SOUTHERN COLOMBIA: EASTERN & WESTERN SLOPES OF THE

NOVEMBER 7–21, 2019

Andean Condor - Photo: Steve Hilty

LEADERS: STEVE HILTY & LUIS EDUARDO URUEÑA LIST COMPILED BY: STEVE HILTY

VICTOR EMANUEL NATURE TOURS, INC. 2525 WALLINGWOOD DRIVE, SUITE 1003 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78746 WWW.VENTBIRD.COM

SOUTHERN COLOMBIA Eastern & Western Slopes of the Andes November 7–21, 2019

By Steve Hilty

Eastern slope of Colombian Andes above city of Mocoa, Putumayo. Photo: S. Hilty

This was a new birding route—in fact, we were the first commercial company to offer this route—unusual in that it included sites on both the east and west slopes of the Colombian Andes as well as the Central highlands. Our route included a high elevation national park (Puracé), a new private reserve in the Magdalena Valley, five other private reserves, two research facilities, and public roads passing through vast areas of magnificent pristine mountain forest. And, in at least three areas, we drove for hours through pristine montane wet forest with practically no sign of human habitation.

Was the birding good? We found 41 species of , and were standouts— Metallic-green Tanagers, Glistening-green Tanagers, and Moss-backed Tanagers all could be called locally common. So also were Orange-fronted Plushcrowns. There were genuine rarities such as Chestnut-bellied Cotinga, and infrequently seen species such as Solitary Eagle, Scarlet- shouldered Parakeets, Orange-eyed Flycatcher, Black , Golden-collared Honeycreeper, Golden-eared , Indigo and Deep-blue , White-rimmed Brushfinch, and Crimson-breasted . There also was a long list of species whose distributions lie mostly to the south of Colombia, among them Rufous-necked Chachalaca, Ochraceous Attila, Guayaquil Woodpecker, Yellow-throated Tanager, and Olivaceous Siskin.

Trip highlights included a spectacular day of birding at the El Escondito Reserve; our remarkable experience with at least three Virginia Rails at Laguna la Cocha; a Ficus tree that offered stunning views of feeding Crimson-rumped Toucanets, Andean Cocks-of-the-rock, and Sickle- winged Guans; and a final day at two research facilities (Finca Maragricola and Agrosavia’s Centro de Investigaciónes El Mira) when we tallied nearly 120 species of . And, I expect, no one will forget the birds and hospitality showered upon us at the Reserva El Encanto, and at FELCA (Fundación Ecológica Los Colibries de Altaquer) near the tiny town of Altaquer.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 2 Southern Colombia, 2019 Nothing, however, will surpass the patience of an indigenous Amerindian community in Puracé National Park that has, for some twenty years now, been placing small amounts of meat on a high rock outcrop for Andean Condors each morning. I was skeptical. Would condors really come? It was 10 a.m., breezy, perfect flying weather for condors. But also it was Saturday, and I looked at the growing number of visitors assembling for this “condor event.” There were perhaps fifty people in addition to our group of ten. We gathered close to the rock outcrop, many people barely ten meters from the feeding site. An Amerindian girl pulled a few morsels of meat from a small bucket and placed them on the side of the outcrop. Moments later a huge condor swooped in so low over our heads I could feel the air from its wings. It banked and lit with surprising agility, as three tiny Black Vultures scrambled to move aside. My skepticism immediately vanished. Over the next thirty to forty minutes two more condors arrived; the first was a male, then an immature, and finally a female—all oblivious to a battery of cell phones and cameras large and small trained on them from point-blank range. After ten minutes or so the male departed, then returned. The crowd was quiet and respectful. It is difficult to describe the feeling of being so close to these immense and magnificent birds. Later the condors repeatedly soared back and forth along an adjacent cliff at or near eye level. As far as I know, this is the only site anywhere in the Andes where wild, free-flying condors are both revered (the site is sacred to the Amerindian community) and also now almost completely habituated to humans.

Bus rides, however, were long and wearisome, sometimes too long. On one occasion a broken spring reduced our bus to a crawl for several hours and resulted in a very late arrival to our hotel. The next day, partly repaired, it broke again causing yet another lengthy delay and yet another late night hotel arrival using another bus. And a few days later a truck accident (it had tumbled down the side of a mountain a day or two earlier) resulted in a three-hour delay and considerable traffic backlog while two tow trucks struggled mightily to retrieve the remains of the truck, its load of steel now scattered far down the mountainside.

There also were frequent paparazzi events associated with our arrival in small towns. Most of the areas we visited—only deemed safe in the last few years after a history of violence—have seen few visiting foreign birders, although young Colombian birders have been scouring these hills and valleys for several years. Local clubs and conservation groups were clearly excited to see us. We hired local birding guides at all areas (a total of eight) and were showered with good wishes and some wonderfully heartfelt presentations by local conservation/birding groups. And, almost everywhere, well-used copies of my Colombian bird guide (both English and Spanish editions) dating from the mid-1980s were brought for signatures and photo events. The recent announcement by Lynx/HBW about my forthcoming Colombia guide also preceded our arrival (due to social media), and the buzz about it was palpable. Photo events were a daily occurrence.

It was, without doubt, an unusual trip—birds, scenery, interactions with local people, guides, clubs etc., and a pioneering route that proved both productive and also difficult at times because of long roads and unfortunate delays beyond our control. I owe much to Luis Eduardo Urueño for making this trip happen, for his remarkable birding skills and for handling a dizzying array of local logistics that enabled this trip to succeed in a way it never would have without him. It was his idea to employ numerous local guides, and this enriched the trip in many ways, doubtless generated goodwill and a little income, and hopefully provided a positive experience for everyone.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 3 Southern Colombia, 2019 SOUTHERN COLOMBIA, November 7–21, 2019

KEY: 1. Puracé National Park and Popayán 2. Palestina area; Reserva El Encanto 3. Mocoa area including Yunguillo road, Reserva El Escondito, and the Trampoline road to top of 1 st pass) 4. Laguna la Cocha including Páramo Bordoncito 5. Pasto (including a tract of private land within the city where we birded) 6. Junín area (La Planada Reserve; Bangsia Reserve; Ñambí Reserve; feeders near Altaquer) 7. Tumaco area: beach mangroves on coast; Finca Margarícola; and Agrosavia (oil palm peach palm and forestry research station) Hd = heard (usually also marked with asterisk*) LEU or SH (Luís Eduard Urueño, and Hilty) Red – uncommon/rare or of interest for various reasons

Cloud Forest, east slope Andes, Colombia. Photo: S. Hilty.

