[Thux BJoriu 077 OCT. 27, i9o6.] HARVEIAN ORATION. INIDICAL JOURNAL 17 = Eudoxus with his chief good, which he placed in THE GROWTH OF TRUTH: pleasure, impregnated Epicurus; the four elements of Empedocles, Aristotle; the doctrine of the ancient AS ILLUSTRATED IN THE DISCOVERY OF THE Thebans, Pythagoras and Plato; geometry, Euclid" (De Generatione). CIRCULATION OF THE BLOOD. And, thirdly, to scientific truth alone may the homo BEING THE HLRVEIAN ORATION DELIVERED AT THE ROYAL mensura principle be applied, since of all mental treasures COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS, LONDON, OCTOBER 18TH, 1906. of the race it alone compels general acquiescence. That this general acquiescence, this aspect of certainty, is not BY WILLIAM OSLER, M.D., F.R.S., reached per saltum, but is of slow, often of difficult, growth-marked by failures and frailties, but crowned at MEG;O17S PROFESSOR OF MEDICINE IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD. last with an acceptance accorded to no other product of mental activity is illustrated by every important dis- covery from Copernicus to Darwin. ONLY those of us, Mr. President and Fellows, who have The growth of Truth corresponds to the states of had the good fortune to hold the distinguished position knowledge described by Plato in the Theaetetus-acqui- which by your kind grace, Sir, I hold to-day-only those of sition, latent possession, conscious possession. Scarcely us who have delivered the Harveian Oration, can appre- a discovery can be named which does not present these ciate the extraordinary difficulties besetting a subject phases in its evolution. Take, for example, one of the every aspect of which has been considered, very often, too, most recent: Long years of labour gave us a full know- by men who have brought to the task a combination of ledge of syphilis; centuries of acquisition added one learning and literary skill at once the envy and the de- fact to another, until we had a body of clinical and spair of their successors. But I take it, Sir, that in this pathological knowledge of remarkable fullness. For Ambarvalia or commemorative festival for blessing the the last quarter of a century we have had latent fruits of our great men, ordained definitely as such by him possession of the cause of the disease, as no one whose memory is chiefly in our minds to-day, our pre- could doubt the legitimate inference from disco- sence here in due order and array confers distinction veries in other acute infections. The conscious pos- upon an occasion of which the oration is but an incident. session has just been given to us. After scores of But, honour worthy of such a theme should be asso- investigators had struggled in vain with the problem, ciated with full knowledge of the conditions under which came Schaudinn with an instinct for truth, with a these great men lived asid moved; and here comes in the capacity to pass beyond the routine of his day, and with real difficulty, because it is rarely possible to bring the a vision for the whole where others had seen but in part. fruits of independent critical investigation into their lives It is one of the tragedies of science that this brilliant and works. Particularly hard is it for those of us who investigator, with capabilities for work so phenomenal, have had to live the life of the arena: our best efforts bear should have been cut off at the very threshold of his the stamp of the student, not of the scholar. In my own career. The cancer problem, still in the stage of latent case, a deep reverence for the mighty minds of old, and a possession, awaits the advent of a man of the same type. keen appreciation of the importance to our profession of a In a hundred other less important problems, acquisition study of history, may be put in the scales against defects has by slow stages become latent possession; and there as to the appreciation of which I have still remaining suf- needs but the final touch-the crystal in the saturated ficient self-detachment. The lesson of the day is the solution-to give us conscious possession of the truth. lesson of their lives. But because of the ever-increasing But when these stages are ended, there remains the final mental strain in this age of hurry, few of us have the struggle for general acceptance. Locke's remark that leisure, fewer still, I fear, the inclination, to read it "Truth scarce ever yet carried it by vote anywhere al. its thoroughly. Only with a knowledge of the persistency first appearance " is borne out by the history of all dis- with which they waged the battle for Truth, and the coveries of the first rank. The times, however, are greatness of their victory, does the memory of the changing; and it is interestIng to compare the cordial illustrious dead