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Chattanooga NATIONAL MILITARY PARK Chickamauga &' Chattanooga NATIONAL MILITARY PARK * * * TE N N ESSEE • • * * * GEORGIA *•*- 77;.- Georgia Slate Memorial on Chickamauga Battlefield Contents Page Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park 3 The Civil War in the West 4 The Importance of Chattanooga in the War . 6 The Campaign for Chattanooga 7 The Battle of Chickamauga 9 The Siege of Chattanooga 11 The Battle of Chattanooga 12 The Western Campaign after Chattanooga . 13 THE COVER A Confederate battery position on Missionary Ridge. On November 25, 1863, the Federals as­ saulted Missionary Ridge; after severe fighting, the Confederates withdrew to Ringgold and then to Dalton. The Chattanooga Campaign thus ended in a Union victory UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary 1940 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • NEWTON B. DRURY, Director For sale by the Superintendent of t>ocuments, Washington, D. C. Price 10 cents Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park ON SEPTEMBER 19, 1895, Adlai E. Stevenson, Confederate and Union supporters. This closely Vice President of the United States, spoke to a paralleled the growth of Chattanooga following group of people gathered to dedicate the Chick­ the Civil War, when large numbers of northerners amauga and Chattanooga National Military Park. and southerners moved to the growing industrial Mr. Stevenson said, ". Today, by Act of the city. Today, the statue of reconciliation surmount­ Congress of the United States, the Chickamauga- ing the New York monument on Lookout Moun­ Chattanooga National Military Park is forever set tain, depicts a Union soldier clasping the hand of a apart from all common uses; solemnly dedicated Confederate and seems to symbolize a reality for all the ages—to all the American people . ." carried out both in the park and community The park dedicated at that time has since grown growth. to be the largest of our national military park Just as the park development represented both areas. It contains parts of the battlefields of Confederate and Union achievement, so did the Chickamauga and Chattanooga, Civil War en­ battles which it commemorates represent dual gagements severely contested in the latter part of measures of success for the participants. The Con­ 1863. From its inception in 1890, when Congress federate victory at Chickamauga, perhaps its established the area as a national military park, greatest success in the West, gave new hope to the the park has represented a cooperative effort of South. But at Chattanooga, Union forces blasted One may obtain an aerial view of the Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River from Point Park on Lookout Mountain, as well as a panorama of the battlefields surrounding Chattanooga Chattanooga at the time of the war was a sprawling village. 7 his view made in 1863 shows Lookout Mountain in the background. (Signal Corps, U, S. Army) this hope and permanently secured control of the which also houses the library and museum, devoted strategic town. This battle virtually completed principally to Civil War materials. Park em­ the Union occupation of the Mississippi Valley, ployees here are ready to extend every courtesy cut the communications of the Confederate armies and assistance to the visitor. in the West from those in the East, and opened the The Chickamauga and Chattanooga National way for the capture of Atlanta and the March to Military Park, in addition to its historic interest, the Sea. possesses considerable scenic attraction. The views The various units of the park, covering 8,500 from Point Park and Signal Point are exceptionally acres and including the battlefields of Chicka- picturesque. Both in the Chickamauga and Look­ mauga, Orchard Knob, Lookout Mountain, and out Mountain areas, the visitor will find numerous Missionary Ridge, are within easy access of Chatta­ trails and bridle paths for his use and enjoyment. nooga, Tenn. The Chattanooga National Ceme­ All communications pertaining to this area tery, established by order of Major General should be addressed to the Superintendent, Chicka­ Thomas in 1863, is close to the center of the city. mauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, Visitors are urged to go to Point Park on Lookout Fort Oglethorpe, Ga. Mountain as soon as possible after their arrival in Chattanooga. From the Adolph S. Ochs Observa­ tory and Museum there, all the battlefields can be The Civil War in the West viewed and complete orientation obtained. An THE CIVIL WAR in the West was motivated by attendant is on duty to assist the visitor. At the two major plans of the Union forces. One was to northern entrance of the Chickamauga battle­ drive a wedge through the Confederacy along the field is the administration building of the park, Mississippi River. The river offered a natural 4 The Federal Army built this trestle bridge across the Tennessee River during the Chattanooga campaign. