Bharat Ratna

The Bharat Ratna (Hindi pronunciation: [bʰaːrət ̪ rətn̪ ə]; Jewel of India)[1] is the Bharat Ratna highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted in 1954, the award is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[2][3][4] The award was originally limited to achievements in the arts, literature, science, and public services, but the government expanded the criteria to include "any field of human endeavour" in December 2011.[5] The recommendations for the Bharat Ratna are made by the Prime Minister to the President, with a maximum of three nominees being awarded per year. Recipients receive a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a peepal-leaf–shaped medallion; there is no monetary grant associated with the award. Bharat Ratna recipients rank seventh in the Indian order Awarded by of precedence.

The first recipients of the Bharat Ratna were politician C. Rajagopalachari, Government of India philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, and scientist C. V. Raman, who were honoured in 1954. Since then, the award has been bestowed upon 45 individuals, Country India including 12 who were awarded posthumously. The original statutes did not Type National civilian provide for posthumous awards but were amended in January 1955 to permit them. Ribbon Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first individual to be honoured posthumously. In 2014, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar, then aged 40, Obverse An image of the became the youngest recipient; while social reformer Dhondo Keshav Karve was Sun along with the awarded on his 100th birthday. Though usually conferred on India-born citizens, words "Bharat the Bharat Ratna has been awarded to one naturalised citizen, Mother Teresa, and Ratna", inscribed in to two non-Indians, Pakistan national Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan and former South Devanagari script, African President Nelson Mandela. On 24 December 2014, the Indian government on a peepal (Ficus announced the award to independence activist Madan Mohan Malaviya religiosa) leaf (posthumously) and former Prime MinisterAtal Bihari Vajpayee. Reverse A platinum State Emblem of India The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended placed in the centre from July 1977 to January 1980, during the change in the national government; with the national and for a second time from August 1992 to December 1995, when several public- motto, "Satyameva interest litigations challenged the constitutional validity of the awards. In 1992, the Jayate" (Truth government's decision to confer the award posthumously on Subhas Chandra Bose alone triumphs) in was opposed by those who had refused to accept the fact of his death, including Devanagari script some members of his extended family. Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision, the press communiqué announcing Bose's award was cancelled; it is the only time Statistics when the award was announced but not conferred. Established 1954 First awarded 1954 Several bestowals of the award have met with criticism. The posthumous award for M. G. Ramachandran (1988) was considered to have been aimed at placating the C. voters for the upcoming assembly election and posthumous awards of Madan Rajagopalachari Mohan Malaviya (2015) and Vallabhbhai Patel (1991) drew criticism for they died Sarvepalli before the award was instituted. Radhakrishnan C. V. Raman Contents Last awarded 2015

History Madan Mohan Malaviya Regulations (Posthumous) Specifications Atal Bihari Controversies Vajpayee Criticism Popular demands Total awarded 45 List of recipients Precedence Explanatory notes Next (lower) Padma References Vibhushan Bibliography Further reading

History

On 2 January 1954, a press communiqué was released from the office of the secretary to the President announcing the creation of two civilian awards—Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and the three-tier Padma Vibhushan, classified into "Pahela Warg" (Class I), "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III), which rank below the Bharat Ratna.[2] On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri.[3]

There is no formal provision that recipients of the Bharat Ratna should be Indian citizens. It has been awarded to a naturalised Indian citizen, Mother Teresa in 1980, and to two non-Indians, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan of Pakistan in 1987 and the former South African president Nelson Mandela in 1990.[6] Sachin Tendulkar, at the age of 40, became the youngest person and first athlete to receive the honour.[7] In a special ceremony on 18 April 1958, Dhondo Keshav Karve was awarded on his 100th birthday.[8][a] As of 2015, the award has been conferred upon 45 people with 12 posthumous declarations.[10]

The award was briefly suspended twice in its history.[11] The first suspension occurred afterMorarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister in 1977. His government withdrew all personal civil honours on 13 July 1977.[12][13] The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister.[14][15] The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed, one in the Kerala High Court and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court, challenging the "constitutional validity" of the awards.[11] The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.[13][16]

Regulations

The Bharat Ratna is conferred "in recognition of exceptional service/performance of the highest order", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex.[4] The award was originally confined to the arts, literature, science, and public services, as per the 1954 regulations.[2] In December 2011, the rules were changed to include "any field of human endeavour".[5] The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards, but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute, and Lal Bahadur Shastri became the first recipient to be honoured posthumously in 1966.[3][17]

