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Chapter 27 R I I & R Li Romanticism & Realism Europe and America, 1800

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Chapter 27 R I I & R Li Romanticism & Realism Europe and America, 1800 Chapter 27 RiiRomanticism & RliRealism Europe and America, 1800 to 1870 Industrial Revolution caused a population boom in cities Railroads spread across the continent. While the century opened with Neoclassicism, by 1870 Romanticism and Realism prevailed. New construction techniques impacted architecture. Invention of photography revolutionized picture making. Napoleon was most powerful man in Europe, after serving as a French army commander leading major campaigns in Italy and Egypt, in 1799 became 1st Consul of the FhFrench RRbliepublic (title with clear and intentional links to ancient Roman Republic). Emperor of France (pope witnessed coronation) and king of Italy in 1804 Disastrous invasion of Russia (()ended in defeat) & in 1815 devastatin g defeat by British in Waterloo (present-day Belgium) Forced to abdicate throne in 1815, into exile on Saint Helena, S. Atlantic. •Pupil of David, Napoleon’s favorite painter. •Paintings contributed to Napoleon’s growing mythic status. •At Napoleon’s request, painted him visiting mosque at Jaffa in 1799, which was converted to a hospital during outbreak of bubonic plague – striking French and Muslim forces, to suppress the growing panic. Officers covering noses because of stench; Napoleon is fearless and in control. Removed glove to touch sores of victim – miraculous power to heal, as doubting Thomas touching Christ’s wound. Napoleon as Christ like figure – Rembrandt’s Hundred-Guilder Print. On left Muslim doctors distributing bread and ministering to sick Composition similar to David’s Oath of the Horatii – polarized scheme with arcaded backdrop SdfilfSeated figure on left – Mich e langel o’ s LJdLast Judgment Kneeling nude with extended arm on right – Michelangelo’s late Pieta Emphasis on death, suffering, emotional rendering, exoticism of Muslim world – presaged core elements of Romanticism. Cue Card •After fall of French Cue Card revolutionary, David barely escaped with his life , stood trial and went to prison. After his release in 1795, he worked to resurrect his career. •Napoleon approached him in 1804, offering him – First Painter of the Empire position. •Earlier, David had painted Napoleon crossing the Alps on horseback. •Coronation was David’s most grandiose work – mostly historical fact. Napoleon favored Neoclassism – aspired to rule an empire that might rival ancient Rome’s. Embraced classical past as symbolic sources of authority and aware of power of art for constructing a public image. Interior of Paris’ Notre Dame Cathedral decorated by emperor’s architects, Napoleon is crowning wife (underscores his authority after he crowned himself), Pope Pius VII seated behind Napoleon (emperor insisted that his hand be raised in blessing), Napoleon’s mother (who was not there) appears in the blbalcony, as we ll as Dav id. Structured composition similar to Oath of Horatii – as a theater, Catholic Church clergy on right, imperial court on left. Relationship between church and state was one of this period’s most contentious issues. Napoleon’s favorite Cue Card sculptor, who somewhat reluctantly left career in Italy to serve in Paris. Napoleon’s sister demanded to be portrayed as Venus (reflected her self-perception) Holding golden apple – triumph in judgment of Paris (when she promised him Helen, the start of the Trojan War). Seminude as Hellenistic Venus de Milo; reclining figure from Roman sarcophagus lids. Napoleon arranged marriage of sister to heir of noble Roman family. Her behavior was less than dignified, public gossiped about her affairs. Her hus ban d, PiPrince Cam illo Borgh ese kept the sculltpture in his Villa in Rome, where it still is. Relatively few people to saw it, which increased the notoriety of both artist and subject. Cue Card Apotheosis of Homer, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres 1827, Oil on canvas, 12’8 X 16’10 Compare to Raphael, School of Athens Inspired by The School of a Athens by Raphael who was his favorite artists The painting presented a single statement about the ideal form Neoclassical celebration or Homer and other ancient individuals such as Dante, Present at the Salon of 1827 Homer sits like a god on a throne before an Ionic temple, Winged Victory crowns the epic poet Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Apotheosis of Homer, 1827. Michelangelo Nike Plato Aristotle Raphael Socrates Homer Alex. The Great Aesop Aristotle Mozart “Iliad” “Odyssey” Poussi n Shakespeare Reclining nude – classical antiquity and Renaissance Head similar to Raphael’s Relaxed pose, small head, elongated limbs, cool color scheme – PiiiParmigianino & Italian Mannerists Romantic, exotic theme – Odalisque (woman in Turkish harem) Classical form with Romantic