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The Apinayé Language: Phonology and Grammar THE APINAYE LANGUAGE: PHONOLOGY and GRAMMAR Thesis submitted for the Ph*D. degree of the University of London by John Campbell Callow School of Oriental and African Studies April 1962 ProQuest Number: 10731576 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10731576 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT After a preface, a general index is given, followed by a general introduction. Following tikis introduction are the nine main chapters of the thesis, each with an individual outline of its con­ tents, and grouped as follows: chapter 1 intro­ duces the various transcriptions used; chapters 2 and 3 describe the phonology; and chapters if to 9 present the grammatical analysis. Within these grammatical chapters, there are certain subgroupings. Chapter k presents the analysis from the sentence to the piece, and chapters 6 to 9 handle the analysis of the various pieces introduced in chapter if. Chapters 6 and 7 describe the pieces whose structure can be stated in terms of phrases, taking the analysis down to the level of the morpheme; chapters 8 and 9 deal with those pieces and their constituents which are not analysed in terms of phrases. Chapter 3 is somewhat different, as it describes two aspects of the grammar - the prefixial paradigm and the relationship between strong and weak forms - which are relevant to the description of both phrasal and non-phrasal pieces. Following these nine chapters, an analysis of one of the texts is provided. The thesis is then concluded with a vocabulary of stems cited in the thesis, and a bibliography. Xll PREFACE This thesis, in being a description of an American Indian language, follows the precedent set by Dr.J.T. Bendor-Smauel's thesis ’The Structure and Function of the Verbal Piece in the Jebero Language', which was the first to be presented to the University of London on an American Indian language. As he was, so I also am indebted to the late Professor J.R,Firth and to Professor K.L.Pike for the training I have received in general linguistics, not indeed under them personally, but under those closely associated with them. I have had the advantage of working under two supervisors, Professor C.E.Bazell and Mr.R.H.Robins, and I am indeed grateful to them for their valuable, detailed, and patient criticisms throughout every stage of the writing of the thesis. I would also like to express my sincere thanks to the University of London for a grant from the University Central Research Fund which met all my travelling expenses. I am also grateful for the help received from my colleagues of the Brazilian Branch of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, without which it would hardly have been possible to settle down so quickly in the interior of Brazil with a primitive tribe. Finally, I greatly appreciated the ready co-operation of the Serviqo de Proteqiao aos Indies in granting permission to live in the Apinaye village of Sao Jose, and also the interest expressed in, and the help given to, the research by the Museu Nacional in Rio de Janeiro with whom the Summer Institute of Linguistics has close links. iv GENERAL INDEX Title page Abstract Pr e f a c e GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Chap.l THE TRANSCRIPTIONS 8 Chap.2 THE SYLLABLE, THE WORD, AND THE TUNE . 16 Chap.3 JUNCTURE 6l Chap.k THE SENTENCE, THE CLAUSE, AND THE PIECE 89 Chap.3 THE PREFIXIAL PARADIGM, AND STRONG AND 113 WEAK FORMS Chap.6 THE NOMINAL PHRASE, THE NOMINAL, AND THE 123 NOMINAL SUFFIXES Chap.7 THE VERBAL PHRASE AND THE VERB 155 Chap.8 THE NON-NOMINAL, NON-VERBAL MAJOR WORDCLASSES l8l Chap.9 THE INDIRECT PARTICLES, THE PREDICATE 198 PARTICLES, AND THE FREE EMPHASISING PARTICLE AN ANALYSIS OF TEXT 6 217 VOCABULARY 275 BIBLIOGRAPHY 305 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION The Apinaye language is spoken today by a little over 200 Indians, living in two villages between the Rivers Tocantins and Araguaia, in the northern tip of the state of Goias in Brazil, The largest of these villages, Sao Jose, has about 160 inhabitants and is situated some 15 miles west of Tocantinopolis, a small town on the western bank of the Tocantins. Its latitude and longitude are thus about 6 .S and 48.W. The second village, called Mariazinha, is situated about a day’s journey from Sao Jose in a northerly direction, and contains some 50 inhabitants. The first known contact of the Apinaye with Europeans was in 1774, when a certain Antonio Luiz Tavares encountered what were almost certainly Apinaye Indians at a place on the River Tocantins not far from Mariazinha. ^ Europeans had paid visits to this area as early as the 1650s, but there is no record of contacts with the Apinaye. Towards the end of the eighteenth century they became known by the name Apinaye, and established a certain amount of trade with the local white population. The tribe was considerably larger at this time, being estimated at some 4000 in the 1820s. Contact with the white population was steadily maintained, and is still so today, though the Indians still retain many of their former customs. 