Although there is no formal nomination process, recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President with a maximum number of three nominees being awarded per year. However, in 1999, four individuals were awarded the honour. The recipient receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the President and a medallion without any monetary grant. Under the terms of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution,[b] the recipients cannot use the award as a prefix or suffix to their name, although recipients may use either the expressions "Awarded Bharat Ratna by the President" or "Recipient of Bharat Ratna Award" to indicate that they have been honoured with the award.[4] The holders of the Bharat Ratna rank seventh in theIndian order of precedence.[19] As with many official announcements, recipients are announced and registered in The Gazette of India, a publication released by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices; without publication in the Gazette, conferral of the award is not considered official. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are registered in the Gazette. Recipients whose awards have been revoked are required to surrender their medals, and their names are struck from the register.[2][3]

Specifications

3 The original 1954 specifications of the award was a circle made of gold 1 ⁄8 inches (35 mm) in diameter with a centred sun burst design on the obverse side. The text "Bharat Ratna", in Devanagari Script, is inscribed on the upper edge in silver gilt with a wreath set along on the lower edge. A platinum State Emblem of India was placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed in silver-gilt on the lower edge.[2]

5 A year later, the design was modified. The current medal is in the shape of a peepal leaf, approximately 2 ⁄16 inches (59 mm) long, 7 1 1 ⁄8 inches (48 mm) wide and ⁄8 inch (3.2 mm) thick and rimmed in platinum. The embossed sun burst design, made of platinum, on 5 5 1 the obverse side of the medal has a diameter of ⁄8 inch (16 mm) with rays spreading out from ⁄6 inch (21 mm) to ⁄2 inch (13 mm) from the center of the Sun. The words "Bharat Ratna" on the obverse side remained the same as the 1954 design as did the emblem of India and "Satyameva Jayate" on the reverse side. A 2-inch-wide (51 mm) white ribbon is attached to the medal so it can be worn around the neck.[3][11][20] In 1957, the silver-gilt decoration was changed to burnished bronze.[2][21] The Bharat Ratna medals are produced at Alipore Mint, Kolkata along with the other civilian and military awards like Padma Vibushan, Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri, and Param Veer Chakra.[22]

Controversies

The Bharat Ratna has been surrounded by several controversies and multiple Public-Interest Litigations (PIL) had been filed against the conferral of the award.[13][23][24][25][26]

Subhas Chandra Bose (1992)

On 23 January 1992, a press release was published by the President's Secretariat to confer the award posthumously on Subhash Chandra Bose. The decision triggered much criticism and a PIL was filed in the Calcutta High Court to revoke the award.[23] The petitioner took objection to the conferral of the award and its posthumous mention of Bose, saying that honouring a personality higher than the award is "ridiculous", and it was an act of "carelessness" to classify such a person with past and future recipients. It said that the award cannot be conferred to Bose posthumously as the Government had not officially accepted his death on 18 August 1945. The petitioner requested the whereabouts of Bose from 18 August 1945 till date, based on the information collected by the 1956 Shah Nawaz Committee and the 1970 Khosla Commission. Bose's family members expressed their unwillingness to accept the award.[27][28] In 1992, a press release was published to confer To deliver the judgement, the Supreme Court formed a Special Division Bench with Judge Sujata the award posthumously V. Manohar and G. B. Pattanaik. The Solicitor General noted that to confer the award per the on Bose which was later appropriate regulations pertaining to the Bharat Ratna, Padma Vibhushan, Padma Bhushan, and cancelled by the Supreme Court in 1997. Padma Shri, the name of the recipient must be published in The Gazette of India and entered in the recipients register maintained under the direction of the President.[2] It was noted that only an announcement had been made by press communiqué, but the government had not proceeded to confer the award by publishing the name in the Gazette and entering the name in the register. Furthermore, the then presidents, R. Venkataraman (1987–92) and Shankar Dayal Sharma (1992–97), had not conferred aSanad (certificate) with their signature and seal.[27] On 4 August 1997, the Supreme Court delivered an order that since the award had not been officially conferred, it cannot be revoked and declared that the press communiqué be treated as cancelled. The court declined to pass any judgement on the posthumous mention of Bose and his death.[27][29]

Civilian awards as "Titles" (1992)

