The Twenty-Five–Year History of the Castroviejo Cornea Society

The Twenty-five–Year History of the Castroviejo Cornea Society

Gary N. Foulks, M.D., and Mark J. Mannis, M.D.

The spirit of the Castroviejo Cornea Society is embodied in its serves as the collective voice of corneal specialists in the United mission statement: “Founded to promote the knowledge and ex- States to ophthalmic and governmental agencies. change of scientific ideas relating to the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye.” The Society was founded in 1975 in recognition of the contributions of its namesake, Ramon Castroviejo, FOUNDING OF THE SOCIETY M.D., a consummate educator and a pioneer in corneal transplantation who freely shared his ideas and techniques of corneal sur- The Society was conceived and organized during the Pan gery from his office and hospital in a converted townhouse on New American Association of Ophthalmology meeting in San Juan, York City’s East Side (Fig. 1). The Society has fostered the ex- Puerto Rico, in May, 1975, largely through the efforts of Frank M. change of information about the cornea and anterior segment of the Polack, M.D., and colleagues. It was at this time that Dr. eye through scientific meetings, communications, and a quality Castroviejo had retired to Spain from his practice in New York scientific journal. It thrives today as an international organization City and had undergone serious abdominal surgery that he was not dedicated to the advancement of knowledge about the cornea and expected to survive. Drs. Polack (New York), Hernando Cardona (New York), Guillermo Pico (Puerto Rico), A. Gerard DeVoe (New York), Jorge Buxton (New York), L. Uribe (New York), L. Fernandez-Vega (Spain), Francisco Losada (New York), and Paul Galvo˜o (Brazil) agreed on the formation of a corneal society that would be called “The Castroviejo Society.” Drs. Don Willard (Pennsylvania) and C. Urrets (Buenos Aries) were also part of this organizing group but could not attend the organizational meeting. It is interesting to note that significant efforts were made by some to name the organization the “American Corneal Society”; none- theless, the society was to carry the Castroviejo name. The organizing participants decided that the first meeting of the society would be held in the Fall of 1975 during the week of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO) meeting in Dallas, TX, U.S.A., and the initial officers were Dr. Fernando Losada (President), Dr. Hernando Cardona (Vice-President), and Dr. Frank Polack (Secretary-Treasurer). The remaining members of the group served as the Executive Committee. Dr. Polack agreed to pursue member recruitment and preparation of the by-laws. It was agreed that the Castroviejo Society should be a scientific society of international character, devoted to the knowledge of diseases of the cornea and the anterior segment of the eye. The membership was to be limited to 100 members, and presentation of a thesis would be a requisite for full membership. An invited lecture and an award was to be given annually. Approximately 30 ophthalmologists attended the organizational meeting in Dallas in the Fall of 1975, and 30 signed up as members. The leadership then agreed that the first Scientific Award and Lecture would be scheduled for the October, 1976, meeting of the AAO in Las Vegas, NV, U.S.A. Dr. A.G. DeVoe gave the first Castroviejo Lecture in Las Vegas on October 5, 1976. During this meeting, the first by-laws were accepted with few modifications. The membership agreed that the Castroviejo Society would meet FIG. 1. Ramon Castroviejo, M.D., namesake of the Castroviejo Cor- each year in proximity to the annual meeting of the AAO. nea Society. In 1978, several members requested that an amendment be

577 578 G.N. FOULKS AND M.J. MANNIS added to the by-laws to eliminate the limited membership clause Cornea Society has sponsored and supported Cornea: The Journal and the requirement for a thesis. This was done to permit easier of Cornea and External Disease. Initially published with Frank M. access to the Society by younger corneal surgeons. This change Polack, M.D., as the founding editor, the journal has grown in established two categories of membership with the provision, how- scientific quality, circulation, and stature. ever, that a thesis should still be a requirement for full membership Frank Polack was initially approached by Masson Publishing status. Since that time, membership in the Society has steadily Company during the Fall of 1980 with the proposal to create a increased. journal on refractive surgery. Dr. Polack suggested that the journal deal with the cornea and anterior segment, inclusive of refractive surgery, and that it be called Cornea. The journal was designed by GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Dr. Polack and was conceived to emphasize the pathology of the The strength, vigor, and success of any organization derives cornea. From the outset, the editor insisted on the use of high- from its membership. The membership of the Castroviejo Corneal quality paper and photography. In the first years, the new journal Society has been active, dedicated, and committed to the advance- struggled; there was a dearth of quality papers as well as consid- ment of the understanding of corneal and anterior segment disease erable skepticism among Dr. Polack’s colleagues that such a pe- of the eye. In the early years, the major thrust was to expand the riodical was needed. Then, in 1983, Dr. Polack proposed to the scope and membership of the Society through a strong scientific Castroviejo Society that it officially sponsor the publication, a program and a firm link to the long established continuing educa- union that would likely benefit both the organization as well as the tion program of the AAO. The annual scientific meeting continues struggling publication. During these first 6 years, the journal was to be held in conjunction with the annual scientific meeting of the managed out of the Dr. Polack’s home with the able and devoted AAO. However, the program expanded to include less formal mid- editorial assistance of his wife. winter meetings of a smaller group of regular members as well as In 1985, Masson Publishing Company was bought by Raven more expansive meetings—the World Corneal Congresses— Press, then under the dynamic leadership of Alan Edelman who scheduled at 10-year intervals. recognized that there was a niche for subspecialty journals in the From those early ties with the AAO, the collaboration in scien- medical scientific literature. This acquisition coincided with en- tific and educational exchange has grown. The Society has pre- thusiastic acceptance and growth of the journal. By the end of that sented several symposia on corneal and anterior segment disease in year, Cornea was included in the Index Medicus and enjoyed an joint sponsorship with the AAO and continues to collaborate with abundance of manuscript submissions. Edelman was succeeded by the Academy. In addition, the Castroviejo Cornea Society has Mary Rogers who later became the President and Chief Executive responded whenever the Academy has required or requested in- Officer of Lippincott-Raven Publishers, when the Lippincott com- formation or opinions on matters pertaining to corneal disease or to pany was acquired by Raven Press. Rogers actively nurtured the the subspecialty practice of cornea and external disease. These growth of the journal during the editorship of Frank Polack. efforts continue in the implementation of the Corneal Fellowship In 1989, the editorship passed to H. Dwight Cavanagh, M.D., Match program and the Academy’s informational services con- coincident with a complete administrative renewal of the cerning postgraduate corneal fellowship training. Collaborative ef- Castroviejo Society including revision of the by-laws and re- forts with other professional societies concerned with the anterior incorporation. It was at this time that the term of the editor was segment of the eye has expanded. Jointly sponsored symposia have fixed at 6 years to ensure the vitality and growth of the publication. been held in conjunction with the Eye Bank Association of The choice of editorial stewardship was placed in the hands of a America, the Ocular Microbiology and Immunology Group, the search committee and Cavanagh accepted the position, obtaining Canadian Cornea Society, and the Contact Lens Association of from the publishing company an editorial assistant to help in the Ophthalmologists. management of the growing publication. Dr. Cavanagh insisted that Editorial Board members contribute their best work to Cornea, and there was soon a backlog of high-quality research papers. STRUCTURE AND GOVERNANCE Editorial policy limited the contents to original science and ex- cluded review papers and book reviews. Lippincott-Raven was In 1988, the Castroviejo Cornea Society was incorporated as a persuaded to publish the abstracts of the annual Eye Bank Asso- nonprofit corporation under the Colorado Nonprofit Corporation ciation of America and Castroviejo Society Scientific Sessions, Act. The by-laws were re-stated at this time, defining governance making them citable abstracts. The years of Dr. Cavanagh’s stew- of the Society by vesting management in a Board of Directors of ardship brought the journal to a high level of scientific quality. not more than 20 regular members. At present, there are 16 mem- The present Editor-in-Chief, Mark Mannis, M.D., has expanded bers of the Board of Directors (including the officers), 10 Direc- the Editorial Board, added periodic review papers, and has en- tors-at-Large, and the Editor of the society journal, Cornea. The hanced the journal’s design. The readership has continued to grow, officers of the Society are President, Vice-President/President particularly in the international venue, and the editorial office is Elect, Executive Secretary-Treasurer, Immediate Past President, blessed with an abundance of submissions of both clinical and and Scientific Program Chairman, all of whom comprise the Ex- basic science from around the globe. In 1998, the name of the ecutive Committee. journal was altered to include the subtitle “The Journal of Cornea and External Disease” in an effort to reflect the disciplines en- THE SOCIETY JOURNAL: CORNEA compassed by the journal and the interests of its readers. Cornea currently enjoys a steadily enhanced citation index and is recog- Because written as well as verbal communication of information nized as the journal of record of the subspecialty of cornea and is essential to the exchange of scientific ideas, the Castroviejo external disease.

