Lecture Notes on the K-Theory of Operator Algebras
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Homological Algebra
Homological Algebra Donu Arapura April 1, 2020 Contents 1 Some module theory3 1.1 Modules................................3 1.6 Projective modules..........................5 1.12 Projective modules versus free modules..............7 1.15 Injective modules...........................8 1.21 Tensor products............................9 2 Homology 13 2.1 Simplicial complexes......................... 13 2.8 Complexes............................... 15 2.15 Homotopy............................... 18 2.23 Mapping cones............................ 19 3 Ext groups 21 3.1 Extensions............................... 21 3.11 Projective resolutions........................ 24 3.16 Higher Ext groups.......................... 26 3.22 Characterization of projectives and injectives........... 28 4 Cohomology of groups 32 4.1 Group cohomology.......................... 32 4.6 Bar resolution............................. 33 4.11 Low degree cohomology....................... 34 4.16 Applications to finite groups..................... 36 4.20 Topological interpretation...................... 38 5 Derived Functors and Tor 39 5.1 Abelian categories.......................... 39 5.13 Derived functors........................... 41 5.23 Tor functors.............................. 44 5.28 Homology of a group......................... 45 1 6 Further techniques 47 6.1 Double complexes........................... 47 6.7 Koszul complexes........................... 49 7 Applications to commutative algebra 52 7.1 Global dimensions.......................... 52 7.9 Global dimension of -
Can One Identify Two Unital JB $^* $-Algebras by the Metric Spaces
CAN ONE IDENTIFY TWO UNITAL JB∗-ALGEBRAS BY THE METRIC SPACES DETERMINED BY THEIR SETS OF UNITARIES? MAR´IA CUETO-AVELLANEDA, ANTONIO M. PERALTA Abstract. Let M and N be two unital JB∗-algebras and let U(M) and U(N) denote the sets of all unitaries in M and N, respectively. We prove that the following statements are equivalent: (a) M and N are isometrically isomorphic as (complex) Banach spaces; (b) M and N are isometrically isomorphic as real Banach spaces; (c) There exists a surjective isometry ∆ : U(M) →U(N). We actually establish a more general statement asserting that, under some mild extra conditions, for each surjective isometry ∆ : U(M) → U(N) we can find a surjective real linear isometry Ψ : M → N which coincides with ∆ on the subset eiMsa . If we assume that M and N are JBW∗-algebras, then every surjective isometry ∆ : U(M) → U(N) admits a (unique) extension to a surjective real linear isometry from M onto N. This is an extension of the Hatori–Moln´ar theorem to the setting of JB∗-algebras. 1. Introduction Every surjective isometry between two real normed spaces X and Y is an affine mapping by the Mazur–Ulam theorem. It seems then natural to ask whether the existence of a surjective isometry between two proper subsets of X and Y can be employed to identify metrically both spaces. By a result of P. Mankiewicz (see [34]) every surjective isometry between convex bodies in two arbitrary normed spaces can be uniquely extended to an affine function between the spaces. -
Derived Functors and Homological Dimension (Pdf)
DERIVED FUNCTORS AND HOMOLOGICAL DIMENSION George Torres Math 221 Abstract. This paper overviews the basic notions of abelian categories, exact functors, and chain complexes. It will use these concepts to define derived functors, prove their existence, and demon- strate their relationship to homological dimension. I affirm my awareness of the standards of the Harvard College Honor Code. Date: December 15, 2015. 