In 1992, two PILs were filed in the High Courts; one in the Kerala High Court on 13 February 1992 by Balaji Raghavan and another in the Madhya Pradesh High Court (Indore Bench) on 24 August 1992 by Satya Pal Anand. Both petitioners questioned the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution.[b] On 25 August 1992, the Madhya Pradesh High Court issued a notice temporarily suspending all civilian awards.[13] A Special Division Bench of the Supreme Court was formed comprising five judges; A. M. Ahmadi C. J., Kuldip Singh, B. P. Jeevan Reddy, N. P. Singh, and S. Saghir Ahmad. On 15 December 1995, the Special Division Bench restored the awards and delivered a judgement that the "Bharat Ratna and Padma awards are not titles under Article 18 of the Constitution".[16]

C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar (2013)

Following the announcement, in November 2013, that C. N. R. Rao and Sachin Tendulkar were to be awarded the Bharat Ratna, multiple PILs were filed challenging the conferring of the award. The PIL filed against Rao declared that other Indian scientists, such as Homi Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai, had contributed more than Rao and his claim of publishing 1400 research papers was "physically impossible". The suit stated that as Rao had proven cases of plagiarism, he should not be presented with the award but rather should be annulled.[24] The PIL filed against Tendulkar to the Election Commission under the Right to Information Act indicated that the awarding him the Bharat Ratna was a violation of themodel code of conduct. The petitioner noted that as Tendulkar was an Indian National Congress nominated Member of Rajya Sabha, the decision to award him the Bharat Ratna would influence the voters of Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Mizoram where the election process was underway at the time.[25] Another PIL was filed against Tendulkar and a few ministers, "alleging a conspiracy to ignore" an Indian field hockey player Dhyan Chand."[26][c]

On 4 December 2013, the Election Commission rejected the petition stating that conferring the award on people from non-polling states did not amount to a violation of the code.[30] Other High Courts as well rejected the petitions raised against Rao and Tendulkar.[31]

Criticism

In 1988, then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi (1984–89) conferred the Bharat Ratna posthumously on film actor and former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran, in a bid to influence voters prior to theT amil Nadu assembly elections in 1989.[32][33] The decision was criticised for awarding Ramachandran before independence activist B. R. Ambedkar and Vallabhbhai Patel, who were bestowed the honour in 1990 and 1991 respectively.[34] While Ravi Shankar was accused of lobbying for the award,[35] the decision by Indira Gandhi to posthumously honour K. Kamaraj was considered to have been aimed at placating Tamil voters for the Tamil Nadu assembly elections in 1977. The seventh Prime Minister V. P. Singh was criticised for posthumously honouring B. R. Ambedkar to please the Dalits.[36][32]

The posthumous conferments of the award on the recipients who died before the Indian independence in 1947 or the award was instituted in 1954 have been criticised by historians.[37] It was noted that such conferments could lead to more demands to honour people like Maurya Emperor Ashoka,[38] Mughal Emperor Akbar, Maratha Emperor Shivaji, Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore,[39] Hindu spiritualist Swami Vivekananda,[40] and independence activist Bal Gangadhar Tilak.[41] The then Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao (1991–96) was criticised for bestowing the award upon Vallabhbhai Patel in 1991, 41 years after his death in 1950; and upon Subhas Chandra Bose in 1992, who went missing since 18 August 1945.[41][42] Similarly in 2015, the Prime Minister Narendra Modi's decision to award Madan Mohan Malaviya, who died in 1946, met with criticism.[41] Janardan Dwivedi, politician of the Indian National Congress, said that Malaviya, who worked predominantly in Varanasi, was "deliberately chosen" by the Prime Minister Modi, who is the incumbentMember of Parliament from Varanasi.[43] A few of the conferments have been criticised for honouring personalities only after they received global recognition.[44] The award for Mother Teresa was announced in 1980, a year after she was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Satyajit Ray received an Academy Honorary Award in 1992 followed by the Bharat Ratna the same year.[45][46] In 1999, Amartya Sen was awarded the Bharat Ratna, a year after his 1998 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. The award was proposed by Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee to President K. R. Narayanan who agreed to the proposal.[47][48]