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OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS TABLE 2. The Castroviejo Society board of directors As defined in the by-laws of the Society, the officers are Presi- Year Board of directors dent, Vice President/President-Elect, Executive Secretary- 1975–1976 Juan Arentsen Treasurer, Immediate Past President, and Scientific Program Jules Baum Jorge Buxton Chairman. The previous officers are listed in Table 1. A.G. DeVoe The Board of Directors includes 10 Directors-at-Large whose Richard Keates terms are of 4 years’ duration and whose election are staggered so J. Harry King Guillermo Pico that approximately equal numbers are elected every 2 years. Pre- Luis Uribe vious Directors are listed in Tables 2 and 3. Luis Vega 1976–1979 Jules Baum Jorge Buxton A.G. DeVoe MEETINGS L. Fernandez-Vega Richard Keates The Castroviejo Cornea Society Annual Scientific Meeting is Luis Uribe traditionally held immediately before the annual meeting of the 1978–1981 James Aquavella S. Arthur Boruchoff AAO, and Table 4 summarizes the date, the venue, and The Enrique Malbran Castroviejo Medalist speaker for the year. The Castroviejo Med- Donald Willard alist Lecture is delivered during the Castroviejo Cornea Society 1980–1983 Perry Binder H. Dwight Cavanagh Symposium as part of the AAO meeting. Donald Doughman More informal scientific exchange was encouraged at the mid- Jay Krachmer winter meetings that were held sporadically and occasionally co- Peter R. Laibson Anthony B. Nesburn ordinated with international ophthalmic meetings, such as the In- 1982–1985 John Chandler ternational Congress of Ophthalmology (Table 5). Tadeu Cvintal Richard Thoft On a larger scale, the Castroviejo Cornea Society has sponsored George O. Waring the World Cornea Congresses that are held approximately every 10 1984–1987 Jorge Buxton years and that highlight the progress that has been made in both Herbert E. Kaufman Michael A. Lemp clinical and research endeavors of the international corneal com- 1986–1989 William Bourne munity. World Cornea Congress I was organized by J. Harry King, Merrill Grayson Roswell Pfister M.D., in Washington, DC, U.S.A., in 1968 before formation of the Gullipalli N. Rao Society. World Corneal Congress II was held in Washington, DC, David Schanzlin and was the first of the congresses to be sponsored by the Society. 1988–1991 R. Linsey Farris Gary N. Foulks World Corneal Congress III was also held in Washington, DC, at Roger F. Meyer the Mayflower Hotel in 1988 under the able direction of H. Dwight Ronald E. Smith Cavanagh, M.D., and Michael A. Lemp, M.D. The most recent meet- Gilbert Smolin Robert G. Webster ing, World Corneal Congress IV, was held in 1998 in Orlando, FL, 1990–1993 Juan Arentsen U.S.A. at the Swan and Dolphin Hotels under the impressive or- L. Michael Cobo ganizational leadership of Drs. Jonathan Lass, Shigeru Kinoshita, George Stern Alan Sugar and David Schanzlin. This most successful Congress resulted in a 1992–1995 Richard Abbott commemorative publication of the symposium and established an Helen Boisjoly C. Stephen Foster educational and research resource fund to advance the scientific Jonathan Lass initiatives of the Society. Scott MacRae Doyle Stulting 1996–1999 Eric Donnenfeld Sandy Feldman MEDAL AND MEDALISTS Thomas Lindquist Marian Macsai The Castroviejo Medal was commissioned by the Executive Mark Speaker Committee in 1975 and is presented annually to that person se-

TABLE 1. Officers of the Castroviejo Cornea Society

Period President Vice-president Executive secretary-treasurer 1975–1977 Fernando Losada Hernando Cardona Frank M. Polack 1978–1979 J. Harry King Richard C. Troutman Frank M. Polack 1980–1981 Richard C. Troutman Frank M. Polack Jules Baum 1982–1983 Frank M. Polack James V. Aquavella Jules Baum 1984–1985 James V. Aquavella Peter R. Laibson Jules Baum 1986–1987 Peter R. Laibson H. Dwight Cavanagh Jules Baum 1988–1989 H. Dwight Cavanagh Jules Baum Michael A. Lemp 1990–1991 Jules Baum James P. McCulley Gary N. Foulks 1992–1993 James P. McCulley Ronald E. Smith Gary N. Foulks 1994–1995 Ronald E. Smith Jay Krachmer Gary N. Foulks 1996–1997 Jay Krachmer Gary N. Foulks Edward Holland 1998–1999 Gary N. Foulks Joel Sugar Edward Holland 2000–2001 Joel Sugar Edward Holland Edward Holland

Cornea, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2000 580 G.N. FOULKS AND M.J. MANNIS

TABLE 3. The Castroviejo scientific program chairmen

Period Scientific program chairman 1975–1977 Frank M. Polack 1977–1978 Richard Keates 1978–1979 Jules Baum 1980–1981 James Aquavella 1982–1983 H. Dwight Cavanagh 1984–1985 George Waring 1986–1987 Jay Krachmer 1988–1991 James P. McCulley 1992–1996 Peter C. Donshik 1997–2000 Alan Sugar

lected by the Board of Directors as having achieved excellence in contributions to the specialty. Dr. Jose Barraquer recommended FIG. 3. Arthur Gerard DeVoe, M.D. Mr. Fernando Calico—a numismatist in Barcelona, Spain, who had designed and fabricated medals for several famous commemo- rations including Pablo Casals, Josef M. Sert, and Pablo Picasso— The Castroviejo Medalists are listed in Table 6 followed by their as the designer of the medal. Dr. Frank Polack discussed various biographical sketches. designs with Mr. Calico, and the final medal (the Award Medal) was struck in bronze with the front side bearing a profile likeness ARTHUR GERARD DEVOE, M.D. of Ramon Castroviejo, M.D., and the reverse side bearing the So- ciety name and the inscription of the name of the Medalist. A Dr. DeVoe (Fig. 3) was born in Seattle, WA, U.S.A., on March similar medal (the Membership Medal) carries on the reverse side 24, 1909 but moved East to attend Phillips Exeter Academy (Ex- a likeness of a square keratoplasty, Dr. Castroviejo’s trademark eter, NH, U.S.A.) and Yale University (New Haven, CT, U.S.A.). graft of the 1950s. The medals were struck and cast with the After earning his M.D. degree from Cornell University (Ithaca, generous financial support of The Ethicon Company by Mr. NY, U.S.A.) and completing a surgical internship at Bellevue Hos- Charles Baerman, who had worked with Dr. Castroviejo in the pital (New York, NY, U.S.A.), he moved to the other side of town early days of development of the fine microsurgical suture mate- and began a long and productive career at Columbia University rials used in anterior segment ocular surgery. The continuation of (New York, NY, U.S.A.). After ophthalmology residency training the Medalist program is supported in part by revenues generated at the Institute of Ophthalmology at the Presbyterian Hospital from sale of the Membership medals to the members of the (New York, NY, U.S.A.), which he completed in 1940, he ob- Castroviejo Corneal Society. A photographic depiction of both tained a D.Med.Sci. degree from Columbia University in 1942. As medals is presented in Figure 2. an attending ophthalmologist at Presbyterian Hospital, he assumed

FIG. 2. The Castroviejo medals.