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army) avenue of transportation and supply. Union con­ later a combined naval and land force began an trol of it would virtually split the Confederacy and attack on Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland. prevent the reinforcement and supply of the armies After a severely fought battle, the fort surrendered. east of the river by those west of it. Fort Donelson opened the way to the capture of The second objective was to drive another wedge Nashville. It also called the Nation's attention to through the Confederacy along the railroads Ulysses S. Grant, the leader of the victorious through Chattanooga and to the Atlantic Ocean. forces. From Fort Donelson to the capture of As Vicksburg proved to be the focus for the Union Chattanooga, nearly 2 years later, the fortunes of drive along the Mississippi, Chattanooga, located the Union Armies in the West closely paralleled at a gap in the Cumberland Mountains, became those of Grant. the focal point of the drive to the southeast. Following the victory at Fort Donelson, the Early in the war, the Confederate forces west of Union troops moved up the Tennessee River to the Alleghenies had established a defensive line in Pittsburg Landing. The Confederates held Cor­ Kentucky and Missouri. The failure of these inth, Miss., at the junction of the Mobile & Ohio States to secede and early Union victories forced a and the Memphis and Charleston Railroads. Ad­ withdrawal to the Tennessee border. Here, where vancing from this point, the Confederates struck the Cumberland and Tennessee Rivers flow into the Union Army on April 6 in the Battle of Shiloh Kentucky, the Confederate forces were assembled and drove them back toward the river. Before to resist and to advance up the rivers. victory could be attained, however, Union rein­ On February 6, 1862, Union gunboats which forcements arrived, and on the following day the had moved up the Tennessee River from the Ohio, Confederates were driven back. Shiloh cost the attacked Fort Henry and captured it. A week Confedcracv one of its ablest leaders. Gen. Albert 5 Sidney Johnston, who was mortally wounded in The Importance of Chattanooga in the first day of the battle. Both South and North were appalled by the tremendous losses, which gave the War them a real appreciation of the meaning of war. Union victories along the Mississippi followed. To THE military strategists, Chattanooga appeared In the same month New Orleans was captured, to be a very important point. Located where the and, in June, Memphis fell. The one remaining Tennessee River passed through the Cumberland obstacle to complete Union control of the Missis­ Mountains, forming gaps, it offered an opportunity sippi was Vicksburg. On July 4, 1863, the Con­ for getting an army into the seaboard States be­ federates surrendered this important stronghold. yond. Furthermore, Chattanooga was an impor­ Meanwhile, Union forces had taken Corinth and tant railroad center. Lines connected Chatta­ had begun a slow advance on Chattanooga along nooga with Nashville, Memphis, Atlanta, and the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. The Con­ Knoxville, and at those points provided connec­ federates then assumed the offensive and moved tions all over the South. Union control of this into Kentucky. The campaign was unsuccessful, point would break an important link in the supply but the Union forces were diverted from their ad­ system of the Confederacy. vance on Chattanooga. While the Confederates Perhaps of equal importance, since political rea­ left Kentucky for Chattanooga and then moved to sons often influenced military movements, was one Murfreesboro, Tenn., the Union forces assembled nourished in Washington. Chattanooga was in east at Nashville. On the last day of December 1862 Tennessee; east Tennessee was strongly loyal to the and the first two days of 1863 the battle of Stones Union. Therefore, concluded the political leaders, River, or Murfreesboro, was fought, forcing the the loyalty of these people must be supported by Confederate Army to fall back to Tullahoma, military encouragement. Tenn. The Union Army then occupied Murfrees­ boro. Headquarters Campy Federal Army of the Cumberland, at Chicka- mauga. (Signal Corps, U. S. Army) The Campaign for Chattanooga MURFREESBORO, held by the Union forces since the Confederate retreat of January 3, 1863, lay on the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad about 110 miles northwest of Chattanooga. Here the Union Army spent the winter, recovering from the severe losses at Stones River. The Confederates had occu­ pied Tullahoma on the same railroad and south­ east of Murfreesboro. The Union commander, Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans, methodically pre­ pared for an advance on the Confederates, com­ manded by Gen. Braxton Bragg. He reorganized the Federal forces into three corps: The 14th, com­ manded by Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas; the 20th, commanded by Maj. Gen. Alexander Mc- Cook; and the 21st, under Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden. This entire force was designated the Army of the Cumberland. Late in June 1863 the Union Army advanced.
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