The Twenty-Five–Year History of the Castroviejo Cornea Society
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Cornea 19(5): 577–592, 2000. © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc., Philadelphia The Twenty-five–Year History of the Castroviejo Cornea Society Gary N. Foulks, M.D., and Mark J. Mannis, M.D. The spirit of the Castroviejo Cornea Society is embodied in its serves as the collective voice of corneal specialists in the United mission statement: “Founded to promote the knowledge and ex- States to ophthalmic and governmental agencies. change of scientific ideas relating to the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye.” The Society was founded in 1975 in recog- nition of the contributions of its namesake, Ramon Castroviejo, FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY M.D., a consummate educator and a pioneer in corneal transplan- tation who freely shared his ideas and techniques of corneal sur- The Society was conceived and organized during the Pan gery from his office and hospital in a converted townhouse on New American Association of Ophthalmology meeting in San Juan, York City’s East Side (Fig. 1). The Society has fostered the ex- Puerto Rico, in May, 1975, largely through the efforts of Frank M. change of information about the cornea and anterior segment of the Polack, M.D., and colleagues. It was at this time that Dr. eye through scientific meetings, communications, and a quality Castroviejo had retired to Spain from his practice in New York scientific journal. It thrives today as an international organization City and had undergone serious abdominal surgery that he was not dedicated to the advancement of knowledge about the cornea and expected to survive. Drs. Polack (New York), Hernando Cardona (New York), Guillermo Pico (Puerto Rico), A. Gerard DeVoe (New York), Jorge Buxton (New York), L. Uribe (New York), L. Fernandez-Vega (Spain), Francisco Losada (New York), and Paul Galvo˜o (Brazil) agreed on the formation of a corneal society that would be called “The Castroviejo Society.” Drs. Don Willard (Pennsylvania) and C. Urrets (Buenos Aries) were also part of this organizing group but could not attend the organizational meeting. It is interesting to note that significant efforts were made by some to name the organization the “American Corneal Society”; none- theless, the society was to carry the Castroviejo name. The organizing participants decided that the first meeting of the society would be held in the Fall of 1975 during the week of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) meeting in Dallas, TX, U.S.A., and the initial officers were Dr. Fernando Losada (President), Dr. Hernando Cardona (Vice-President), and Dr. Frank Polack (Secretary-Treasurer). The remaining members of the group served as the Executive Committee. Dr. Polack agreed to pursue member recruitment and preparation of the by-laws. It was agreed that the Castroviejo Society should be a scientific society of international character, devoted to the knowledge of diseases of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye. The membership was to be limited to 100 members, and presentation of a thesis would be a requisite for full membership. An invited lecture and an award was to be given annually. Approximately 30 ophthalmologists attended the organizational meeting in Dallas in the Fall of 1975, and 30 signed up as mem- bers. The leadership then agreed that the first Scientific Award and Lecture would be scheduled for the October, 1976, meeting of the AAO in Las Vegas, NV, U.S.A. Dr. A.G. DeVoe gave the first Castroviejo Lecture in Las Vegas on October 5, 1976. During this meeting, the first by-laws were accepted with few modifications. The membership agreed that the Castroviejo Society would meet FIG. 1. Ramon Castroviejo, M.D., namesake of the Castroviejo Cor- each year in proximity to the annual meeting of the AAO. nea Society. In 1978, several members requested that an amendment be 577 578 G.N. FOULKS AND M.J. MANNIS added to the by-laws to eliminate the limited membership clause Cornea Society has sponsored and supported Cornea: The Journal and the requirement for a thesis. This was done to permit easier of Cornea and External Disease. Initially published with Frank M. access to the Society by younger corneal surgeons. This change Polack, M.D., as the founding editor, the journal has grown in established two categories of membership with the provision, how- scientific quality, circulation, and stature. ever, that a thesis should still be a requirement for full membership Frank Polack was initially approached by Masson Publishing status. Since that time, membership in the Society has steadily Company during the Fall of 1980 with the proposal to create a increased. journal on refractive surgery. Dr. Polack suggested that the journal deal with the cornea and anterior segment, inclusive of refractive surgery, and that it be called Cornea. The journal was designed by GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Dr. Polack and was conceived to emphasize the pathology of the The strength, vigor, and success of any organization derives cornea. From the outset, the