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TABLE 4. The Castroviejo Society annual scientific meetings

Meeting Date Location Medalist First September 21, 1975 Dallas, TX Second October 5, 1976 Las Vegas, NV A.G. DeVoe, M.D. Third October 1, 1977 Jose Barraquer, M.D. Fourth October 21, 1978 Kansas City, MO David G. Cogan, M.D. Fifth November 3, 1979 San Francisco, CA Max Fine, M.D. Sixth November 17, 1980 New Orleans, LA A.E. Maumenee, M.D. Seventh November 6, 1981 Atlanta, GA Claes H. Dohlman, M.D. Eighth October 28, 1982 Las Vegas, NV Saichi Mishima, M.D. Ninth November 4, 1983 Chicago, IL Alberto Urrets-Zavalia, M.D. Tenth November 16, 1984 Atlanta, GA Yves J.M. Pouliquen, M.D. Eleventh September 29, 1985 San Francisco, CA Philips Thygeson, M.D. Twelfth November 9, 1986 New Orleans, LA David Maurice, Ph.D. Thirteenth November 8, 1987 Dallas, TX Herbert E. Kaufman, M.D. Fourteenth October 7, 1988 Las Vegas, NV Frank M. Polack, M.D. Fifteenth October 28, 1989 New Orleans, LA S. Arthur Boruchoff, M.D. Sixteenth October 27, 1990 Atlanta, GA Richard C. Troutman, M.D. Seventeenth October 12, 1991 Anaheim, CA Peter Laibson, M.D. Eighteenth November 7, 1992 Dallas, TX Richard A. Thoft, M.D. Nineteenth November 13, 1993 Chicago, IL Anthony J. Bron, M.D. Twentieth October 29, 1994 San Francisco, CA Barrie R. Jones, M.D. Twenty-first October 28, 1995 Atlanta, GA Richard Forster, M.D. Twenty-second October 26, 1996 Chicago, IL Deborah Pavan-Langston, M.D. Twenty-third October 25, 1997 San Francisco, CA Jules Baum, M.D. Twenty-fourth November 6, 1998 New Orleans, LA Michael A. Lemp, M.D. Twenty-fifth October 25, 1999 Orlando, FL Henry F. Edelhauser, Ph.D.

Directorship of the Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute of the Pres- college in Barcelona and a licensure in medicine and surgery from byterian Hospital from 1959 through 1974. He was a consultant in the University of Barcelona (Barcelona, Spain), Dr. Barraquer re- ophthalmology to at least nine hospitals in New York City and had ceived his Doctor of Medicine and Surgery from the University of faculty appointments to two major universities also in New York Madrid (Madrid, Spain). His specialized study of ophthalmology City. On the national ophthalmologic scene, Dr. DeVoe served was taken at the Barraquer Institute in Barcelona (Barcelona, extensively on the American Board of Ophthalmology with tenure Spain). In the mid 1950s, he moved to Colombia and established as Chairman from 1964 through 1966. He was associate editor and the Barraquer Institute of the Americas in Bogota. Jose Barraquer then Editor of the Archives of Ophthalmology from 1960 through pioneered many of the techniques and equipment for refractive 1970. He served on many local and national health advisory groups surgery of the cornea and lectured about his work and taught and was on the Board of the Heed Ophthalmic Foundation. A internationally. A prolific writer, he produced over 260 publica- recipient of many international honors, Dr. DeVoe delivered 14 tions. He authored two books on refractive surgery and was editor named lectures, including the Castroviejo Lecture in 1976. His of two others. In addition, he was a member of numerous inter- interest in the anterior segment of the eye ranged from cataract national societies and served on the editorial boards of several surgery through infectious keratitis to keratoprosthesis develop- journals of ophthalmic surgery. He held five honorary degrees and ment. Dr. DeVoe was a logical choice to be the first Castroviejo delivered 19 named lectures. He deservedly earned the title of Medalist. “Father of Refractive Surgery” and hosted visiting corneal surgeons from all over the world eager to observe and learn from his JOSE I. BARRAQUER, M.D. expertise in corneal surgery. Born January 24, 1916, in Barcelona, Spain, Dr. Barraquer (Fig. 4) was part of a proud family tradition in ophthalmology. After DAVID G. COGAN, M.D.

Dr. Cogan (Fig. 5) had a long and illustrious history in Massa- chusetts, beginning with his birth on February 14, 1908, in Fall River. After graduating from Dartmouth College (Hanover, NH, U.S.A.), he obtained an M.D. degree from Harvard Medical School (Boston, MA, U.S.A.); and, after a brief sojourn as intern at the Chicago University Clinics in Illinois, he returned to resi-

TABLE 5. The Castroviejo Society mid-winter meetings

Date Location 1985 Cancun, Mexico 1986 San Juan, Puerto Rico 1987 Venice, Italy (International congress satellite meeting) 1988 Kauai, Hawaii 1990 Bangkok, Thailand (International congress satellite meeting) FIG. 4. Jose I. Barraquer, M.D.

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tably Everett Kinsey), his research centered about the turgescence properties, transparency functions, and permeability of the cornea. Later research with Toichiro Kuwabara emphasized the usefulness of the cornea for the general study of “aberrant lipogenesis.” A continuing personal interest was the application of these laboratory studies to clinical manifestations in patients. It is no wonder that all of these considerations prompted his selection as recipient of the Castroviejo Medal.

MAX FINE, M.D.

Born in Warsaw, Poland, Dr. Fine (Fig. 6) came to the United States in 1913. He received his undergraduate education at New York University (New York, NY, U.S.A.), his medical degree at FIG. 5. David G. Cogan, M.D. the University of California (San Francisco, CA, U.S.A.), and his ophthalmology training at Stanford University (Stanford, CA, dency at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary in Boston. U.S.A.). Dr. Fine became interested in the new technique of cor- During the late 1930s and through the 1950s, he ascended the neal transplantation early in his career and performed his first Harvard academic ladder to become Professor and Chairman of corneal transplants in 1939. As his expertise and reputation grew, Ophthalmology at Harvard Medical School from 1962 through so did the size and geographic base of his referral practice. Except 1968. He served as Director of the Ophthalmic Laboratories for 4 years of U.S. Army Service during World War II, Dr. Fine (1947–1956) and Director of the Eye Pathology Laboratory (1954– practiced continuously in San Francisco. Patients came from all 1956) of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. He became the over the United States and the world for consultation, treatment, Henry Willard Williams Professor of Ophthalmology, Harvard and surgery of the cornea. He was still performing corneal surgery Medical School Emeritus in 1974. A truly versatile ophthalmolo- in 1989, 50 years after his first transplant. Dr. Fine was a true gist, Dr. Cogan served as Chief of the Neuro-Ophthalmic Section pioneer in corneal surgery. Perhaps his most unique contribution of the National Eye Institute at the NIH (National Institutes of was the development of the technique of pars plana vitreous re- Health) in Bethesda, MD, U.S.A., from 1973 through 1985. He moval combined with keratoplasty to achieve clinical success in served as Senior Medical Officer, Clinical Branch, of the National aphakic corneal edema (2 decades before vitrectomy became ac- Eye Institute at the NIH beginning in 1985. Dr. Cogan’s honors ceptable practice). However, he made landmark advances in many were legion. He delivered over 45 named lectures including the other areas as well, including in techniques for combined cataract Proctor Lecture, the Jackson Memorial Lecture, the Howe Gold extraction and keratoplasty, in keratoplasty for herpes, in children, Medal Lecture, and the Castroviejo Lecture. Despite his wide and in vascularized corneas. His studies of the long-term success ranging expertise, Dr. Cogan noted that the cornea was his first of keratoplasty in Fuchs’ dystrophy and of the relationship of major interest in ophthalmic research when he took over the Di- donor age to success in keratoplasty influenced approaches to cor- rectorship of the Howe Laboratory. With several colleagues (no- neal transplantation internationally. Even more important than his

TABLE 6. Castroviejo medalists and their lectures

Year Medalist Lecture title 1975 A.G. DeVoe, M.D. Controversial points in corneal surgery 1976 Ramon Castroviejo, M.D. Honorary medal (presented in absentia) 1977 Jose I. Barraquer, M.D. Refractive surgery 1978 David G. Cogan, M.D. What does the cornea tell us about systemic diseases? 1979 Max E. Fine, M.D. Recurrence of hereditary dystrophies in corneal grafts 1980 A. Edward Maumenee, M.D. The status of keratoplasty at the Wilmer Institute 1981 Claes H. Dohlman, M.D. The corneal epithelium: some clinical problems 1982 Saiichi Mishima, M.D. Biomicroscopy using polarized light 1983 Alberto Urrets-Zavalia, M.D. The corneal surgeon faced with sudden catastrophe 1984 Yves J.M. Pouliquen, M.D. Fine structure of the corneal stroma 1985 Phillips Thygeson, M.D. Some aspects of viral keratitis 1986 David Maurice, Ph.D. Wound healing in the stroma 1987 Herbert E. Kaufman, M.D. (No lecture) 1988 Frank Polack, M.D. Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy 1989 S. Arthur Boruchoff, M.D. Unusual aspects of corneal dystrophies 1990 Richard C Troutman, M.D. Managing astigmatism 1991 Peter R. Laibson, M.D. Recurrent disease in corneal grafts 1992 Richard A. Thoft, M.D. The ocular surface 1993 Anthony Bron, M.D. Control of meibomian secretion 1994 Barrie Jones, M.D. Onchocercal sclerosing keratitis 1995 Deborah Pavan-Langston, M.D. Herpes simplex keratitis 1996 Richard K. Forster, M.D. Bacterial infections of the cornea 1997 Jules Baum, M.D. The cornea at risk 1998 Michael A. Lemp, M.D. New aspects of dry eye 1999 Henry Edelhauser, Ph.D. The resilience of the corneal endothelium