1. The spelling used in this thesis is that recently recommended by the Brazilian Anthropological Association. The name of the tribe and of the language is also found spelled Apinage and Apinaje in older writers and in dictionaries. The spelling recommended by the B.A.A. will also be used where other tribes are referred to, except when quoting from other writers, in which ease their own spelling will be retained. Apinaye is pronounced (a,pina'^c). 2. The historical information cited here is taken from the section on the history of the Apinaye in ’The Apinaye’, by Curt Nimuendaju, translated from the original German by R.H.Lowrie, in the Catholic University of America, Anthropological Series, no.8 . It was published by the Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., in 1939* 2 In 19^5» the Servipo de Protepao aos fndios (SPI) established a Post among the Apinaye in the village of Sao Jose. It Is interesting to note that the tribe is now increas­ ing in size, as Nimuendaju estimated their number at l6o in 1937° It thus appears less likely than before that the language will die out, especially since protracted contact with the Portuguese language and use of it for trade purposes, has not supplanted the use of Apinaye in the home. The Apinaye language is classified as a member of the Je (or Ge) language group„ A short account of the known material published on the language is given below. The earliest records of the language are those obtained by Francis de Castelnau, recorded in ’Expedition dans les parties centrales de l'Amerique du Sud ’ , Pt.l, Vol.3i pp.270-273“ vocabularies are given, one collected in 18^-A by Castelnau himself, consisting of 178 words; and the other obtained by Castelnau from the commandant of a fort at the juncture of the Rivers Araguaia and Tocantins, consisting of 38 words. Both are transcribed in French orthography; Castelnau's own is recognisably Apinaye, but the commandant’s is not. The next known list is found in 'Glossaria Linguarum Brasiliensum*, Vol.2, pp,lA6~lA9i consisting of some 198 words, collected about 1867 by C.F.P.V.Martius. The orthography seems to be a mixture of Portuguese, French, and German, and a few of the words appear to be Apinaye. 1. See, for instance, Henry Osborn's ’A List of South American Indian Languages’, Indiana University, 19^8 (this is based on various lists, such as thvt of J.A.Mason, used in the Handbook of South American Indians, Vol.6 ). Like other writers, he groups Apinaye as the only member of the Western Timbira, a subgroup of the Je language group, as much geographical, however, as linguistic. J.M. Camara, Jr., in ’Alguns Radicals Je', Publicapoes Avulsas do Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, 1939i & comparative study of twelve Je languages, groups Apinaye with Piokobie and Rankokamekra. This grouping, he says, ’appears to be entirely new'. But all workers in this comparative field readily admit that there is at present insufficient linguistic evidence to accurately identify or classify the members of the Je language family. 3 In l895» Oscar Leal in 'Viagem a um paiz de selvagens' lists 129 words (pp.225-228), but according to Nimuendaju, ’the word list is copied from Castelnau, with partial alteration of French into Portuguese orthography’. A list of 206 words, with so$e short sentences, is contributed by Theodore Sampaio to the 'Revista do Instituto Historico e Geographico Brssileiro', LXXV, 1912, Pt.l, under the title ’Os Kraos do Rio Preto no Estado da Bahia’ (pp.163-185 and 17^-198). Again, according to Nimuendaju, these were ’recorded in the capital Bahia in 1911 from the lips of three Apinaye who pretended to be Kraho; the vocables are genuine Apinaye, not Kraho at all'. However, a list of purportedly Apinaye words is also included, and the two lists are very similar.
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