Tinamous, Tinamidae *Little Tinamou, Crypturellus soui, hd Tumaco

Ducks & Geese, Anatidae Blue-winged Teal, Spatula discors, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) White-cheeked Pintail, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Yellow-billed Pintail , Anas georgica spinicauda, Laguna la Cocha; Ruddy (Andean) Duck, Oxyura jamaicensis ferruginea, Laguna la Cocha

Chachalacas, Guans & Curassows, Cracidae Rufous-headed Chachalaca, Ortalis erythroptera, Tumaco Speckled Chachalaca, Ortalis guttata, Mocoa Andean Guan, Penelope montagnii, Laguna la Cocha (seen by Jeannie) Sickle-winged Guan, Chamaepetes goudotii, Trampoline road

Grebes, Podicipedidae Least Grebe, Tachybaptus dominicus, Mocoa (Finca Margarícola) Pied-billed Grebe, Podilymbus podiceps, Laguna la Cocha; Tumaco (Finca Margarícola)

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 4 Southern Colombia, 2019

Pigeons & Doves, Columbidae Rock Pigeon, Columba livia, daily Pale-vented Pigeon, Patagioenas cayennensis, Palestina, Mocoa, Tumaco Band-tailed Pigeon, Patagioenas fasciata, Páramo Bordoncito *Ruddy Pigeon, Patagioenas subvinacea, hd La Planada Plumbeous Pigeon, Patagioenas plumbea, seen La Planada Ruddy Ground-Dove, Columbina talpacoti, Popayán; Palestina Ecuadorian Ground-Dove, Columbina buckleyi, Tumaco area Croaking Ground-Dove, Columbina cruziana, Tumaco (in town) White-tipped Dove, Leptotila verreauxi, Palestina; Tumaco (brief, flying) Tolima Dove, Leptotila conoveri , Palestina (Endemic) *Gray-fronted Dove, Leptotila rufaxilla, hd Mocoa White-throated Quail-Dove, Zentrygon frenata, 1 (by a few lucky people; Junín area) Eared Dove, Zenaida auriculata, almost daily

Cuckoos, Cuculidae Smooth-billed Ani, Crotophaga ani, Mocoa; Tumaco area Squirrel Cuckoo (nigricrissa), Piaya cayana nigricrissa, Palestina; Mocoa; Tumaco

Swifts, Apodidae White-chested Swift, Cypseloides lemosi, 1 seen well by LEU (El Escondito reserve) Chestnut-collared Swift, Streptoprocne rutila, Trampoline road White-collared Swift, Streptoprocne zonaris, various sites smaller swifts, Chaetura spp. several times in several places; none definitely identified Short-tailed Swift, Chaetura brachyura, Mocoa Fork-tailed Palm-Swift, Tachornis squammata, Mocoa

Hummingbirds, Trochilidae (41 species)

Bronzy Hermit, Glaucis aeneus, Junín area (maybe seen only by LEU) Rufous-breasted Hermit, Glaucis hirsutus, Mocoa Green Hermit, Phaethornis guy, Junín area (Ñambí) Tawny-bellied Hermit, Phaethornis syrmatophorus, Junín area (Ñambí) Green-fronted Lancebill, Doryfera ludovicae, Junín area (Ñambí) Bomaria sp., -pollinated vine. Photo: S. Hilty.

Geoffroy's Daggerbill, Schistes geoffroyi, Mocoa (Trampoline road) Brown Violetear, Colibri delphinae, Palestina Sparkling Violetear, Colibri coruscans, Puracé; Laguna la Cocha Black-throated Mango, Anthracothorax nigricollis, Palestina; Mocoa Rufous-crested Coquette, Lophornis delattrei, possibly on Trampoline road

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 5 Southern Colombia, 2019 Speckled Hummingbird, Adelomyia melanogenys, Trampoline road (brief) Long-tailed Sylph, Aglaiocercus kingii, Trampoline road Violet-tailed Sylph, Aglaiocercus coelestis, Junín area (many) Black-tailed Trainbearer, Lesbia victoriae, Pasto Green-tailed Trainbearer, Lesbia nuna, Puracé Tyrian Metaltail, Metallura tyrianthina, Trampoline road Viridian Metaltail (Viridian), Metallura w. williami, Puracé Glowing Puffleg, Eriocnemis vestita, Bordoncito (brief) Black-thighed Puffleg, Eriocnemis derbyi, Puracé Golden-breasted Puffleg, Eriocnemis mosquera, very brief chasing Glowing Puffleg; Bordoncito Shining Sunbeam, Aglaeactis cupripennis, Puracé (seen only by a few people) Brown Inca, Coeligena wilsoni, Junín area, several including nest 1 m up in roadside sapling Buff-winged Starfrontlet, Coeligena lutetium, Puracé Great Sapphirewing, Pterophanes cyanopterus, Puracé Velvet-purple Coronet, Boissonneaua jardinii, Junín area (La Planada; Bangsia); nest 1.5 m up along entrance to Bangsia reserve Booted Racket-tail (White-booted), Ocreatus u. underwoodii, Junín area Booted Racket-tail (Peruvian or Rufous-booted), Ocreatus underwoodii peruanus, probably this was the form seen along the Trampoline road Green-backed (formerly White-tailed) Hillstar, Urochroa leucura, Trampoline road, Purple-bibbed Whitetip, Urosticte benjamini, Junín (Ñambí) Empress Brilliant, Heliodoxa imperatrix, Junín (Ñambí), female repeatedly Violet-fronted Brilliant, Heliodoxa leadbeateri, Trampoline White-bellied Woodstar, Chaetocercus mulsant, Pasto (2500 m) Western Emerald, melanorhynchus, possibly at La Planada (?) Red-billed Emerald, Chlorostilbon gibsoni, Palestina Blue-tailed Emerald, Chlorostilbon mellisugus, Mocoa (1 female, El Escondito) White-vented Plumeleteer, Chalybura buffonii, Palestina Fork-tailed Woodnymph, Thalurania furcata, Mocoa area Glittering-throated Emerald, Amazilia fimbriata, Mocoa area Purple-chested Hummingbird, Amazilia rosenbergi, Junín area (Ñambí) Indigo-capped Hummingbird, Amazilia cyanifrons, Palestina Rufous-tailed Hummingbird, Amazilia tzacatl, Tumaco Shining-green Hummingbird, Palestina (presumably identified correctly; not seen by SH)