Popular demands

Though, as per the statutes for the Bharat Ratna, the recommendations for the award can only be made by the Prime Minister to the President,[4] there have been several demands from various political parties to honour their leaders. In January 2008, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader L. K. Advani wrote to the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh recommending Singh's predecessor Atal Bihari Vajpayee for the award.[49][50] This was immediately followed by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) lobbying for their leader, Jyoti Basu, former Chief Minister of West Bengal.[51] Basu, India's longest-serving chief minister, said that he would decline the honour, even if awarded.[52] Similar demands were made byT elugu Desam Party, Bahujan Samaj Party, and Shiromani Akali Dal for their respective leaders N. T. Rama Rao, Kanshi Ram, and Parkash Singh Badal.[53] In September 2015, regional political party Shiv Sena demanded the award for the independence activist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar stating that he had been "deliberately neglected by previous governments" but his family clarified that they are not making such demand and that the freedom fighter is known for his contribution towards independence movement and did not need an award for recognition.[54]

Per the original statutes, sportspersons were not eligible for the Bharat Ratna; however, a revision of the rules in December 2011 made eligible "any field of human endeavour".[5] Subsequently, several sportspersons' names were discussed; among the most talked- about of these was field-hockey playerDhyan Chand, who was recommended multiple times for the posthumous honour.[55] In 2011, 82 members of parliament recommended Chand's name for the award to the Prime Minister's Office. In January 2012, the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports forwarded his name again, this time along with 2008 Summer Olympics gold medallist shooter Abhinav Bindra and mountaineer Tenzing Norgay.[56] Bindra had earlier been recommended for the award in May 2013 by the National Rifle Association of India.[57] In July 2013, the ministry again recommended Dhyan Chand.[56][58] However, in November 2013, cricketer Sachin Tendulkar became the first sports-person to receive the honour and this garnered much criticism for the government.[7][59]

A PIL was filed in the Karnataka High Court where in the petitioner requested the court to issue a direction to the Ministry of Home Affairs to consider their representation dated 26 October 2012 and confer the Bharat Ratna upon Mahatma Gandhi. On 27 January 2014, a counsel appearing for the petitioner noted that after multiple representations from the petitioner, they were provided with the information under RTI that the recommendations to confer the award on Gandhi have been received multiple times in the past and were forwarded to the Prime Minister's Office. A Division bench comprising Chief Justice D.H. Waghela and Justice B.V. Nagarathna dismissed the petition stating that the subject is not amenable to any adjudication process and the nominations and conferment process is stated to be informal and in the discretion of the highest authority in the Government.[60][61]

List of recipients

Key

+ Naturalized citizen recipient * Non-citizen recipient # Posthumous recipient List of laureates awarded the Bharat Ratna[10] Year Laureates Notes

An Indian independence activist, statesman, and lawyer, Rajagopalachari was the only Indian and lastGovernor- C. Rajagopalachari General of independent India. He was Chief Minister of Madras Presidency (1937–39) and Madras State (1952–54); and founder of Indian political partySwatantra Party.[62]

Philosopher Radhakrishnan served as India's firstV ice- Sarvepalli President (1952–62) and second President (1962–67).[63][64] 1954 Radhakrishnan Since 1962, his birthday on 5 September is observed as "Teachers' Day" in India.[65]

Widely known for his work on the scattering of light and the discovery of the effect, better known as "Raman scattering", C. V. Raman Raman mainly worked in the field ofatomic physics and electromagnetism and was presented Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.[66]

Independence activist, philosopher, and educationist, Das is a co-founder of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith and worked Bhagwan Das with Madan Mohan Malaviya for the foundation of Banaras Hindu University.[67]

Civil engineer, statesman, and Diwan of Mysore (1912–18), Visvesvaraya was a Knight Commander of the Order of the M. Visvesvaraya Indian Empire. His birthday, 15 September, is observed as "Engineer's Day" in India.[68] 1955

Independence activist and author, Nehru is the first and the Jawaharlal Nehru longest-serving Prime Minister of India (1947–64).[49][69]

Independence activist Pant was premier ofUnited Provinces (1937–39, 1946–50) and firstChief Minister of Uttar Pradesh 1957 Govind Ballabh Pant (1950–54). He served asUnion Home Minister from 1955– 61.[70]

1958 Dhondo Keshav Karve Social reformer and educator, Karve is widely known for his works related to woman education and remarriage of Hindu widows. He established the Widow Marriage Association (1883), Hindu Widows Home (1896), and startedShreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University in 1916.[8][71]

