Chlorospingus Flavovirens Rediscovered, with Notes on Other Pacific Colombian and Cauca Valley Birds

Home , Black solitaire, Buffy tuftedcheek, Entomodestes, Pacific Slope

CHLOROSPINGUS FLAVOVIRENS REDISCOVERED, WITH NOTES ON OTHER PACIFIC COLOMBIAN AND CAUCA VALLEY BIRDS

STEVEN L. HILTY

ABSTRACT.--Aspecimen of the Yellow-green Bush Tanager collectedin 1972 was the first Colombianand third known specimensince the previoustwo taken in Ecuadorin 1935,and the specieshas not been reported since. Presentsnotes and new recordsof 36 other speciesfrom this region of high endemismon the westernslopes of the westernAndes.--Department of Ecologyand Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson,Arizona 85721. Accepted2 June 1975.

THE Pacific slope of Colombia records the highest annual rainfall in the Western Hemisphere (Rumney 1968), yet the distribution of many birds in this unique region of high endemism is still known chiefly through early collections(e.g. Cassin 1860; Bangs 1908, 1910; Chapman 1917) and the extensive collectionsof Von Sheidern (fide Meyer de Schauensee)during 1938, 1940, 1941, 1945, and 1946. This and other information has been compiledby Meyer de Schauensee(1948-52, 1964, 1966, 1970). Recent papers by Haffer (1967a, 1967b), Miller (1966), Olivares (1957a, 1957b, 1958), and Ralph and Chaplin (1973) contributeto our knowledgeof Pacific Colom- bian avifauna but the status of many speciesis still poorly known. The data reported here were obtained during portions of 1972, 1973 and 1975, chiefly in the AnchicayJ Valley at low to moderate elevationson the west slopeof the westernAndes and in the upper Cauca Valley near Cali, Department of Valle. Llano Bajo, Aguaclara, Saboletas,Danubio, and La Cascada, mentioned in text, are small villagesalong the Old BuenaventuraRoad, southof Buenaventura. Yatacu• is a site administered by the Corporaci6n Aut6noma del Valle del Cauca (C.V.C.) in the upper Anchicay/t Valley above the confluenceof the Rio Digua and Rio An- chicay/t. Many AnchicayJ recordsare from a site locally known as "Alto Yunda" (1,050 m) near the Rio Anchicay/t-Rio Verde watershed divide, 3ø32'N, 76ø48'W. These heavily forested watersheds surround two new hydroelectric plants and are completelyprotected by the C.V.C. Recent clearing of land in the adjacent Pd'o Digua Valley has created some avenues for westward expansion by open country birds from the drier Cauca and Dagua Valleys. This is reflected by the presencein clearings in the Anchicay/t Valley of several speciesthat were formerly rare or un- known there (Lehmann pers. comm.). The AnchicayJ Valley lies within a spectrumof "rain forest" habitats characterized as "wet" and "pluvial" tropical and subtropicalforest types in the Holdridge nomen- clature (Espinal and Montenegro 1963). Most areas above 1000 m are fog-bound by midday. Mean annual temperature at 1050 m is 21.2øC (70.2øF). Among the 37 speciesmentioned in this report, one of those collected, the wren Odontorchilus branickii minor, is a new race for Colombia. A definite collection locality in Colombia is establishedfor the honeycreeperIridophanes pulcherrima; the tanager Chlorospingusfiavovirens, hitherto known only from two old specimens, is new for Colombia. The remaining recordsconstitute range extensionsor information (chiefly on habitat) of specieswhose reported status in western Colombia is rare or uncertain. In several cases the species were found lower (to 1,000 m or less) than previously reported. Possibly the very humid cloudy climate of the Pacific slope,

44 The Auk 94: 44-49. January 1977 January 1977] Pacific ColombianBirds 45 producingmossy forest at unusuallylow elevations,may depressaltitudinal zonesin this region.Distributional information is basedon Meyer de Schauensee(1966, 1970) unlessspecifically mentioned. In somecases new data are provided on reproduction, behavior, soft-part colors, and weights. Wing measurementsare flat. Specimens have beendeposited in the AmericanMuseum of Natural History (AMNH), Univer- sity of Arizona (UA), Museo Departmental de Historia Natural, Cali (MDHN), or Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences(PANS). Specimenstaken by Ignacio Borrero and mentionedin text are at the Universidad del Valle (UV), Cali, Colom- bia.

