Biodiversity of Butterflies from Districts Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber, Azad Kashmir

Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 39(1), pp. 27-34, 2007.

MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE KHAN, MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI, M. MUNIR, SHOUKAT HUSSAIN, MIRZA WASIM BAIG AND M. WAHEED KHAN University College of Agriculture, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan (MRK, MM, SH, MWB), Insect Pest Management Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan (MAR) and Department of Computer Sciences, Azad Jammu and Kashmir University, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan (MWK)

Abstract.- The adult butterflies were collected from 7 localities of district Kotli, 10 localities of district Mirpur and 10 localities from district Bhimber throughout the year 2000 ( from Kotli) and 1999 (from Mirpur and Bhimber). A total of 16 species from Kotli, 20 species from Mirpur and 19 species from Bhimber belonging to 7 families and 30 genera were collected. Diversity was calculated by using the Shannon-Wiener's diversity index along with its equitability component, Margalef’s index, Simpson's index and Nakmura's R1 index. The calculated values of diversity indices showed that from Kotli, lowest diversity was calculated from Sensah and Dongi and highest diversity was calculated from Fateh Pur, Khuiretta and Holar. From Mirpur, the lowest diversity was calculated from Khari Sharif and Mangla where as the highest diversity was calculated from Mirpur city and Islam Garh. From Bhimber, the lowest diversity was calculated from Bernala, Kot Jamel and Kadala, where as the highest diversity was calculated from Chumb, Berhing and Choki. None of the species reported to be threatened to become extinct nor any species reported to be favoured by enriched flora. The richness, evenness and abundance were found to be normal in the surveyed area.

Key words: Biodiversity of butterflies, diversity indices, abundance of butterflies, Azad Kashmir.

INTRODUCTION Copyright 2007 Zoological Society of Pakistan. before except a few attempts such as Khan et al. (2003, 2004) and Rafi et al. (2000) and this is the utterflies are regarded as the symbol of first attempt to calculate the distributional diversity, B which will be continuously monitored with the beauty and grace since the dawn of the time and are passage of time to observe any changes in the bio- best known insect due to their diurnal habitats and diversity of butterflies in this area of Azad Kashmir. are readily recognized by their bright colours, Biological diversity or biodiversity is shapes and graceful flights, which give pleasure to important scientifically, socially, economically, everyone (Oven, 1971; Dal, 1978). Butterflies are educationally, culturally, aesthetically and found almost in every part of the world where ever recreationally and it is the one of the major features the flowering plants are found; inhabiting even very of the animal communities (Kempton and Tailor, high altitudes except Arctic and Antarctic and 1976; Kempton, 1979; Kempton and Wedderburn, mountainous which are covered with perpetual snow 1978; Maguran, 1988). It is the number of species and glaciers (Hassan, 1997). Systematically the present and their numerical composition. Diversity butterflies have been studied since 18th century and is the niche time stability dependent (Bowman, et 19,238 species had been documented by 1998 al., 1971; McIntosh, 1967; Pielou, 1966, 1969, (Heppner, 1998) world wide. This figure is not 1975) which means if a large number of niche is constant because of the continuous discovery of new present it will support higher diversity (Begon et al., butterflies (Gooden, 1977; Stokoe, 1974; Alatolo, 1966; Maguran, 1988; Rosenzweig, 1978; Sanders, 1981; Green and Huang, 1998; Roberts, 2001) but 1978). Generally homogeneous conditions yield low the fauna of the area under study is not well diversity whereas heterogeneous conditions yield documented and the biodiversity of the butterflies higher diversity (Begon et al., 1966; May, 1975; from the area under study was never calculated Maguran, 1988). Diversity indices are a measure of a way in 0030-9923/2007/0001-0027 $ 8.00/0