Hoatzin, Opisthocomidae Hoatzin, Opisthocomus hoazin, Mocoa (El Escondito Reserve), 5-6 or more

Rails, Gallinules, Coots, Rallidae Virginia Rail, Rallus limicola, 3 or 4 close, Laguna la Cocha Rufous-necked Wood-Rail, Aramides axillaris, Tumaco (coastal mangroves; 1 seen) Gray-cowled Wood-Rail (Gray-cowled), Aramides c. cajaneus, Palestina (1 seen) Common Gallinule, Gallinula galeata, Tumaco (Margarícola), 5-6 Slate-colored Coot Fulica ardesiaca, Laguna la Cocha (white, yellow and maroon shields) White-throated Crake, Laterallus albigularis, Tumaco (hd, Margarícola)

Stilts & Avocets, Recurvirostridae Black-necked Stilt, Himantopus mexicanus, Tumaco (Margarícola)

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 6 Southern Colombia, 2019

Plovers & Lapwings, Charadriidae Southern Lapwing (cayennensis), Vanellus chilensis cayennensis, Puracé; Palestina; Mocoa

Jacanas, Jacanidae Wattled Jacana (Chestnut-backed), Jacana jacana, Tumaco (Margarícola)

Sandpipers and Allies, Scolopacidae Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus, Tumaco (coast) Least Sandpiper, Calidris minutilla, Tumaco (Margarícola) Spotted Sandpiper, Actitis macularius, Tumaco (Margarícola) Lesser Yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes, Tumaco (Margarícola)

Gulls, Terns & Skimmers, Laridae Andean Gull, Chroicocephalus serranus, 1 adult at Laguna la Cocha Laughing Gull, Leucophaeus atricilla, 1 non-breeding adult over Tumaco Tern sp. (several) over city of Tumaco (possibly Elegant Tern, Thalasseus elegans but seen only from moving bus so ID speculative)

Frigatebirds, Frigatebirds Magnificent Frigatebird, Fregata magnificens, Tumaco

Boobies & Gannets, Sulidae Blue-footed Booby, Sula nebouxii, 30-40 on buoys off Tumaco

Anhingas, Anhingas Anhinga, Anhinga anhinga, Finca Margarícola (2)

Cormorants, Phalacrocoracidae Neotropic Cormorant, Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Laguna la Cocha; Tumaco

Pelecanidae, Pelecanidae Brown Pelican, Pelecanus occidentalis, Tumaco

Herons & Egrets, Ardeidae Rufescent Tiger-Heron, Tigrisoma lineatum, Mocoa (Reserva El Escondito) Cocoi Heron, Ardea cocoi, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Great Egret, Ardea alba, various lowland sites Snowy Egret, Egretta thula, several lowland sites (especially near Tumaco) Little Blue Heron, Egretta caerulea, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) 1 Tricolored Heron, Egretta tricolor, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) 1 Cattle Egret, Bubulcus ibis, many lower elevation sites Striated Heron, Butorides striata, Mocoa; Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) 1 Black-crowned Night-Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax, Laguna la Cocha; Tumaco (town)

Ibises & Spoonbills, Threskiornithidae Green Ibis, Mesembrinibis cayennensis, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) 1 Bare-faced Ibis, Phimosus infuscatus, many sites

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 7 Southern Colombia, 2019

New World Vultures, Threskiornithidae

Andean Condor, Vultur gryphus , Puracé (3 at feeding site!!!); 2-3 more elsewhere in mts. including south of Pasto Black Vulture, Coragyps atratus, daily Turkey Vulture, Cathartes aura, almost daily including both solid red heads and red heads with white nape band near Tumaco

Andean Condor, Puracé Nat'l Park. Photo: S. Hilty. Osprey, Pandionidae Osprey, Pandion haliaetus 1 at palm research site near Tumaco

Hawks, Eagles & Kites, Accipitridae Hook-billed Kite, Chondrohierax uncinatus, Tumaco Gray-headed Kite, Leptodon cayanensis, Tumaco Swallow-tailed Kite, Elanoides forficatus, Mocoa; Tumaco Black-and-chestnut Eagle, Spizaetus isidori , Mocoa area (twice) Solitary Eagle, Buteogallus solitaries , Mocoa (Trampoline road) Barred Hawk, Morphnarchus princeps, Junín area (Bangsia reserve) Roadside Hawk, Rupornis magnirostris, lower elevations throughout Black-chested Buzzard-Eagle, Geranoaetus melanoleucus, Puracé Broad-winged Hawk, Buteo platypterus, several mountain sites Short-tailed Hawk, Buteo brachyurus, Palestina; Tumaco Zone-tailed Hawk, Buteo albonotatus, Mocoa (1 seen near hotel by Jim)

Trogons, Trogonidae White-tailed Trogon, Trogon chionurus, La Planada (near Ricaurte) Amazonian Trogon, Trogon ramonianus, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito)

Motmots, Momotidae Rufous Motmot, Baryphthengus martii, 1 at feeders near Junín Broad-billed Motmot, Electron platyrhynchum, 2 at Reserva Ñambí

Kingfishers, Alcedinidae Ringed Kingfisher, Megaceryle torquata, Tumaco area (twice)

Puffbirds, Bucconidae Black-fronted Nunbird, Monasa nigrifrons, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Swallow-winged Puffbird, Chelidoptera tenebrosa, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito)

Jacamars, Galbulidae Brown Jacamar, Brachygalba lugubris , Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito); pair high up’ 1 st record for reserve

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 8 Southern Colombia, 2019 White-chinned Jacamar, Galbula tombacea, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito)

Barbets, Capitonidae Scarlet-crowned Barbet, Capito aurovirens, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Orange-fronted Barbet, Capito squamatus, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Gilded Barbet, Capito auratus, Mocoa area (Yunguillo road) Red-headed Barbet, Eubucco bourcierii, Palestina; Mocoa area; Junín area Toucan Barbet, Semnornis ramphastinus, Junín area (Reserva Ñambí); pair.