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lectures. A recipient of numerous awards and medals, he was actively involved in an advisory role to many international organizations dedicated to preventing blindness. As a recognized au- thority on ophthalmic disease. Dr. Maumenee was instrumental in the improvement of the quality of eye care through the National Eye Institute, the Association of University Professors of Ophthal- mology, the Pan American Association of Ophthalmology, and the International Society for the Prevention of Blindness. He also served as the President of the International Council of Ophthal- mology. His career was distinguished as a clinician, surgeon, researcher, and especially as a teacher of ophthalmology.

FIG. 6. Max Fine, M.D. CLAES HENRIK DOHLMAN, M.D. publications was his influence on almost two generations of corneal surgeons. Ophthalmology residents at Stanford, the Univer- Claes H. Dohlman (Fig. 8) was born September 11, 1922, in sity of California, and Pacific Presbyterian Medical Center (San Uppsala, Sweden. His early schooling was completed in Sweden, Francisco, CA, U.S.A.) came under his influence, and cornea fel- and he served in the Swedish Navy. Dr. Dohlman earned his M.D. lows from the Proctor Foundation and Pacific Presbyterian Medi- degree at the University of Lund in Sweden in 1950 and completed cal Center studied with him. Corneal surgeons from all over the a residency in the Eye Clinic of the University of Lund. He sub- world consulted with him and came to observe his work. An im- sequently came to the United States to study with Dr. Jonas portant part of his legacy are publications by his trainees analyzing Friedenwald at Johns Hopkins University Wilmer Institute as a his work. Many of this country’s leading corneal surgeons are research fellow in 1952. Travels to Stanford to work with Dr. indebted to Dr. Fine for his influence on their careers. Dr. Fine Edward Maumenee as a research fellow were brief, and research passed away March 29, 1989. time was then done at the Retina Foundation in Boston. Research in the Department of Biochemistry at the Karolinska Institute (Stockholm, Sweden) was followed by receipt of a Doctorate of A. EDWARD MAUMENEE, M.D. Medical Research from the University of Lund where he became a docent (assistant professor). A sojourn to Hospital Edouard Her- Dr. Edward Maumenee (Fig. 7) was actively involved in aca- riot in Lyon, France, as visiting ophthalmologist was followed by demic ophthalmology for over 51 years and was a dominant figure a sabbatical to Foundation Rothschild in Paris and his return to the in 20th century ophthalmology. He began as a resident in ophthal- United States. In 1958, Dr. Dohlman joined the staff at the Retina mology at the Wilmer Institute in 1938 and joined the faculty of Foundation as a research associate and the Massachusetts Eye and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine (Baltimore, MD, U.S.A.). Ear Infirmary (Boston, MA, U.S.A.) as a fellow in ophthalmology. Dr. Maumenee had a broad-ranging expertise in ophthalmology He began the Cornea Service in 1959 in a small room in the Eye and contributed over 343 scientific articles addressing problems in and Ear Infirmary in conjunction with Edward C. Sweebe. He corneal transplantation, uveitis, glaucoma, cataract surgery, fluo- became the Director of the Boston Eye Bank (Boston, MA, rescein angiography, and macular disease. He published or col- U.S.A.) in 1961 and was named Director of the Department of laborated in the publication of 12 books and delivered 45 named Cornea Research of the Retina Foundation in 1962. An appoint-

FIG. 7. Edward Maumenee, M.D. FIG. 8. Claes H. Dohlman, M.D.

Cornea, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2000 584 G.N. FOULKS AND M.J. MANNIS ment as Assistant Professor at Harvard Medical School in 1968 was succeeded by promotion to Associate Professor in 1969. In 1974, he assumed the directorship of the Howe Laboratory of Ophthalmology and was appointed Professor and Chairman of Ophthalmology of Harvard Medical School. Dr. Dohlman can be credited with establishing cornea as a subspecialty of ophthalmology. His innovative approach to the study of corneal disease and the application of basic research techniques to the solution of formidable clinical problems in corneal practice inspired colleagues to further their understanding of corneal health and disease. His efforts and success in gathering specialists from many different basic and applied science disciplines and encouraging their cooperation with clinicians in defining and solving relevant FIG. 10. Alberto Urrets-Zavalia, M.D. clinical problems is a noteworthy achievement of his tenure at the Retina Foundation and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary of ALBERTO URRETS-ZAVALIA, M.D. Harvard Medical School. Dr. Dohlman retired from the Chairman- ship at Harvard in 1987, but continues an active teaching, research, Born September 30, 1920, in Cordoba, Argentina, Dr. Urrets- and clinical practice. Zavalia (Fig. 10) distinguished himself as an internationally ac- claimed ophthalmic surgeon. He wrote extensively on subjects as varied as corneal surgery, the pathology of glaucoma, and vitreo- retinal surgery. He authored more than 200 publications. Dr. Ur- SAIICHI MISHIMA, M.D. rets-Zavalia was Full Professor of Ophthalmology at the National University of Cordoba, Argentina, from 1956 through 1986 and Dr. Mishima (Fig. 9) was born March 11, 1927, in Osaka, Japan. was Honorary Professor at Universidad Real, Mauor y Pontificia He studied at Tokyo University School of Medicine (Tokyo, Ja- de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Bolivia. He was a mem- pan) and completed his clinical training in the Department of Oph- ber of numerous international ophthalmic societies. thalmology at Tokyo University, receiving his Doctor of Medical Science in 1957. He extended his research work at the Institute of Ophthalmology in London from 1956 through 1959 and completed YVES POULIQUEN, M.D. a Dunphy Fellowship at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Professor Yves Pouliquen (Fig. 11) is certainly one of France’s and the Retina Foundation in Boston during 1960 and 1961. After most renowned ophthalmologists and researchers specializing in a short stay as Instructor in Ophthalmology at Tokyo University, diseases of the cornea. Born in Brittany in 1931, he garnered top Dr. Mishima returned to the United States as Research Associate honors as a student and advanced to become Chief of the Depart- at the Retina Foundation and then as Assistant Professor in the ment of Ophthalmology of the Hospitals Broussais (Paris, France) Department of Ophthalmology at Columbia University College of in 1973, Titular Professor of Ophthalmology in 1979, and Chief of Physicians and Surgeons in New York. Upon return to Japan in Ophthalmology at the Hotel-Dieu (Paris, France) in 1980. He re- 1968, Dr. Mishima became Associate Professor at Tokyo Univer- ceived the Paul Reiss prize (1970) for the best study relating to sity and advanced to Professor and Chairman in 1971. He subse- keratoconus, the Chauvin award (1976) from the French Ophthal- quently became Director of Tokyo University Hospital and in 1983 mological Society, and the Castroviejo Medal (1984). He delivered became Dean of the School of Medicine, Tokyo University. In the Doyne Lecture at Oxford in 1986. Professor Pouliquen, a pro- 1987, Dr. Mishima became Professor Emeritus of Tokyo Univer- te´ge´ of Professor Offret, has performed extensive studies on cor- sity and Chairman of the Council, World Medical Association. Dr. neal transparency and ultrastructure. He is author or co-author of Mishima’s fundamental research on corneal physiology and hy- 354 publications, 5 books, and multiple chapters on subjects such dration as well as the many correlations between corneal physiol- as ionizing radiation, cryotherapy, the homograft reaction, ocular ogy and the clinical sciences have been cornerstones of contem- porary corneal research.

FIG. 9. Saiichi Mishima, M.D. FIG. 11. Yves Pouliquen, M.D.

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FIG. 12. Phillips Thygeson, M.D. FIG. 13. David Maurice, Ph.D.

Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology in San Francisco, Dr. immunopathology, ocular herpes, soft contact lenses, and the Maurice was named Head of the Department of Physiology at the blood–eye barrier. Dr. Pouliquen has been member of numerous Institute of Ophthalmology at the University of London. In 1968, societies on several continents and was President of the Paris Oph- he ventured to the United States as Senior Scientist in the Division thalmologic Society. The French government has recognized his of Ophthalmology at Stanford University School of Medicine. achievements by awarding him the National Order of Merit and the From 1982, he was Professor of Surgery (Research) in the Division Legion of Honor. of Ophthalmology at Stanford University School of Medicine, until a recent move to Columbia University in New York City. Dr. Maurice has published over 200 scientific papers on the structure PHILLIPS THYGESON, M.D. and function of the cornea. His work ranges from the basic organization of the corneal anatomy to the clinical edge of evaluation Phillips Thygeson (Fig. 12) was born in 1903 of a Norwegian/ and propagation of the corneal endothelium. Those who have American colonial family. He took his undergraduate and medical worked with Dr. Maurice witness the innate curiosity and clever education at Stanford University and later interned at the Univer- innovation that allows him to unravel the obscure observations and sity of Colorado (Denver, CO, U.S.A.). A preceptorship in Colo- explain them in sound physiologic terms. His insight, humor, and rado with William Finnoff and Edward Jackson was followed by way with words affirm his position as a most unforgettable per- trachoma research at Giza Memorial Ophthalmic Institute in Egypt sonality of ocular research. and the Ophthalmic Institute of the Pasteur Institute in Tunis. He was Assistant Professor at the University of Iowa School of Medi- cine. Later, he moved to New York to do tissue culture work at HERBERT E. KAUFMAN, M.D. Rockefeller Institute and then became professor of Ophthalmology at Columbia University and co-director of the Institute of Oph- Dr. Kaufman (Fig. 14) is Boyd Professor of Ophthalmology and thalmology, Columbia Presbyterian Hospital in New York City. Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Head of the De- Dr. Thygeson was a founder, director, and trustee of the Francis I. partment of Ophthalmology, and Director of the LSU Eye Center, Proctor Foundation for Research in Ophthalmology and became a Louisiana State University Medical Center, School of Medicine, recognized researcher in viral and chlamydial disease. He prac- New Orleans, LA, U.S.A. He received his undergraduate degree ticed in San Jose, CA, U.S.A., and was a long-term consultant to from Princeton University and his medical degree from Harvard the U.S. Indian Health Service. The contributions he has made to University. He interned at the Massachusetts General Hospital, the understanding of infectious disease as well as the many aspects after which he spent 2 years as a Fellow at the NIH, followed by of external eye diseases have earned him a place of recognition in ophthalmology. He reminisces that his claim to fame is that he had a laboratory at Columbia next to the laboratory run by Dr. Castroviejo and that he learned to do a corneal transplant on a rabbit under the instruction of Castroviejo himself.

DAVID M. MAURICE, Ph.D.

One of the most colorful and innovative investigators of corneal physiology is David M. Maurice. (Fig. 13) Born April 3, 1922, in London, England, U.K., Dr. Maurice trained in physiology at Uni- versity College in London where he earned the Ph.D. degree in 1951. After 12 years as a member of the Medical Research Council Staff of the Ophthalmological Research Unit at the Institute of Ophthalmology in London, during which time he was awarded a Fulbright Traveling Research Fellowship to the Francis I. Proctor FIG. 14. Herbert E. Kaufman, M.D.

Cornea, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2000 586 G.N. FOULKS AND M.J. MANNIS a residency in ophthalmology at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. He was the Chairman of the Department of Ophthal- mology at the University of Florida in Gainesville from 1962 through 1977. In 1978, he moved to his present position in New Orleans. Dr. Kaufman developed the first effective antiviral drugs and pioneered the combination of steroid and antiviral therapy. He was involved in the development of M-K and K-Sol intermediate corneal storage media and pioneered the early use of therapeutic contact lenses and clinical endothelial specular microscopy. Dr. Kaufman has more than 600 publications, including work on herpes simplex virus and ocular disease, antiviral drugs, corneal surgery, and refractive surgery. He is a member of more than 30 professional associations and societies, including the AAO, the FIG. 16. S. Arthur Boruchoff, M.D. American College of Surgeons, and the Royal Society of Medi- cine, England. He has been honored with 14 named lectures. He has served on the editorial boards of a dozen vision science jour- S. ARTHUR BORUCHOFF, M.D. nals and is an advisor to the federal government, having served on One of the stalwart clinicians and teachers at the Cornea Service the National Advisory Eye Council from 1979 through 1982. of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Dr. Boruchoff (Fig. 16) has solid roots in Boston. Born January 22, 1925, in Boston, he received his A.B. from Harvard College and an M.D. from Boston FRANK M. POLACK, M.D. University (Boston, MA, U.S.A.). He ventured to New York City for an M.Sc. degree from New York University and completed his Dr. Frank Polack (Fig. 15) can truly be described as the found- internship at Mt. Sinai Hospital (New York, NY, U.S.A.) and a ing patron of the Castroviejo Cornea Society. From its inception he residency at New York Eye and Ear Infirmary (New York, NY, worked energetically to nourish its growth, as Executive Secretary- U.S.A.) interrupted by a 1-year Research Fellowship at the Insti- Treasurer in the early, difficult years and later as Editor-in-Chief of tute of Ophthalmology in London. He returned to Boston in 1958 Cornea. Dr. Polack earned B.S. and M.D. degrees from the School and progressed through the academic ranks to Clinical Professor of of Medicine, San Marcos University in Lima, Peru. After intern- Ophthalmology, while being very active in the management of ship and residency in Lima, he transferred to New York University clinical services at Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary as an Post Graduate School in the mid-1950s. At Columbia University, influential member of the Board of Surgeons. He was Director of he was a special NIH Fellow and, subsequently, an attending oph- Continuing Ophthalmic Education in 1986. Dr. Boruchoff has pub- thalmologist. In 1967, he became Associate Professor of Ophthal- lished over 50 scientific articles and has authored chapters of clini- mology, College of Medicine, University of Florida at Gainesville cal corneal surgery in several textbooks. He is a respected clinician where he was Chief of Corneal and External Diseases until 1981. of international reputation who is actively involved in teaching Dr. Polack has published numerous articles on pathology and dis- medical students, residents, fellows, and his colleagues—most re- eases of the cornea and their treatment. He is author of a book on cently in association with Boston University. corneal transplantation. He has been active in many national and international societies and continues the active clinical practice of cornea and external disease in Florida. RICHARD C. TROUTMAN, M.D. Born May 16, 1922, Dr. Troutman (Fig. 17) received his undergraduate degree in 1942 and his medical degree in 1945 from

FIG. 15. Frank M. Polack, M.D. FIG. 17. Richard C. Troutman, M.D.

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Ohio State University (Columbus, OH, U.S.A.). He began his long and productive career in New York City as an intern at New York Hospital where he also completed his ophthalmology residency in 1950. Since that time, he has maintained an active practice in New York and has served as Professor and Head of the Division of Ophthalmology of the Department of Surgery at the State Univer- sity of New York Downstate Medical Center (Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A.) from 1955 through 1983 and is now Professor Emeritus. He has served as consultant or adjunct professor to over 15 medical centers in the greater New York area. Dr. Troutman is probably best known for his extensive work in keratoplasty and particularly refractive keratoplasty. With over 150 scientific publications and an internationally recognized, multi-volume atlas of corneal surgery, he has made impressive contributions to the field of corneal surgery.

FIG. 19. Richard A. Thoft, M.D.