RED-WINGEDPARROTLET, Touit dilectissimadilectissima. Two males,No. 0427 (59 g; testis4.5 x 2 ram) and No. 0428(71 g including10 g stomachcontents; left testis6 x 4 mm) taken 10June 1975 at Alto Yunda (1,050m). Iris brown, legs,orbital skin, and cerebluish gray, bill yellow palinggreenish basally. Previouslycollected in Colombiafrom northern Chocoand Narifio, it is an uncommonforest resident from the lowlands to 1,300 m in Valle. RUFESCENTSCREECH-OWL, OtU$ ingens columbianus. A female seenroosting in a pocketof moss23 January1973 was collected (AMNH) thenext day on the Rfo Anchicay•t-Rfo Verde watershed divide (1250 m) in cloudforest habitat. This very fat bird had a greatlyenlarged reproductive tract with oneovum 16 mm, another6.5 ram, two ova 5 ram, and numeroussmaller ones. Known in Colombiafrom three specimens(columbianus) from the upper Cauca Valley, this record extends the range to thewestern Andes. Iris dark brown, legspallid flesh,bill light bluishhorn, wing 192ram, tail 100 ram, culmen25 ram, tarsus 35 ram, weight 210 g. LESSERSWALLOW-TAILED SWIFT, Panypt•la cayennensis.A pair flushed from a cliff face at the confluenceof R/o Digua and PdoAnchicay•t (300 m) 12August 1972. After circling,both birds returned to the cliff. Another pair was noted over a woodedridge above the Rfo Anchicay• (900 m) on 9 December 1972,and severalbirds were seenbetween Saboletas and Aguaclara(100 m) duringJune and July 1975. This specieshas previouslybeen reportedsouth only to the Departmentof Antioquia in the Pacific Colombian Andes and Chinchina, Caldas in the central Colombian Andes •ide Borrero). CRESTEDQUETZAL, Pharomachrus antisianus. Single males seen 19 June and 13 July 1972near Alto Yunda (1,000m) are the first reportedobservations for the Pacificslope and the elevationis ratherlow. In both casesthe diagnosticwhite outertail featherswere noted,which givethe effectof an all white under tail surfacewhen the bird is perched.This speciesmight be expectedfor it occursin small numbersat subtropicalelevations on the easternslope of the western Andes. LANCEOLATEDMONKLET, Micromonacha lanceolata. I saw oneindividual of this rare puffbird at close rangeon 12 October1972 in the Anchicay•tValley (900 m). An attemptto mist-netthe bird failed and it was not found again. A secondindividual was seen 18 June 1975 (350 m) about ¾2km south of La Cascada.In both casesthe birds were quite unsuspicious,perching on exposedbare branches4-5 m above ground at the edgeof thin secondgrowth. Borrero (in litt.) mentionstaking a recentspecimen (UV) at the confluenceof the Rfo Saboletasand Quebrada La Bomba (100 m) on the Pacific slope in Valle. In the western Andes this specieshas prevouslybeen taken only from two widely separatedlocations. BUFFY TUFTEDCHEEK,Pseudocolaptes lawrencii. Individuals of this uncommonfurnariid were seenon mossytree branchesin heavyforest near Alto Yunda in June, July, and October1972, and April 1973. Borrero (in litt.) mentionstaking a specimen(UV) at Atuncela(1,700 m) and anotherat PdoBlanco (1,300-1,400m) in the Departmentof Valle but there seemto be no publishedrecords north of Cerro Munchique, Cauca on the Pacific Colombian slope. ESMERALDASANTBIRD, Sipia rosenbergi.Immature (?), male collected(AMNH) 17 February1973, Alto Yunda. The skullwas largely unossified and the white wing markingsappeared slightly smaller than comparativematerial but otherwisethis specimenagrees with examplesof adult plumage birds •ide Eisenmann). Iris fire red, bill and legs black, wing 71 ram, tail 52 ram, tarsus 29 ram, culmen 