28 M.R. KHAN ET AL. which individuals in an ecological community are the use of aerial nets and searching and picking distributed among the species (Roultledge, 1979). A method. The maximum number of specimens was co-efficient of diversity is a convenient way of collected because for the calculation of diversity demonstrating the variety of species present in a abundance and richness both are needed. The habitat or a sample and the abundance of the collected specimens were brought to the laboratory individuals within the species (McArthur, 1965). and identified. Total number of specimens collected The measure of the diversity of the fauna will from district Kotli were 969 (Table II), from district represent the number and the available niches Mirpur 2235 (Table IV) and from district Bhimber present in the environment. If niche heterogeneity is 1708 (Table VI). great, it will support a more diverse fauna and thus will result in a higher coefficient or index of diversity in that area or habitat (Gray, 1980). Azad Jammu and Kashmir is the librated part of the state of Jammu-Kashmir. It has an area of 13397 sq Km and only 13% area is cultivated. It is situated between longitude 73-75 and latitude 39-37. Average rainfall is approximately 150cm annually. The topography is mainly hilly and mountainous with valleys and plains in some places. Azad Jammu and Kashmir consists of 7 districts: namely: Muzzafarabad, Bagh, Poonch, Sudhnoti, Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber. The present study of exploring the butterfly fauna and to calculate the diversity of butterflies from Azad Kashmir was started in 1998 and diversity of butterflies from 4 districts have already been published elsewhere (Khan et al., 2003, 2004). The present study of exploring the butterflies fauna and calculation of diversity from district Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber was started in 1999 and completed in 2000.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The specimens were collected from 7 localities of district Kotli namely: Holar, Sensah, Sarsawa, Kotli city, Fateh Pur, Khuiretta and Dongi Fig. 1. Map of Districts Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber, Azad Kashmir showing the sampled (Fig. 1) in 1999 and 10 localities from district sites. Mirpur namely: Dudial, Palak, Chak Sawari, Islam Garh, Mirpur city, Mangla, Jatlan, Jery Kas and The rank lists were prepared from each Afzal Pur in 2001 and 10 localities from district locality of each district by the help of which the Bhimber namely: Samahni, Choki, Mnghloora, diversity indices were calculated. A collective rank Pindi Chunja, Bhimber city, Berhing, Kadala, list along with the lists of taxa collected from each Barnala, Kot Jamel and Chumb (Fig. 1) in 2000. locality of each district was also prepared (Tables II, The localities were visited fortnightly from IV, VI). To calculate the diversity of the butterflies mid March to the end of October. All the efforts 4 diversity indices were used namely: Shannon- were made to collect the maximum specimens from Wiener's diversity index (Shannon and Wiener, each locality by using different methods, such as, 1963) along with its equitability component,