Toucans, Ramphastidae Crimson-rumped Toucanet, Aulacorhynchus haematopygus, Mocoa (Trampoline); Junín *Gray-breasted Mountain-Toucan, Andigena hypoglauca, hd (Puracé road) Plate-billed Mountain-Toucan, Andigena laminirostris, La Planada Lettered Araçari, Pteroglossus inscriptus, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Collared Araçari (Stripe-billed), Pteroglossus torquatus sanguineus, Tumaco Chestnut-eared Araçari, Pteroglossus castanotis, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Yellow-throated Toucan (Chestnut- mandibled), Ramphastos ambiguus swainsonii Yellow-throated Toucan (Black-mandibled), Crimson-rumped Toucanet in rain. Photo: S. Hilty. Ramphastos ambiguous, Mocoa (Trampoline road)

Woodpeckers, Picidae Lafresnaye's Piculet, Picumnus lafresnayii, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Scaled Piculet, Picumnus squamulatus, Mocoa area (2 seen near town) Yellow-tufted Woodpecker, Melanerpes cruentatus, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Black-cheeked Woodpecker, Melanerpes pucherani, Tumaco Red-crowned Woodpecker, Melanerpes rubricapillus, Popayán; Palestina Red-rumped Woodpecker, Dryobates kirkii, Tumaco (both inland areas) Guayaquil Woodpecker, Campephilus guayaquilensis, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola; pair) Lineated Woodpecker, Dryocopus lineatus, Palestina; Mocoa Cream-colored Woodpecker, Celeus flavus, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Chestnut Woodpecker, Celeus elegans, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Crimson-mantled Woodpecker, Colaptes rivolii, Mocoa (Trampoline road) Spot-breasted Woodpecker, Colaptes punctigula, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito)

Falcons & Caracas, Falconidae Black Caracara, Daptrius ater, Mocoa (near town) Carunculated Caracara, Phalcoboenus carunculatus, Puracé (2 imms) Crested Caracara, Caracara cheriway, Pasto Yellow-headed Caracara, Milvago chimachima Puracé; Palestina; Mocoa Laughing Falcon, Herpetotheres cachinnans, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola)

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 9 Southern Colombia, 2019 American Kestrel, Falco sparverius, Puracé; between Pasto and Junín Bat Falcon, Falco rufigularis, presumed this soaring very high with Black Vultures (Tumaco area) Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus Popayán)

New World and African Parrots, Psittacidae Scarlet-shouldered Parrotlet, Touit huetii, Mocoa (flock of 12 flying high near town) *Barred Parakeet, Bolborhynchus lineola, Puracé (heard on second day) Cobalt-winged Parakeet, Brotogeris cyanoptera, Mocoa (Reserva El Escondito) Blue-headed Parrot, Pionus menstruus, Mocoa; Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Bronze-winged Parrot, Pionus chalcopterus, Mocoa (pair Yunguillo road) brief fly-over Red-billed Parrot, Pionus sordidulus, Mocoa (Trampoline Road, ca. 1600 m el Mealy Parrot, Amazona farinose, 6-7 pairs flying (from roost) at dawn east of Tumaco Red-lored Parrot, Amazona autumnalis, 1 (in scope) by LEU (seen only by part of group) Golden-plumed Parakeet, Purace National Park. Scaly-naped Parrot, Amazona mercenarius, 1- Photo: S. Hilty. 2 very high in flight at Puracé Blue-winged Parrotlet, Forpus xanthopterygius, Mocoa (Yunguillo road) Spectacled Parrotlet, Forpus conspicillatus, Popayán; Tumaco (trees on beach) Pacific Parrotlet, Forpus coelestis, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola); rural areas, not city *Maroon-tailed Parakeet, Pyrrhura melanura, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito; brief) Dusky-headed Parakeet, Aratinga weddellii, Mocoa area Red-bellied Macaw, Orthopsittaca manilatus, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito), several Golden-plumed Parakeet, Leptosittaca branickii , Puracé (Great view of several in flock of 35+)

Typical Antbirds, Thamnophilidae Bar-crested Antshrike, Thamnophilus multistriatus, Palestina Pacific Antwren, Myrmotherula pacifica *Peruvian Warbling-Antbird, Hypocnemis peruviana Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) *White-backed Fire-eye (Black-bellied), Pyriglena leuconota castanoptera, La Planada (distant voice) *White-shouldered Antbird, Akletos melanoceps, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito); long playback session but bird did not respond

Antpittas, Grallariidae *Plain-backed Antpitta, Grallaria haplonota, heard above Mocoa (Trampoline road, c. 1100 m) *White-bellied Antpitta, Grallaria hypoleuca, heard on upper part of Trampoline road) Rufous Antpitta (Rufous), Grallaria r. rufula, Puracé (seen by most of group) *Tawny Antpitta, Grallaria quitensis, heard by LEU at Páramo Bordoncito *Slate-crowned Antpitta, Grallaricula nana, 1 singing on Puracé road at same place as Rufous Antpitta

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 10 Southern Colombia, 2019 *Crescent-faced Antpitta, Grallaricula lineifrons, a disappointment; heard on Puracé road; did not come despite playback and much effort searching

Tapaculos, Rhinocryptidae *Ocellated Tapaculo, Acropternis orthonyx, Puracé road (hd at same site as Crescent-faced Antpitta) Tapaculo sp., Scytalopus spp. we heard several but none were seen or definitely identified Spillmann's Tapaculo, Scytalopus spillmanni, hd on higher section of road en route to Laguna la Cocha