PETER LAIBSON, M.D. Program Committee of the AAO and is a past president of the Peter Laibson (Fig. 18) was born in Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A. After Castroviejo Cornea Society. his medical training, he completed a residency in ophthalmology at Wills Eye Hospital in Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A. He spent his corneal fellowship training from 1964–1965 with Claes H. Dohlman, RICHARD A. THOFT, M.D. M.D., at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and the Eye Research Institute of the Retina Foundation in Boston. That year, Dr. Thoft (Fig. 19) was born in Missoula, MT, U.S.A. He was Dr. Laibson and Sidney Kibrick, Ph.D., documented for the first educated at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and received time the reactivation of herpes simplex virus in the eye. In July his medical degree from Harvard Medical School. His residency 1965, he returned to Wills Eye Hospital to become Director of the training at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary was followed Cornea Service, a position he still holds. Peter Laibson has au- by a research fellowship in the Howe Laboratory with Jin Ki- thored or co-authored 175 papers and 14 chapters in books. He has noshita, Ph.D., and subsequently by a Cornea Fellowship with Claes made significant contributions in the understanding of herpes sim- H. Dohlman, M.D., at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary. He plex keratitis, adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis, anterior membrane also did a research fellowship at the Eye Research Institute in dystrophies, and other dystrophies of the cornea. He has contrib- Boston. His return to the faculty of the Harvard Medical School uted to the improvement of techniques for corneal transplantation with appointments at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and and management of the complications of keratoplasty. One of his the Cornea Research Unit of the Eye Research Institute of the greatest strengths is his teaching prowess: a teacher of practition- Retina Foundation launched a career distinguished by research into ers, a teacher of students, and a teacher of special regard to the the biochemistry of the anterior segment of the eye. His ground- approximately 75 fellows whom he has trained. Dr. Laibson has breaking work in defining the role of the ocular surface in health been accorded many national and international awards and has and disease culminated in the development of conjunctival trans- been a dedicated member of numerous committees in the service plantation, keratoepithelioplasty, and the expanding field of ocular of ophthalmology in general and the subspecialty of cornea in surface reconstruction. Dr. Thoft served as Cornea Trustee to particular. He has served on the Board of Councilors and the ARVO (the Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmol- ogy), a member of the Castroviejo Cornea Society Board of Di- rectors, and as Chairman of NIH Study Section in Visual Science. He assumed the Chairmanship of the Department of Ophthalmol- ogy at the University of Pittsburgh Eye and Ear Institute (Pitts- burgh, PA, U.S.A.) where he remained until his death in 1992.

ANTHONY BRON, M.D.

Dr. Bron (Fig. 20) is a distinguished British ophthalmic researcher whose early training was in physiology and medicine at Guy’s Hospital. He completed an ophthalmic research fellowship at the Wilmer Institute between 1964 and 1965. His residency training was done at Moorfields Eye Hospital (London, England, U.K.) from 1966 through 1999. Professor Bron is Head of the Department of Ophthalmology in Oxford with interests in external eye disease, dry eye, ocular infection, corneal dystrophies, and FIG. 18. Peter Laibson, M.D. corneal healing. He has a unique ability to make novel clinical

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known for his discoveries in infectious diseases of the eye. His contributions to the field of trachoma, onchocerciasis, and prevention of blindness are particularly outstanding. He has contributed significantly to the understanding of ophthalmic epidemiology, ocular microbiology, immunology, entomology, and eye health service planning. His commitment to the prevention of blindness has been international in scope. He founded the International Cen- tre for Eye Health in London to advance the understanding of eye disease and the improvement of health care delivery throughout the world. The Centre is recognized by the World Health Organi- zation as a collaborating center for prevention of blindness and FIG. 20. Anthony Bron, M.D. trachoma. He received the International Blindness Prevention Award from the AAO in 1994 for his many contributions to the prevention of blindness. observations, to evaluate the important features experimentally, During his career, he has garnered many honors and has deliv- and to distill the critical components into a comprehensive schema ered the Jackson Lecture, the Doyne Lecture, the Bowman Lec- that facilitates understanding of the relevant biologic and clinical ture, and the Castroviejo Lecture. Professor Barrie R. Jones, M.D., implications. At various times he has served as President of the is a highly respected British academic leader, clinician, medical Ophthalmic Section of the Royal Society of Medicine in London, research scientist, and teacher; his legacy continues through the Chairman of the AER and Vice-President of JERMOV. He is many international trainees who have learned both clinical and currently Chairman of the Corneal Section of EVER. He has au- epidemiologic skills under his tutelage. thored over 200 publications and serves on the Editorial Board of six peer-reviewed journals, including Cornea. He has lectured extensively in the U.K. and abroad. He was recipient of the Castroviejo Medal in 1992 and of the Doyne Medal in 1996. He is DEBORAH PAVAN-LANGSTON, M.D. co-author of Wolff’s Anatomy of the Eye and Orbit, Ocular Infec- tion, and Lens Disorders. Dr. Pavan-Langston (Fig. 22) was born and raised in Boston, MA, U.S.A. Her education was at Harvard/Radcliffe College where she studied virology with Dr. J.D. Watson; and, she re- BARRIE JONES, M.D. ceived her M.D. degree from Cornell University Medical College Barrie R. Jones (Fig. 21) was born in 1921 in New Zealand, where she continued her virological study with Dr. John Enders. where he studied science at Victoria University (Wellington, New After internship at Columbia Presbyterian, she became the first Zealand) and medicine at Otago University (Dunedin, New Zeal- female resident at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary and and). While working at Dunedin Hospital, his interest turned to completed a corneal and external disease fellowship at Massachu- external diseases of the eye. In 1952, he moved to England where setts Eye and Ear Infirmary of Harvard Medical School. As a he trained in ophthalmology at Moorfields Eye Hospital. In 1963, faculty member of the Harvard Medical School and a researcher at he was appointed Professor of Clinical Ophthalmology, a new post the Eye Research Institute of the Retina Foundation, her work in bridging Moorfields with the Institute of Ophthalmology, Univer- ocular viral disease has been innovative and comprehensive. Con- sity of London. There he established the Professorial Unit in which centrating on herpes simplex and herpes zoster infectious disease specialty patient care, clinical research, and fellowship education she has evaluated diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to ocular flourished under his direction. His skills in clinical observation and viral disease that form much of the basis of our present under- his surgical dexterity were well-recognized, but he remains best standing of those disease states. She has been consultant to the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) Ophthalmic and Orphan Products Drug Committees and was Chairman of the Microbiology Section for ARVO.

FIG. 21. Barrie Jones, M.D. FIG. 22. Deborah Pavan-Langston, M.D.

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MA, U.S.A. Across the spectrum of his training and research, Dr. Baum has worked with the master craftsmen of ophthalmology. In all of his investigations, Dr. Baum has distinguished himself as an astute observer of medicine and the human condition. His work characterized the use of antibiotic agents in treating microbial keratitis and endophthalmitis. Dr. Baum is a man of integrity whose demand for scientific accuracy and ethical behavior has enhanced the stature of our specialty through service on multiple editorial review boards and as officer of our most distinguished professional societies. Indeed, his leadership helped sustain the Castroviejo Cornea Society through some difficult years. He has been a man of insights, who, amidst an increasingly high-tech practice of medicine that invokes sophisticated new equipment, retains the ability to ask the straightforward and pertinent clinical questions to capture the essence of a clinical problem that leads to its solution. FIG. 23. Richard K. Forster, M.D.

RICHARD K. FORSTER, M.D. MICHAEL A. LEMP, M.D. Dr. Forster (Fig. 23) completed his college education at Dart- Dr. Lemp (Fig. 25) is a statesman of ophthalmology, an appro- mouth College and subsequently received his M.D. degree from priate characterization of an individual whose career was condi- Boston University School of Medicine. After Internship at Boston tioned by years of training and education within the boundaries of City Hospital, he completed residency training at Bascom Palmer Washington, DC, U.S.A. Dr. Lemp was born and raised in Wash- Eye Institute of the University of Miami School of Medicine. ington, DC. He earned his B.S. degree at Georgetown University Research fellowship at the Francis I. Proctor Foundation was in (Washington, DC, U.S.A.), where he also was awarded his Doctor corneal and external disease. He has continuously been a member of Medicine degree. After a tour of duty in the U.S. Airforce at of the faculty at the University of Miami School of Medicine since Andrews Air Force Base, he returned to Georgetown University to 1969, with the exception of a leave of absence to direct the King complete his residency and to obtain his Master of Science degree Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital in Saudi Arabia. His work in in- in ophthalmology. His expertise in corneal and external disease of fectious disease of the eye is documented in numerous publica- the eye was sharpened during his clinical fellowship at the Mas- tions. He is a member of many editorial boards and has lectured sachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary of Harvard Medical School, widely throughout the world. whereas his research career was launched in the Department of Cornea Research of the Retina Foundation in Boston. Dr. Lemp’s JULES BAUM, M.D. return to Washington, DC, as Assistant Professor of Ophthalmol- ogy at Georgetown University Medical Center allowed him to Born in Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A., Dr. Baum (Fig. 24) advanced develop a successful practice and to continue his active research through his education at Dartmouth College, graduating magna into the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of dry eye disease. cum laude. After obtaining his medical degree from Tufts Univer- His bibliography includes some of the landmark manuscripts and sity, he continued medical training at New York University, ex- books that form a foundation for the understanding of the tear film, ploring retinal neovascularization and, subsequently, corneal his- dry eye disease, and ocular surface disease. As Professor and tochemistry before his ophthalmology residency training at Bel- Chairman of Ophthalmology at Georgetown, Dr. Lemp was Di- levue Hospital. His corneal fellowship training was completed at rector of the Center for Sight from 1983 through 1992 and con- the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary of the Harvard Medical tinues as Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology at Georgetown Uni- School and at the Corneal Unit of the Retina Foundation in Boston, versity. He is currently President of University Ophthalmic Con-

FIG. 24. Jules Baum, M.D. FIG. 25. Michael A. Lemp, M.D.

