COGNITIONS IN PROFESSIONAL SNOOKER 1 1 2 3 Thinking Aloud: An exploration of cognitions in professional snooker 4 5 James C. Welsh, Stephen A. Dewhurst, John L. Perry 6 7 University of Hull, Cottingham Road, HULL, HU6 7RX, UK 8 9 Corresponding author: James C. Welsh, School of Life Sciences, University of Hull, 10 Cottingham Road, Hull, HU6 7RX, UK. Email:
[email protected] 11 12 ©2018, Elsevier. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ COGNITIONS IN PROFESSIONAL SNOOKER 2 13 Abstract 14 Objectives: Presently, there is no exploration into the cognitive processes of super-elite and 15 elite professional snooker players during real-time performance. Therefore, this study ex- 16 plored the cognitions of seven professional snooker players during real-time solo practice 17 performance. Design: A Think Aloud (TA) protocol analysis. Method: This involved players 18 verbalizing and explaining their thoughts within naturalistic practice environments. Player’s 19 verbalizations were recorded during each solo practice performance, transcribed verbatim, 20 and analyzed via protocol analysis. Results: Analyses revealed an array of continuous reac- 21 tive-adaptive cognitions relating to stressors and coping strategies during performance, as 22 well as general snooker-specific related thoughts. Specifically, the results highlighted key 23 stressor themes which were coded as: Table Conditions, Distractions, and Mistakes. Our 24 main finding was: Shot Preparation being essential to problem-focused coping, with Ration- 25 alizing integral to emotion-focused coping. Further results highlighted the visualperceptual 26 and cognitive expertise of players, with regards to identification of problem balls and cueball 27 spatial awareness, insofar as unearthing the deliberate structure to practice routines.