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Fort La Présentation and Its Time Leszek Missala

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Fort La Présentation and Its Time Leszek Missala Fort La Présentation and Its Time Leszek Missala A Thesis in The Department of Art History Presented in PhaiFulhllment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts at Concordia University Montreal, Quebec, Canada O Leszek hfissala, 2000 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1*1 of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibiiographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395. iue Wellington OttawaON K1A ON4 OaawaON K1AW Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive Licence ailowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or seli reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microfiche/film, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in thk thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otheMise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. ABSTRACT Fort La Présentation and Its The Leszek Missala The history of Fort La Présentaaon is presented interivoven with the 18th century struggle benveen France and Great Britain. At stake was the domination of world [rade and the political and military influence pro tecting it. The double vocation - reQous and rnilitary - of the fort-mission comples is investigated and its influence on the planning, construction and the selection of its location is discussed. The evolution of the prinaple of the separation of nvo communities - European and autochthon - living inside quasi-independent fortified compounds, locared side by side, is investigated. The conclusion reached is that the politico-military aspect of the fort-mission comples of La Présentation was the main one and that its relgious role, no matter how successhl it was, semed only as a cover-up. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my thanks to the supen-isor of this thesis, Dr. Jean Belisle, who suggested Fort La Présentation as its subject, among many others we discussed. His suggestions were very helphl and his interest in my work very encouraging- 1 would Like to thank Dr. André Charbonneau, a scientist of Park Canada, for the documentation he provided me &th. 1 also acknowledge with many thanks the willingness of Dr. Oliver Asselin and Dr. Anne Dunlop to serve on the Esamiring Cornmittee, and for their constructive comrnents. 1 am very gratefüi to iMrs. Persis Boyesen - historian of the city of Ogdensburg, N.Y. - within whose LLnits the fort was situated. She generously opened to me her research €des providing me Mth information which was the starting point of my fûrther research. 1 am gratehl to the Rer. Roland Litalien, priest of the Congregation of St- Sulpice, director of the Congregation's archives, for his willingness to provide me with r-ery helphl intorrnation about the role the Congregation played in Nouvelle France. 1 wish to espess my thanlrs to the members of Concordia University Interlibrary Loans Department, who spent a lot of time and effort to hlfl my requests to borrow works published nearly a cenniry ago and often long forgotten. Findy, 1 wis h to e'rpress my gratitude and thanks to my wife, Krystyna. She \vas rhc grcatcst support 1 could possibly Iiarr had. 1 ha1-e also to cspress rny admiration for her patience and self-control \rith which she tolerared, for long weeks, the reference books on every seat in our living room as weli as the quasi-permanent use of our dining room table, my farourite w-orliplace. This thesis is dedicated ro her. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ................................................................................................................... VI1 Introduction .. ............................................................... ...................................................... -1 Engtis h and French Populations of Amerka ................................................................ 4 The Smgg1e in 18th Century Europe ............................................................................ 8 The Struggle in North America ..................................................................................... 12 Abbé Franqois Picquet and the French Colonial Policy in the 18th Cen tuq....... 27 . .. The ReLgious hhssions of Canada ................................................................................ 46 Fort La Présentation and the Defence System of Canada...................................... 60 Fort La Présentation During the War of 1756-1760 ................................................. 