1 2 DERIVED FUNCTORS AND HOMOLOGICAL DIMENSION 1. Abelian Categories and Homology The concept of an abelian category will be necessary for discussing ideas on homological algebra. Loosely speaking, an abelian cagetory is a type of category that behaves like modules (R-mod) or abelian groups (Ab). We must first define a few types of morphisms that such a category must have. Definition 1.1. A morphism f : X ! Y in a category C is a zero morphism if: • for any A 2 C and any g; h : A ! X, fg = fh • for any B 2 C and any g; h : Y ! B, gf = hf We denote a zero morphism as 0XY (or sometimes just 0 if the context is sufficient). Definition 1.2. A morphism f : X ! Y is a monomorphism if it is left cancellative. That is, for all g; h : Z ! X, we have fg = fh ) g = h. An epimorphism is a morphism if it is right cancellative. The zero morphism is a generalization of the zero map on rings, or the identity homomorphism on groups. Monomorphisms and epimorphisms are generalizations of injective and surjective homomorphisms (though these definitions don't always coincide). It can be shown that a morphism is an isomorphism iff it is epic and monic. -
The Index of Normal Fredholm Elements of C* -Algebras
proceedings of the american mathematical society Volume 113, Number 1, September 1991 THE INDEX OF NORMAL FREDHOLM ELEMENTS OF C*-ALGEBRAS J. A. MINGO AND J. S. SPIELBERG (Communicated by Palle E. T. Jorgensen) Abstract. Examples are given of normal elements of C*-algebras that are invertible modulo an ideal and have nonzero index, in contrast to the case of Fredholm operators on Hubert space. It is shown that this phenomenon occurs only along the lines of these examples. Let T be a bounded operator on a Hubert space. If the range of T is closed and both T and T* have a finite dimensional kernel then T is Fredholm, and the index of T is dim(kerT) - dim(kerT*). If T is normal then kerT = ker T*, so a normal Fredholm operator has index 0. Let us consider a generalization of the notion of Fredholm operator intro- duced by Atiyah. Let X be a compact Hausdorff space and consider continuous functions T: X —>B(H), where B(H) is the set of bounded linear operators on a separable infinite dimensional Hubert space with the norm topology. The set of such functions forms a C*- algebra C(X) <g>B(H). A function T is Fredholm if T(x) is Fredholm for each x . Atiyah [1, Appendix] showed how such an element has an index which is an element of K°(X). Suppose that T is Fredholm and T(x) is normal for each x. Is the index of T necessarily 0? There is a generalization of this question that we would like to consider. -
Lecture 15. De Rham Cohomology
Lecture 15. de Rham cohomology In this lecture we will show how differential forms can be used to define topo- logical invariants of manifolds. This is closely related to other constructions in algebraic topology such as simplicial homology and cohomology, singular homology and cohomology, and Cechˇ cohomology. 15.1 Cocycles and coboundaries Let us first note some applications of Stokes’ theorem: Let ω be a k-form on a differentiable manifold M.For any oriented k-dimensional compact sub- manifold Σ of M, this gives us a real number by integration: " ω : Σ → ω. Σ (Here we really mean the integral over Σ of the form obtained by pulling back ω under the inclusion map). Now suppose we have two such submanifolds, Σ0 and Σ1, which are (smoothly) homotopic. That is, we have a smooth map F : Σ × [0, 1] → M with F |Σ×{i} an immersion describing Σi for i =0, 1. Then d(F∗ω)isa (k + 1)-form on the (k + 1)-dimensional oriented manifold with boundary Σ × [0, 1], and Stokes’ theorem gives " " " d(F∗ω)= ω − ω. Σ×[0,1] Σ1 Σ1 In particular, if dω =0,then d(F∗ω)=F∗(dω)=0, and we deduce that ω = ω. Σ1 Σ0 This says that k-forms with exterior derivative zero give a well-defined functional on homotopy classes of compact oriented k-dimensional submani- folds of M. We know some examples of k-forms with exterior derivative zero, namely those of the form ω = dη for some (k − 1)-form η. But Stokes’ theorem then gives that Σ ω = Σ dη =0,sointhese cases the functional we defined on homotopy classes of submanifolds is trivial. -
On the Cohomology of the Finite Special Linear Groups, I
