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Monteforte/Pareto TERZA PAGINA FRANCO MONTEFORTE VILFREDO PARETO Con un libro e un convegno sta, ma ripudiò l’economia per la FROM ECONOMY TO la Banca Popolare di Sondrio rende omaggio sociologia; divenuto sociologo SOCIOLOGY al grande economista e sociologo italiano scrisse un Trattato di sociologia che, in realtà, è un Trattato di psi- He was a personality both che insegnò a Losanna e di cui custodisce cologia sociale in cui più che il fun- in the world of culture and il più grande archivio epistolare zionamento della società spiega i at everyday level. Pareto oggi a disposizione degli studiosi di tutto il mondo motivi della condotta umana; ambì could have led a quieter a una cattedra universitaria, ma life in human and profes- quando l’ottenne cercò subito di sional terms but he always lasciare l’insegnamento per dedi- wanted to go one step fur- carsi solo allo studio; volle esse- ther. He switched from re considerato uno scienziato, ma economy, a science in l’apparenza arruffata e caotica dei which he had reached ex- suoi libri non ha nulla della rigoro- traordinary levels, to soci- sa sistematicità della scienza; si ology: he believed that hu- ritenne un freddo osservatore dei man behaviour could only fatti e delle passioni umane, ma be understood by taking a non c’è scrittore più appassiona- wider look. He was an un- to e passionale di lui, al punto che compromising supporter of the free market, and there- lo stesso Benedetto Croce disse fore against all forms of che non si capiva «come mai uno protectionism, even though scrittore così inquieto e irritabile in his time this choice was ponesse a se stesso l’ideale del- an inevitable necessity for lo scienziato calmo e spassiona- industrial take-off in Italy. to». Insomma, una figura sconcer- He was harsh in his rela- tante. tions with the manage- E tuttavia, oggi le sue idee ment of “Industria del Fer- sono diventate un patrimonio indi- ro”, and rather rash in spensabile della cultura europea. some of his choices. He Non solo l’economia, ma la socio- paid for this, in both pro- logia, la psicologia sociale, la fessional and human scienza politica, la filosofia, la sto- terms. On the other hand, «Uomo libero più che liberi- il giudice più severo. Egli sta nella riografia si riconoscono, infatti, his conclusions concerning sta»: la definizione che di Pareto storia e nella cultura italiana ed eu- sempre più fortemente debitrici the reasons for human ac- diede una grande studiosa valtelli- ropea fra Ottocento e Novecento del suo pensiero. Senza il suo oc- tion are highly realistic: nese, Paola Maria Arcari, resta an- come un macigno, estraneo a tut- chio di acuto osservatore e di com- men act by following their cora oggi quella più calzante. E in to, ma senza cui quella storia e mentatore, del resto, la nostra instincts rather than rea- effetti a ottant’anni dalla morte cultura non possono essere pie- comprensione della storia italiana son. egli ci appare più che mai come namente comprese. ed europea fra XIX e il XX secolo, l’enfant terrible della cultura italia- Era di origine aristocratica, del fascismo, del socialismo, del na ed europea, l’uomo dall’intran- ma fu sempre un liberale; credet- nazionalismo, delle stesse guerre sigenza proverbiale, il giocatore te nella libertà di mercato, ma si mondiali, sarebbe certamente mol- che a qualsiasi tavolo si sia sedu- scagliò contro la borghesia italiana to più povera. to ha sempre scoperto un baro e che la predicava a parole ma la Ma ciò che rende ancora il fatto volare in aria le carte, l’intel- eludeva nei fatti; salvò e diresse suo pensiero veramente attuale e lettuale che di qualsiasi disciplina la prima vera impresa siderurgica indispensabile resta la critica del- si sia interessato ne ha fatto tre- italiana, ma fu cacciato dai suoi le ideologie, come vide bene già mare le fondamenta, lo scienziato stessi azionisti per alcune banali molti anni fa Norberto Bobbio e, sociale che della propria epoca impuntature e qualche imperdona- sulla sua scia, Paola Maria Arcari. non fu solo l’interprete, ma anche bile errore; fu un grande economi- Pareto ci ha insegnato a scoprire 4 TERZA PAGINA dietro le teorie, le passioni e gli in- Vilfredo Pareto teressi, in una parola, l’uomo tra il 1914 e il 1919. com’è e non come ce lo immagi- Vilfredo Pareto niamo o come vorremmo che fos- between 1914 se. Quella di Pareto è dunque una and 1919. grande lezione di realismo, simile a quella di Machiavelli e di Voltai- re, cui infatti Pareto è stato più vol- te accostato, anche se di Voltaire non condivise mai la cieca fiducia nella ragione, ritenendo invece che nel mondo umano il ruolo dell’irra- zionale sia molto più esteso e im- portante di quello della ragione. Prima di parlare, perciò, di crisi o di tramonto delle ideologie, come con troppa disinvoltura si tende oggi a fare, occorrerebbe riflettere bene sull’insegnamento di Pareto per il quale le