become duly precious to us. welcome of the pallid spirochaete with the chilly reception History is simply the biography of the mind of man; of the tubercle bacillus. Villemin had done his great and our interest in history,. and its educational value to work, Cohinheim and Salmonson had finally solved the us, is directly proportionate to the completeness of our problem of infectivity, when Koch published his study of the individuals through whom this mind has memorable studies. Others before him had seen the been manifested. To understand clearly our position in bacillus, but the conscious possession of the truth- only any science to-day, we must go back to its beginnings, came with his marvellous technique. Think of the and trace its gradual development, following certain laws, struggle to seeure acceptance! The seniors among us who diflicult to interpret and often obscured in the brilliancy lived through tllat instructive period remember well that of achievements-laws which everywhere illustrate this only those who were awake when the dawn appeared biography, this human endeavour, working through the assented at once to the brilliant demonstration. We are long ages; and particularly is this the case with that his- better prepared to-day; and a great discovery like that of tory of the organized experieiace of the race which we call Schaudinn is immediately put to the test by experts in science. many lands, and a verdict is given in a few months. We In the first place, like a living organism, Truth grows, may have become more plastic and receptive, but I doubt and its gradual evolution may be traced from the tiny it; eveni our generation-that great generation of the germ to the mature product. Never springing, Minerva- last quarter of the nineteenth century, had a practical like, to full stature at once, Truth may suffer all the demonstration of the slowness of the acceptation of an hiazards incident to generation and gestation. Much of obvious truth in the long fight for the aseptic treatment of history is a record of the mishaps of trulths which have wounds. There may be present some who listened, as I struggled to the birth, only to die or else to wither in did in October, 1873, to an introductory lecture at one of premature decay. Or the germ may be dormant for the largest of the metropolitan schools, the burden of centuries, awaiting the fullness of time. which was the finality of surgery. The distinguished Secondly, all scientific truth is conditioned by the state author and teacher, dwelling on the remarkable achieve- of knowledge at the time of its announcement. Thus, at ments of the past, concluded that the art had all but the beginning of the seventeenth century, the science of reached its limit, little recking that within a mile from optics and mechanical appliances had not made possible where he spoke, the truth for which he and thousands had (so far as the human mind was concerned) the existence been striving-now a conscious possession in the hands of of blood capillaries and blood corpuscles. Jenner could Joseph Lister-would revolutionize it. With scores of not have added to his inquiry a discourse on immunity; surgeons here and there throughout the world this truth Sir William Perkin and the chemists made Koch possible; had been a latent possession. Wounds had healed per Pasteur gave the conditions that produced Lister; Davy primarn since Machaon's day; and there were men before and others furnished the preliminaries necessary for Joseph Lister who had striven for cleanliness in surgical anaesthesia. Everywhere we find this invariable filiation, technique; but not until he appeared could a great truth -one event following the other in orderly sequence- become so manifest that it everywhere compelled "Mind begets mind," as Harvey says; "opinion is the acquiescence. Yet not without a battle-a long and source of opinion. Demrocritus with his atoms, and grievous battle, as many of us well knew who had to [239I] Ttz Bzr. 1078 KimieLL Jo=ALI THE GROWT:EI OF TRU2H. [OCT. 27, 1906- contend in hospitals with the opposition of men who could least two generations the best energies of its best minds not-not who would not-see the truth. were devoted to the study of their writings. How Sooner or later-insensibly, unconsciously-the iron numerous and important is that remarkable group of men, yoke of conformity is upon our necks; and in our minds, the medical humanists of the Renaissance, we may judge as in our bodies, the force of habit becomes irresistible. by a glance at Bayle's Biographie MUdicale, in which the From our teachers and associates, from our reading, from lives are arranged in chronological order. From Garbo of the social atmosphere about us, we catch the beliefs of the Bologna, surnamed the expositor, to Rabelais, more than day, and they become ingrained-part of our nature. 