BUTTERFLIS OF AZAD KASHMIR 29

Margalef’s index (Margalef, 1968, 1969), Simpson's (Gray, 1980). index (Simpson, 1949) and Nakamura's RI index The calculated values of this index at district (Nakamura and Toshima, 1995, 1999). Kotli ranged from 2.145 (Dongi)-3.29 (Sarsawa). The form of the Shannon-Wiener' s diversity Remaining all the stations yielded the values in index used is H= -I (pi)log2pi), where, "pi" is the between above mentioned values. Most of the sites proportion with in the sample of the number of the yielded the values near the 3.2 (Holar, Kotli city, individuals of "ith" species and it is denoted by Fateh Pur and Khuiretta) (Table I). "ni/N", where, "ni" is the total number of The calculated values of this index from individuals. But the form of the index used in the Mirpur yielded the lowest values at Khari Sharif present study is: H=C {log10N-1/N∑(nrlog10nr)}, (3.135) and highest values 3.75 at Mirpur city (3.75) where "N" is the total number of the individuals, and Islam Garh (3.70) where as remaining all the "nr" is the rank abundance in "ith" species and "C" stations yielded the values between them 3.2 is the conversion factor from log2 to log10. (Mangla) - 3.60 (Afzal Pur) (Table III). The form of the Shannon's equitability used The calculated values of this index from is: J=H/Hmax, where, "H" is the Shannon- Wiener's different localities of district Bhimber ranged from diversity index and "Hmax" is the log2 of "S", where, 2.97 (Barnala) - 3.75 (Berhing) and remaining all "S" is the total number of species in the sample. the stations yielded the values between these values Shannon's equitability is derived from its (Table V). diversity index and it is the ratio between the actual The calculated values showed that butterflies diversity of the sample and maximum diversity are well distributed almost at all the localities of which occurs when all the species are equally these three districts of Azad Kashmir. However, the abundant. more densely vegetated sites yielded slightly higher The form of the Margalef’s index used is: diversity values and barren and less vegetated areas D=S-1/LogeN, where "S" is the number of species yielded slightly lower diversity values. and "N" is the total number of individuals. The Shannon's equitability's calculated values The Simpson's index used is D=I-∑(pi)2 from district Kotli ranged from 0.707 (Dongi) - where, "pi" proportion of "ith" species and is 0.903 (Sarsawa) and remaining all the sites yielded calculated as "ni/N", where, "ni" is the number of the values between these two (Table I). Whereas individuals in "ith" species and "N" is the total from Mirpur district the lowest equitability values number of individuals in the sample but the form of were obtained from Mangla (0.785) and the index used in the present study is: D=∑[ni(ni- Chakasawary (0.717) and the highest equitability 1/N(N-I)], where, "ni" is the number of individuals values were obtained from Islam Garh (0.905) in "ith" species and "N" is the total number of (Table III). Remaining all the sites yielded the individuals in the sample. equitability values ranged from 0.785 to 0.905. The last index used is RI index (Nakamura, The calculated values of Shannon's 1995, 1999). The form of the index used is equitability index from district Bhimber ranged RI=∑Ri/S(M-l), where "S" is the number of from 0.781 (Barnala) to 0.910 (Choki). Remaining investigated species of insects, "M" is the number of all the sites yielded the values in between these two rank of abundance (0,1,2,3,.. .M-l) and "Ri" is the (Table V), which means the equitability of the rank value of "ith" species in the sample. butterflies from all the three districts of Azad Kashmir is not very much different from each other. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The calculated values of Shannon-Wiener' s diversity index very much coincide with the values During the present study, 4 diversity indices of Shannon's equitability which means the evenness, were used. The first index used is the Shannon- richness and abundance of butterflies from all the Wiener's diversity index (Shannon-Wiener, 1963). localities of the sampled districts support normal This index is distribution dependent and suffers distribution and none of the above sampled stations least from criticism of validity in biological data showed disturbed communities, because the values

30 M.R. KHAN ET AL.

of Shannon's diversity index in perturbed situations is usually more than 4.5 (Pieloul, 1966, 1969, 1975). Table I. Calculated values of diversity indices from different localities of District Kotli, Azad Kashmir.

Shannon-Wiener’s Shannon’s Margalef’s Simpson’s index S.No. Name of place R1 Index index (H’) Equitability J’ index (d) D 1-D 1/D

1 Holar 3.278 0.754 2.078 0.087 0.912 11.422 0.600 2 Sensah 2.74 0.711 2.521 0.134 0.865 7.440 0.571 3 Sarsawah 3.298 0.903 2.464 0.1 06 0.893 9.400 0.583 4 Kotli City 3.199 0.874 2.450 0.123 0.876 8.101 0.583 5 Fateh Pur 3.278 0.827 2.557 0.152 0.847 6.578 0.583 6 Khuiretta 3.274 0.832 2.216 0.143 0.856 6.944 0.590 7 Dongi 2.415 0.707 2.378 0.162 0.834 6.142 0.600

Table II.- The collective rank list along with the list of Taxa collected from different localities of District Kotli, Azad Kashmir.

Rank Name of Taxa Abundance Sarsawa Sensah Holar Kotli Khuiretta Nikyal Dongi city

1 Pieris brassicae 229 17 70 14 33 41 35 19 2 Papilio philoxenus 173 27 41 13 20 31 25 16 3 Gonepteryx rhamni 113 13 29 15 17 19 11 9 4 Argynnis kamala 79 9 19 13 12 14 7 5 5 Argynnis hyperbius, 67 12 15 18 9 6 5 2 6 Colias erate 64 13 19 11 12 - 9 - 7 Pontia daplidice 47 9 18 - 9 6 5 - 8 Vanessa cardui 43 - 10 9 6 8 7 3 9 Papilio machaon 41 4 15 10 - 6 - 6 10 Danaus chrysippus 31 12 - 9 6 - 3 1 11 Catopsila crocale 26 9 6 - 4 3 1 3 12 Colias electo 19 - 7 6 - 4 1 1 13 Colias fieldi 17 3 4 5 - 2 3 - 14 Aglais urticae 12 1 2 - 4 3 - 2 15 Phalantha phalantha 6 1 2 - 1 - 2 - 16 Papilio polyctor 2 - 1 - 1 - - - No of Individuals ∑N=969 N=130 N=258 N=123 N=134 N=143 N= 109 N=67 No of Species 13 15 11 13 12 13 11

Table III. Calculated values of diversity indices from different localities of District Mirpur, Azad Kasmir.