20 ram, weight 24 g, testis4 x 1 ram. Known from a few scatteredlocalities on the PacificColombian coast south to northwestern Ecuador. BARREDBECARD, Pachyramphus versicolor. Male collected(MDHN) at ParqueCircumvalaci6n in Cali (1,000 m) 11 May 1973.Apparently this speciesis frequentin suitablehabitat immediatelysouth of Call (P•o Pance)(fide Borrero)although no recordsof this subtropicalspecies occurring this low in Colombia have been published. WH•TE-C•OW•E• M&•AKIN, Pipra pipra. Femalecollected (MDHN) 6 May 1972at Alto Yunda (1,050 m). Femalesand immatureswere infrequently captured in mistnets throughout the 1972-73period but no 46 STEPHEN L. HILTY [Auk, Vol. 94 adult males were ever taken. On 25 June 1972 a lek of five displaying males was located on a steep west-facingslope above the R/o Anchicay•,(660 m). Easily detectedby their buzzy, insectlikecall, these birds displayed throughout the study period. Previously recorded on the western slope of the western Andes only in Cauca. WESTERNWOOl3 PEWEE, Contopussordidulus. Two males collected(AMNH) at Alto Yunda (1,050 m) 25 August and 13 October 1972. The former specimen,in very faded and worn plumage with yellowish basallyon the lower mandible, is probablysaturatusorveliei •fide Eisenmann).Wing 88 mm, tail 67 mm, culmen it mm, weight t0 g. The latter, in rather fresh plumage, was identified as saturatus (fide Eisenmann). Bill black, light bluish basally;a very dark bird with dusky cap, wing 90 mm, tail 67 mm, culmen 10.5 mm, weight 11.5 g. AlthoughContopus sp. were commonin the Anchicay•,Valley, the status of this difficult group is not well known in Colombia. ACADIANFLYCATCHER, Empidonax virescens.Male collected(AMNH) 15 December1972, Alto Yunda (t,050 m). A bird with buffy yellow wing bars and yellow abdomen(identified by Eisenmann, Farrand, and J. Weske);this speciesis probably a commonwinter residentin the Anchicay•tValley. Wing 71 mm, tail 48 mm, culmen 9.5 mm, weight 12 g. RUDY-TAILEDFLYCATCHER, Terenotriccus erythrurusfulvigularis. A male collected(AMNH) 18 De- cember 1972 at 450 m elevationin the Anchicay/tValley below Yatacu(•. This specimenwas one of a pair netted in second-growthMiconia and Psidium near the clearingof an abandonedhomestead. Borrero (in litt.) mentionstaking a specimen(UV) at 250 m near the Buenaventura-Caliroad and Meyer de Schauen- see(1948-52) lists specimensfor three localitiesalong the Pacific coast. The speciesis apparently very rare or inconspicuousin the region. BLACK-HEADEDTODY-FLYCATCHER, Todirostrum nigriceps. Single individuals were seen 12 April 1972 in the R/o Verde Valley (tributary of upper R/o Anchicay•t)(880 m) and 13 November 1972 and 12 May 1973 in the Anchicay•t Valley (950 and t,050 m respectively).Previously reported from the northern Pacific coast and western Ecuador. BANK SWALLOW,Riparia riparia. Five birds with a small flock of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) on 17 October 1972 at Alto Yunda representthe first record of this specieson the Pacific slope of the Colombian Andes, although Plenge (1974) reports this specieswest of the Andes in Peru. Previously reportedat three locationsin Columbia, it is probablyto be expectedthroughout. BLACK-CHESTEDJAY, Cyanocorax affinis. Steven Gniadek and I saw nine individuals on 2 February 1973in tall secondgrowth along the lower RdoAnchicay•t at Llano Bajo (100 m). I saw singlebirds or pairs threetimes in Juneand July 1975near Saboletas(tOO m) and Gochfeldand Keith (1974)mention a sighting on the lower Old BuenaventuraRoad. It has