New Insight Into the Role of Wood Combustion As Key PM Source in Italy and in Lombardy Region Stefano Caserini
New insight into the role of wood combustion as key PM source in Italy and in Lombardy region Stefano Caserini
Anna Fraccaroli(1), Anna Maria Monguzzi(1), Marco Moretti(1), Elisabetta Angelino(1), Alfredo Leonardi(2), Riccardo De Lauretis(2), Valeria Zanella(3) (1) - ARPA Lombardia, Milano (2) - APAT (National Environmental Protection Agency), Roma (3) - C.R.A. (Customized Research & Analysis) Milano Outline: • Introduction • Methodology • Results • Conclusions
Pescocostanzo (Abruzzo region, August 2006) Introduction Italy Lombardy
9 Mil. inhabitants
56 Mil. inhabitants Global mean tropospheric Lombardy nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Region vertical column density between January 2003 and June 2004, as measured by the SCIAMACHY instrument on ESA's Envisat http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEM340 NKPZD_index_1.html Air quality trend in Milano area 1/2
2000
1800
1600 13,0
12,0 1400 11,0 CO 10,0 1200 SO2 9,0 1000 8,0
mg/m3 7,0 (µg/m³) (µg/m³) 800 6,0
5,0 600
4,0
3,0 400 200 2,0 200 1,0
0,0 180 0 gen-88 gen-89 gen-90 gen-91 gen-92 gen-93 gen-94 gen-95 gen-96 gen-97 gen-98 gen-99 gen-00 gen-01 gen-02 gen-03 gen-04 gen-05 gen-06 gen-57 gen-61 gen-65 gen-69 gen-73 gen-77 gen-81 gen-85 gen-89 gen-93 gen-97 gen-01 gen-05 CO tendenza SO2 Tendenza 160
140
120 NO2 100
80 (µg/m³) (µg/m³)
60
40
20
0 gen-78 gen-80 gen-82 gen-84 gen-86 gen-88 gen-90 gen-92 gen-94 gen-96 gen-98 gen-00 gen-02 gen-04 gen-06 NO2 Air quality trend in Milano area 2/2
300
275
250
225 200 PM10 175
(µg/m³) 150
125
100
75
50
25
0 gen-77 gen-79 gen-81 gen-83 gen-85 gen-87 gen-89 gen-91 gen-93 gen-95 gen-97 gen-99 gen-01 gen-03 gen-05
PTS PM10 tendenza
PM is decreasing slowly Wood combustion has been identified in the Italian and Lombardy emission inventory as an important source of primary PM10 emissions
100% without fuel 90% other 80% fuel oil 70% natural gas 60% wood Lombardy 50% LPG 2003 40% gas oil and kerosene 30% emissions
20% refinery gas by fuel
10% diesel oil
0% coal PM2.5 PM10 TSP SO2 NOx NMVOC CO2 eq gasoline
In Lombardy, wood combustion in appliances with less than 65 % of thermal efficiency has been prohibited in winter 2006/2007, in every municipality in the plain (altitude < 300 meters) ARPA Lombardia (Regional Environmental Protection Agency) and APAT (National Environmental Protection Agency) decide to further investigate data on wood consumption.
The research has been funded by APAT and realized in the winter 2006 by Arpa Lombardia and C.R.A. Customized Research & Analysis Previous works highlighted the relevant use of wood for residential heating in Italy and in Lombardy
• At the national level (ENEA, Italian Agency for Energy, New technologies and environment): survey in 1997 and in 1999
• At the Lombardy Region level (Lombardy Foundation for the Environment *): survey among 30.000 middle school students in 2004
* Caserini S., Marazzi L. et al. (2005) "Extensive survey on wood use for domestic heating in Lombardy: implication for PM emission inventory," 14th US-EPA International Emission Inventory Conference Las Vegas, 11-14/4/2005, Methodology ARPA/APAT 2006 survey combine two methods: • CATI (Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing) • Telepanel (representative panel of the Italian population connected to the data center via PC) 5,000 families Sample processed and expanded to the Sample grouped by four layers: reference universe • macro-regions (8) (21 million families) by usual statistical • size of settlements (5) inference techniques • altitude (3) • number of family members (5) 8 macro-regions
Veneto, Trentino A. A., Lombardy Friuli V. G.