Shannon-Wiener’s Shannon’s Margalef’s Simpson’s index S.No. Name of place R1 Index index (H) Equitability J’ index (d) D 1-D 1/D

1 Dudia1 3.431 0.822 2.925 0.127 0.872 7.818 0.558 2 Pa1ak 3.374 0.830 2.667 0.114 0.885 8.733 0.566 3 Chaksawari 3.454 0.717 3.022 0.099 0.900 10.010 0.566 4 Mirpur city 3.754 0.900 3.015 0.088 0.911 11.286 0.558 5 Mang1a 3.210 0.785 3.119 0.167 0.833 5.988 0.562 6 Afza1 Pur 3.600 0.880 2.780 0.094 0.905 10.593 0.562 7 Jery Kas 3.472 0.888 2.748 0.1 05 0.894 9.451 0.571 8 KhariSharif 3.135 0.802 2.779 0.155 0.844 6.430 0.571 9 Aka1 Garh 3.324 0.872 2.868 0.116 0.884 8.620 0.576

BUTTERFLIS OF AZAD KASHMIR 31

10 Islam Garh 3.700 0.905 2,797 0.082 0.918 12.195 0.562

Table IV.- The collective rank list along with the list of Taxa collected from localities of District Kotli, Azad Kashmir.

Rank Name of Taxa Palak Dudial Mangla Jari Kas Jari Afzal Pur Akal Garh Abundance Islam Garh Mirp ur city Khari Sharif Chak Sawari

1 Pieris brassicae 491 99 61 45 49 23 35 30 61 36 52 2 Junonia orithya 312 40 21 35 25 15 40 21 41 23 51 3 Colias erate 214 31 11 24 16 11 30 14 36 14 27 Danaus 200 25 14 30 9 4 35 12 27 14 30 4 chrysippus 5 Pontia daplidice 160 21 11 20 12 5 27 10 21 13 20 6 Pieris canidia 159 19 9 17 13 9 21 11 19 14 27 7 Danaus genutia 141 20 10 19 7 6 17 9 21 12 20 8 Eurema hecabe 121 15 9 17 6 3 21 7 14 10 19 9 Papilio polytes 90 17 5 14 3 - 19 5 11 6 10 10 Pieris rapae 82 6 2 11 - 5 21 6 9 3 19 11 Pieris ajaka 73 12 3 15 6 - 12 3 6 2 14 Papilio 61 9 3 11 2 3 11 7 5 - 10 12 demoleus 13 Colias fieldi 50 7 3 9 - 2 7 4 - 7 11 14 Graphium 31 6 - 5 2 - 5 2 3 5 3 cloanthus 15 Vanessa cardui 19 3 1 4 - 5 2 1 1 2 - 16 Papilio polyctor 12 2 1 3 1 1 - - 1 2 - 17 Papilio 9 - 3 1 2 - 1 1 - - 1 machaon 18 Euthalia garuda 5 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 19 Ariadne merione 3 1 - 1 ------1 20 Danaus 2 1 - - - 1 - - - - - limniace

No of ∑N=2235 N=334 N=168 N=281 N=154 N=93 N=305 N=143 N=277 N=163 N=316 Individuals No of Species 18 17 18 15 13 17 16 16 15 17

Table V. Calculated values of diversity indices from different localities of district Bhimber, Azad Kasmir.