beenrecorded south only to the middleR/o SanJuan on the Pacific Colombian coast. GRAY-MANTLEDWREN, Odontorchilusbranickii minor. Male collected(AMNH) at Alto Yunda (t,050 m) 18 October 1972 representsthe first record in Colombia of the race O. b. minor, which was described from westernEcuador. Iris light brown, bill and legshorn, skull ossified,wing 49 mm, tail 43 mm, tarsus 14 mm, culmen6.5 mm, weight 9.0 g. Previouslyonly the nominaterace O. b. branickii had beentaken in Colombia, where it was known from one locationin the upper Magdalena Valley. This recordestablishes the presenceof this specieson the westernslope of the ColombianAndes. Individuals or pairswere also seenduring almost all monthsin either the Anchicay•,or Rio Verde Valleys (800--1,100m). Active, very arboreal,and gnatcatcherlike,this speciesoften cocksits tail as it nervouslyexamines large branchand leaf surfaces.It is difficult to detectexcept in the companyof mixed flocks. BLACK-BELLIEDWREN, Thryothorusfasciatoventris.Steven Gniadek and I watched a pair on 2 Feb- ruary 1973 carry material to a bulky nest in thick secondgrowth near the Rio Anchicay•, at Llano Bajo (100 m). Previouslyreported south only to the RdoSan Juan on the Pacific coast, it is now residentin the lower Anchicay/t Valley. BLACK SOLITAIRE• Entomodestes coracinus. This little-known Pacific Andean endemic was seen or netted more than 15 times at Alto Yunda during late October and November 1972 and May and June 1973. Two birds were seen3 August 1975 at kilometer 74 (450 m) along the Old BuenaventuraRoad by Peter Jennings,Sean Furniss, and the author. Rather wary, individuals or pairs were usually seenwhen feedingwith mixedtanager flocks at low or midforestlevels on smallfruiting shrubs (berries < t0 mm) of Miconia theaezans,Miconia sp., and Henriettella sp. (the latter speciesprobably undescribed,fide Wurdack). Previously reported chiefly from the subtropicalzone, populationsmay make local and seasonal altitudinal movements. RED-BREASTEDBLACKBIRD, Leistes militaris. A commonresident of the Cauca Valley in pasturesand cultivatedfields. Three individualswere seen5 October1972 in pasturelandjust westof Queremal(1,450 m). This is the first published sighting of this specieson the western slope of the western Colombian January 1977] Pacific CotombianBirds 47

Andes,a localitypresumably invaded only sincerecent settlement and clearingin the upper Digua and SanJuanita Valleys. Borrero(pers. comm.) informs me that he alsofound this speciesin the sameregion. BLACKPOLLWARBLER, Dendroica striata. Fall plumagebirds were seen26 March and 1 April (two individuals) 1972, at Parque Circumvalaci6n,Cali, Colombia. A fourth individual seen24 September 1972 in the Anchicay/tValley (1,150 m) representsthe first sightingof this specieswest of the western ColombianAndes. The pale leg colorof all individualswas notedand comparedwith the duskyof the Bay-breastedWarbler (D. castanea),a commonwinter residentin Cali and at elevationsbelow 600 m on the Pacific slope.Though a regular migrant east of the Andes, the Blackpoll Warbler has seldombeen recordedin the mountains.The number I have seensuggests that this speciesmay occurmore often in the Andes, possiblyas a transient, than past data indicate. GOLDEN-COLLAREDHONEYCREEPER, Iridophanes pulcherrima (presumablyaureinucha, fide Eisen- mann). Immature male (?) collected(AMNH) 16 June 1973 at Alto Yunda (1,050 m) and two adults seen30 March 1973 feedingMiconia sp. berriesto a fledglingin disturbedmossy forest above Queremal(1,800 m). Iris rust