participation and the question of youthfulness 15 Bibliography 50 3.2 Talking about a revolution – drawing boundaries and fixing terminology 16 Picture Sources 57 3.3 The structural causes and their effect on youth 18 3.3.1 Economic grievances and the phenomenon of waithood 19 3.3.2 A dictator’s educational system 20 3.3.3 The patriarchal order of society and politics: grievances in a closed system 21 3.3.4 Indignation in face of injustice and disrespect for human dignity 23 3.3.5 Young in Egypt – being stuck without a future 24 3.4 The triggers of January 25 – Gamal Mubarak, Khaled Said, and Tunisia 25 3.4.1 Gamal’s inheritance, the 2010 electoral fraud and Mubarak’s immortality 26 3.4.2 The death of Khaled Said – busting the myth of the baltagi 27 3.5 The youthful character of the Egyptian revolution: united, spontaneous, creative and ethical 29 3.5.1 New Protest strategies and new media 29 3.5.2 New dreams and visions 30 3.5.3 New values and regained dignity 31 6 Sina Birkholz: Confronting Gerontocracy Working Paper No. 9 | March 2013 7 1. Two years after the “youth” revolution – the difficulties of world” became the face of the Egyptian revolution8 and “the rebirth of the ‘true’ ibn al balad Egyptian, trapped for decades by a genie in an old lantern and now finally set writing about a revolution that is “ongoing” free by the country’s youth, became the headline to the success story of the uprising” (Hafez 2012: 40). Various scholars, authors and political commentators soon adopted this narrative. And in most cases, the label “youth revolution” rests on the perception Even though it might be too early to “explain” the Egyptian revolution1 which is still that it was mainly people from a specific age group that instigated the protests on a moving target (Bayat 2011a; Elyachar 2012), certain narrations have become well- January 25, 2011 and in the following days. In some texts, though, a slightly different established and find consensus among academics, activists, journalists2, and my other notion is indicated - but rarely elaborated in detail. Khamis and Vaughn for example (young) interlocutors3. It is largely undoubted that previous protests, (worker) strikes, state that “long-time dictator Hosni Mubarak was forced to step down under pres- and the formation of protest movements provided the grounds for the uprising on sure from a popular, youthful, and peaceful revolution” (Khamis/Vaughn 2011: 1, my January 25. Some attribute major importance to the workers’ strikes (since 2006) in emphasis; see Rushdy 2011). Yet, it remains unclear: What does this actually mean – a Mahalla, an industrial city south of Cairo, and the ensuing foundation of the April 6 “youthful” revolution? Youth Movement; others emphasize the emergence of political protest and the Kefaya Movement in the wake of the Intifada, the Iraq-War and various Israeli offensives; and It is this latter question that I want to address in this paper. I am not primarily lastly also the silent protests in the aftermath of Khaled Said’s death, called for by concerned with the age-centred perspective, for reasons that will become increasingly the Facebook page “Kullina4 Khaled Said”5, are considered a prelude to the uprising. clear in the next chapters. Rather than focusing purely on a specific age group I want It is also treated as a fait accompli that young (bilingual) people were the ones who to conceive of “youthfulness” as a broader social construct. I explore in what way we “started” the revolution (i.e., who where behind much of the mobilisation efforts and can consider the Egyptian revolution to be a youthful revolution, and argue that even the most numerous group to start the marches on January 25)6, yet, soon people from though a focus on youth and youthfulness is not the only valid perspective, it offers all walks of lives and professions joined. Without this broad-based support Mubarak one important conceptual access point to understanding the events. could not have been forced out. There is also consensus that the internet, in particular social media, played a role in the mobilisation and organisation of the protests, and its later dynamics. So did the role of international media and the regime’s response. The structure of this paper Any approach to this research question needs to be grounded in some understand- “The Youth Revolution” – headline of the Egyptian uprising ing of the local context and in a thorough reflection of analytical concepts in the first place. The next chapter therefore is devoted to some reflections on the category While these interpretations have been developed and established in the aftermath of “youth”, both in general and in the specific Egyptian context. The purpose is not to the uprising, a narrower reading had been almost hegemonic in the heat of the battle, find an unambiguous definition of “youth” but to sensitise the reader for the com- during the 18 Days in Tahrir7: the reading that we were observing a “youth revolution”.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2019 Rural Development Report. Chapter 4