150 biographies and bibliographies are given, and at least For most of us this happens in the haphazard process one-half of these men had either translated or edited we call education, and it goes on just as long as we retain works of the Greek physicians. Of our founder, one of any mental receptivity. It was never better expressed the most distinguished of the group, and of his influence than in the famous lines that occurred to Henry Sidgwick in reviving the study of Galen and so indirectly of his in his sleep: influence upon Harvey, Dr. Payne's story still lingers in We think so because all other people think so; our memories. Leonicenus, Linacre, Gonthier, Monti, Or because-or because-after.all, we do think so; Koch, Camerarius, Caius, Fuchs, Zerbi, Cornarus, and men Or because we were told so, and think we must think so; of their stamp not only swept away Arabian impurities Or because we once thought so, and think we still think so; from the medicine of the day, but they revived Greek Or because, having thought so, we think we will think so. ideals and introduced scientific methods. In departing from any settled opinion or belief, the The great practical acquisition of the century was a new variation, the change, the break with custom may come anatomy. Vesalius and his followers gave for the first gradually; and the way is usually prepared; but the final time an accurate account of the structure of the human break is made, as a rule, by some one individual, the body, and while thus enlarging and correcting the work of masterless man of Kipling's splendid allegory, who sees Galen, contributed to weaken the almost divine authority with his own eyes, and with an instinct or genius for with which he dominated the schools. Nearly another trutlh, escapes from the routine in whiclh his fellows live. century passed before chemistry, in the hands of Boyle But he often pays dearly for his boldness. Walter Bagehot and others, reached its modern phase, but the work of tells us that the pain of a new idea is one of the greatest Paracelsus, based on that of the " pious Spagyrist," Basil pains to hrtman nature. "ft is, as people say, so upset- Valentine, by showing its possibilities, had directed ting; it makes you think that, after all, your favourite men's minds strongly to the new science. Of the three, notions may be wrong, your firmest beliefs ill-founded; it the new spirit alone was essential, since it established the is certain that till now there was no place allotted in your intellectual and moral freedom by which the fetters of mind to the new and startling inhabitant; and now that it dogma, authority, and scholasticism were for ever loosened has conquered an entrance, you do not at once see which from the minds of men. of your old ideas it will not turn out, with which of them Into this world, we may say, stepped a young Folkestone it can be reconciled, and with which it i3 at essential lad, when, on the last day of May, 1593, he matriculated enmity." It is on this account that the man who expresses at Cambridge. Harvey's education may be traced without a new idea is very apt to be abused and ill-treated. All difficulty, because the influences which shaped his studies this is common among common men, but there is something were those which had for a century prevailed in the pro- much worse which has been illustrated over and over again fession of this country. We do not know the reason for in history. How eminent so ever a man may become in selection of Caius College, which, so far as I can gather, science, he is very apt to carry with him errors which were had no special connexion with the Canterbury school. in vogue when he was young-errors that darken his Perhaps it was chosen because of the advice of the family understanding, and make him incapable of accepting even physician, or of a friend, or of his rector; or else his father the most obvious truths. It is a great consolation to know may have known Caius; or the foundation may already that even Harvey came within the range of this law-in have become famous as a resort for those about to " enter the matter of the lymphatic system-it is the most human on the physic line." Or, quite as likely, as we so often touch in his career. 