Ovenbirds & Woodcreepers, Furnariidae Long-billed Woodcreeper, Nasica longirostris, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Straight-billed Woodcreeper, Dendroplex picus, Mocoa (Reserva El Escondito) Streak-headed Woodcreeper, Lepidocolaptes souleyetii, Mocoa (Finca Margarícola) Orange-fronted Plushcrown, Mocoa (we saw at least 7-8 or more; surprisingly common) Streaked Tuftedcheek, Pseudocolaptes boissonneautii, Trampoline road Pale-legged (Pacific) Hornero, Furnarius leucopus cinnamomeus, 3 seen near Tumaco Scaly-throated Foliage-gleaner, Anabacerthia variegaticeps *Striped Treehunter, Thripadectes holostictus, hd on Trampoline road (LEU and SH) Spotted Barbtail, Premnoplex brunnescens, Mocoa (Trampoline road) Pearled Treerunner, Margarornis squamiger, in flock near first pass at top of Trampoline road; ca. 2100 m Red-faced Spinetail, Cranioleuca erythrops, La Planada Ash-browed Spinetail, Cranioleuca curtata, Palestina (very busy building nest in hanging flower basket at El Encanto reserve) *Slaty Spinetail, Synallaxis brachyura, Tumaco (hd) *Azara's Spinetail, Synallaxis azarae, La Planada

Flycatchers, Tyrannidae Southern Beardless-Tyrannulet, Camptostoma obsoletum, Tumaco area White-throated Tyrannulet, Mecocerculus leucophrys, Puracé Tufted Tit-Tyrant, Anairetes parulus, Pasto [Subtropical Doradito, Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis, may have been heard in reeds at Laguna de Cocha by LEU but no definite playback response] *Yellow-crowned Tyrannulet, Tyrannulus elatus, hd; Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito); Tumaco Yellow-bellied Elaenia, Elaenia flavogaster, Tumaco White-crested Elaenia, Elaenia albiceps, Páramo Bordoncito (1-2) Sierran Elaenia, Elaenia pallatangae, Páramo Bordoncito (4-5) Olive-striped Flycatcher, Mionectes olivaceus, Palestina (this species, not Streak-necked); also Trampoline road (lower end) Slaty-capped Flycatcher, Leptopogon superciliaris, Trampoline road Rufous-breasted Flycatcher, Leptopogon rufipectus, Trampoline road (upper end, 2200 m) Marble-faced Bristle-Tyrant, Phylloscartes ophthalmicus, La Planada (1850 m) Black-capped Tyrannulet, Phyllomyias nigrocapillus, Trampoline road (ca. 2200 m) Golden-faced Tyrannulet, Zimmerius chrysops, various foothill and mid-elevation sites Ornate Flycatcher, Myiotriccus ornatus, La Planada (5-6); common Scale-crested Pygmy-Tyrant, Lophotriccus pileatus, Reserva Ñambí Rufous-crowned Tody-Flycatcher, Poecilotriccus ruficeps, La Planada

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 11 Southern Colombia, 2019 Rusty-fronted Tody-Flycatcher, Poecilotriccus latirostris, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Common Tody-Flycatcher, Todirostrum cinereum, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Yellow-browed Tody-Flycatcher, Todirostrum chrysocrotaphum, Reserva El Escondito [Yellow-olive Flycatcher, Tolmomyias sulphurescens, Palestina (seen by SH] Orange-eyed Flycatcher, Tolmomyias traylori , Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito); had to see and probably seen well by only a few people Cinnamon Flycatcher, Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus, Trampoline road (mid-elevation) Handsome Flycatcher, Nephelomyias pulcher, Trampoline road (2200 m area) Olive-sided Flycatcher, Contopus cooperi, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito); Pasto Tropical Pewee, Contopus cinereus, Palestina Black Phoebe (White-winged), Sayornis nigricans angustirostris, Palestina; Mocoa; Tumaco Vermilion Flycatcher, Pyrocephalus rubinus, Popayán; Tumaco (very common near beach) Masked Water-Tyrant, Fluvicola nengeta, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Crowned Chat-Tyrant, Ochthoeca frontalis, Páramo Bordoncito (wonderful views) Slaty-backed Chat-Tyrant, Ochthoeca cinnamomeiventris, Trampoline road (also great views) Long-tailed Tyrant, Colonia colonus, Tumaco Ochraceous Attila, Attila torridus, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola); finally seen well *Bright-rumped Attila, Attila spadiceus, hd Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Dusky-capped Flycatcher, Myiarchus tuberculifer Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Short-crested Flycatcher, Myiarchus ferox, Mocoa (Yunguillo road; Reserva El Escondito) Lesser Kiskadee, Pitangus lector, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Great Kiskadee, Pitangus sulphuratus, Popayán; Palestina; Mocoa Boat-billed Flycatcher, Megarynchus pitangua, Mocoa Rusty-margined Flycatcher, Myiozetetes cayanensis, Palestina; Mocoa; Tumaco Social Flycatcher, Myiozetetes similis, Mocoa Yunguillo road; Reserva El Escondito (?) Gray-capped Flycatcher, Myiozetetes granadensis, Mocoa; Tumaco Lemon-browed Flycatcher, Conopias chinchoneti, Trampoline road (upper end) Golden-crowned Flycatcher, Myiodynastes chrysocephalus Palestina; La Planada Streaked Flycatcher, Myiodynastes maculatus, Mocoa; Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Piratic Flycatcher, Legatus leucophaius, most lowland areas including Tumaco Sulphury Flycatcher, Tyrannopsis sulphurea, Reserva El Escondito; Moriche palm specialist Tropical Kingbird, Tyrannus melancholicus, most areas; very common near Tumaco

Cotingas, Cotingidae Green-and-black Fruiteater, Pipreola riefferii Mocoa (Trampoline road, upper end) Orange-breasted Fruiteater, Pipreola jucunda, Ñambí reserve Chestnut-bellied Cotinga, Doliornis remseni , Páramo Bordoncito (3-4 seen!!!); very local Red-crested Cotinga, Ampelion rubrocristatus, Páramo Bordoncito (2) Andean Cock-of-the-rock, Rupicola