    Socio-political participation of rural Chapter 4 youth 122 2019 Rural Development Report Creating opportunities for rural youth Rural youth participation matters The three foundations for youth-centred transformation – productivity, connectivity and agency – can be effectively integrated into rural development policies only if rural youth have the opportunity to actively participate in the social, economic and political life of their communities and countries. Rural youth participation in decision-making is both a means to an end and an end in itself. It helps to make interventions more responsive to young people’s needs and it helps to make interventions more effective by fostering greater ownership of policies and initiatives. At the same time, participation has been recognized as a fundamental right in several international conventions and declarations, including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the World Programme of Action for Youth and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (Trivelli and Morel, 2018). In addition, and perhaps more importantly, the participation of young people is regarded as a way to enhance their agency by building and strengthening social and human capital, developing skills, boosting confidence and self-esteem and increasing their awareness of their rights (SPW-DFID-CSO, 2010). Participatory mechanisms and strategies are needed at the national and local levels to ensure the active and effective participation of rural youth all along the policy and programme decision-making process. These mechanisms can either be State-driven (for instance, local assemblies) or stakeholder-driven (for example, youth advisory panels in development programmes run by international agencies or youth-driven local organizations).
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Engagement and Empowerment Report
    Youth Engagement and Empowerment In Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia Agenda Youth Engagement and Empowerment In Jordan, Morocco and Tunisia November 2018 version TABLE OF CONTENTS │ 3 Table of contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Notes .................................................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1. Towards national integrated youth strategies ................................................................. 7 Jordan ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Morocco ............................................................................................................................................... 9 Tunisia ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Good practices from OECD countries ............................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2. Strengthening the formal body responsible for co-ordinating youth policy and inter-ministerial co-ordination ........................................................................................................... 13 Jordan ................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise of Gerontocracy? Addressing the Intergenerational Democratic Deficit
    The rise of gerontocracy? Addressing the intergenerational democratic deficit Dr Craig Berry on behalf of the Intergenerational Foundation May 2012 Intergenerational Foundation, www.if.org.uk, charity no: 1142 230 Contents Foreword 3 Executive summary 5 Introduction 10 1. Democracy and intergenerational equity 13 2. The intergenerational democratic deficit 20 3. Solutions? 44 Appendix: possible objections 66 2 Foreword Debate about the implications of the ageing character of our society has so far been directed towards economic issues, including imbalances in wealth and economic opportunities across the generations. It is now time for us to start considering the civic implications of inequalities arising from Britain's ageing society. The analysis set out in this paper by Dr Craig Berry shows that, if current trends continue, older cohorts may well come to exercise a disproportionate influence on the democratic process in future decades. We could be witnessing a fundamental reconfiguration of the electorate, which is putting more power into the hands of older people and reducing that which younger cohorts possess. Dr Berry's paper illustrates that the life-stages of voters matter more and more in our democracy. Understanding the significance and nature of age-based inequalities should form an important part of the agenda of those committed to the cause of reforming our political system. An electorate which includes a growing number of older people generates new imbalances in terms of voter turnout, voter registration, party support and the social and generational composition of the legislature. The coalition government's proposed changes to the system of voter registration, for instance, require particularly careful scrutiny if they are to avoid making generational inequalities worse.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide for Starting Empowerment Groups
    illiinois IMAGINES GUIDE FOR STARTING EMPOWERMENT GROUPS Illinois Imagines Project December 2014 illiinois IMAGINES OUR RIIGHTS, right now TABLE OF CONTENTS GUIDE FOR STARTING EMPOWERMENT GROUPS Pages 4-11 GROUP MEETING SESSIONS Meeting #1: Community Building Pages 14-16 Meeting #2: Organizing the Group Pages 17-19 Meeting #3: History of Oppression of People with Disabilities Pages 20-23 Meeting #4: Power – Personal and Group Pages 24-26 Meeting #5: Power – Using Our Personal and Group Power Pages 27-29 Meeting #6: Self-Esteem Pages 30-31 Meeting #7: Bullying Page 32 Meeting #8: Gender Inequality Pages 33-34 Meeting #9: Sexual Violence 101 Pages 35-37 Meeting #10: Sexual Assault Exams Pages 38-39 Meeting #11: Self-Care and Assertiveness Pages 40-42 Meeting #12: Safe Places and People Pages 43-45 Meeting #13: Internet Safety Pages 46-47 Meeting #14: Helping a Friend Who Discloses Pages 48-50 