'find in our experience, some trivial incident may have By no single event in the history of science is the turned his thoughts towards medicine. When he came growth of truth, through tl te slow stages of acquisition, the up in 1593, there were thoEe of middle age who could tell briefer period of latent possession, and the for us glorious racy stories of Caius, the co-founder of the college, against period of conscious possession, better shown than in the whose iron rule they had rebelled. " Charged not only discovery of the circulation of the blood. You will all with a show of a perverse stomach to the professors of the agree with me that a Fellow of this College must take his Gospel, but with Atheism," the last days of Caius's noble courage in both hands who would, in this place and before life were embittered by strife and misunderstanding. this audience, attempt to discuss any aspect of this Doubtless the generous souls among them had long since problem. After nearly three centuries of orations the learned to realize the greatness of his character, and were very pictures and books in this hall might be expected to content to leave " the heat of his faith to God's sole judge- cry out upon him. But I have so taken my courage, con- ment, and the light of his good works to men's imitation," fident that in using it to illustrate certain aspects of the with which words, half a century later, the inimitable growth of truth I am but obeying the command of Plato, Fuller concludes a short setch of his life. I like to who insists that principles such as these cannot be too think that, perhaps, one of these very rebels, notinig the often or too strongly enforced. There is a younger studious and inquisitive nature of Harvey, had put generation, too, the members of which are never the worse into the lad's hand the little tractate, De libris propriis, for the repetition of a good story, stale though it may be from which to glean a knowledge of the life and works of in all its aspects to their elders; and then there is that their great benefactor. larger audience to be considered to which the season is The contemplation of such a career as that of Caius never inappropriate to speak a word. could not but inspire with enthusiasm any young man. No one in the profession in England had before that II. time reached a position which I may describe as European. The sixteenth century, drawing to a close, had been a An enthusiastic student and the friend of all the great period of acquisition unequalled in history. Brooding scholars of the day; a learned commentator on the works over the face of the waters of mediaevalism, the spirit of of the Fathers; the first English student in clinical the Renaissance brought forth a science of the world and medicine; a successful teacherand practitioner; a keen of man which practically created a newv heaven and a new naturalist; a liberal patron of learning and letters; a earth, and the truths announced by Copernicus and tender and sympathetic friend-Johannes Caius is one Galileo far transcended of the great figures in our history. Nor need I dwell, before this on his our the searching schoolmen's view audience, devotion to interests, And half had staggered that stout Stagyrite. other than to say that the memory of no Fellow on our roll should be more preeious to us. Four years Among other things, it had given to medicine a new hence, on October 6th, will occur the quatercentenary spirit, a new anatomy, and a new chemistry. In the of his birth. As well in love as in gratitude, we could latter part of the fifteenth century Hippocrates and Galen celebrate it in no more appropriate manner, and in none came to their own again. A wave of enthusiasm for the that would touch his spirit more closely, than by the issue fathers in medicine swept over the profession; and for at of a fine edition of his principal works (including the M&. TM lwnm OCT. 27, Igo6.1I906.] HARVEIANORATIONHARVEIAN ORATION. rr..,C,LLcu0..A,,, 107907 annals of the College). For the preparation of this there and such remarkable powers of observation, could have are those among us well fitted, not less by veneration for been so blinded as to overlook the truth which was his memory than by the possession of that critical tumbling out, so to speak, at his feet, is to us incomn- scholarship which he valued so highly. prehensible. But his eyes were sealed, and to him, as to When Harvey set out on the grand tour, Italy was still his greater predecessors in the chair, clear vision was tle mater gloriosa studiorum; to which one hundred years denied. The dead hand of the great Pergamite lay heavy earlier, so tradition says, Linacre on leaving had erected on all thought, and Descartes had not yet changed the an altar. The glamour of the ideals of the Renaissance beginning of philosophy from wonder to doubt. Not had faded somewhat since the days when John Free, an without a feeling of pity do we read of the hopeless Oxford man, had made the ancient learning his own; and struggle of these great men to escape from slavish sub- had so far bettered the instruction of his masters that he mission to authority. But it is not for us in these light was welcomed as a teacher in Padua, Ferrara