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The World FOURTH EDITION of the Counselor An Introduction to the Counseling Profession Ed Neukrug Old Dominion University Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to © 2012, 2007 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning the Counseling Profession, Fourth Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright Ed Neukrug herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form Acquisition Editor, Counseling, Social Work, or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not and Human Services: Seth Dobrin limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web Associate Development Editor: Nic Albert distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval Assistant Editor: Naomi (Mia) Dreyer systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of Editorial Assistant: Suzanna Kincaid the publisher. Media Editor: Elizabeth Momb Marketing Manager: Christine Sosa For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Marketing Communications Manager: Tami Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706. Strang For permission to use material from this text or product, Sr. Content Project Manager: Matt Ballantyne submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions. Design Director: Rob Hugel Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to [email protected]. Senior Art Director: Jennifer Wahi Print Buyer: Judy Inouye Rights Acquisitions Director: Bob Kauser Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922981 Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Dean ISBN-13: 978-0-8400-3431-1 Dauphinais ISBN-10: 0-8400-3431-8 Production Service/Compositor: PreMediaGlobal Photo Researcher: Sara Golden Brooks/Cole Text Researcher: Jillian Santos 20 Davis Drive Copy Editor: Christine Hobberlin Belmont, CA 94002-3098 Cover Designer: Jeff Bane at CMB Design USA Cover Images: © Getty Images: 91559210 globe; © Dreamstime Images: 4565222 plant for elderly woman, 12192878 mother hugging child; Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions © Jupiter Images/photos.com: LS002744 young with offi ce locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Arab woman, 97495565 elder woman praying, Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local offi ce at 87770067 young Asian woman with grocery bag, www.cengage.com/global. 87578755 African American man, 74362346 African American woman; © Photo Disc/CMB Design: 38255 elder woman painting (Weekend Living Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by CD 38), 38033 kids running (Weekend Living Nelson Education, Ltd. CD 38), 43116 learning piano (Business and Occu- pations 2 CD 43), 2308 learning bike (People and Lifestyles CD 2), 45226 man with baby (Lifestyles To learn more about Brooks/Cole, visit www.cengage.com/ CD 45), 45129 kids hanging on junglegym Brooks/Cole. (Lifestyles CD 45). Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our preferred online store www.CengageBrain.com. Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 15 14 13 12 11 To my mom, my fi rst counselor About the Author Born and raised in New York City, Dr. Ed Neukrug obtained his B.A. in psychology in from SUNY Binghamton, his M.S. in counseling from Miami University of Ohio, and his doctorate in counselor education from the University of Cincinnati. After teaching and directing a graduate program in counseling at Notre Dame Col- lege in New Hampshire, he accepted a position at Old Dominion University, in Norfolk, Virginia where he currently is a Professor of Counseling and former Chair of the Depart- ment of Educational Leadership and Counseling. In addition to teaching, Dr. Neukrug has worked as a counselor at a crisis center, an outpatient therapist at a mental health center, an associate school psychologist, a school counselor, and as a private practice psy- chologist and licensed professional counselor. Dr. Neukrug has held a variety of positions in local, regional, and national pro- fessional associations in counseling and human services. In addition, he has published numerous articles and has received a number of grants and contracts with school systems and professional associations. Books he has written include: (1) Counseling Theory and Practice, (2) The World of the Counselor (4th ed.), (3) Experiencing the World of the Counselor: A Workbook for Coun- selor Educators and Students (4th ed.), (4) Theory, Practice