A physician, political leader, philanthropist, educationist, and social worker, Roy is often considered as "Maker of Modern Bidhan Chandra Roy West Bengal".[72] He was second Chief Minister of West Bengal (1948–62) and his birthday on 1 July is observed as [51] 1961 National Doctors' Day in India. Often titled as "Rajarshi", Tandon was an independence Purushottam Das activist and served as speaker of theUttar Pradesh – Tandon Legislative Assembly (1937–50). He was actively involved in a campaign to get official language status to Hindi.[73]

Independence activist, lawyer, statesman, and scholar,[74] Prasad was closely associated withMahatma Gandhi in the 1962 Rajendra Prasad non-cooperation movement for Indian independence.[75] He was later elected as the first President of India (1950–62).[63]

Independence activist and education philosopher, Husain served as a Vice Chancellor of Aligarh Muslim University (1948–56) and the Governor of Bihar (1957–62).[76] Later, he – Zakir Husain was elected as second Vice-President of India (1962–67) and went on to become the third President of India (1967– 69).[63][64]

1963 Indologist and Sanskrit scholar,[77] Kane is best known for his five volume literary work,History of Dharmaśāstra: Ancient Pandurang Vaman and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India; the Kane "monumental" work that extends over nearly 6,500 pages and being published from 1930 to 1962.[78]

Known for his slogan "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ("Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer"),[79] Independence activist Shastri served as 1966 Lal Bahadur Shastri[i]# second Prime Minister of India (1964–66) and led the country during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.[49][80]

Known as the "Iron Lady of India",[81] Gandhi was the Prime Minister of India during 1966–77 and 1980–84.[49] During the 1971 Indira Gandhi Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, her government supported Bangladesh Liberation War which led to the formation of a new country, Bangladesh.[82]

1975 V. V. Giri While studying at the University College Dublin, Giri was involved in the Irish Sinn Féin movement. Returning to India, he organized labour unions and brought them to take active participation in Indian freedom struggle. Post-independence, Giri held positions of Governor of Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and Mysore and various other cabinet ministries. He became the first acting President and was eventually elected as the fourth President of India (1969–74).[63][83][84]

Independence activist and statesman Kamaraj was aChief 1976 K. Kamaraj[ii]# Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1954–57, 1957–62, and 1962–63.[85][86]

"Saint Mother Teresa of Calcutta" was a catholic nun and the founder of the Missionaries of Charity. She was awarded the 1980 Mother Teresa + Nobel Peace Prize for her humanitarian work in 1979 and was beatified on 19 October 2003 by Pope John Paul II and canonised on 4 September 2016 byPope Francis.[87]

Independence activist, social reformer, and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, Bhave is best known for hisBhoodan movement, "Land-Gift Movement".[88] He was given the 1983 [iii]# Vinoba Bhave honorific title "Acharya" ("teacher") and was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award (1958) for his humanitarian work.[89]

Widely known as "Frontier Gandhi", independence activist Khan Abdul Ghaffar and Pashtun leader Khan was a follower ofMahatma Gandhi. 1987 Khan* He joined Khilafat Movement in 1920 and founded Khudai Khidmatgar ("Red Shirt movement") in 1929.[90]

Actor turned politician Ramachandran served as Chief M. G. 1988 Minister of Tamil Nadu for three terms; 1977–80, 1980–84, Ramachandran[iv][d]# 1985–87.[85]

1990 Social reformer and leader of theDalits ,[92] Ambedkar was the Chief architect of the Indian Constitution and also served as the first Law Minister of India.[93] Ambedkar predominantly campaigned against the social discrimination with Dalits, the B. R. Ambedkar[v]# Hindu varna system.[94] He was associated with theDalit Buddhist movement and accepted Buddhism as a religion along with his close to half a million followers on 14 October 1956.[95]

Nelson Mandela* Leader of the Anti-Apartheid Movement in South Africa, Mandela was the President of South Africa (1994–99).[96] Often called as the "Gandhi of South Africa",[97] Mandela's African National Congress movement was influenced by Gandhian philosophy.[98] In 1993, he was awarded theNobel Peace Prize.[99] Gandhi was the ninth Prime Minister of India serving from Rajiv Gandhi[vi]# 1984 to 1989.[49]

Widely known as the "Iron Man of India",[100] Patel was an independence activist and firstDeputy Prime Minister of India Vallabhbhai Patel[vii]# (1947–50). Post independence, "Sardar" ("Leader") Patel 1991 worked with V. P. Menon towards dissolving 555 princely states into the Indian union.[101][102]