themes brought confusion and harsh criticism when first exhibited in 1814 – Ingres as rebel in both form and content Attacks cease in mid-1820s when Delacroix, a greater enemy of David’s Neoclassical style appeared on the scene. Then Ingres’ work was seen as still containing crucial element of Neoclassicism and he became the leader of academic forces in the battle against “barbarism” of the Romantic movement. Cue Card Past – longing for pre-industrial Europe (Gothic architecture will be revived) and the medieval past (imagined to include ghoulish, infernal, nightmarish, grotesque, sadistic – the chamber of horrors when reason sleeps). Irrational/ Inner mind / Insanity – Romantic artists depict human psyche and topics that transcend reason. Gericault chose to do portraits of people in an insane asylum. Nature – longing for the purity of nature, which defies human rationality Emotion/ Exotic – Romantics favored emotion and passion over reason/ thinking. Exotic themes and locales were also popular because they did not adhere to European emphasis on rationality. Rousseau – “Man is born free, but is everywhere in chains.” (Social Contract 1762) Romanticism emerged from a desire for freedom: political, thought, feeling, action worship, speech, and taste. Believed freedom was a right and property of all. Burke (1729 – 1797) wrote about the sublime – awe mixed with terror; fear could be thrilli ng, i.e. raging rivers or storms at sea. Born in Switzerland, settled in England, Royal Academy member and instructor, but largelylargely seselflf-taught.taught. Known for demonic, macabre, and sadistic horrific night fantasies. EtiErotic theme; horse as a male symbol coming through parted red theatrical curtains; woman lying on bed in a tortured sexual sleep Mara or mare is an evil spirit or goblin in Scandinavian folklore which rides on people's chests, tormenting and suffocating them while they sleep, bringing on bad dreams (or "nightmares"). Not an illustration of a nightmare, but the sensation of Cue Card terror it produces. The mare is similar to the mythical creature incubus, a demon believed in medieval times to prey, often sexually on sleeping women, and was likely inspired by sleep paralysis Romantic artists combined Baroque dynamism with naturalistic details Inspiration from dreams – rationalist search for material explanations stifled spirituality. He wrote and illustrated his own work, this is from a book of his poems The figure is UiUrizen, a pun on “your reason”-an evil Enlightenment figure of rational thinking. embodiment of conventional reason and law, depp;icted as a bearded old man; he sometimes bears architect's tools, to create/constrain the universe; or nets, with which he ensnares people in webs of law and conventional society. In early works, Urizen represents the chains of reason that are imposed on the mind; like mankind, he is bound by these. Figures covers the sun with is body, opens his fingers in an impossible way to measure the earth with calipers. Cue Card Cue Card David’s contemporary; Goya thought about Enlightenment and Neoclassical insistence on rationa lity and order. Depicted himself asleep, with oos(sybosooy)adbatswls (symbols of folly) and bats (symbols of ignorance). How to read the etching? What emerges when reason is suppressed . or Goya’s commitment to creative process and Romantic spirit – the unleashing of imagination, emotions and nightmares? According to Greek/Roman myth FRANCISCO –a son of Kronos (Roman Saturn) GOYA, Saturn would overthrow him, just as he Devouring One of His had overthrown his father. To Children, 1819–1823. prevent this, Saturn ate his children moments after each was born. Saturn is associated with time – (()Greek for time). Goya – deaf after contracting a fever in 1792 Goya’s understanding of hitWitdNl’humanity. Witnessed Napoleon’s restoration of the monarchy destroying country. Despair over passage of time? Cyclical nature oftif time ? In 1786 official artist of Charles IV, family portrait in 1800 (after Velasquez) was unflattering, not idealized, with spectacular costumes. Reflects enlightenment thinking – critique of monarchy. Dissatisfaction with Charles IV’s rule increased, Spanish people began supporting his son, Ferdinand VII, who enlisted aid of Napoleon to overthrow his father and mother. Napoleon sent troops to Spain, ousted Charles IV, and installed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte (r. 1808 – 1813) on the throne. On May 2, 1808, Cue Card Spanish people finally recognized French as invaders and violently attacked Napoleon’s soldiers. In retaliation, the French executed Spanish citizens the next day. Third of May, 1808, was commissioned in 1814 by Ferdinand VII who reclaimed throne after ouster of the French. Robotic repetitive movements of the faceless French Central Spanish figure is in Christ-like sacrificial pose with hand marks of the nailed crucifixion
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