77 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 1OS 10 . End-Notes.................................................................................................................... 116 .. 11 . BibLograp hy ................................................................................................................. 124 12 . Appendk .................... .. ............................................................................................ 127 13 . Figures .......................................................................................................................... 133 LIST OF FIGURES Figures included in this thesis are identified by: i. number of reference from which they were taken, their number/page on which they are located; ü. sources from which they were obtained; ... ui. where available, original captions are ated. Reference 6; hors teste - Carte pour sen+ à i'histoire du Canada de 1750 à 1760. Reference 13; page 175 - Declared French and English Spheres of Interesc hfter the Treaty of Utrecht, 171 3. Chan 48 - La région d'Ohio au dix-huitième siècle (Céloron's Espedition route added by L.M.); TRUDEL, François, ed. - Atlas Historique du Canada, La Presse de l'université Lavai 1961. Reference 12; p. 167 - Plan of St. Ignace. Reference 12; p. 166 - Ground Plan of Building Na26 (see Eïg. 4). Chart 29 @art of) - La Nouvde France d'après Lescarbot en 1109; included in Atlas Historique du Canada, TRUDEL, François - editor: La Presse de l'université Laval, 1961. Re ference 17; hors texte - Plan and Reconstruction drawing of Ste- Marie 1. Reference 16; hors teste map 8 - Plan of the eacavaaons (Ste-Marie I), s howing anangement of buildings and other features. Reference 34; fi. 9 - Plan de la ;Mission du Sault-Saint-Louis vers 1720. Reference 32; - Plan de la 1Wssion de la Montagne - Vachon de Belmont author, 1694. Mission de la Montagne; south-east tower of the foc photo by L.1M 12. Plan of the sire of the Mission Sault-au-Récollet. Onginal presen-ed in the archives of the Congregation of St-Sulpice in Paris, France (courtesy of Dr. Jean Belisle). 13. Reference 31 - Fort de la Nouvelle-Lorette (Sault-au-Récollet); hand-written note bv the author of the reference indicates that this figure is similar to the draning of 1701 of Plan of Montreal of Oct. 15, 1702 (archires St-Suipice). 14. Reference 27; page 8, £ïg. 3 - Plan de la Mission du Lac des Deus- Montagnes (Oka). 15. Reference 27; page 9, Fig. 4 - Plan d'un forr pour être construit au bord du Lac des Deus Montagnes à la côte du Nord 1722. 16. Reference 34; fïg- 10 - Plan de la hfission du Lac des Deus Montagnes 1743. 17. Parks Canada - Patrimoine Canadien, ID: 4186498225 - Plan de la Mission du Lac des Deus Montagnes 1758. 18. Reference 20; pages 392 - 393, - Escedition of the Chev. Chaussegros de Léry against Fort Bull, 1756. 19. Reference 14; page 168 - English colonial border defences (outline added by L.M.). 20. Reference 14, page 195 - Plan of Oswego. 21- Re ference 25; page 346 - The Siege of Fort William-Henq, 1757. 22. Reference 14; page 306 - Bataille de Cdon, 1758. 23. APC H3/1250/Fort Lévis [176û] - h plan of the attack upon Fon Lévis (courtesy of Dr. André Charbonneau - Parks Canada). 24. Reference 13; page 180 - Northeastern North Amenca 1755 on the eve of the Seven Years War. 25. APC 0 - 1250 - (La) Présentation/1749 C-103578, Plan de l'établissement d'une nouvelle mission située à la côte du fleuve St- Laurent; authoc Léry (courtesy of Dr. André Charbonneau - Parks Canada). 26. Reference 9; page 17 - Ogdensburg and the Fort in 1813, as reconsmcted from fieldwork in 1860. 27. Referencc 9; page 28 - The escawtions of rhe 1787 and 1988 seasons. 28. Reference 3; page 5 - Vie 1838 arrist's concepaon of Fon de la Présentation in 1749. 29. -WC Ph/1-50 La Présentation - 1759, neg: Cl6239 author: Paul La Brosse; (courtesy of Dr. André Charbonneau - Parb Canada). 30. &WCPh/1250 - La Présentation - 1752; neg: Cl6287 - Plan du Fort de la Présentation sur la rivière Katarakony; anonj7me; (courtesy of Dr. André Charbonneau - Parks Canada). 31. Reference 4; opposite p. 33 - Plan du fort de St-Jean-sur-Richelieu. 31. Reference 33, page 9, Gg. 3 - Approslriate location of the French fort (S c-Jean) s howing the traces unearthed during the arc heological escavations. 1. INTRODUCTION It mouid br very ciifficuit, if not impossible, to discuss seriousiy an architecd object Mthout considering its historicd background. Each building, whatever irs proposed use and importance, is designed and built for a r-ery specific purpose, rarely reproduced elsewhere. This
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