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Biodiversity of Butterflies from Districts Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber, Azad Kashmir

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Biodiversity of Butterflies from Districts Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber, Azad Kashmir Pakistan J. Zool., vol. 39(1), pp. 27-34, 2007. Biodiversity of Butterflies from Districts Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber, Azad Kashmir MUHAMMAD RAFIQUE KHAN, MUHAMMAD ATHER RAFI, M. MUNIR, SHOUKAT HUSSAIN, MIRZA WASIM BAIG AND M. WAHEED KHAN University College of Agriculture, Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan (MRK, MM, SH, MWB), Insect Pest Management Institute, National Agriculture Research Centre, Islamabad, Pakistan (MAR) and Department of Computer Sciences, Azad Jammu and Kashmir University, Muzaffarabad, Pakistan (MWK) Abstract.- The adult butterflies were collected from 7 localities of district Kotli, 10 localities of district Mirpur and 10 localities from district Bhimber throughout the year 2000 ( from Kotli) and 1999 (from Mirpur and Bhimber). A total of 16 species from Kotli, 20 species from Mirpur and 19 species from Bhimber belonging to 7 families and 30 genera were collected. Diversity was calculated by using the Shannon-Wiener's diversity index along with its equitability component, Margalef’s index, Simpson's index and Nakmura's R1 index. The calculated values of diversity indices showed that from Kotli, lowest diversity was calculated from Sensah and Dongi and highest diversity was calculated from Fateh Pur, Khuiretta and Holar. From Mirpur, the lowest diversity was calculated from Khari Sharif and Mangla where as the highest diversity was calculated from Mirpur city and Islam Garh. From Bhimber, the lowest diversity was calculated from Bernala, Kot Jamel and Kadala, where as the highest diversity was calculated from Chumb, Berhing and Choki. None of the species reported to be threatened to become extinct nor any species reported to be favoured by enriched flora. The richness, evenness and abundance were found to be normal in the surveyed area. Key words: Biodiversity of butterflies, diversity indices, abundance of butterflies, Azad Kashmir. INTRODUCTION Copyright 2007 Zoological Society of Pakistan. before except a few attempts such as Khan et al. (2003, 2004) and Rafi et al. (2000) and this is the utterflies are regarded as the symbol of first attempt to calculate the distributional diversity, B which will be continuously monitored with the beauty and grace since the dawn of the time and are passage of time to observe any changes in the bio- best known insect due to their diurnal habitats and diversity of butterflies in this area of Azad Kashmir. are readily recognized by their bright colours, Biological diversity or biodiversity is shapes and graceful flights, which give pleasure to important scientifically, socially, economically, everyone (Oven, 1971; Dal, 1978). Butterflies are educationally, culturally, aesthetically and found almost in every part of the world where ever recreationally and it is the one of the major features the flowering plants are found; inhabiting even very of the animal communities (Kempton and Tailor, high altitudes except Arctic and Antarctic and 1976; Kempton, 1979; Kempton and Wedderburn, mountainous which are covered with perpetual snow 1978; Maguran, 1988). It is the number of species and glaciers (Hassan, 1997). Systematically the present and their numerical composition. Diversity butterflies have been studied since 18th century and is the niche time stability dependent (Bowman, et 19,238 species had been documented by 1998 al., 1971; McIntosh, 1967; Pielou, 1966, 1969, (Heppner, 1998) world wide. This figure is not 1975) which means if a large number of niche is constant because of the continuous discovery of new present it will support higher diversity (Begon et al., butterflies (Gooden, 1977; Stokoe, 1974; Alatolo, 1966; Maguran, 1988; Rosenzweig, 1978; Sanders, 1981; Green and Huang, 1998; Roberts, 2001) but 1978). Generally homogeneous conditions yield low the fauna of the area under study is not well diversity whereas heterogeneous conditions yield documented and the biodiversity of the butterflies higher diversity (Begon et al., 1966; May, 1975; from the area under study was never calculated Maguran, 1988). Diversity indices are a measure of a way in 0030-9923/2007/0001-0027 $ 8.00/0 28 M.R. KHAN ET AL. which individuals in an ecological community are the use of aerial nets and searching and picking distributed among the species (Roultledge, 1979). A method. The maximum number of specimens was co-efficient of diversity is a convenient way of collected because for the calculation of diversity demonstrating the variety of species present in a abundance and richness both are needed. The habitat or a sample and the abundance of the collected specimens were brought to the laboratory individuals within the species (McArthur, 1965). and identified. Total number of specimens collected The measure of the diversity of the fauna will from district Kotli were 969 (Table II), from district represent the number and the available niches Mirpur 2235 (Table IV) and from district Bhimber present in the environment. If niche heterogeneity is 1708 (Table