brown, bill dark horn, lighter below, wing 63 mm, tail 41 mm, tarsus16.8 mm, bill 14 mm, weight 12 g. Theserecords confirm the presenceand breedingof this speciesin Colombiaon the western slopeof the westernAndes. This honeycreeperwas previously known in Colombiafrom a very few Bogot/t trade skinsfrom indefinitelocalities, and onerecent specimen (male) in Cali (MDHN) that wasreportedly taken by an exporter in the Dagua Valley on the Pacific slope(Lehmann pers. comm.). YELLOW-COLLAREDCHLOROPHONIA, Chlorophoniafiavirostris minima. Male and female collected27 May 1973 and an immature male collected21 May 1973 (PANS) at Alto Yunda (1,050 m) from fruiting Miconia sp. trees were identified by Meyer de Schauensee.Another male (No. 0429) was taken 11 June 1975 at the samelocality (immatureplumage, skull partly unossified,testis 4 x 2 mm). Adult male, iris sandwhite, bill and legsorange, eyelids yellow. Previouslyknown in Colombiaonly from the tropicalzone in Narifio, theserecords extend the rangeof this little-knowntanager north alongthe Pacificcoast. This speciesis residentlocally in the ruggedforests of westernValle where I have found it from Llano Bajo (100 m) to the mountainsabove Queremal (1,900 m). Typically it is in small flocks of 3 to 7 birds but groups numbering more than 20 individuals were encounterednear Alto Yunda in January 1973 and near Aguaclaraduring July and August 1975. I encountereda remarkableconcentration of more than 80 birds (mostly in immature or female plumage)following a mixed speciesflock 3 August 1975, 3 km above Aguaclara (400 m). CHESTNUT-BREASTEDCHLOROPHONIA, Chlorophonia pyrrhophrys. Single male seen3 March 1973 in the forest above Queremal (1,650 m) on the Pacific Andean slope. This chlorophonia,fairly commonon the eastern slope up to the divide (1,800 m) above Cali (Meyer de Schauensee1970, pers. obs.), has not previouslybeen recordedon the Pacific slopebut was to be expected(Gochfeld and Keith 1974). FAWN-BREASTEDTANAGER, Pipraeidea melanonota. Although Meyer de Schauensee(1966) did not list this speciesfrom the Pacific slope,Willis (1966) mentionedits presenceat or below Queremal, and two specimensin the Valle museum(UV) have beentaken on the Pacificslope (1,220 and 1,550m) at Zelandia •ide Borrero). A tanager of clearingsand overgrown pastures, it appears to be expanding its range westward as deforestation continues. Pairs are now establishedin several isolated clearings in the An- chicay•iValley. SCRUBTANAGER, Tangara vitriolina. Another recentinvader from semiaridand scrubbypastureland to the east,this speciescan now be found sparinglyat recentclearings near La Cascada,Alto Yunda, and Yatacu• in the Anchicay•iValley and in the more remoteRio Verde Valley. Despitea preferencefor fairly xericor scrubbyhabitat this speciesseems capable of colonizationin very wet areastoo, if clearingsand shrubby growth exist. GOLDEN-CHESTEDTANAGER, Bangsia rothschildi. Although no specimenswere secured,this uncom- mon tanager was seenduring most months of the year from near Yatacu• (680 m) to Alto Yunda (1,050 m) in the Anchicay•i Valley. On 24 June 1972 a pair was watched carrying nest material and on 10 October 1972 a bird (male?) uttered a high thin unmusical songfor several minutes from an exposedperch above the canopy.These tanagers were almostalways seen accompanying mixed foragingflocks and only rarely was a bird encounteredalone or perchedin an exposedposition. This Pacific Andean endemichas been previouslytaken at two locationsin Colombia. Borrero (pers. comm.) recentlytook