Andean Cock-of-the-rock; east slope Andes, Colombia. Photo: S. Hilty.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 12 Southern Colombia, 2019 peruvianus, Mocoa (Trampoline road; at fruiting tree); 1 also briefly in flight at La Planada Amazonian Umbrellabird, Cephalopterus ornatus, 1 seen by Jim near Mocoa Plum-throated Cotinga, Cotinga maynana, 1 Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Bare-necked Fruitcrow, Gymnoderus foetidus, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito)

Manakins, Pipridae Golden-winged Manakin, Masius chrysopterus, females & imms on Trampoline road; Junín (no adult males) Club-winged Manakin, Machaeropterus deliciosus. 1-2 imm males trying to act like adults at La Planada but displays were truncated

Tityras and Allies, Tityridae Black-tailed Tityra, Tityra cayana, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) Masked Tityra, Tityra semifasciata, Mocoa (Yunguillo road); near Junín; Tumaco Barred Becard, Pachyramphus versicolor, Mocoa (middle elevation on Trampoline road) Cinnamon Becard, Pachyramphus cinnamomeus, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Chestnut-crowned Becard, Pachyramphus castaneus, Mocoa area (Reserva El Escondito) White-winged Becard, Pachyramphus polychopterus, Palestina; Mocoa (hd); male on wire near entrance to Bangsia road; also female at La Planada

Vireos & Allies, Vireonidae Rufous-naped Greenlet, Pachysylvia semibrunnea, Palestina Choco Vireo, Vireo masteri , 1 high in mixed flock at Ñambí reserve (seen mainly by LEU and SH) Brown-capped Vireo, Vireo leucophrys, Palestina; Mocoa (middle elevation of Trampoline road) Red-eyed Vireo, Vireo olivaceus, some “red-eyes” may have been N. American migrants; almost all lowland areas around Mocoa and Tumaco Chivi Vireo, Vireo chivi, Palestina; Mocoa Yellow-green Vireo, Vireo flavoviridis, Mocoa (El Escondito reserve) 1 seen well and at length

Jays and Crows, Corvidae Violaceous Jay, Cyanocorax violaceus, Mocoa (all days) Black-collared Jay, Cyanolyca armilata, 1 at high elevation en route to Laguna la cocha

Swallows, Alaudidae Blue-and-white Swallow, Pygochelidon cyanoleuca, mid-elevations; also large flock over beach sea cliffs at Tumaco Brown-bellied Swallow, Orochelidon murina, Puracé (high elevations) Southern Rough-winged Swallow, Stelgidopteryx ruficollis, Mocoa (El Escondito reserve); Tumaco Gray-breasted Martin, Progne chalybea, 1 near Tumaco (Finca Margarícola)

Wrens, Troglodytidae -like Wren, Campylorhynchus turdinus, Mocoa (pair on Yunguillo road) *Scaly-breasted Wren, Microcerculus marginatus, hd on Yunguillo road near Mocoa House Wren, Troglodytes aedon, at almost all low and mid-elevation sites *Mountain Wren, Troglodytes solstitialis, LEU hd one in Puracé highlands 1 st day *Whiskered Wren, Pheugopedius mystacalis, Palestina (el Encanto) Bay Wren, Cantorchilus nigricapillus, Mocoa (Finca Margarícola)

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 13 Southern Colombia, 2019 Sharpe's Wren, Cinnycerthia olivascens, highlands en route to Laguna la Cocha White-breasted Wood-Wren, Henicorhina leucosticta, Mocoa (lower end of Trampoline road); seen mainly by KEU and SH Gray-breasted Wood-Wren, Henicorhina leucophrys, seen en route to Laguna la Cocha; hd at various highland sites

Gnatcatchers & Gnatwrens, Polioptilidae Tropical Gnatcatcher, Polioptila plumbea. Tumaco (Finca Margarícola, 2-3)

Donacobius, Donacobiidae Black-capped Donacobius, Donacobius atricapilla, Mocoa (Yunguillo road)

Dippers, Cinclidae White-capped Dipper, Cinclus leucocephalus, Mocoa (Trampoline road, upper els)

Thrushes & Allies, Turdidae Andean Solitaire, ralloides, Mocoa (upper el of Trampoline road; La Planada) Swainson's Thrush, Catharus ustulatus, Puracé (3100 m; 1); Palestina (2-3); Black Solitaire, coracinus , 1 seen by everyone at Reserva Ñambí Black-billed Thrush (Drab), Turdus ignobilis ignobilis/goodfellowi, Palestina Black-billed Thrush (Amazonian), Turdus ignobilis debilis (daily at Mocoa) presumably this race Great Thrush, Turdus fuscater, Puracé and Laguna la Cocha; Pasto (common in highlands)

Mockingbirds and Thrashers, Mimidae Tropical Mockingbird, Mimus gilvus, Palestina (3)

Finches, Euphonias and Allies, Fringillidae Thick-billed Euphonia, Euphonia laniirostris, Palestina; Mocoa; Tumaco Golden-rumped Euphonia, Euphonia cyanocephala, Pasto Golden-bellied Euphonia, Euphonia chrysopasta Mocoa (El Escondito reserve) White-vented Euphonia, Euphonia minuta, Mocoa (El Escondito reserve) Orange-bellied Euphonia, Euphonia xanthogaster, Palestina; Mocoa (Trampoline road lower); Junín area Olivaceous Siskin, olivaceus, upper end of Trampoline road and near 1 st pass, c.2150 m; forest area; birds (3-4 of which 1 seen well by some) were with mixed flock; few Colombian records

New World Sparrows, Chlorospinguses, Brushfinches etc., Passerellidae Yellow-throated Chlorospingus, Chlorospingus flavigularis, Junín (Bangsia reserve) Short-billed Chlorospingus, Chlorospingus parvirostris, Mocoa (low to mid-elevations on Trampoline road) i Common Chlorospingus, Chlorospingus flavopectus, Mocoa, higher els (2000-2100 m) on Trampoline road before 1 st pass Dusky Chlorospingus, Chlorospingus semifuscus, mostly La Planada *Yellow-browed Sparrow, Ammodramus aurifrons, Mocoa (1 hd singing in our hotel parking lot; heard by LEU) Orange-billed Sparrow, Arremon aurantiirostris, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Chestnut-capped Brushfinch, Arremon brunneinucha, Palestina (at banana feeder)