Shannon-Wiener’s Shannon’s Margalef’s Simpson’s index S.No. Name of place R1 Index index (H)’ Equitability J’ index (d) D 1-D 1/D

1 Pindi Chunja 3.460 0.885 3.151 0.110 0.889 9.041 0.571 2 Chumb 3.638 0.856 3.253 0.099 0.900 10.060 0.555 3 Kot J amil 3.166 0.883 2.278 0.126 0.874 7.936 0.590 4 Barnalah 2.977 0.781 2.612 0.163 0.836 6.116 0.576 5 Samahni 3.009 0.790 2.423 0.156 0.843 6.397 0.673 6 Berhing 3.754 0.900 3.016 0.087 0.913 11.494 0.556 7 Choki 3.643 0.910 2.739 0.087 0.913 11.494 0.566 8 Bhimber city 3.325 0.873 2.426 0.116 0.883 8.583 0.576 9 Mangloora 3.428 0.900 3.116 0.094 0.905 10.559 0.583 10 Kadalah 3.004 0.788 2.903 0.165 0.834 6.049 0.673

32 M.R. KHAN ET AL.

Table VI.- The collective rank list along with the list of Taxa collected from different localities of District Bhimber, Azad Kashmir.

Rank Name of Taxa Pindi Pindi Choki Kadala Chumb Chunja Bernala Berhing Samahni Kot Jamal Kot Mangloora Abundance Bhimber city

1 Pieris brassicae 340 49 37 45 51 45 37 25 13 11 27 Danuas 252 31 19 25 45 35 36 21 11 9 20 2 chrysippus 3 Colias erate 216 35 16 35 41 39 21 14 5 7 3 4 Colias electo 172 19 21 17 26 26 17 15 14 8 9 5 Peris ajaka 140 26 17 21 13 13 9 21 11 9 - Danuas 95 21 19 23 9 5 4 5 2 - 7 6 limniace 7 Junonia orithya 88 13 24 11 3 19 - 7 9 2 - 8 Pontia daplidice 66 5 31 9 - 7 5 - 5 3 1 Papilio 61 17 15 - 5 5 4 3 - 5 7 9 demoleus 10 Pieris rapae 47 15 11 5 - 9 3 - 1 3 - Papilio 41 11 13 - 5 3 - 4 2 - 3 11 machaon 12 Pieris canidia 42 10 6 6 - 13 2 - 3 - 2 13 Danaus genutia 31 9 - 3 2 11 1 2 - 3 - 14 Catopsila 29 6 - 7 5 4 - - 3 - 4 pomana 15 Eurema hecabe 27 - 2 3 - 8 - 7 4 2 1 16 Papilio polytes 24 6 - - 5 7 2 - 1 1 2 17 Ariadne merione 19 5 4 - 3 2 2 1 - 1 1 18 Euthalia garuda 12 3 2 2 1 1 2 - 1 - - 19 Satyrus spp. 6 1 2 - - 1 - - - 1 1

No of ∑N=1708 N=282 N=239 N=212 N=214 N=253 N=145 N=125 N=85 N=65 N=88 Individuals No of Species 18 16 14 14 19 14 12 15 14 14

The calculated values of Margalef’s index sites of this district did not show much difference in from Kotli ranged from 2.078 (Holar) 2.55 (Fateh the butterflies' distribution. Pur). Remaining all the localities yielded the The calculated values of Margalef’s index diversity values in between these two, indicating from district Bhimber ranged from 2.27 sites (Kot that richness was slightly higher at Fateh Pur and Jamil) to 3.25 (Chumb). Remaining all the yielded was slightly lower at Holar (Table I). The yielded the diversity values ranging from 2.42 to 3.01 values of this index from all the localities visited (Table V). Indicating that species richness was indicate that there was no any big difference in the slightly lower at Kot Jamil and slightly higher at richness of butterflies in these districts. Chumb. The calculated values of Margalef’s index The calculated values of Simpson's index (D) from district Mirpur ranged from 2.66 (Palak) to at district Kotli ranged from 0.087 (Holar) to 0.162 3.02 (Chwawari). Remaining all the station yielded (Dongi). The calculated values of Simposon's index this index values from 2.77 to 3.01 (Table III), (I-D) ranged from 0.834 (Dongi) to 0.912 (Holar). indicating that richness of butterflies from all the The calculated values of this index (I/D) ranged