VI). great, it will support a more diverse fauna and thus will result in a higher coefficient or index of diversity in that area or habitat (Gray, 1980). Azad Jammu and Kashmir is the librated part of the state of Jammu-Kashmir. It has an area of 13397 sq Km and only 13% area is cultivated. It is situated between longitude 73-75 and latitude 39-37. Average rainfall is approximately 150cm annually. The topography is mainly hilly and mountainous with valleys and plains in some places. Azad Jammu and Kashmir consists of 7 districts: namely: Muzzafarabad, Bagh, Poonch, Sudhnoti, Mirpur, Kotli and Bhimber. The present study of exploring the butterfly fauna and to calculate the diversity of butterflies from Azad Kashmir was started in 1998 and diversity of butterflies from 4 districts have already been published elsewhere (Khan et al., 2003, 2004). The present study of exploring the butterflies fauna and calculation of diversity from district Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber was started in 1999 and completed in 2000. MATERIALS AND METHODS The specimens were collected from 7 localities of district Kotli namely: Holar, Sensah, Sarsawa, Kotli city, Fateh Pur, Khuiretta and Dongi Fig. 1. Map of Districts Kotli, Mirpur and Bhimber, Azad Kashmir showing the sampled (Fig. 1) in 1999 and 10 localities from district sites. Mirpur namely: Dudial, Palak, Chak Sawari, Islam Garh, Mirpur city, Mangla, Jatlan, Jery Kas and The rank lists were prepared from each Afzal Pur in 2001 and 10 localities from district locality of each district by the help of which the Bhimber namely: Samahni, Choki, Mnghloora, diversity indices were calculated. A collective rank Pindi Chunja, Bhimber city, Berhing, Kadala, list along with the lists of taxa collected from each Barnala, Kot Jamel and Chumb (Fig. 1) in 2000. locality of each district was also prepared (Tables II, The localities were visited fortnightly from IV, VI). To calculate the diversity of the butterflies mid March to the end of October. All the efforts 4 diversity indices were used namely: Shannon- were made to collect the maximum specimens from Wiener's diversity index (Shannon and Wiener, each locality by using different methods, such as, 1963) along with its equitability component, BUTTERFLIS OF AZAD KASHMIR 29 Margalef’s index (Margalef, 1968, 1969), Simpson's (Gray, 1980). index (Simpson, 1949) and Nakamura's RI index The calculated values of this index at district (Nakamura and Toshima, 1995, 1999). Kotli ranged from 2.145 (Dongi)-3.29 (Sarsawa). The form of the Shannon-Wiener' s diversity Remaining all the stations yielded the values in index used is H= -I (pi)log2pi), where, "pi" is the between above mentioned values. Most of the sites proportion with in the sample of the number of the yielded the values near the 3.2 (Holar, Kotli city, individuals of "ith" species and it is denoted by Fateh Pur and Khuiretta) (Table I). "ni/N", where, "ni" is the total number of The calculated values of this index from individuals. But the form of the index used in the Mirpur yielded the lowest values at Khari Sharif present study is: H=C {log10N-1/N∑(nrlog10nr)}, (3.135) and highest values 3.75 at Mirpur city (3.75) where "N" is the total number of the individuals, and Islam Garh (3.70) where as remaining all the "nr" is the rank abundance in "ith" species and "C" stations yielded the values between them 3.2 is the conversion factor from log2 to log10. (Mangla) - 3.60 (Afzal Pur) (Table III). The form of the Shannon's equitability used The calculated values of this index from is: J=H/Hmax, where, "H" is the Shannon- Wiener's different localities of district Bhimber ranged from diversity index and "Hmax" is the log2 of "S", where, 2.97 (Barnala) - 3.75 (Berhing) and remaining all "S" is the total number of species in the sample. the stations yielded the values between these values Shannon's equitability is derived from its (Table V). diversity index and it is the ratio between the actual The calculated values showed that butterflies diversity of the sample and maximum diversity are well distributed almost at all the localities of which occurs when all the species are equally these three districts of Azad Kashmir. However, the abundant. more densely vegetated sites yielded slightly higher The form of the Margalef’s index used is: diversity values and barren and less vegetated areas D=S-1/LogeN, where "S" is the number of species yielded slightly lower diversity values. and "N" is the total number of individuals. The Shannon's equitability's calculated values The Simpson's index used is D=I-∑(pi)2 from district Kotli ranged from 0.707 (Dongi) - where, "pi" proportion of "ith" species and is 0.903 (Sarsawa) and remaining all the sites yielded calculated as "ni/N", where, "ni" is the number of the values between these two (Table I). Whereas individuals in "ith" species and "N" is the total from Mirpur district the lowest equitability values number of individuals in the sample but the form of were obtained from Mangla (0.785) and the index used in the present study is: D=∑[ni(ni- Chakasawary (0.717) and the highest equitability 1/N(N-I)], where, "ni" is the number of individuals values were obtained from Islam Garh (0.905) in "ith" species and "N" is the total number of (Table III).
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