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 14 Southern Colombia, 2019 Rufous-collared Sparrow, Zonotrichia capensis, widespread in highlands Dusky-headed Brushfinch, Atlapetes fuscoolivaceus , Palestina (Endemic) White-rimmed Brushfinch, Atlapetes leucopis , Mocoa (at first high pass, 2300 m)

Slaty Brushfinch, Atlapetes schistaceus, Puracé; road to Laguna la Cocha Pale-naped Brushfinch, Atlapetes pallidinucha; Puracé; Páramo Bordoncito

Troupials, Blackbirds and Allies, Icteridea Eastern Meadowlark, Sturnella magna, near Palestina Red-breasted Meadowlark, Leistes militaris, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Peruvian Meadowlark, Leistes

White-rimmed Brushfinch. Photo: S. Hilty. bellicosus, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Russet-backed Oropendola, Psarocolius angustifrons, Palestina; Mocoa Crested Oropendola, Psarocolius decumanus, Mocoa (including near city) Chestnut-headed Oropendola, Psarocolius wagleri, 1 briefly at feeders near Altaquer but probably seen by few if any people; bird did not come to feeders Yellow-rumped Cacique, Cacicus cela, Mocoa Mountain Cacique, Cacicus chrysonotus, en route to Laguna la Cocha; at Chalet by lake) Yellow-backed Oriole, Icterus chrysater, Pasto Orange-backed Troupial, Icterus croconotus, Mocoa (El Escondito reserve) Scrub Blackbird, Dives warczewiczi, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola); recent invasion from south Great-tailed Grackle, Quiscalus m. mexicanus, Tumaco Yellow-hooded Blackbird, Chrysomus icterocephalus, 4 in marsh near Palestina

New World Warblers, Parulidae Olive-crowned Yellowthroat, Geothlypis semiflava, Junín (Bangsia reserve); Tumaco (palm research station) Cerulean Warbler, Setophaga cerulea, 2-3 Palestina Tropical Parula, Setophaga pitiayumi, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Blackburnian Warbler, Setophaga fusca, highlands everywhere (males above c. 2000 m; females lower Yellow Warbler, Setophaga petechia peruviana (mangrove race; chestnut wash on head) common along beach in Tumaco (we saw a dozen or more) Blackpoll Warbler, Setophaga striata, Mocoa (on 2 days including El Escondito Yellow Warbler, mangrove race, Nariño, Colombia. Photo: S. Hilty.

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 15 Southern Colombia, 2019 reserve; total 3-4 Three-striped Warbler, Basileuterus tristriatus, mid- upper Trampoline road below first pass; also La Planada on west slope Citrine Warbler, Myiothlypis luteoviridis, Páramo Bordoncito (1) Black-crested Warbler, Myiothlypis nigrocristata, Puracé (1 first p.m.), 3100 m Canada Warbler, Cardellina canadensis, Palestina (1 female); Mocoa (near city) Slate-throated Redstart, Myioborus miniatus, common in mid-elevations both slopes Golden-fronted Redstart, Myioborus ornatus, Puracé (3100 m)

Cardinals & Allies, Cardinalidae Summer Tanager, Piranga rubra, common and near daily from Palestina onward at mid- to lower elevations; mostly yellowish female-plumaged birds (many of which are 1 st year birds) Scarlet Tanager, Piranga olivacea, Palestina; Mocoa (Yunguillo road; El Escondito reserve; all were female-plumaged birds with black wings, also doubtless many were 1 st year birds) Ochre-breasted Tanager, Chlorothraupis stolzmanni, Bangsia reserve (2 see well)

Tanagers & Allies, Thraupidae

White-capped Tanager (male). Putumayo, Colombia. Photo: S. Hilty.

Magpie Tanager, Cissopis leverianus, Mocoa (Yunguillo road; settled area close to town) White-capped Tanager, Sericossypha albocristata , 5 in and near a palm (c. 2200 m el) en route to Laguna la Cocha; possibly a nest in palm as they were there 2 weeks ago according to LEU) Gray-headed Tanager, Eucometis penicillata, Palestina White-lined Tanager, Tachyphonus rufus, 2-3 females at banana feeders near Altaquer) Flame-rumped Tanager, flammigerus icteronotus, Pacific slope Junín area; we saw only the “Lemon-rumped” form (=Lemon-rumped Tanager) Silver-beaked Tanager, Ramphocelus carbo, Mocoa