Meeting #15: Interview with Local Rape Crisis Center Workers Pages 51-52 Meeting #16: Surrounding Yourself with Support Systems Pages 53-55 Meeting #17: Group Decision Making Pages 56-58 Meeting #18: Community Organizing Pages 59-61 Meeting #19: Empowerment Plan Pages 62-63 Meeting #20: Connecting with Other Community Groups Pages 64-65 Meeting #21: Group Leadership and Structure Pages 67-68 Meeting #22: Conflict Resolution and Keeping Up Energy Pages 69-71 Meeting #23: Moving Forward Celebration Pages 72-73 RESOURCES Pages 75-77 This project was supported by Grant #2006-FW-AX-K009 awarded by the Office on Violence Against Women, United States Department of Justice. The opinion, finding, conclusion and recommendation expressed in this program are those of the author(s) and do not neccessarily relect the views of the Department of Justice, Office on Violence Against Women.
    [Show full text]
  • Gerontocracy, Retirement, and Social Security in the Neighborhood of G = D = 0
    Table of Contents I. A Look at Government Spending on the Elderly ............................................. 1 Spending on the Elderly Dominates Government Budgets ................................. 1 Spending growth cannot be explained by demographics ................................... 5 Some Internationally and Historically Common Design Features ............................ 6 II. Our Economic Approach to Gerontocracy and Social Security ................................ 11 AARP: The “R” Does not Stand for “Old” ............................................ 12 The Importance of “Time” in the Political Process ...................................... 14 The Single-Minded Leisure Class ............................................ 15 Segregation and Reduced Costs of Political Organization ......................... 15 Endogenous Political Preferences ............................................ 16 Monopoly Capitalism ...................................................... 16 The model ...................................................................... 17 Extensions of the Model .......................................................... 32 Goods-Intensive Pressure ................................................... 32 Political Competition over Tax Rates ......................................... 33 Within-Group Heterogeneity and 100% Tax Rates ............................... 33 Why are the Elderly Politically Successful and Other Groups are Less So? ................... 34 Low Labor Productivity ...................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Leadership As a Route to Greater Empowerment
    WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP AS A ROUTE TO GREATER EMPOWERMENT DESKTOP STUDY OCTOBER 30, 2014 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Mona Lena Krook, Darcy Ashman, Layla Moughari and Milad Pournik of Management Systems International. WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP AS A ROUTE TO GREATER EMPOWERMENT DESKTOP STUDY Management Systems International Corporate Offices 200 12th Street South Arlington, VA 22202, USA Tel: + 1 703 979 7100 / Fax: +1 703 979 7101 Contracted under IQC No: AID-OAA-I-10-00002, Task Order No. AID-OAA-TO-13-00046 USAID Contracting Officer’s Representative: Julie Denham, DRG Center DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................................................................. II EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................. 1 KEY FINDINGS OF THE DESKTOP STUDY ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE PROGRAMMING .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Breaking the Chains: Eradicating Slavery Through Sdgs
    Panel Discussion for the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery Breaking the Chains: Eradicating Slavery through SDGs 28 November 2019, 11:30 – 13:00, Palais des Nations, Room XXI Organized by the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery On 28 November 2019, the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery will host a Panel Discussion on connections between victim-centred anti-slavery efforts and Target 8.7 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The event will feature the High Commissioner for Human Rights, Ms. Michelle Bachelet, and NGO practitioners providing services to slavery survivors with the Fund’s support. The event is funded by Germany and co-sponsored by Australia and the UK. Background According to the Global Estimates of Modern Slavery, over 40 million people in every region of the world were in a situation of modern slavery in 2016 — an estimated 5.4 victims per 1,000 people. With the aim to tackle this issue and to mark the International Day for the Abolition of Slavery, the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund on Contemporary Forms of Slavery (UN Slavery Fund) will host a Panel Discussion, including remarks from the High Commissioner for Human Rights, on 28 November 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland. The Panel Discussion will explore connections between victim-centred anti-slavery efforts and Target 8.7 of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In particular, the discussion will examine the four priority areas defined by the Thematic Action Groups of the Alliance 8.7 (rule of law & governance, supply chains, migration, and conflicts & humanitarian crisis) and how they relate to victim-centred approaches in the design and delivery of assistance to survivors of slavery.