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Elsevier - Publisher Connector JOURNAL OF ALGEBRA 54, 216-238 (1978) On the Cohomology of the Finite Special Linear Groups, I GREGORY W. BELL* Fort Lewis College, Durango, Colorado 81301 Communicated by Graham Higman Received April 1, 1977 Let K be a finite field. We are interested in determining the cohomology groups of degree 0, 1, and 2 of various KSL,+,(K) modules. Our work is directed to the goal of determining the second degree cohomology of S&+,(K) acting on the exterior powers of its standard I + l-dimensional module. However, our solution of this problem will involve the study of many cohomology groups of degree 0 and 1 as well. These groups are of independent interest and they are useful in many other cohomological calculations involving SL,+#) and other Chevalley groups [ 11. Various aspects of this problem or similar problems have been considered by many authors, including [l, 5, 7-12, 14-19, 211. There have been many techni- ques used in studing this problem. Some are ad hoc and rely upon particular information concerning the groups in question. Others are more general, but still place restrictions, such as restrictions on the characteristic of the field, the order of the field, or the order of the Galois group of the field. Our approach is general and shows how all of these problems may be considered in a unified. way. In fact, the same method may be applied quite generally to other Chevalley groups acting on certain of their modules [l]. -
A Short Introduction to the Quantum Formalism[S]
A short introduction to the quantum formalism[s] François David Institut de Physique Théorique CNRS, URA 2306, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France CEA, IPhT, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France [email protected] These notes are an elaboration on: (i) a short course that I gave at the IPhT-Saclay in May- June 2012; (ii) a previous letter [Dav11] on reversibility in quantum mechanics. They present an introductory, but hopefully coherent, view of the main formalizations of quantum mechanics, of their interrelations and of their common physical underpinnings: causality, reversibility and locality/separability. The approaches covered are mainly: (ii) the canonical formalism; (ii) the algebraic formalism; (iii) the quantum logic formulation. Other subjects: quantum information approaches, quantum correlations, contextuality and non-locality issues, quantum measurements, interpretations and alternate theories, quantum gravity, are only very briefly and superficially discussed. Most of the material is not new, but is presented in an original, homogeneous and hopefully not technical or abstract way. I try to define simply all the mathematical concepts used and to justify them physically. These notes should be accessible to young physicists (graduate level) with a good knowledge of the standard formalism of quantum mechanics, and some interest for theoretical physics (and mathematics). These notes do not cover the historical and philosophical aspects of quantum physics. arXiv:1211.5627v1 [math-ph] 24 Nov 2012 Preprint IPhT t12/042 ii CONTENTS Contents 1 Introduction 1-1 1.1 Motivation . 1-1 1.2 Organization . 1-2 1.3 What this course is not! . 1-3 1.4 Acknowledgements . 1-3 2 Reminders 2-1 2.1 Classical mechanics . -
Geodesics of Projections in Von Neumann Algebras