a specimen(UV) near the Buenaventura-Cali highway (250 m) on the west slope. YELLOW-GREENBUSH-TANAGER, Chlorospingus fiavovirens. Male in breeding condition (testis 8.5 x 5 mm) collected10 October 1972 at Alto Yunda (AMNH) (1,050 m) representsthe first Colombian recordand the third known specimen;the previoustwo were from Ecuador(Griscom 1935). This specimen (like the type,fide Eisenmann)has the top and sidesof the head olive green(with somedusky edging on suborbital region and ear coverts), not "dark slaty gray" as describedby Meyer de Schauensee(1970: 48 STEPHEN L. HILTV [Auk, Vol. 94

396). Iris brown, bill dull horn to gray-brown, total length 153 mm, wing 85 mm, tail 59 mm, tarsus 20 mm, culmen I0 mm. Two additional specimens,a female (ovary 4 X 3 mm, weight 24 g, No. 0434) and male (testis4.5 x 3 mm, weight 25 g, No. 0431) taken 12 June 1975, at Alto Yunda confirm the continued presenceof this speciesat this site. Nothing has been published as to its habitat or behavior. Apparently the Alto Yunda birds are an extremely local population for no individuals were ever encountered elsewhere.Several other exampleswere netted, banded, and releasedat Alto Yunda. The Yellow-green Bush-Tanagerforaged higher than the morecommon Yellow-throated Bush-Tanager(C. fiavigularis) and Dusky-bellied Bush-Tanager (C. semifuscus).It was conspicuousand vocal as it searched the mats of epiphytesthat sprout from heavy mossjackets coating trunks and large limbs. Most foraging heights recordedwere well above 7 m and often at canopyheights ( 22-30 m); the birds usuallyseemed reluctant to descend into thickets and lower vegetation although they readily forage out into isolated large trees in clearings.All captured birds were taken in mist nets placed acrossa partly cleared knife ridge. This species was almost always encountered in groups of three or more and often with mixed foraging flocks. Its persistentand slightly raspy calls made it easy to locate in the flocks. SAFFRONFINCH, Sicalisfiaveola. Although there are no publishedrecords from the Cauca Valley, at least two pairs were resident at Parque Circumvalaci6n in Cali, and the species•fide Borrero) occurs but not abundantly in several parts of the Cauca Valley. BLACK-HEADEDBRUSH-FINCH, Atlapetes atricapillus. Two specimens(MDHN) collected8 April 1972 in the R/o Verde Valley (880 m). No publishedrecords exist for this speciesin the westernAndes, but two recent specimenstaken on the Pacific slope in Valle (fide Borrero) are from R•o Blanco (700-800 m, 1,300-I ,400 m) and a third is from R/o Verde (1,120 m) (UV). I alsohave sightidentifications of this species in the Anchicay•i Valley between 900 and 1,050 m. Previously known in Colombia from a small number of specimenstaken at two sitesin the eastern and central Andes, much of the forest habitat at theselocalities may no longer exist. Subspecificidentifications of my two specimenshas not been determined but specific identification was made by Carlos Lehmann. The relationship of this specieswith the allied A. torquatus assimilis remains to be worked out. YELLOW-BELLIEDSISKIN, Spinus xanthogaster. A bird carefully observed31 August 1972at one of the few remaining woodlots around Lago de Sonso, Buga (1,000 m), Cauca Valley, representsa sighting at low elevation. Although formerly it may have ranged throughout this region, the nearestfavorable habitat at presentis probably BosqueYotoco (1,450 m) about 11 km west. In the forestedand coolerAnchicay•i Valley on the Pacific slopethis speciesoccurs down to 1,000 m or less.