ideologie sono inti- mamente intrecciate alla natura umana e mai sono così attive e in- sidiose come quando danno l’im- pressione di non esserci. Perciò la teoria della fine delle ideologie, di- rebbe oggi Pareto, è, a suo modo, essa stessa un’ideologia, anzi la più raffinata e subdola delle ideo- logie, perché dandoci a credere che le ideologie sono finite o pos- sono finire, ci impedisce di ricono- scerle e di criticarle. Vilfredo Pareto “a tutto tondo” Questa lezione non fu solo frutto della sua riflessione sulla società, ma della riflessione sul- la sua stessa vita. Per questo la sua opera non può essere com- presa fino in fondo senza pren- dere in considerazione i suoi ster- minati epistolari, la cui parte più consistente e largamente inedita re costituiscono l’anello indispen- sidente della Banca Popolare di è oggi custodita nell’archivio ac- sabile di raccordo fra la vita e Sondrio, Piero Melazzini, dell’im- quistato dalla Banca Popolare di l’opera di Pareto e il loro studio è portanza dell’opera e del Fondo Sondrio nel 1996 e riordinato dal- perciò destinato a darci del suo Pareto della Bps che ne sta alla la Banca stessa, per essere mes- pensiero un’immagine più pun- base. Gli autori del volume (Gavi- so a disposizione degli studiosi, tuale e precisa di cui questo vo- no Manca, Giovanni Busino, Giu- nel Fondo “Vilfredo Pareto”, venti lume, edito dalla Banca Popolare seppe Pontiggia, Giorgio Rumi, volumi rilegati di manoscritti origi- di Sondrio e dalla Libri Scheiwiller, Marzio A. Romani, Marco Vitale, nali, 9.000 lettere, il più grande Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923). Aldo Montesano, Salvatore Veca archivio epistolare paretiano esi- L’uomo e lo scienziato, presenta- e Gianfranco Ravasi) hanno, in- stente al mondo, una documen- to a Sondrio con un importante fatti, lavorato ognuno sulla parte tazione imponente e di eccezio- convegno, costituisce solo un pri- di propria competenza dell’archi- nale importanza non solo per la mo e significativo esempio. Il vo- vio, restituendoci di Pareto un’im- sua vastità, ma anche per il no- lume, curato da Gavino Manca, si magine attuale e “a tutto tondo”. me dei corrispondenti, quasi tutti avvale di una prefazione del Go- Le più importanti lettere del Fon- protagonisti di primo piano della vernatore della Banca d’Italia An- do Pareto da essi utilizzate sono vita intellettuale italiana ed euro- tonio Fazio, autorevole “sigillo”, peraltro integralmente trascritte e pea di quel tempo. Queste lette- scrive nella presentazione il Pre- riportate in appendice con un pre- TERZA PAGINA 5 zioso apparato di note di Pier Car- Tornata la famiglia in Italia nel warrant del mercato di Londra nel lo Della Ferrera al quale si deve il 1854 in seguito all’imperversare momento in cui la Società regi- riordino e la catalogazione del dell’epidemia di colera, e stabili- strava forti perdite, lo aveva pe- Fondo paretiano della Bps. tosi il padre a Torino come tecni- rò costretto nel 1890 alle dimis- co al Ministero dell’Agricoltura, Vil- sioni. La vita fredo si iscrisse all’Università lau- Si era perciò sdegnosamente Quanto la vita di Pareto sia reandosi a pieni voti in ingegneria appena ritirato nella sua casa di del resto legata alla sua opera lo nel 1870 con una tesi sull’equili- Fiesole per dedicarsi ai suoi studi mostra bene in questo libro Gio- brio dei corpi solidi. Due anni do- di economia, sperando in una cat- vanni Busino, oggi il più autorevo- po conosce a Firenze il sindaco, tedra universitaria, quando, nell’ot- le studioso di Pareto, che ne deli- senatore Ubaldino Peruzzi, e la tobre del 1892, Eugène Ruffy e nea lo svolgimento del pensiero, e moglie Emilia Toscanelli. Fu il pri- Georges Favey, rispettivamente lo ha mostrato bene, in apertura mo dei suoi colpi di fortuna. Nes- capo del Dipartimento dell’Istru- del convegno di presentazione del suno di quelli che lo conoscevano zione del Cantone di Vaud e retto- volume a Sondrio alla Sala “F. Be- riusciva a sottrarsi alla forte im- re dell’Università di Losanna, si re- sta” della Banca Popolare, il cura- pressione che esercitava la sua carono a Fiesole per offrirgli quel- tore Gavino Manca che ne ha ri- personalità e al fascino delle sue la prestigiosissima d’economia po- percorso i numerosi e clamorosi qualità intellettuali. Fu così anche litica all’Università di Losanna che coup de théâtre che l’hanno ca- per i Peruzzi. Proprio in quegli an- uno dei più grandi economisti del ratterizzata. ni il senatore aveva dato vita a una suo tempo, Léon Walras, aveva la- «Pareto era nato a Parigi, da società per lo sfruttamento delle sciato vuota proprio in quell’anno padre genovese, il 15 luglio 1848, miniere toscane di ferro e pensò per motivi di salute, dopo averne lo stesso anno – ha sottolineato subito di aver trovato in Pareto fatto una delle più importanti d’Eu- Manca – di un’importante rivolu- l’uomo che andava al caso suo.
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