and Florence. days to gauge the depth of the sacred veneration with In a measure, too, the national glory had departed, which they regarded the Fathers. Their mental attitude dimmed amid the strife and warfare which had cost the is expressed in a well-known poem of Browning's: old republics their independence. Many years, earlier Fracastorius, one of our medical poets, had sung of her those divine men of old time Have reached, thou sayest well, each at one point decadence: The outside verge that rounds our faculty, To what estate, 0 wretched Italy, And where they reached who can do more than reach? Has civil strife reduc'd and moulder'd Thee! Where-now are all thy ancient glories hurl'd ? Willing to correct observations or to extend anatomy by Where is thy boasted Empire of the world ? careful dissection, it was too much to expect from them What nook in Thee from barbaroiis Rage is freed either a new interpretation of the old facts or a knowledge And has not seen thy captive children bleed ? 1 of the new method by whieh those facts could be correctly interpreted. And matters had not improved but had grown worse. The ingenious explanation which Fabricius gave of the In the sixteenth century Italian influence had sunk use of the valves of the veins-to serve as dams or checks deeply into the social, professional and commercial life to the flow of the blood, so that it would not irrigate too of England, more deeply, indeed, than we appreciate;2 rapidly and overflow the peripheral vessels to the depriva- and it was not for a generation or two later that the tion of the upper parts of the limbs-shows how the old candlesticks were removed from the Cisalpine towns to physiology dominated the most distinguished teacher of Montpellier, Paris, and Leyden. In 1593 a well-to-do the time in the most distinguished school of Europe. young Englishman who wished to study medicine This may have been the very suggestion to his pupil of thoroughly went to North Italy, and most naturally the more excellent way. Was it while listening to this to Padua-" fair Padua, nursery of the arts "-whose ingenious explanation of his master that, in a moment of close affiliations with us may be gathered from the fact abstraction-dimly dreaming, perhaps, of an English that, of universities next to Oxford and Cambridge, she home far away and long forsaken-there came to has given us more Presidents than any other. ln the Harvey a heaven-sent moment, a sudden inspiration, a years that had passed bince Vesalius had retired in passing doubt nursed for long in silence, which ultimately disgust, the fame of its anatomical school had been well grew into the great truth of 1616? maintained by Fallopius, Columbus, and Fabricius, The works of Vesalius, of Fallopius, and of Fabricius worthy successors of the great master. Of each may be effected a revolution in anatomy, but there was not at said what Douglas says of the first named: "In docendo the close of the sixteenth century a new physiology. maxime methodicus, in medendo felicissimus, in secando Though he had lost an anatomical throne, Galen ruled expertissimus." While the story of Harvey's student life absolutely in all conceptions of the functions of the can never be told as we could wish, we know enough to body, and in no department more serenely than in enable us to understand the influences which moulded his that relating to the heart, the blood and its move- career. In Fabricius he found a man to make his life- ments. Upon his views I need not dwell further model. To the enthusiastic teacher and investigator than to remind you that he regarded the liver as the were added those other qualities so attractive to the source of the blood, of which there were tiwo kinds, the youthful mind, generous sympathies and a keen sense of one in the veins, the other in the arteries, both kinds in the wider responsibilities of his po,ition, as shown in ceaseless ebb and flow, the only communication between building, at his own expense, a new anatomical theatre these closed systems being through pores in the ven- for the University. Wide as was the range of his master's tricular septum. He knew the lesser circulation, but studies, embracing not alone anatomy but medicine and thought it only for the nutrition of the lungs. The heart surgery, the contributions by which he is most distin- was a lamp which was furnished with oil by the blood and guished are upon subjects in which Harvey himself with air from the lungs. Practically until the middle of subsequently made an undying reputation. The activity the seventeenth century Galen's physiology ruled the of his literary life did not begin until he had been schools, and yet for years the profession had been in latent teaching nearly forty years, and it is a