Independence activist Desai was the sixth Prime Minister of [49] [e] India (1977–79). He is the only Indian national to be Morarji Desai awarded the Nishan-e-Pakistan, highest civilian award given by the Government of Pakistan.[104]

Independence activist Azad was India's first Minister of Education and worked towards free primary education. He Abul Kalam Azad[viii][f]# was widely known as "Maulana Azad" and his birthday on 11 November is observed asNational Education Day in India.[107]

Industrialist, philanthropist, and aviation pioneer, Tata founded India's first airline Air India. He is the founder of various institutes including Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, 1992 J. R. D. Tata Tata Memorial Hospital, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Tata Motors, TCS, National Institute of Advanced Studies, and National Centre for the Performing Arts.[108]

Having debuted as a director withPather Panchali (1955),[109] film-maker Ray is credited with bringing world recognition to Satyajit Ray Indian cinema.[110] In 1984, Ray was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111]

1997 Gulzarilal Nanda Independence activist Nanda was two times interim Prime Minister of India (1964, 1966) and two times deputy chairman of the Planning Commission.[49][112] Independence activist Ali is better known for hoisting the [ix]# Indian flag in Bombay during theQuit India Movement in Aruna Asaf Ali 1942. Post Independence, Ali was elected as Delhi's first mayor in 1958.[113] Aerospace and defence scientist, Kalam was involved in the development of India's first satellite launch vehicleSL V III and was the architect of Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. He worked for Indian National Committee for Space Research, Indian Space Research Organisation, Defence A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Research and Development Laboratory and was appointed as the Scientific Advisor to the Defence Minister, Secretary to Department of Defence Research and Development and Director General of Defence Research and Development Organisation.[114] Later, he served as the eleventh President of India from 2002 until 2007.[63]

Carnatic classical vocalist Subbulakshmi, often hailed as M. S. Subbulakshmi "Queen of songs", is the first Indian musician to receive the Ramon Magsaysay award.[115]

1998

Independence activist and formerMinister of Agriculture of India (1964–66), Subramaniam is known for his contribution Chidambaram towards Green Revolution in India. During the late 1970s, he Subramaniam worked for International Rice Research Institute, Manila, and the International Maize and Wheat Research Institute, Mexico.[116]

1999 Independence activist, social reformer, and commonly referred as "Lok Nayak" ("People's Hero"), Narayan is better Jayaprakash [x]# known for "Total Revolution Movement" or "JP Movement" Narayan initiated during the mid-1970s to "overthrow the corrupt and exploitative Congress government".[117]

Winner of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998),[118] Sen has done research over several topics Amartya Sen including social choice theory, ethics and political philosophy, welfare economics, decision theory, development economics, public health, and gender studies.[119]

Independence activist Bordoloi is the firstChief Minister of Assam (1946–50).[120] His efforts and association with the Gopinath Bordoloi[xi]# then Minister of Home Affairs Vallabhbhai Patel were widely acknowledged while keepingAssam united with India when parts of it were to merge withEast Pakistan.[121]

Ravi Shankar Winner of four Grammy Awards and often considered "the world's best-known exponent of Hindustani classical music", sitar player Shankar is known for his collaborative work with Western musicians includingY ehudi Menuhin and George Harrison.[122]

Widely credited as the "nightingale of India",[123] playback singer Mangeshkar started her career in the 1940s and has Lata Mangeshkar sung songs in over 36 languages.[124] In 1989, Mangeshkar was awarded the Dadasaheb Phalke Award, India's highest award in cinema.[111] 2001

Hindustani classical shehnai player, Khan played the instrument for more than eight decades and is credited to Bismillah Khan have brought the instrument to the centre stage of Indian music.[125]

Hindustani classical vocalist, Joshi was a disciple of Kirana gharana, an Indian musical school. He is widely known for the 2008 Bhimsen Joshi Khyal genre of singing with a "mastery over rhythm and accurate notes".[126][127]

The recipient of Honorary Doctorates from 63 Universities including Purdue, IIT Bombay, Oxford, chemist and professor Rao has worked prominently in the fields ofSolid State and C. N. R. Rao Materials Chemistry, Spectroscopy and Molecular Structure. He has authored around 1600research papers and 48 books.[128]

