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A Q Methodological Investigation of the Kurdish Conflict Frames Among Parliamentarians, Experts and Lay People in Turkey

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A Q Methodological Investigation of the Kurdish Conflict Frames Among Parliamentarians, Experts and Lay People in Turkey A Q Methodological Investigation of the Kurdish Conflict Frames among Parliamentarians, Experts and Lay People in Turkey by Özden Melis Uluğ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Psychology Approved Dissertation Committee Prof. Dr. J. Christopher Cohrs, Jacobs University Bremen (Chair) Dr. Özen Odağ, BIGSSS, Jacobs University Bremen Assoc. Prof. Çerağ Esra Çuhadar, Bilkent University Date of Defense: January 26th 2016 To my family and to the people who try to dismantle hierarchies in societies 2 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments First of all, I want to thank Prof. Dr. Christopher Cohrs. I think he is one of the best supervisors on earth. The most important need for a PhD student is a supportive supervisor and I was lucky enough to have him during my PhD process. He showed me what it means to be a good supervisor and how not to create hierarchies between a student and a supervisor. Therefore, he deserves the biggest thanks. Thanks, Chris! Second, I was lucky enough to have Dr. Özen Odağ as a second supervisor. She supervised me especially for my methodological concerns. She was there for me whenever I needed her. She also taught me what it means to be a woman in academia. In this regard, I could see the world from a different perspective with the help of Özen. Thanks, Özen! Third, I wish to express gratitude for Assoc. Prof. Esra Çuhadar who was my external supervisor. She helped me with her constructive comments and became a role model for me. I also want to thank Assoc. Prof. Ayşe Betül Çelik who gave feedback whenever I asked her to comment on my manuscripts. Without their expertise, I think this PhD thesis would be difficult to finish. Yasemin Acar, my friend, colleague and collaborator also helped this dissertation by proofreading every word of it. Whenever I got fed up, she was there to support me. It was great to have Yasemin during this PhD process. Thanks Yasemin! Leman Korkmaz, Ahmet Çoymak and Reşit Kışlıoğlu were also very helpful during this painful PhD process. They gave feedback for my manuscripts and asked challenging questions. In addition, I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Büşra Ersanlı, Asst. Prof. Banu Cingöz-Ulu, Asst. Prof. Akın Ünver, Dr. Ali Ersen Erol and Betül Baki for their positive comments on my manuscripts. I would like to thank all the participants in this study. Through this research, I came across different people from different ethnic backgrounds, genders, sexual orientations and cultural backgrounds. All of them shaped my views, changed my ideas and contributed immensely to this PhD dissertation. I am not sure I could have achieved this PhD title without their invaluable support. Thank you! I would also like to thank my friends and family members who assisted me during my data collection process. I thank Dilhayat Barışçı, Özge Kantaş, Çetin Çelik, Sezin 3 Acknowledgments Dereci, Çağlar Çalışlar, Neslihan Sevinç, Aydın Araz, Rojin Canan Akın, Nur Acar, Özlem Şeyda Uluğ, Benay Yakışır, Sacide Uluğ, Mustafa Aycan Uluğ, Ali Arda, Ahmet Saymadi, Berat Saymadı, Zeynep Sunbay, Ceylan Oymak, Koray Çalışkan, Balçiçek İlter, Mahmut Övür, İrfan Aktan, Rober Koptaş, Ayça İnoğlu, Kıvanç Özcan, Esma Arslan, Neslihan Sevinç, Arda Nazım Çağdaş, Görkem Şimşek, Sinem Şimşek, Hüseyin Çakal, Bekir Yılmaz, Işıl Karagenç, Alper Gür, Çiğdem Bozdağ, Diren Yeşil, Ferhat Sincar, Zafer Ganioğlu, Cem Çetin, Doruk Ergun, Yusuf Sahici and Osman Özdemir. I also want to thank my family. Whenever I experienced difficulties, they encouraged me to go further and achieve my aims. My mother, Sacide Uluğ, has always been a fantastic mother and I think she deserves a PhD of her own. My father, Mustafa Aycan Uluğ, participated in the data collection process and counted every participant with me until I reached my aim. My sister, Özlem Şeyda Uluğ, gave the best (psychological) support to me and tried to find participants for me as well. She hosted me in Ankara while I was collecting data and helped me all the time whenever I needed her. I am so lucky to have an amazing family like you. Thank you again! I also want to thank my other family members, Macide Gür, Cahit Çerci, Şebnem Eda Uluğ, Ali Sedat Uluğ and Muhsin Uluğ. Especially, Ali Sedat Uluğ became a role model for me as he started and finished his PhD after the age of 40. All of you were so helpful during my PhD process and helped me, especially psychologically. Also, I want to thank Nurcan Acar, as she hosted me whenever I was in İstanbul. Nurcan, thank you so much! Lastly, I would like to thank Arda Bilgen. I had to write the biggest part of my PhD thesis when I was with him in Bonn. He had to stand my every different mood and helped me during my PhD period, from the start till the end. He tried to find participants for my study, read my every manuscript, gave very helpful feedback and supported me. I think he deserves the biggest praise. Therefore, I would like express my gratitude for Arda here again. Thanks, Arda! Thank you all! (English) Hepinize teşekkürler! (Turkish) Ji we hemûyan re spas! (Kurmanci) Şima re spas keno! (Zaza) 4 Table of contents Table of contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. 3 List of tables....................................................................................................................... 8 List of figures ..................................................................................................................... 9 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 General introduction ...................................................................................................... 12 1.1 Overview of the dissertation study ...................................................................... 16 1.2 Methodology ........................................................................................................ 20 Chapter 2 Theoretical background ................................................................................................. 22 2.1 Approaches to conflict analysis and conflict resolution ...................................... 23 2.2 A need for a systematic and holistic approach .................................................... 26 2.3 The present research ............................................................................................ 35 Chapter 3 The historical background of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey .................................... 37 3.1 Kurds in the Ottoman Empire .............................................................................. 38 3.2 Kurds in the Republic of Turkey ......................................................................... 39 3.3 1980s and the PKK era ........................................................................................ 40 3.4 The Kurdish conflict resolution process .............................................................. 42 3.5 Perceptions of the Kurdish conflict in society ..................................................... 46 Chapter 4 Exploring conflict understandings among lay people in Mersin and Diyarbakır .... 49 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 50 4.2 Method ................................................................................................................. 51 4.3 Results ................................................................................................................. 57 4.4 Discussion ............................................................................................................ 66 Chapter 5 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 72 5.1 Q methodology .................................................................................................... 73 5.2 Q sample .............................................................................................................. 75 5.3 Q sort process ...................................................................................................... 76 5.4 Statistical analysis................................................................................................ 78 5.5 Interpretation ....................................................................................................... 80 5 Table of contents Chapter 6 “Who will resolve this conflict if the politicians don’t?”: Members’ of parliament understandings of the Kurdish conflict in Turkey....................................................... 82 6.1 Political elites ...................................................................................................... 83 6.2 The Kurdish conflict ............................................................................................ 86 6.3 The approaches of political parties to the Kurdish conflict in Turkey ................ 87 6.4 The present research ............................................................................................ 89 6.5 Method ................................................................................................................. 89 6.6 Results ................................................................................................................. 92 6.7 Discussion .........................................................................................................
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