fact of the highest possession of a knowledge of the circulation. Indeed, a significance that, corresponding to the very period of good case has been made out for Hippocrates, in whose Harvey's stay in Padua, Fabricius must have been deep in works occur some remarkably suggestive sentences.3 In the study of embryology and of the anatomy of the the sixteenth century the lesser circulation was described vascular system. His great work on generation was the with admirable fullness by Servetus and by Columbus, and model on which Harvey based his own, in some ways, both Sarpi and Caesalpinus had Hippocratic glimmerings more accurate studies-studies in which, as my colleague of the greater circulation. These men, with others doubt- Professor Brooks of the Johns Hopkins University has less, were in latent possession of the truth. But every one pointed out, he has forestalled Wolf and von Baer. of them saw darkly through Galenical glasses, and theirs The work of Fabricius which really concerns us here is was the hard but the common lot never to reach such con- the De Venarum Ostiolis. Others before him had seen and scious possession as everywhere to make men acquiesce. described the valves of the veins, Carolus one of the great One must have the disinterestedness of the dead to deal Stephani, Sylvius and Paul Sarpi. But an abler hand in with a problem about which controversy has raged, and this work has dealt with the subject, and has left us a in which national issues have been allowed to blur the monograph which for completeness and for accuracy and brightness of an image which would be clear as day to beauty of illustration has scarcely its equal in anatomical those with eyes to see. Nor would I refer to a matter long literature. Compare Plate VII, for example, with the since settled by those best competent to judge, had not the illustrations of the same structures in the Bidloo or the well known work of Luciani, the distinguished Professor Cowper Anatomy, published nearly one hundred years of Physiology at Rome, appeared recently in German dress, later; and we can appreciate the advantages which edited by Professor Verworn, and spread broadcast views Harvey must have enjoyed in working with such a to which, with a chauvinism unworthy of their history, master. Indeed, it is not too far-fetched to imagine our Italian brethren still adhere. It has been well said him, scalpel in hand, making some of the very dissec- " that he alone discovers who proves," and in the matter of tions from which these wonderful drawings were taken. the circulation of the blood, this was reserved for the pupil But here comes in the mystery. How Fabricius, a man of Fabricius. Skipping many arduous years we next who did such work-how a teacher of such wide learning meet him as Lumleian Lecturer to the College. . 1080 TRZ BR THE GROWTH OF TRUTH. KZbICAL Jommkzl io8o Txu BErnIE] THE GROWTH OF TRUTH. tOCT.'[OCT. 27, igo6.1906- III. Gresham College and a playwright of some note in his The really notable years in the annals of medicine are day; and Theodore Goulston of Merton College, one of not very numerous. We have a calendar filled with our great benefactors, and for 267 years past and gone glorious names, but among the saints of science, if we purveyor-in-chief of reputation to the younger Fellows of know an era it is as much as can be expected-perhaps the College. Mayerne would be there, not yet a Fellow, because such men are less identified with achievements but happy in his escape from the Paris Faculty; still than representative of the times in which they lived. dusty with conflict, he would scent the battle afar in the With many of our greatest names we cannot associate any revolutionary statements which he heard. Meverell, fresh fixed dates. The Grecians who made Hippocrates pos- from incorporation at Cambridge, also not yet a Fellow; sible, live in memory with some theory, or a small point Moundeford, often President, whose little book Fir Bonus, in anatomy, or in regard to the place of their birth; while sets forth his life. Paddy, a noteworthy benefactor, a the " floruit " cannot always be fixed with accuracy. keen student, still gratefully remembered at Oxford, would Hippocrates himself, Erasistratus, Galen, and Araetius ha-ve strolled inwith his oldfriend Gwinne; Baldwin Hamey have no days in our calendar. We keep no festival in the elder, also a benefactor, would be there, and perhaps their honour as the churches do those of St. Jerome and he had brought his more interestinig son, then preparing St. Chrysostom. It is not until after the Renaissance to enter Leyden, whose memory should be ever green that certain years (anni mirabiles) stand out in bold relief among us. Let us hope Thomas Winston, probably an as connected with