Emilia Romagna
Piemonte, Liguria, Abruzzo, Molise, Valle d'Aosta Campania, Puglia
Lazio
Toscana, Umbria, Marche, Sardegna
Sicilia, Calabria, Basilicata Other layers 3 altitude layers: Plain (up to 300 m) Hill (from 300 to 600 m) 5 number of members layers: Mountain (over 600 m) one member
5 size of settlements layers : 2 members Up to 5,000 inhabitants 3 members from 5,001 to 20,000 4 members from 20,001 to 50,000 5 members and more from 50,001 to 100,000 more than 100,000 inhabitants Diffusion of wood use
≅ 26% of Italian families use wood for domestic uses 85% in the residence house 10% in the holiday home 5% in both of them
Regular use of wood, i.e. more than 4 times a year about 20% of families
Use of wood is more common • in mountains and hills • in single buildings • in towns below 5,000 inhabitants • for domestic heating (70%) rather than cooking (30%) Distribution of wood combustion systems
Automatic pellets Innovative stove stove 3% 4%
Closed fireplace 20% Open fireplace 45%
Traditional stove 28%
An average of 1.3 appliance / household Distribution of wood combustion systems: 1) by altitude
Open fireplace 44.7 27.6 Traditional stove
Closed fireplace 20.2
4.4 Innovative stove
Automative 3.3 pellets stove
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Italy Mountain Hill Plain
Stoves are more used in the mountain whereas the open fireplace is more common in the hills. 2) By macro-regions 55% % number of
27%35% appliances 27% 16% 19% 7% 3% 5% 6%
36% 36%
46% 19%
27% 7% 19% 1% 4% 3% 72%
16% 6% 3% 2%
66%
18% 11% 1% 3%
36%36% 55% 19%
19% 19% 7% 5% 1% 2%
Open fireplace Traditional stove Closed fireplace Innovative stove Automatic pellets stove Wood consumptions – by macro-regions
Wood Wood consumptions Households % consumptions % per household t t ITALY 4,432,419 100 %19,119,481 100 % 4.3
Piemonte + Liguria + Valle d’Aosta 480,115 10.8 %2,268,662 11.9 % 4.7
Lombardy 594,396 13.4 % 2,034,035 10.6 % 3.4
Veneto + Trentino A. A. + Friuli V. G. 656,140 14.8 %3,112,048 16.3 % 4.7
Emilia Romagna 271,260 6.1 % 932,336 4.9 % 3.4
Toscana + Marche + Umbria + Sardegna 752,458 17.0 %3,461,665 18.1 % 4.6
Lazio 404,453 9.1 %1,707,416 8.9 % 4.2
Abruzzo + Molise + Campania + Puglia 782,329 17.7 %3,350,698 17.5 % 4.3
Sicilia + Calabria + Basilicata 491,269 11.1 %2,252,622 11.8 %4.6
Wood consumptions – by size of settlements
6.0 5.3
5.0 4.3 4.3
4.0
3.2 3.3 -1 3.0
t year 2.4
2.0
1.0
0.0 ITALY Up to 5,000 5.001 - 20.000 20.001 - 50.001 - Over 100.000 inhabitants inhabitants 50.000 100.000 inhabitants inhabitants inhabitants 90 % families Use of wood % 10 17 83 % that use only as unique % % wood for fuel domestic heating 17 83 % % 18 82 % %
18 82 % %
87 13 % %
25 86 % 14 75 % % %
only wood material other fuel/energy Reasons to prefer a wood combustion system (multiple answers) it’s beautiful to see (sole answer) 17.0% other 0.9% it’s better for cooking 1.1%
tradition/country life 1.8% it’s beautiful to see 42.3% I don’t know 6.4% it warms better 24.0%
I don’t buy it 32.0% it's ecologic 16.2% it’s cheap 31.0%
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% Supplying purchased/invoiced wood means 19% I buy it partially from a Approximately a seller/farmer balance between 11% I buy it online I buy it self-made 0.1% partially in a shop 5,5% production and I buy it in a I receiv e it free shop of charge purchase. 7% 7% partially purchased Only ≅ 20% of wood 6% wood burnt is partially self- made only self-made “recorded” in production wood production wood 31% official statistics, 12% as invoiced or I buy it all from a seller/farmer purchased (≅ 3.8 32% Mt vs. 20 Mt). Farmers don’t give a receipt… Tendency to purchase new wood combustion systems
The 5.1% of the sample affirm the intention of changing their combustion system with an innovative stove (total cost about € 2,000) if an incentive of € 500 would be provided; with an incentive of € 1,000 this percentage rises only to 6.6%.