Cornea, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2000 590 G.N. FOULKS AND M.J. MANNIS

Research Review Committee of the NIH. He has encouraged communication between our profession, national research and regula- tory agencies, and the ophthalmic industry.

HENRY EDELHAUSER, Ph.D. Dr. Edelhauser (Fig. 26) was born in Dover, NJ, U.S.A., and was educated at Paterson State College (Paterson, NJ, U.S.A.). His advanced training in Physiology was at Michigan State University (East Lansing, MI, U.S.A.)for both M.S. and Ph.D. degrees. Post- doctoral training at Marquette University (Milwaukee, WI, U.S.A.) was followed by faculty appointments at Marquette and the Medi- cal College of Wisconsin, until his move to Emory University (Atlanta, GA, U.S.A.) in 1989 where he is now the Ferst Professor of Ophthalmology and Director of Ophthalmic Research. He is recipient of numerous awards from Research to Prevent Blindness, FIG. 26. Henry Edelhauser, Ph.D. the Alcon Research Institute, and other professional societies. Dr. Edelhauser’s work has provided the best description of the function and resilience of the corneal endothelium in experimental and sultants of Washington and Director of University Ophthalmic clinical settings. His findings have been instrumental in improving Consultants Research and Educational Foundation of Washington. ophthalmic surgical techniques, in the storage of corneal donor Dr. Lemp has represented the profession well in Washington, DC, tissue in eyebanking, and in understanding the physiology of the as Corneal Advisor to the National Advisory Council of the NIH corneal endothelium and how it is influenced by various chemi- as well as the FDA Ophthalmic Devices Panel and the Vision cals, medications, and disease.

MEMBERSHIP ROSTER 2000

The roster below represents the membership (including regular, associate, and candidate members) at the end of this 25-year span:

Juan-Carlos Abad, M.D. Bruce I. Bodner, M.D. Kenneth Cohen, M.D. Richard L. Abbott, M.D. Matthias Bohnke, M.D., Ph.D. Richard A. Conroy, M.D. Robert Abel, M.D. He´le`ne Boisjoly, M.D. Francisco Contreras, M.D. Esen Akpek, M.D. S. Arthur Boruchoff, M.D. Robert Copeland, M.D. William Albert, M.D. Charles Bouchard, M.D. John W. Cowden, M.D. Eduardo Alfonso, M.D. John E. Bourgeois, M.D. Geoffrey J. Crawford, M.D. O. Claron Alldredge Jr., M.D. William M. Bourne, M.D. Christopher R. Croasdale, M.D. David F. Anderson, M.D. Robert Brass, M.D. Kevin Cuevas, M.D. James V. Aquavella, M.D. Frederick Brightbill, M.D. William W. Culbertson, M.D. Eduardo Arenas Archila, M.D. Anthony John Bron, M.D. Marcelo Cunha, M.D. Robert Arffa, M.D. Anne M. Brooks, M.D. Tadeu Cvintal, M.D. Penny Asbell, M.D. William E. Bruner, M.D. Robert D’Amico, M.D. John C. Baer, M.D. Marvin G. Burdette Jr., M.D. Antonio de Damborenea, M.D. John C. Barber, M.D. Linda L. Burk, M.D. M. Reza Dana, M.D., M.P.H. John Barletta, M.D. Terry E. Burris, M.D. Richard W. Darrell, M.D. Francisco Barraquer, M.D. Douglas F. Buxton, M.D. Manuel Datiles III, M.D. Jules Baum, M.D. Kurt Buzard, M.D. Richard M. Davis, M.D. Richard Beatty, M.D. Delmar Caldwell, M.D. Sheraz M. Daya, M.D. Michael W. Belin, M.D. Diego Cuevas Cancino, M.D. Vincent DeLuise, M.D. Marcel Belloso, M.D. Alan Carlson, M.D. Richard F. Dennis, M.D. Sandra C. Belmont, M.D. Jose Casanovas Carnicer, M.D. Arthur Gerard DeVoe, M.D. Jose Belmonte, M.D. James Caudill, M.D. Deepinder K. Dhaliwal, M.D. Gregg J. Berdy, M.D. H. Dwight Cavanagh, M.D., Ph.D. Claes Dohlman, M.D. J. Chandler Berg, M.D. John Chandler, M.D. Eric D. Donnenfeld, M.D. Michael J. Besson, M.D. Glenn Cockerham, M.D. Peter C. Donshik, M.D. Roger Beuerman, Ph.D. Elisabeth Cohen, M.D. Donald Doughman, M.D. Perry Binder, M.D. G. Richard Cohen, M.D. Neil G. Dreizen, M.D.

Cornea, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2000 THE 25-YEAR HISTORY OF THE CASTROVIEJO CORNEA SOCIETY 591

