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Les Occupations Amérindiennes Du Sylvicole Supérieur À La Fin Du Xviie Siècle

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Les Occupations Amérindiennes Du Sylvicole Supérieur À La Fin Du Xviie Siècle Université de Montréal Un aspect méconnu de l’île de Montréal : Les occupations amérindiennes du Sylvicole supérieur à la fin du XVIIe siècle par Laurence Renault Département d’anthropologie Faculté des Arts et des Sciences Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des Arts et des Sciences en vue de l’obtention du grade de M.Sc. en anthropologie Avril 2012 © Laurence Renault, 2012 Université de Montréal Faculté des études supérieures et postdoctorales Ce mémoire intitulé : Un aspect méconnu de l’île de Montréal : Les occupations amérindiennes du Sylvicole supérieur à la fin du Régime français Présenté par : Laurence Renault a été évalué par un jury composé des personnes suivantes : Brad Loewen, président-rapporteur Adrian Burke, directeur de recherche Roland Viau, membre du jury i Résumé Ce mémoire a pour objectif général de définir et de caractériser les présences amérindiennes sur l’île de Montréal au cours de la période s’échelonnant du Sylvicole supérieur à la fin du XVIIe siècle ainsi que de tenter de comprendre le rôle qu’exerça le mont Royal dans ce contexte. En nous appuyant sur des théories de l’archéologie du paysage, nous avons étudié la création consciente et inconsciente de paysages et la manière par laquelle ces lieux ont façonné les comportements et les identités de leurs occupants. Grâce à la continuité d’activités répétitives, liées au concept de taskscape, nous avons tenté d’y établir un modèle de trame d’occupation reflétant une utilisation dynamique et stratégique du paysage face aux politiques coloniales. La démarche adoptée est celle d’une approche holistique s’appuyant à la fois sur des données archéologiques, historiques, ethnohistoriques et ethnographiques émanant des rapports de fouilles archéologiques, des traditions orales et des différents documents coloniaux datant des XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Cette étude a permis de déterminer différentes zones associées à des perceptions différentes du paysage reflétant une stratégie de continuité dans la conceptualisation, l’organisation et la manipulation de l’espace à la suite de l’appropriation des terres par le gouvernement colonial. Mots-clés : Amérindien, Montréal, Canada, colonialisme, culture de contact, archéologie du paysage, taskscape ii Abstract The main aim of this thesis is to define and characterize the native presence on the island of Montreal during the period extending from the Late Woodland to the end of the 17th century, and to attempt to understand the role of the Mount Royal within this context. On the basis of landscape archeology theories, we study the human landscape’s creation and the way by which these places affect the behavior and identity of their occupants. Using the continuity of repetitive tasks associated with the concept of taskscape, we have tried to establish a model of occupation reflecting the dynamic and strategic use of the landscape with regard to colonial policies. The method adopted is a holistic approach based on archeological, historical, ethnohistorical and ethnographic data from archeological excavation reports, oral traditions and various colonial documents dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. This study has made it possible to determine various areas associated with different perceptions of landscape reflecting a continuity strategy regarding the conceptualization, organization and manipulation of space following land appropriation by the colonial government. Keywords: First Nations, Montreal, Canada, colonialism, contact culture, landscape archaeology, taskscape iii Tables des matières Résumé .......................................................................................................................... i Abstract ........................................................................................................................ ii Liste des figures .......................................................................................................... vi Liste des tableaux ........................................................................................................ vi Remerciements .......................................................................................................... viii Liste des abréviations .................................................................................................. ix Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1. Canevas théorique ................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Archéologie du paysage ............................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Rétrospective ......................................................................................................... 6 1.1.3 Qu’est-ce que le paysage ? .................................................................................... 7 1.2 Archéologie de « contacts » et colonialisme .............................................................. 11 1.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................... 11 1.2.2 Le « contact », la « culture de contact » et la « période de contact » .................. 13 1.2.3 L’acculturation .................................................................................................... 18 1.2.4 L’agency .............................................................................................................. 20 1.2.5 Le colonialisme ................................................................................................... 21 1.2.6 « Contact » versus colonialisme .......................................................................... 24 1.2.7 Discussion ........................................................................................................... 25 2. Méthodologie et présentation de la zone d’étude ............................................... 27 2.1 Méthodologie et problématique ................................................................................. 27 2.2 Introduction au cadre géographique et naturel de l’archipel montréalais .................. 31 2.2.1 Géologie, topographie et hydrographie ............................................................... 31 2.2.2 Caractéristiques du couvert végétal .................................................................... 34 3. Contexte archéologique de la période paléoindienne au Sylvicole moyen dans la région montréalaise : lieux et pratiques spatiales et sociales ..................................... 37 iv 3.1 La période archaïque (9000-3500 AA) ...................................................................... 38 3.1.1 Montréal .............................................................................................................. 39 3.1.2 Le mont Royal ..................................................................................................... 40 3.2 Le Sylvicole inférieur (de 3500 à 2400 AA) .............................................................. 42 3.2.1 Montréal .............................................................................................................. 43 3.2.2 Le mont Royal ..................................................................................................... 44 3.3 Le Sylvicole moyen (de 2400 à 1000 AA) ................................................................. 44 3.3.1 Montréal .............................................................................................................. 46 3.3.2 Le mont Royal ..................................................................................................... 47 4. Île de Montréal, berceau des Hochelaguiens...................................................... 51 4.1 Caractéristiques du Sylvicole supérieur : phase ancienne (1000 à 650 AA) et tardive (650 à 450 AA)................................................................................................................. 51 4.2 Origine et identité des Iroquoiens du Saint-Laurent .................................................. 53 4.3 Chronologie des occupations ..................................................................................... 55 4.3.1 Montréal .............................................................................................................. 55 4.3.2 Le mont Royal ..................................................................................................... 58 4.4 L’énigme d’Hochelaga ............................................................................................... 62 4.5 Réflexions .................................................................................................................. 68 5. Île de Montréal : no man’s land ? ...................................................................... 80 5.1 Reconfiguration de l’entité culturelle des Hochelaguiens ......................................... 80 5.2 L’île de Montréal, lieu de transit au centre des mouvements ? .................................. 87 5.3 Réflexions .................................................................................................................. 91 6. Sites archéologiques sur l’île de Montréal ayant une attribution culturelle « amérindien ancien de 1500 à 1899 » selon l’ISAQ .....................................................................
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