memorable discoveries, or with the old fellow-student at Padua, and later appointed Professor publication of revolutionary works. Nevertheless, only a of Physic at Gresham College, was absent, as we can then few in each century; even the sixteenth, so rich in dis- be more charitable towards the sins of omission in his coveries, has not more than five or six such years, and not work on Anatomy, published after his death, which, so one of them is connected with work done in this country. far as I can read, contrary to the statement of Munk (Roll As to the seventeenth century, it is hard to name four of the College), contains no word of the new doctrine. As made memorable by the announcen~ent of great dis- an old Paduan, and fresh from its anatomical school, the coveries or the publication of famous works; in the younger Craige would not be absent. Fludd, the Rosi- eighteenth century not three, while in the century just crucian, of course, was present; attracted, perhaps, by completed, though it is replete with extraordinary dis- rumours of anti-Galenical doctrines which had served to coveries, one is hard pressed to name half a dozen years keep him out of the College; nor would he be likely to be which flash into memory as made ever memorable by absent at the festival of one whom he calls his " physicall great achievements. Of the three most important, and theosophicall patron." And certainly on such an anaesthesia, sanitation, and antiseptic surgery, only of the occasion that able Aberdonian, Alexander Reid, would be first can the date be fixed, 1846, and that for its practical there, whose ZcouaroypaOL'a had just appeared,4 with an application. For the other two discoveries, who will extraordinary full account of the vascular system. Rdid settle upon the year in which the greatest advance was was a good anatomist, one of our most distinguished made, or one wllich could be selected for an anniversary Medico-Chirurgical Fellows, and a liberal benefactor. If, in our calendar ' as has been stated, lie was not a convert on account of There is one dies mirabilis in the history of the College- his, age, it was on account of his youth, for the Harveian in the history, indeed, of the medical profession of this doctrine, if in meagre form, is to be found in the later country, and the circumstances which made it memorable editions (5th) of his Manual. But we would miss Lodge, are well known to us. At ten o'clock on a bright spring the poet, "cried up to the last for physic," as he had morning, April 17th, 1616, an unusually large company recently started for the Continent. And we may be sure was attracted to the New Anatomical Theatre of the Physi- that Harvey's old fellow-students at Padua-Fortescue, cians' College, Amen Street. The second Lumleian Fox, Willoughby, Mounsell, and Darcy--would honour Lecture of the annual course, given that year by a new their friend and colleague with their presence; and man, had drawn a larger gathering than usual, due in part Edward Lister, also' a fellow-Paduan, the first of his to the brilliancy of the demonstration on the previous name in a family which has given three other members day, but also it may be because rumours had spread to our profession-two distinguished and one immortal. abroad about strange views to be propounded by the It was not a large gathering, as the Fellows, members, lecturer. I do not know if at the College the same licentiates, and candidates numbered only about forty; stringent rules as to compulsory attendance prevailed as but as the lecture was a great event in the community, at the Barber Surgeons' Hall. Doubtless not; but the there would be present many interested and intelligent President, and Censors, and Fellows would be there in due laymen, of the type of Digby, and Ashmole, and Pepys- array; and with the help of the picture of " The Anatomy the " curious," as they were called, for whom throughout Lecture " by Bannister, which is in the Hunterian the seventeenth century the anatomy lecture equalled in collection, Glasgow, and a photograph of which Dr. Payne attraction the play. Delivered in Latin, and interspersed has recently put in our library, we can bring to mind this here and there with English words and illustrations, there memorable occasion. We see the " Anatomy," one of the were probably more who saw than who comprehended, as six annually handed over to the College, on the table, the Sir Thomas Browne indicated to his son Edward when he prosector standing by the skeleton near at hand, and very lectured at Chirurgeons' Hall. probably on the wall the very Tabulae of dissection of the It is a fortunate, and perhaps unique, circum- arteries, veins, and nerves that hang above us to-day. But stance in bibliography that the manuscript of this