Robert C. Drews, M.D. Lewis R. Groden, M.D. Richard L. Lindstrom, M.D. Paul Dubord, M.D. Khalil Hanna, M.D. Joseph Locascio, M.D. Seymour Dubroff, M.D. Sadeer Hannush, M.D. Lawrence Lohman, M.D. Steven P. Dunn, M.D. Sylvia Hargrave, M.D. David Lubeck, M.D. David L. Easty, M.D. Marco C. Helena, M.D. Maureen Lundergan, M.D. Patricia A. Ecker, M.D. Peter S. Hersh, M.D. Robert Mack, M.D. Henry Edelhauser, Ph.D. Michael Hettinger, M.D. Gary Mackman, M.D. William H. Ehlers, M.D. John C. Hill, M.D. Scott M. MacRae, M.D. Richard A. Eiferman, M.D. John D. Hofbauer, M.D. Marian S. Macsai, M.D. James Elliott, M.D. Friedrich Hoffmann, M.D., Ph.D. Malcolm Magovern, M.D. Joel M. Engelstein, M.D. Edward J. Holland, M.D. Ezra Maguen, M.D. Randy Epstein, M.D. Andrew Holzman, M.D. Leo J. Maguire, M.D. Humberto Escapini, M.D. Robert A. Hyndiuk, M.D. Parag Majmudar, M.D. M D M D F. Rodney Eve, . . Edward K. Isbey III, M.D. Enrique Malbran, . . M D M D Warren Fagadau, . . Luis Izquierdo, Jr., M.D. Sid Mandelbaum, . . R. Linsy Farris, M.D. Francis J. Manning, M.D. Hugh Jellie, M.D. William Faulkner, M.D. Mark J. Mannis, M.D. Mark E. Johnston, M.D. Joseph M. Feder, M.D. Neil F. Martin, M.D. Neil V. Johnston, M.D. Robert S. Feder, M.D. Robert G. Martin, M.D. Choun-Ki Joo, M.D. Sandy T. Feldman, M.D. William Mathers, M.D. Alan Jordan, M.D. Olga Ferrer, M.D. David Maurice, Ph.D. Carol Karp, M.D. Joseph Fleming, M.D. Walter Mayer, M.D. Jordan Kassoff, M.D. George Florakis, M.D. Walter D. Mazzanti, M.D. Douglas Katz, M.D. Jerry G. Ford, M.D. Connie McCaa, M.D. Herbert E. Kaufman, M.D. Richard K. Forster, M.D. J. Martin McCarthy, M.D. Stephen C. Kaufman, M.D., Ph.D. S. Lance Forstot, M.D. James McCulley, M.D. Richard H. Keates, M.D. C. Stephen Foster, M.D. Lester McDonald, M.D. Lisa D. Kelly, M.D. Gary N. Foulks, M.D. Baxter Mclendon, M.D. Kenneth Kenyon, M.D. Bradley D. Fouraker, M.D. John W. McTigue, M.D. Cheryl L. Keys, M.D. W. Craig Fowler, M.D. David Meisler, M.D. Johnny Khoury, M.D. Martin L. Fox, M.D. Luis Mejõ«a Echavarrõ«a, M.D. M D Jonathan Frantz, M.D. Daniel W. Killingsworth, . . John C. Meyer, M.D. F.T. Fraunfelder, M.D. Woo-Jung Kim, M.D. Roger F. Meyer, M.D. Miles Friedlander, M.D. Shigeru Kinoshita, M.D. Marc A. Michelson, M.D. Joseph Frucht-Pery, M.D. Bruce I. Kirschner, M.D. Elena Mier-Trotter, M.D. Sam F.A. Fulcher, M.D. Douglas D. Koch, M.D. Laurence I. Miller, D.O., P.C. Lawrence A. Gans, M.D. Steven Koenig, M.D. Richard A. Miller, M.D. Randa Garrana, M.D. Bruce Koffler, M.D. Saiichi Mishima, M.D. Ronald N. Gaster, M.D. Howard D. Kohn, M.D. Lawrence Moore, M.D. Bruce D. Gaynor, M.D. Behrooz Koleini, M.D. John F. Moretti, M.D. Joel Geffin, M.D. Alexandra Konowal-Allen, M.D. Linda K. Morrison, M.D. Harry S. Geggel, M.D. Ernest W. Kornmehl, M.D. Lyle Moses, M.D. Gail Genvert, M.D. Alexandra Kostick, M.D. W. Stanley Muenzler, M.D. Art Giebel, M.D. Jay H. Krachmer, M.D. Ramon Naranjo-Tackman, M.D. Jeffrey Gilbard, M.D. Steven Kramer, M.D. Anthony Nesburn, M.D. Louis J. Girard, M.D. Peter R. Laibson, M.D. Philip E. Newman, M.D. David B. Glasser, M.D. David W. Lamberts, M.D., P.A. Emanuel Newmark, M.D., F.A.C.S. Joseph B. Gold, M.D. Stephen S. Lane, M.D. Catherine Newton, M.D. Daniel B. Goldberg, M.D. Deborah Langston, M.D. Bruce D. Nichols, M.D. Jerome N. Goldman, M.D. Jeffrey Day Lanier, M.D. Verinder S. Nirankari, M.D. Daniel F. Goodman, M.D. Jonathan H. Lass, M.D. Teruo Nishida, M.D. James M. Gordon, M.D. Alan Leahey, M.D. Richard A. Norden, M.D. Jerold S. Gordon, M.D. Kent G. Leavitt, M.D. Sylvia Norton, M.D. Matthew B. Goren, M.D. Howard Leibowitz, M.D. Stephen Orlin, M.D. John D. Gottsch, M.D. Richard G. Lembach, M.D. Guilherme Ortolan Jr., M.D. Debra Graham, M.D. Michael A. Lemp, M.D. Dean Ouano, M.D. Merrill Grayson, M.D. Harvey Lester, M.D. George J. Pardos, M.D. Douglas F. Greer, M.D. Thomas Liesegang, M.D. Stephen Pascucci, M.D. Edward Griggs, M.D. Kenneth Lindahl, M.D. David Paton, M.D. Michael Grimmett, M.D. Thomas Lindquist, M.D. Eric Pearlstein, M.D.

Cornea, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2000 592 G.N. FOULKS AND M.J. MANNIS

Jay Pepose, M.D. Roy Rubinfeld, M.D. Mark Terry, M.D. Elliot M. Perlman, M.D. Clifford L. Salinger, M.D. William Trattler, M.D. Henry D. Perry, M.D. Kenneth N. Sall, M.D. Stefan D. Trocme, M.D. Daniel Petashnick, M.D. John Samples, M.D. Richard C. Troutman, M.D. Roswell R. Pfister, M.D. Alan Schaeffer, M.D. Kazuo Tsubota, M.D. Robert Phillips, M.D. Bradley Scharf, M.D. Audrey Tuberville, M.D. Guillermo Pico-Santiago, M.D. Harold A. Schneider, M.D. Ira Udell, M.D. Roberto Pineda, M.D. Mitchell A. Schuman, M.D. Alberto Urrets-Zavalõ«a, M.D. Mark Plunkett, M.D. Daniel Scorsetti, M.D. Woodford Van Meter, M.D. Robert H. Poirier, M.D. John A. Seedor, M.D. Gabriel Van Rij, M.D., Ph.D. Frank M. Polack, M.D. Olivia N. Serdarevic, M.D. David W. Vastine, M.D. Yves Pouliquen, M.D. Philip Shands, M.D. David D. Verdier, M.D. John J. Purcell Jr., M.D. Edward Laurence Shaw, M.D. Steven Verity, M.D. Irving M. Raber, M.D. Richard Shugarman, M.D. Mitchell Vogel, M.D. Yaron S. Rabinowitz, M.D. Steven M. Silverstein, M.D. Michael P. Vrabec, M.D. Gullapalli N. Rao, M.D. Patricia W. Smith, M.D. Michael D. Wagoner, M.D. Christopher Rapuano, M.D. Ronald E. Smith, M.D. Stephen Waller, M.D. Tal Raviv, M.D. S. Gregory Smith, M.D. Arden H. Wander, M.D. John W. Reed, M.D. Gilbert Smolin, M.D. George O. Waring, M.D. James Reidy, M.D. Robert W. Snyder, M.D. Robert G. Webster, M.D. Martin Reim, M.D. Mark G. Speaker, M.D., Ph.D. Richard J. Weinberg, M.D. William J. Reinhart, M.D. Gregory A. Stainer, M.D. Robert S. Weinberg, M.D. Dan Reinstein, M.D. John F. Stamler, M.D., Ph.D. Arthur Weinstein, M.D. Larry F. Rich, M.D. Walter J. Stark, M.D. Jack L. Weiss, M.D. H. Miller Richert, M.D. Roger Steinert, M.D. Jayne Weiss, M.D. Lorena Riveroll-Hannush, M.D. George A. Stern, M.D. Carol E. West, M.D. Melvin I. Roat, M.D. Scott X. Stevens, M.D. Fred Wilson II, M.D. Jeffrey B. Robin, M.D. R. Doyle Stulting, M.D., Ph.D. Steven E. Wilson, M.D. Gerald Rosen, M.D. Jeanine Suchecki, M.D. Jack Wolper, M.D. Steven I. Rosenfeld, M.D. Alan Sugar, M.D. Thomas Wood, M.D. J. Robert Rosenthal, M.D. Joel Sugar, M.D. William R. Yeakley, M.D. George Rosenwasser, M.D. Karen D. Sumers, M.D. Richard W. Yee, M.D. Walter Rotkis, M.D. Geoffrey Tabin, M.D. Charles M. Zacks, M.D. J. James Rowsey, M.D. Emmanuel Tanne, M.D. Gerald W. Zaidman, M.D. Jonathan B. Rubenstein, M.D. Daniel Taylor, M.D.

A VIEW TO THE FUTURE nium and may answer several important questions concerning the use of older donor tissue in keratoplasty. The Society has also Although the history of the Castroviejo Cornea Society has been financially supported an international workshop to achieve con- illustrious, its future is equally as bright. With dedicated leadership sensus on understanding the Meibomian gland and its disorders. that is committed to continuing and enhancing the vision and goals The future will demand creativity and resourcefulness from clini- of the Society in the fulfillment of its mission statement, the So- cal and academic organizations in an ophthalmologic world that is ciety has recently affirmed its support of the annual scientific rapidly changing in every respect. The Society stands ready to meeting and the journal, Cornea. In addition, the Society has con- represent our subspecialty in an era of change and discovery. tributed financial and resource support to two major clinical research efforts. In collaboration with the Eye Bank Association of Acknowledgment: The authors wish to acknowledge the contributions America and the National Eye Institute, the Castroviejo Society of Jules Baum, M.D., and Frank Polack, M.D., who helped author the original version of this history; Frank Polack, M.D., and H. Dwight Cavanagh, has initiated a broad-based clinical trial evaluating the effect of M.D., who kindly provided background material on the history of the jour- donor age on keratoplasty—the Cornea Donor Study. This multi- nal Cornea; and Robert G. Webster, who provided background material on center clinical trial will span the first 5 years of the new millen- the biography of Max Fine.

Cornea, Vol. 19, No. 5, 2000