and Trends in Human Services: An Introduction to An Emerging Profession (4th ed.), (5) Skills and Techniques for Human Service Professionals, (6) Skills and Tools for Today’s Counselors and Psychotherapists, and (7) Essentials of Testing and Assessment for Counselors, Social Workers, and Psychologists (2nd ed.) Look for his upcoming new book tentatively called, Professional Orientation to the Counseling Profession. Dr. Neukrug is currently collecting oral and video stories of the great therapists of the world. If you would like to hear these stories and compare your view of human nature to these theorists, go to: www.odu.edu/sgt. Dr. Neukrug is married to Kristina Williams-Neukrug, who is an elementary school counselor. They have two children, Hannah and Emma. iv Brief Contents SECTION III SECTION I The Helping Relationship II: The Professional Orientation 1 Counselor Working in Systems 187 CHAPTER 1 The Counselor’s Identity: What, Who, CHAPTER 6 and How? 2 Couples and Family Counseling 188 CHAPTER 2 CHAPTER 7 The Counseling Profession’s Past, Present, Group Work 225 and Future 32 CHAPTER 8 Consultation and Supervision 257 CHAPTER 3 Standards in the Profession: Ethics, Accreditation, Credentialing, and Multicultural/Social Justice SECTION IV Competencies 65 The Development of the Person 289 SECTION II CHAPTER 9 The Helping Relationship I: Development Across the Lifespan 290 Theories and Skills 97 CHAPTER 10 Abnormal Development, Diagnosis, CHAPTER 4 and Psychopharmacology 322 Individual Approaches to Counseling 98 CHAPTER 11 CHAPTER 5 Career Development: The Counselor Counseling Skills 149 and the World of Work 359 v vi BRIEF CONTENTS * SECTION V CHAPTER 17 Research, Program Evaluation, Clinical Mental Health Counseling 579 * and Assessment 393 CHAPTER 18 Student Affairs and College Counseling 611 CHAPTER 12 Testing and Assessment 394 AFTERWORD A Look Toward Your Future: CHAPTER 13 Applying for Graduate Programs Research and Evaluation 429 and Finding a Job 640 SECTION VI APPENDIX A Social and Cultural Foundations Multicultural Counseling Competencies 647 in Counseling 467 APPENDIX B Advocacy Competencies 651 CHAPTER 14 Theory and Concepts of Multicultural APPENDIX C Counseling 468 Assessment of Your Theoretical and Conceptual Orientations 655 CHAPTER 15 Knowledge and Skills of Multicultural AUTHOR INDEX 665 Counseling 500 SUBJECT INDEX 674 SECTION VII Select Speciality Areas in Counseling 541 * CHAPTER 16 School Counseling 542 * Chapters 16, 17, and 18 are co-written by Tim Grothuas, Kathleen Levingston, and Hannah Bayne, respectively. Contents Preface xvii Compatibility with and Belief in a Theory 23 Competence 24 Cognitive Complexity 24 SECTION I Multicultural/Social Justice Focus: Inclusion of Professional Orientation 1 Multiculturalism in the Profession 25 Ethical, Professional, and Legal Issues 25 CHAPTER 1 Knowing Who We Are and Our Relationship to Other Professional Groups 25 The Counselor’s Identity: What, Impaired Mental Health Professionals 26 Who, and How? 2 The Counselor in Process: Personal Therapy and Guidance, Counseling, and Psychotherapy: Related Growth Experiences 26 Variations on the Same Theme? 3 Summary 27 Comparison of Mental Health Professionals 4 References 28 Counselors 5 Social Workers 8 Psychologists 8 CHAPTER 2 Psychiatrists 10 The Counseling Profession’s Past, Psychoanalysts 10 Present, and Future 32 Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurses 10 Understanding the Human Condition: From Early Expressive Therapists 11 Human Service Practitioners 11 Antiquity to the Present 33 Psychotherapists 11 A Brief History of Related Helping Professions: Social Professional Associations in the Social Services 12 Work, Psychology, Psychiatry 34 The American Counseling Association 12 The Social Work Profession 35 The American Art Therapy Association (AATA) 15 The Psychology Profession 37 The American Association for Marriage and Family The Psychiatry Profession 39 Therapy (AAMFT) 15 The Counseling Profession: Its History and Trends 41 The American Psychiatric Association (APA) 15 Precursors to the Counseling Profession: The 1800s 41 The American Psychiatric Nurses Association Social Reform Movements of the 1800s 41 (APNA) 16 Vocational Guidance in the 1800s 41 The American Psychological Association (APA) 16 The Beginnings of the Testing Movement: Turn of the The National Association of Social Workers 20th
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