Geodesics of projections in von Neumann algebras Esteban Andruchow∗ November 5, 2020 Abstract Let be a von Neumann algebra and A the manifold of projections in . There is a A P A natural linear connection in A, which in the finite dimensional case coincides with the the Levi-Civita connection of theP Grassmann manifold of Cn. In this paper we show that two projections p, q can be joined by a geodesic, which has minimal length (with respect to the metric given by the usual norm of ), if and only if A p q⊥ p⊥ q, ∧ ∼ ∧ where stands for the Murray-von Neumann equivalence of projections. It is shown that the minimal∼ geodesic is unique if and only if p q⊥ = p⊥ q =0. If is a finite factor, any ∧ ∧ A pair of projections in the same connected component of A (i.e., with the same trace) can be joined by a minimal geodesic. P We explore certain relations with Jones’ index theory for subfactors. For instance, it is −1 shown that if are II1 factors with finite index [ : ] = t , then the geodesic N ⊂M M N 1/2 distance d(eN ,eM) between the induced projections eN and eM is d(eN ,eM) = arccos(t ). 2010 MSC: 58B20, 46L10, 53C22 Keywords: Projections, geodesics of projections, von Neumann algebras, index for subfac- tors. arXiv:2011.02013v1 [math.OA] 3 Nov 2020 1 Introduction ∗ If is a C -algebra, let A denote the set of (selfadjoint) projections in . A has a rich A P A P geometric structure, see for instante the papers [12] by H. -
Noncommutative Geometry and Flavour Mixing
Noncommutative geometry and flavour mixing prepared by Jose´ M. Gracia-Bond´ıa Department of Theoretical Physics Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain October 22, 2013 1 Introduction: the universality problem “The origin of the quark and lepton masses is shrouded in mystery” [1]. Some thirty years ago, attempts to solve the enigma based on textures of the quark mass matrices, purposedly reflecting mass hierarchies and “nearest-neighbour” interactions, were very popular. Now, in the late eighties, Branco, Lavoura and Mota [2] showed that, within the SM, the zero pattern 0a b 01 @c 0 dA; (1) 0 e 0 a central ingredient of Fritzsch’s well-known Ansatz for the mass matrices, is devoid of any particular physical meaning. (The top quark is above on top.) Although perhaps this was not immediately clear at the time, paper [2] marked a water- shed in the theory of flavour mixing. In algebraic terms, it establishes that the linear subspace of matrices of the form (1) is universal for the group action of unitaries effecting chiral basis transformations, that respect the charged-current term of the Lagrangian. That is, any mass matrix can be transformed to that form without modifying the corresponding CKM matrix. To put matters in perspective, consider the unitary group acting by similarity on three-by- three matrices. The classical triangularization theorem by Schur ensures that the zero patterns 0a 0 01 0a b c1 @b c 0A; @0 d eA (2) d e f 0 0 f are universal in this sense. However, proof that the zero pattern 0a b 01 @0 c dA e 0 f 1 is universal was published [3] just three years ago! (Any off-diagonal n(n−1)=2 zero pattern with zeroes at some (i j) and no zeroes at the matching ( ji), is universal in this sense, for complex n × n matrices.) Fast-forwarding to the present time, notwithstanding steady experimental progress [4] and a huge amount of theoretical work by many authors, we cannot be sure of being any closer to solving the “Meroitic” problem [5] of divining the spectrum behind the known data. -
Math 231Br: Algebraic Topology
algebraic topology Lectures delivered by Michael Hopkins Notes by Eva Belmont and Akhil Mathew Spring 2011, Harvard fLast updated August 14, 2012g Contents Lecture 1 January 24, 2010 x1 Introduction 6 x2 Homotopy groups. 6 Lecture 2 1/26 x1 Introduction 8 x2 Relative homotopy groups 9 x3 Relative homotopy groups as absolute homotopy groups 10 Lecture 3 1/28 x1 Fibrations 12 x2 Long exact sequence 13 x3 Replacing maps 14 Lecture 4 1/31 x1 Motivation 15 x2 Exact couples 16 x3 Important examples 17 x4 Spectral sequences 19 1 Lecture 5 February 2, 2010 x1 Serre spectral sequence, special case 21 Lecture 6 2/4 x1 More structure in the spectral sequence 23 x2 The cohomology ring of ΩSn+1 24 x3 Complex projective space 25 Lecture 7 January 7, 2010 x1 Application I: Long exact sequence in H∗ through a range for a fibration 27 x2 Application II: Hurewicz Theorem 28 Lecture 8 2/9 x1 The relative Hurewicz theorem 30 x2 Moore and Eilenberg-Maclane spaces 31 x3 Postnikov towers 33 Lecture 9 February 11, 2010 x1 Eilenberg-Maclane Spaces 34 Lecture 10 2/14 x1 Local systems 39 x2 Homology in local systems 41 Lecture 11 February 16, 2010 x1 Applications of the Serre spectral sequence 45 Lecture 12 2/18 x1 Serre classes 50 Lecture 13 February 23, 2011 Lecture 14 2/25 Lecture 15 February 28, 2011 Lecture 16 3/2/2011 Lecture 17 March 4, 2011 Lecture 18 3/7 x1 Localization 74 x2 The homotopy category 75 x3 Morphisms between model categories 77 Lecture 19 March 11, 2011 x1 Model Category on Simplicial Sets 79 Lecture 20 3/11 x1 The Yoneda embedding 81 x2 82 -