editor insisted on the use of high- from its membership. The membership of the Castroviejo Corneal quality paper and photography. In the first years, the new journal Society has been active, dedicated, and committed to the advance- struggled; there was a dearth of quality papers as well as consid- ment of the understanding of corneal and anterior segment disease erable skepticism among Dr. Polack’s colleagues that such a pe- of the eye. In the early years, the major thrust was to expand the riodical was needed. Then, in 1983, Dr. Polack proposed to the scope and membership of the Society through a strong scientific Castroviejo Society that it officially sponsor the publication, a program and a firm link to the long established continuing educa- union that would likely benefit both the organization as well as the tion program of the AAO. The annual scientific meeting continues struggling publication. During these first 6 years, the journal was to be held in conjunction with the annual scientific meeting of the managed out of the Dr. Polack’s home with the able and devoted AAO. However, the program expanded to include less formal mid- editorial assistance of his wife. winter meetings of a smaller group of regular members as well as In 1985, Masson Publishing Company was bought by Raven more expansive meetings—the World Corneal Congresses— Press, then under the dynamic leadership of Alan Edelman who scheduled at 10-year intervals. recognized that there was a niche for subspecialty journals in the From those early ties with the AAO, the collaboration in scien- medical scientific literature. This acquisition coincided with en- tific and educational exchange has grown. The Society has pre- thusiastic acceptance and growth of the journal. By the end of that sented several symposia on corneal and anterior segment disease in year, Cornea was included in the Index Medicus and enjoyed an joint sponsorship with the AAO and continues to collaborate with abundance of manuscript submissions. Edelman was succeeded by the Academy. In addition, the Castroviejo Cornea Society has Mary Rogers who later became the President and Chief Executive responded whenever the Academy has required or requested in- Officer of Lippincott-Raven Publishers, when the Lippincott com- formation or opinions on matters pertaining to corneal disease or to pany was acquired by Raven Press. Rogers actively nurtured the the subspecialty practice of cornea and external disease. These growth of the journal during the editorship of Frank Polack. efforts continue in the implementation of the Corneal Fellowship In 1989, the editorship passed to H. Dwight Cavanagh, M.D., Match program and the Academy’s informational services con- coincident with a complete administrative renewal of the cerning postgraduate corneal fellowship training. Collaborative ef- Castroviejo Society including revision of the by-laws and re- forts with other professional societies concerned with the anterior incorporation. It was at this time that the term of the editor was segment of the eye has expanded. Jointly sponsored symposia have fixed at 6 years to ensure the vitality and growth of the publication. been held in conjunction with the Eye Bank Association of The choice of editorial stewardship was placed in the hands of a America, the Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group, the search committee and Cavanagh accepted the position, obtaining Canadian Cornea Society, and the Contact Lens Association of from the publishing company an editorial assistant to help in the Ophthalmologists. management of the growing publication. Dr. Cavanagh insisted that Editorial Board members contribute their best work to Cornea, and there was soon a backlog of high-quality research papers. STRUCTURE AND GOVERNANCE Editorial policy limited the contents to original science and ex- cluded review papers and book reviews. Lippincott-Raven was In 1988, the Castroviejo Cornea Society was incorporated as a persuaded to publish the abstracts of the annual Eye Bank Asso- nonprofit corporation under the Colorado Nonprofit Corporation ciation of America and Castroviejo Society Scientific Sessions, Act. The by-laws were re-stated at this time, defining governance making them citable abstracts. The years of Dr. Cavanagh’s stew- of the Society by vesting management in a Board of Directors of ardship brought the journal to a high level of scientific quality. not more than 20 regular members. At present, there are 16 mem- The present Editor-in-Chief, Mark Mannis, M.D., has expanded bers of the Board of Directors (including the officers), 10 Direc- the Editorial Board, added periodic review papers, and has en- tors-at-Large, and the Editor of the society journal, Cornea. The hanced the journal’s design. The readership has continued to grow, officers of the Society are President, Vice-President/President particularly in the international venue, and the editorial office is Elect, Executive Secretary-Treasurer, Immediate Past President, blessed with an abundance of submissions of both clinical and and Scientific Program Chairman, all of whom comprise the Ex- basic science from around the globe.