    [Show full text]
  • Youth Voice As a Strategy for Systems Change
    Youth Voice as a Strategy for Systems Change: An Evaluation of the Zellerbach Family Foundation Youth Voice Initiative December 2011 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to express our sincere gratitude for the guidance and support of Ellen Walker, former program executive of the Zellerbach Family Foundation. In addition, this report would not have been possible without the extensive contributions of numerous individuals at the youth voice organizations funded by Zellerbach, as well as other key stakeholders, including: Rachel Antrobus, Transitional Age Youth (TAYSF) Diane Boyer, Senior Policy Analyst, County Welfare Directors Association of California Allison Cohen, Transitional Age Youth (TAYSF) Reed Connell, Alameda County Foster Youth Alliance Phil Crandall, Humboldt County Department of Health and Human Services Nicole Demedenko, Youth in Mind Monica Flores, Center for Young Women’s Development Jamie Lee Evans, Y.O.U.T.H. Training Project Hannah Haley, Alameda County Foster Youth Alliance Sophia Herman, Y.O.U.T.H. Training Project Patricia Johnson, California Council on Youth Relations/New America Media Jude Koski, California Youth Connection Barbara LaHaie, Humboldt County Department of Health and Human Services Susan Manzi, Youth in Mind Jennifer Rodriguez, Youth Law Center Venus Rodriguez, Center for Young Women’s Development Gregory Rose, Children and Family Services Division, California Department of Social Services Marlene Sanchez, Center for Young Women’s Development Feven Seyoum, California Youth Connection William Siffermann, San Francisco Juvenile Probation Department Joseph Tietz, California Youth Connection Rochelle Trochtenberg, Humboldt County Transition Age Collaboration Emily Villas, California Youth Connection Mailee Wang, Project WHAT! Jeannie Yoon, Y.O.U.T.H. Training Project Korwin Consulting, an evaluation and planning firm, advances social justice solutions by identifying community strengths, building organizational capacity, and evaluating impact.
    [Show full text]
  • Scrutinizing Federal Electoral Qualifications
    Scrutinizing Federal Electoral Qualifications DEREK T. MULLER* Candidates for federal office must meet several constitutional qualifications. Sometimes, whether a candidate meets those qualifications is a matter of dispute. Courts and litigants often assume that a state has the power to include or exclude candidates from the ballot on the basis of the state’s own scrutiny of candidates’ qualifications. Courts and litigants also often assume that the matter is not left to the states but to Congress or another political actor. But those contradictory assumptions have never been examined, until now. This Article compiles the mandates of the Constitution, the precedents of Congress, the practices of states administering the ballot, and judicial precedents. It concludes that states have no role in evaluating the qualifications of congressional candidates—the matter is reserved to the people and to Congress. It then concludes that while states have the power to scrutinize qualifications for presidential candidates, they are not obligated to do so under the Constitution. If state legislatures choose to exercise that power, it comes at the risk of ceding reviewing power to election officials, partisan litigants, and the judiciary. The Article then offers a framework for future litigation that protects the guarantees of the Constitution, the rights of the voters, and the authorities of the sovereigns. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 560 I. CONSTITUTIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
    [Show full text]
  • Understanding and Measuring Womens Economic Empowerment
    Definition, Framework and Indicators Understanding and Measuring Women’s Economic Empowerment by Anne Marie Golla, Anju Malhotra, Priya Nanda, and Rekha Mehra Definition, Framework and Indicators 2 Understanding and Measuring Women’s Economic Empowerment Anne Marie Golla/ICRW Acknowledgments ICRW gratefully acknowledges the Department of International Development (DFID), the ExxonMobil Foundation and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation for their generous support of this work. Cover photos: David Snyder/ICRW Design: Barbieri and Green © 2011 International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). Portions of this document may be reproduced without express permission from but with acknowledgment to ICRW. Definition, Framework and Indicators 3 I. Introduction As interest in fostering women’s economic The concepts presented here are meant to empowerment grows, two questions arise. help practitioners, researchers and donors There is increasing recognition that eco- 1. How is women’s economic empowerment design effective, measurable interventions to nomically empowering women is essential defined? What does the term women’s advance women economically. In develop- both to realize women’s rights and to economic empowerment encompass? ing these concepts, we have drawn both on achieve broader development goals such as 2. How can women’s economic empower- the available literature and on ICRW’s direct economic growth, poverty reduction, health, ment be measured and evaluated so experience in evaluating women’s economic education and welfare. In the last five years, organizations can show they are on the empowerment programs. This document is in- a broad range of organizations have com- right track to achieving it? tended as a conceptual guide, rather than an mitted themselves to the goal of women’s operational tool kit.