Introduction to Homology
Introduction to Homology Matthew Lerner-Brecher and Koh Yamakawa March 28, 2019 Contents 1 Homology 1 1.1 Simplices: a Review . .2 1.2 ∆ Simplices: not a Review . .2 1.3 Boundary Operator . .3 1.4 Simplicial Homology: DEF not a Review . .4 1.5 Singular Homology . .5 2 Higher Homotopy Groups and Hurweicz Theorem 5 3 Exact Sequences 5 3.1 Key Definitions . .5 3.2 Recreating Groups From Exact Sequences . .6 4 Long Exact Homology Sequences 7 4.1 Exact Sequences of Chain Complexes . .7 4.2 Relative Homology Groups . .8 4.3 The Excision Theorems . .8 4.4 Mayer-Vietoris Sequence . .9 4.5 Application . .9 1 Homology What is Homology? To put it simply, we use Homology to count the number of n dimensional holes in a topological space! In general, our approach will be to add a structure on a space or object ( and thus a topology ) and figure out what subsets of the space are cycles, then sort through those subsets that are holes. Of course, as many properties we care about in topology, this property is invariant under homotopy equivalence. This is the slightly weaker than homeomorphism which we before said gave us the same fundamental group. 1 Figure 1: Hatcher p.100 Just for reference to you, I will simply define the nth Homology of a topological space X. Hn(X) = ker @n=Im@n−1 which, as we have said before, is the group of n-holes. 1.1 Simplices: a Review k+1 Just for your sake, we review what standard K simplices are, as embedded inside ( or living in ) R ( n ) k X X ∆ = [v0; : : : ; vk] = xivi such that xk = 1 i=0 For example, the 0 simplex is a point, the 1 simplex is a line, the 2 simplex is a triangle, the 3 simplex is a tetrahedron. -
Homology Groups of Homeomorphic Topological Spaces
An Introduction to Homology Prerna Nadathur August 16, 2007 Abstract This paper explores the basic ideas of simplicial structures that lead to simplicial homology theory, and introduces singular homology in order to demonstrate the equivalence of homology groups of homeomorphic topological spaces. It concludes with a proof of the equivalence of simplicial and singular homology groups. Contents 1 Simplices and Simplicial Complexes 1 2 Homology Groups 2 3 Singular Homology 8 4 Chain Complexes, Exact Sequences, and Relative Homology Groups 9 ∆ 5 The Equivalence of H n and Hn 13 1 Simplices and Simplicial Complexes Definition 1.1. The n-simplex, ∆n, is the simplest geometric figure determined by a collection of n n + 1 points in Euclidean space R . Geometrically, it can be thought of as the complete graph on (n + 1) vertices, which is solid in n dimensions. Figure 1: Some simplices Extrapolating from Figure 1, we see that the 3-simplex is a tetrahedron. Note: The n-simplex is topologically equivalent to Dn, the n-ball. Definition 1.2. An n-face of a simplex is a subset of the set of vertices of the simplex with order n + 1. The faces of an n-simplex with dimension less than n are called its proper faces. 1 Two simplices are said to be properly situated if their intersection is either empty or a face of both simplices (i.e., a simplex itself). By \gluing" (identifying) simplices along entire faces, we get what are known as simplicial complexes. More formally: Definition 1.3. A simplicial complex K is a finite set of simplices satisfying the following condi- tions: 1 For all simplices A 2 K with α a face of A, we have α 2 K.