Sure purchase of an automatic stove (a system where pellets or chips are automatically fed) with a incentives of € 300 - € 1,000: 3.3 - 4.3% of the sample.
(17% - 30 % has considered probable the purchase) The interest in the renewal of wood appliances is confirmed by information gathered from producers of the wood combustion system
90,000 100% 80,000 90% 77% 70,000 80% 60,000 70% 53% 60% 50,000 50% 40,000 40% 30,000 30% 20,000 20% Number items of 10,000 10% 0 0% 1990 - 2000 2001 - 2005
Open fireplace Traditional stove, closed fireplace or insert
Increasing trend in sales for innovative devices from 53% to 77% Wood consumptions in Italy (t/y) Comparison with other surveys
25.000.000 5 4,3 4,5 20.000.000 4 3,3 3,1 3,5 -1 15.000.000 3 -1 2,5
t year 10.000.000 2
1,5 t household 5.000.000 1 0,5 0 0 ENEA 1997 ENEA 1999 present survey
total consumptions average consumption per household Wood consumptions in Lombardy (t/y) Comparison with other surveys
3.000.000 Pellets plant or BAT 2.500.000 system burning wood Innovative low emission 2.000.000 system and boiler Traditional stove 1.500.000 Closed fireplace or insert 1.000.000
500.000 Open fireplace
- FLA 2004 APAT 2006 Emissions assessment Emission factors in the household sector EF from a literature survey (EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook + other sources)
PM10 NOX NMVOC SO2 CO PAH g GJ-1 g GJ-1 g GJ-1 g GJ-1 g GJ-1 mg GJ-1
Open fireplace 500 70 5,650 13 5,650 280 Traditional oven, closed fireplace 250 70 1,130 13 5,650 280 or insert Innovative low emission system 150 60 560 13 2,260 280 and boiler Pellets plant or BAT system 50 65 85 13 800 0.2 burning wood Natural gas 0.2 50 5.0 0.5 25 n.a.
Gas oil 5.0 50 3.0 100 20 75
Fuel oil 40 150 10 150 16 75 EF from natural gas and gas oil are much lower than EF from wood burning 2006 - 09 – 27 CEN/TC 295/WG5 N 70/2006 Residential solid fuels burning appliances. Test methods Emissions from household wood burning Italy
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0% Consumptions PM10 NOx VOCNM SO2 CO PAH Dioxins
Open fireplace Traditional stove, closed fireplace or insert
Innovative low emission system and boiler Pellets plant or BAT system burning wood 40% of wood (fireplaces) is responsible for almost 60% of PM10 emissions and 80% of NMVOC emissions Emissions from household wood burning
Lombardy
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Consumptions PM10 NOx VOCNM SO2 CO PAH Dioxins
Open fireplace Traditional stove, closed fireplace or insert
Innovative low emission system and boiler Pellets plant or BAT system burning wood Wood burning share on total 2003 emissions
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
y y dy dy aly dy dy dy tal ar t tal I b I - Italy bar - - - Italy - Italy x ombar O Lom SO2 L CO Lombar - Lombardy - Lom N - - - Energy PM10 x O O NMVOC - I C N SO3 Energy PM10 NMVOC - Lombar Open fireplace Traditional stove, closed fireplace or insert Innovative low emission system and boiler All other sources (year 2003)
CO2 savings from the wood consumptions in domestic heating: ≅ 2% of CO2 emitted in Italy Conclusions 1/2
Statistical analysis of data collected from 5,000 families has provided a better knowledge of Italian wood consumption for domestic heating. Results of the present research are comparable with previous surveys, and provide useful details on used types of combustion installations and regional split of wood use. Traditional wood systems (open fireplace, traditional stove) are widespread on the national territory as they represent more than 70% of the total, but trend in sales of innovative devices is growing. Conclusions 2/2
• Information on the use of different appliances is of great importance, as PM and toxic emissions are directly linked to combustion technologies and are higher for old stoves and fireplaces.
•CO2 savings due to the photosynthetic origin of wood are far lower than PM, VOC and PAH increase due to wood combustion. • Innovative devices could lower emissions if older appliances are changed out. • PM, VOC and PAH emission factor for innovative device burning wood are much higher than EF for traditional natural gas devices: the shift from natural gas to wood in the residential sector could be dangerous for air quality. Thank You