The following speciesare consideredsubtropical (4,500-5,000 to 7,500-8,000 feet, i.e. between 1,370-1,525 to 2,135-2,440 m, using the definition of Meyer de Schauensee1970) on the Pacific slopeof the western Andes, although a few have been taken lower (Meyer de Schauensee1948-52). I have collectedor seen all of them in the upper tropical zone (at elevations of 1,050 m or lower) of the Anchicay• Valley, where they appear to be of regular occurrencealthough some only seasonablyso: Andean Emerald, Amazilia franciae, two females collected 13 October and 13 De- cember 1972 (1,050 m) (AMNH and UA) and sightingsin January and March 1973; Whitetip, Urostictebenjamini, resident(1,000 m); EmpressBrilliant, Heliodoxa im- peratrix, resident(1,000 m); GreenishPuffieg, Haplophaedia aureliae, male collected 13 December 1972 (1,000 m) (AMNH); Buff-fronted Foliage-Gleaner, Philydor rufus, nesting20 June 1972 (1,050 m); Rufous-rumpedAntwren, Terenura callinota, adult male collected 7 May 1972 (1,050 m) (MDHN); Andean Solitaire, Myadestes ralloides, resident (900 m); Pale-eyed Thrush, Platycichla leucops, nesting 22 June 1972 (1,050 m); Glossy-black Thrush, Turdus serfanus, sightings September and October (1,050 m).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I am greatly indebtedto the late F. CarlosLehmann V. whoseknowledge of Colombianavifauna, freely imparted, was a sourceof encouragementthroughout this work. Ernesto Schrimpff, Eliecer Solarte N., and many more peopleof the Corporaci6nAut6noma del Valle del Cauca made living and working in the Anchicay•iValley possible.For much valued help in identifying specimens,providing information, and January 1977] Pacific ColombianBirds 49 reading this paper, I thank Eugene Eisenmann and JosgIgnacio Borrero H. I also thank R. Meyer de Schauensee,Stephen M. Russell, J. J. Wurdack, David N. Ewert, and John Farrand, Jr., for helpful commentsand specimenidentifications. A joint Peace Corps-University of Arizona program provided support.

LITERATURE CITED

BANGS,O. 1908. Notes on birds in western Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington21.' 157-161. 1910. New or rare birds in western Colombia. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 23: 71-76. CASSIN,J. 1860. Catalogue of birds collectedon the Isthmus of Darien by Michler. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 12: 132-144; 188-197. CHAPMAN, F.M. 1917. The distribution of bird-life in Colombia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 36. ESPINAL,L. S., & E. MONTENEGRO. 1963. Formaci6nesvegetales de Colombia. Bogot/•,Instituto Geografico"Augustin Codazzi." GOCHFELD, M., & G. S. KEITH. 1974. A sight record of the Chestnut-breasted Chlorophonia from Central Peru. Amer. Birds 28: 960-962. GRISCOM,L. 1935. The rediscoveryof Chlorospingusfiavovirens(Lawrence). Auk 52: 94-95. HAFFER, J. 1967a. Speciationin Colombian forest birds west of the Andes. Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 2294. 1967b. Zoogeographicalnotes on the "nonforest"bird faunas of northwesternSouth America. Hornero 10: 315-333. MEYER DE SCHAUENSEE,R. 1948-52. The birds of the Republic of Colombia. Caldasia 5:251-1212. 1964. The birds of Colombia. Narberth, Pennsylvania, Livingston Publ. Co. 1966. The speciesof birds of South America. Narberth, Pennsylvania,Livingston Publ. Co. 1970. A guide to the birds of South America. Wynnewood, Pennsylvania,Livingston Publ. Co. MILLER, A. 1966. Seasonal activity and ecology of the avifauna of an American equatorial cloud forest. Univ. California Publ. Zool. 66: 1-74. OLIVARES,F.A. 1957a. Aves de la costadel Pacifico, Municipo de Guapi, Cauca, ColombiaI. Caldasia 7: 359-381. 1957b. Aves de la costa del Pacifico, Municipo de Guapi, Cauca, Colombia II. Caldasia 8: 33-93. 1958. Aves de la costa del Pacifico, Municipo de Guapi, Cauca, Colombia III. Caldasia 8: 217-251. PLENGE, M.A. 1974. Notes on some birds in West-central Peru. Condor 76: 326-330. RALPH, C., & S. CHAPLIN. 1973. Somebirds of Isla Punta Arenas, Pacific coast, Colombia. Condor 75:357-359. RUMNEY, G.R. 1968. Climatology and the world's climates. New York, Macmillan Co. WILLIS, m.O. 1966. Competitive exclusionand birds at fruiting trees in western Colombia. Auk 83: 47 9-480.