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 16 Southern Colombia, 2019 Masked Crimson Tanager, Ramphocelus nigrogularis, Mocoa (El Escondito reserve) flock of 6 close Crimson-backed Tanager, Ramphocelus dimidiatus, Palestina Moss-backed Tanager, Bangsia edwardsi, remarkably common at Bangsia reserve (1200 m) Hooded Mountain-Tanager, Buthraupis montana, pair with Mountain Caciques and Black- collared Jay in highlands (c. 2200 m) en route to Laguna la Cocha Grass-green Tanager, Chlorornis riefferii, 6+ in flock; 2100-2200 m; Trampoline road Lacrimose Mountain-Tanager, Anisognathus lacrymosus, Puracé (near Condor site, 3300 m); Páramo Bordoncito (3200-3300 m) Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager, Anisognathus igniventris, Puracé (near Condor site, 3300 m); Páramo Bordoncito (3200-3300 m) Blue-winged Mountain-Tanager, Anisognathus somptuosus, Mocoa (mid- elevations Trampoline road; La Planada on west slope) Yellow-throated Tanager, Iridosornis analis , Mocoa (Trampoline road; ca. 2100-2200 m) Golden-crowned Tanager, Iridosornis rufivertex, Páramo Bordoncito (c. 3300 m; pair close) Fawn-breasted Tanager, Pipraeidea melanonota, Mocoa (lower Trampoline road seen by Dale) Glistening-green Tanager, Chlorochrysa phoenicotis, La Planada (1850 m); especially numerous at Bangsia reserve (1200 m) with 10+ seen Orange-eared Tanager, Chlorochrysa calliparaea , Mocoa (mid-elevations) Blue-gray Tanager, Thraupis episcopus, all lower elevations Palm Tanager, Thraupis palmarum, all lower elevations Rufous-throated Tanager, Ixothraupis rufigula, all Junín sites including banana feeders near Altaquer; La Planada; and Bangsia reserve Yellow-bellied Tanager, Ixothraupis xanthogastra, Mocoa (1 seen by some on Yunguillo road) Golden-naped Tanager, ruficervix, La Planada Scrub Tanager, Tangara vitriolina, 2 at Palestina Masked Tanager, Tangara nigrocincta, Mocoa Golden-hooded Tanager, Tangara larvata, Tumaco (Pacific side) Blue-necked Tanager, Tangara cyanicollis, Palestina Blue-and-black Tanager, Tangara vassorii, Puracé (junction at 3200 m) pair Beryl-spangled Tanager, Tangara nigroviridis, Mocoa (Trampoline road; La Planada Metallic-green Tanager, Tangara labradorides, La Planada (6+ in mixed species flock); surprisingly numerous; 1800-1900 m) Turquoise Tanager, Tangara mexicana, Mocoa (road close to town) Paradise Tanager, Tangara chilensis, Mocoa (briefly on lower end of Trampoline road) Opal-rumped Tanager, Tangara velia, Mocoa (Reserva El Escondito), with mixed flock Opal-crowned Tanager, Tangara callophrys, Mocoa (Reserva El Escondito), also in same mixed flock as previous species Bay-headed Tanager, Tangara gyrola, Palestina Golden-eared Tanager, Huila, Colombia. Photo: S. Hilty. Golden-eared Tanager, Tangara chrysotis, Palestina (pair repeatedly)

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 17 Southern Colombia, 2019

Saffron-crowned Tanager, Tangara xanthocephala, Mocoa (mid-elevation sections of Trampoline road before 1 st pass) Flame-faced Tanager, Tangara parzudakii, seen during our long delay while a truck was extracted from an accident (went off steep section of road) en route to Laguna la Cocha, c. 2100 m) Golden Tanager, Tangara arthus, numerous mid-elevations on both slopes (1200-2000 m) Silver-throated Tanager, Tangara icterocephala, banana feeders near Altaquer (1200 m); Bangsia reserve Swallow Tanager, Tersina viridis, Mocoa Yunguillo road; Trampoline road; Bangsia reserve Black-faced (Yellow-tufted) Dacnis, Dacnis lineata aequatorialis, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola; and oil palm research station) Yellow-bellied Dacnis, Dacnis flaviventer Mocoa (Yunguillo road; Reserva El Escondito Purple Honeycreeper, Cyanerpes caeruleus, Mocoa Red-legged Honeycreeper, Cyanerpes cyaneus, Palestina; Tumaco (mangroves; Finca Margarícola); only 1 breeding plumage male; 4-5 female-plumaged birds Green Honeycreeper, Chlorophanes spiza, Palestina; Trampoline road; Altaquer banana feeders Golden-collared Honeycreeper, Iridophanes pulcherrimus , Bangsia reserve (lovely adult male) , Conirostrum cinereum, Laguna la Cocha; Pasto Glossy , Diglossa lafresnayii, Puracé; Páramo Bordoncito Black Flowerpiercer, Diglossa humeralis, Puracé (especially near headquarters, 3400 m) White-sided Flowerpiercer, Diglossa albilatera, Páramo Bordoncito (3300 m) Indigo Flowerpiercer, Diglossa indigotica, Pacific slope; Bangsia reserve Deep-blue Flowerpiercer, Diglossa glauca, Eastern slope, Mocoa (Trampoline road; c. 2100 m)

Masked Flowerpiercer, Diglossa cyanea, Puracé (3400 m); upper end of Trampoline road (2200 m) and the long road to Laguna la Cocha Saffron Finch, Sicalis flaveola, lower elevations on both slopes Blue-black Grassquit, Volatinia jacarina, Mocoa; Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Chestnut-throated Seedeater, Sporophila telasco, Tumaco (Finca Margarícola) Chestnut-bellied Seedeater, Sporophila Deep-blue Flowerpiercer, Putumayo, Colombia. castaneiventris, Mocoa (Yunguillo road) Photo: S. Hilty. Ruddy-breasted Seedeater, Sporophila minuta, 1 male near Palestina Thick-billed Seed-Finch, Sporophila funereal, 1 female at oil palm research station Chestnut-bellied Seed-Finch, Sporophila angolensis, Mocoa (all lowland sites, especially Reserva El Escondito); this and previous species formerly merged as Lesser Seed-Finch Variable Seedeater, Sporophila corvine, abundant around Tumaco Yellow-bellied Seedeater, Sporophila nigricollis, Palestina; Mocoa; oil palm research station Plain-colored Seedeater, Catamenia inornata, Puracé (1 seen at park headquarters by some) Crimson-breasted Finch, Rhodospingus cruentus , Tumaco (4 seen at oil-palm research station) Bananaquit (Continental), Coereba flaveola [luteola Group], Palestina, Mocoa, almost all Pacific slope sites

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 18 Southern Colombia, 2019 Buff-throated Saltator, Saltator maximus, Palestina, Mocoa; banana feeders near Altaquer etc Black-winged Saltator, Saltator atripennis, banana feeders near Altaquer *Grayish Saltator (Grayish), Saltator coerulescens coerulescens, Mocoa (hd Yunguillo road) *Streaked Saltator, Saltator striatipectus, hd Palestina House Sparrow, Passer domesticus, 2-3 in Tumaco (on drive out first morning)

MAMMALS: Red-tailed Squirrel, Sciurus granadensis, several places Black-mantled Tamarin, Mocoa, Saguinus nigricollis, Reserva El Escondito

Victor Emanuel Nature Tours 19 Southern Colombia, 2019