BUTTERFLIS OF AZAD KASHMIR 33 from 6.142 (Dongi) to 11.499 (Holar) (Table I). sites of district Bhimber ranged from 0.555 The Simpson's index is sampled size (Chumb) to 0.673 (Kadala and Samahani) (Table dependent and values decrease with the increase in V). sample size. Therefore, its reciprocal from I-D or The calculated values of all indices from all I/D is usually used in ecological data, which the sampled sited of district Kotli, Mirpur and indicates that the calculated values of index Bhimber showed that despite the big difference in increases with increasing diversity (James and the total number of individuals there was not a big Shugart, 1970). difference in diversity of butterflies in the area During the present study, both the reciprocal under the present study. forms of the index were used and calculated values The present study is the first study of this (D) of this index from district Mir Pur ranged from type in the area. Therefore, it is very difficult to say 0.082, 0.088 (Islamgaragh and Mirpur City whether any species is supported by the enriched respectively) to 0.155 (Khari Sharif). The calculated flora or any species is at the verge of extinction. values of I-D, ranged from 0.833 (Mangla) to 0.918 Therefore, it is suggested that the area under (Islam Garh). The calculated values of I/D ranged present study should be continuously monitored to from 6.430 (Chechian) to 11.286 (Mirpur city) observe any changes in the diversity of the which indicates that species abundance was highest butterflies, because the changes in the diversity can at Mirpur City and was lowest at Khari Sharif. The only be observed through continuous monitoring calculated values of Simpson's index (D) at sites of and comparing the data of very year. district Bhimber ranged from 0.087 (Berhring and Choki respectively) to 0.165 (Kadala). REFERENCES The calculated values of I-D ranged from 0.834 (Kadala) to 0.913 (Bhering and Choki ALATOLO, 1981. Problems in measurement of ecology. Gikos, respectively). The calculated values of I/D ranged 37: 199-205. from 6.049 (Kadala) to 11.494 (Berhing and Choki, BEGON, M., HARPER, 1.L. AND TOWNSEND, C.R., 1966. Ecology: Individual populations and communities, 3rd respectively). The highest abundance was obtained Edn. Blackwell Science Ltd., Cambridge, pp: 348. from, Berhing and Choki, and lowest abundance BOWMAN, K.O., HUTCHINSON, K., ODUM, E.P. AND was obtained from Kadala. Berhing and Choki are SHENTON, L.R., 1971. Comments on the distribution adjacent sites to each other and the flora of both the of indices of diversity. In: Statistical ecology (eds. G.P. sites is almost the same. The highest abundance Patel, E.C. Pielou and W.E. Water), vol. 3, pp. 315-366. obtained is due to dense flowering plants. Pennsylvania state university park, PA. The last index used is R1 index of Nakamura DAL, B., 1978. The butterflies of northern Europe. Croom (Nakamura and Toshima, 1995, 1999). The index Helm, London, PP.128.. shows the number of species and individuals in the GOODEN, R., 1977. The wonderful world of butterflies and moths. Hamlyn Pub. Group Ltd., London, pp. 96. sampled area. If the calculated values go near to 1 it GRAY, J.S., 1980.Why do ecological monitoring? Mar. Poll. indicates that more and more species and Bull., 11: 62-66. individuals are recorded from the area. GREEN, J. AND HUANG, J., 1998. Butterflies of South The calculated values of this index from Kotli Vancouver Island. Co-op Report. Royal British ranged from 0.0575 (Sensah) to 0.600 (Holar and Columbia Museum. Available online at: Dongi, respectively). Remaining all the stations http://rbcm.rcbm.gov.bc.ca/nh_papers/anneh/text/cover yielded the values between these values (Table I), page.html. indicating that the number of species and HASSAN, S.A., 1997. Biogeography and diversity of butterflies of North West Himalaya. In: Biodiversity of Pakistan individuals is not very much different at all the (eds. S.A. Mutfti, C.A. Wood and S.A. Hassan), pp. sampled sites of this district. 181-204. Pakistan Museum of Natural History, The calculated values of RI from Mirpur Islamabad, Florida Museum of National History, district ranged from 0.558 (Dudial) to 0.571 Gainesville, USA. (Jerykas and Khari Sharif) (Table III). HEPPNER, J., 1998. Classification of Lepidoptera. Part I The calculated values of RI index from all the Introduction. Holarctic. Lep. Vol. 5, Supplement 1, pp.

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