2014 Having debuted in 1989, Tendulkar played 664 international cricket matches in a career spanning over two decades. He holds various cricket records including the only player to have Sachin Tendulkar scored one hundred international centuries, the first batsman to score a double century in a One Day International and the only player to complete more than 30,000 runs in both ODI and Test cricket.[129][130]

2015 Scholar and educational reformer Malaviya is a founder of Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha (1906) and Banaras Hindu Madan Mohan University and served as the university's vice-chancellor from Malaviya[xii]# 1919 until 1938. He was the President ofIndian National Congress for four terms and was the Chairman ofHindustan Times from 1924 to 1946.[131]

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Parliamentarian for over four decades, Vajpayee was elected nine times to the Lok Sabha, twice to the Rajya Sabha and served as the Prime Minister of India for three terms; 1996, 1998, 1999–2004.[49] He was Minister of External Affairs during 1977–79 and was awarded the "Best Parliamentarian" in 1994.[132] Explanatory notes

a. The Bharat Ratna ceremony is usually held atRashtrapati Bhavan, New Delhi but a special ceremony was held at Brabourne Stadium, Mumbai to honour Karve on his 100th birthday, 18 April 1958.[9] b. Per Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India: Abolition of titles, "no title, not being a military or academic distinction, shall be conferred by the State".[18] c. The PIL accused the then Prime MinisterManmohan Singh, Home Minister Sushilkumar Shinde, Sports Minister Bhanwar Jitendra Singh and the secretary to the union home department. d. In 1960, Ramachandran was awarded thePadma Shri, the fourth highest civilian award, but declined as the invitation was written in theDevanagari script and not Tamil.[91] e. Desai had earlier abolished the awards while he was in the office of Prime Minister for it being "worthless and politicized".[103] f. Earlier, Abul Kalam Azad had refused the Bharat Ratna while he was theEducation Minister of India (1947–58) citing that the selection committee members should not themselves be the recipients.[35][105][106]

Posthumous recipients

i. Lal Bahadur Shastri died on 11 January 1966, at the age of 61. ii. K. Kamaraj died on 2 October 1975, at the age of 72. iii. Vinoba Bhave died on 15 November 1982, at the age of 87. iv. M. G. Ramachandran died on 24 December 1987, at the age of 70. v. B. R. Ambedkar died on 6 December 1956, at the age of 65. vi. Rajiv Gandhi died on 21 May 1991, at the age of 46. vii. Vallabhbhai Patel died on 15 December 1950, at the age of 75. viii. Abul Kalam Azad died on 22 February 1958, at the age of 69. ix. Aruna Asaf Ali died on 29 July 1996, at the age of 87. x. Jayaprakash Narayan died on 8 October 1979, at the age of 76. xi. Gopinath Bordoloi died on 5 August 1950, at the age of 60. xii. Madan Mohan Malaviya died on 12 November 1946, at the age of 84.

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Bibliography

Basu, Kanailal (2010). Netaji: Rediscovered. AuthorHouse. ISBN 978-1-4490-5569-1. Bhattacherje, S. B. (2009).Encyclopaedia of Indian Events & Dates. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd.ISBN 978-81-207- 4074-7. Daniel, P. (1958). The Indian Review. 58. G.A. Natesan & Company. Edgar, Thorpe (2011). The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2011. Pearson Education India.ISBN 978-81-317- 5640-9. Guha, Ramachandra (2001). An Anthropologist Among the Marxists and Other Essays. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-7824-001-5. Gulzar; Nihalani, Govind; Chatterjee, Saibal, eds. (2003).Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7991-066-5. Hoiberg, Dale; Ramchandani, Indu (2000).Students' Britannica India. 1–5. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7156- 112-4. Osnes, Beth (2013). Theatre for Women's Participation in Sustainable Development. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136- 72846-4. Sainty, Guy Stair (2011). World Orders of Knighthood and Merit. University of Michigan Press.ISBN 978-0-9711966- 7-4. Taneja, V. R.; Taneja, S. (2000). Educational Thinkers. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.ISBN 978-81-7156-112-4. Weber, Thomas (2004). Gandhi as Disciple and Mentor. Cambridge University Press.ISBN 978-1-139-45657-9.

Further reading

Murthi, R.K. (2005). Encyclopedia of Bharat Ratnas. Pitambar Publishing. ISBN 978-81-209-1307-3. Chandra, Shailesh (2009).Bharat Ratna: The Jewel of India. Alfa Publications. p. 320.ISBN 978-81-907385-0-7.

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