    [Show full text]
  • INNOVATIVE IDEAS to BUILD YOUTH VOICE in YOUR YOUTH PROGRAM New YD Webinars
    INNOVATIVE IDEAS TO BUILD YOUTH VOICE IN YOUR YOUTH PROGRAM New YD Webinars Policy Practice Research Your Webinar Host Meghan Perry Advisor –Youth Programs Institute for Youth Success 503-275-9579 [email protected] Housekeeping Everyone is muted for optimal sound quality You can “raise your hand” to ask questions or make comments or post in the chat (send to “All participants”) Please complete post- webinar evaluation Session Plan Overview of Y-AP Y-AP in youth programs Promising practices Today’s Presenter Julie Petrokubi, Ph.D. Senior Advisor Youth Development & Evaluation Education Northwest 503-275-9649 [email protected] Panelists • Mayra Perez, Latino Network • Carolyn Manke, Camp Fire Columbia • Rhen Miles, Camp Fire Columbia Webinar Goals Introduce core youth-adult partnership concepts and research Explore promising practices for promoting youth-adult partnership in youth programs Hear about the experiences of two youth programs that are working to promote youth voice Overview of Youth-Adult Partnership Word Soup Voice Participation Leadership Engagement Empowerment Partnership What is Youth-Adult Partnership? A group of youth and adults working together on important issues. Assumes youth have the right and capacity to participate in decisions that impact their lives. Assumes mutual learning between youth and adults. Where does Y-AP take place? Community Organization Program What does Y-AP look like in action? Core Principles of Y-AP 1. Authentic decision making 2. Natural mentors 3. Reciprocity 4. Community connectedness (Zeldin, Christens & Powers, 2012) Why does Y-AP matter? 1. Adolescents seek autonomy and membership. Youth thrive in settings that offer support for efficacy and mattering, where they feel a sense of purpose and contribute to a community.
    [Show full text]
  • A University of Sussex Phd Thesis Available Online Via Sussex
    A University of Sussex PhD thesis Available online via Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/ This thesis is protected by copyright which belongs to the author. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Please visit Sussex Research Online for more information and further details University of Sussex, School of Law, Politics and Sociology (Gender Studies). Agnes Adama Campbell Nee Kallay This thesis is submitted as part fulfilment of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Gender Studies Gambian women, violence and its intersection with HIV/AIDS: Agency through feminist participatory research 21 st December 2017 i i DECLARATION I hereby declare that this thesis has not been and will not be, submitted in whole or in part to another University for the award of any other degree. The data has been obtained from fieldwork using a participatory feminist research approach. I take full responsibility for the production of the thesis which is my own original work. Signature: Agnes Adama Campbell Nee Kallay....... iiii ABSTRACT Research has identified a strong correlation between HIV/AIDS and gender-based violence, yet few studies centre the experiential knowledge of HIV sero-positive women and practitioners. This thesis, based on fieldwork conducted in the Gambia, is grounded in data on HIV positive women’s experiences of violence and practices of resistance, revealing context specific complexities and challenges.
    [Show full text]