the centre of attention is the lecturer-a small dark man, course of lecttires should have been preserved, and that wand in hand, with black piercing eyes, a quick vivacious we should be able to follow step by step the demonstra- manner, and with an ease and grace in demonstrating tion-a long and formidable procedure, as the whole which bespeaks the mastery of a subject studied for twenty anatomy of the thoracic organs was discussed. I dare say years with a devotion that we can describe as Hunterian. there was a prolonged break between the morning and the A Fellow of nine years' standing, there was still the salt of afternoon lecture " for a fine dinner," as Pepys described, youth in William Harvey when, not as we may suppose, when, on February 27th, 1663, he went with Harvey's without some trepidation, he faced his auditors on this pupil, Scarborough, to Chirurgeons' Hall and was used second day-a not uncritical audience, including many with "extraordinary great respect." Towards the close, men well versed in the knowledge of the time and many after discussing, in novel and modern terms, the sttucture who had heard all the best lecturers of Europe. and action of the heart, Harvey summed up in a few The President, Henry Atkins, after whose name in our sentences the conclusion of the matter. They stand as Register stands the mysterious word " Corb," had already follows in the Prelectiones (published by the College in had his full share of official lectures, less burdensome 1886): three hundred years ago than now. Let us hope the AW. H. constat per fabricam cordis'sanguinem lecture of the previous day had whetted his somewhat per pulmones in Aortam perpetuo jaded appetite. The Censors of the year formed an inter- transferri, as by two clacks of a John water bellows to rayse water esting group: Argent, a Cambridge man, a "great constat per ligaturam transitum sanguinis prop of the college," and often President, of whom but ab arteriis ad venas little seems known; Richard Palmer, also of Cambridge, unde perpetuum sanguinis motum and remembered now only for his connexion with Prince in circulo fiUri pulsu cordis. Henry's typhoid fever, as Dr. Norman Moore has told us; Probably few in the lecture hall appreciated the full Mathew Gwinne of Oxford, first Professor of Physic at meaning of these words, which to some must have seemed OCT. 27, 1906.1 HARVEIAN ORATION. TMxuDam, l o8 t

blot on the whole performance; while others, perhaps, Between the writing of the rough sketch in 1842 and the all with the feelings of the fishes after St. Anthony's appearance of theOrdqin of Species seventeen years well-known sermon: elapsed; and from the date of the joural notes, 1836, in which we have the first intimation of Darwin's theory, MMch delighted were they, more than twenty years. In Harvey's case this intellec- But preferred the old way, tual reticence, this hesitation to quit the peaceful returned to their homes wondering what he would say on haven,"vas he says, has cost us dear. Only a happy the morrow when the divine banquet of the brain " was accident gave us the De Geweratione, and the College can to be spread before them. never be too grateful to Sir George Ent for that Christmas One thing was certain-the lecture gave evidence of a visit, 1650,ms graphically described, and to which we owe skilled anatomist of remarkably wide experience and well one of the masterpieces of English medicine. How many versed in literature from Aristotle to Fabricius. While seventeenth-century treatises we could have spared to Harvey could agree with John Hunter-who states in a hiaveiad the Practice of Medicine conformable to his Thesis iMS. introductory lecture in the College library," I de- of the circulation of the blood! How instructive his pro- liver nothing I have not seen and observed myself,"-he spective Medical Observations would have been we can could not add with him," I am not a reader of books." gather from the remarkable series of cases scattered Nearly one hundredl references to some twenty authors through the manuscript notes and his published writings. occur in the manuscript of the thorax, or, as he calls it, His "Itreatise apart" on Eventilation or Respirationi the the" parlour"lecture. Medical Anatomsy, or Anatomy in its Application to Medicine, It is a great pity that we have no contemporary account as he says, " I also inited putting to press"; the work of the impression on such men as Mayerne or Reid of the "from observations in my possession"t on OrGans of new doctrines, for which we have the author's statement Motion in Animals-all of these, with the work on Genera- that they were taught annually and elaborated. So far as tion in Insects, and others mentioned by Dr. Merrett,5 the I know there is no reference to show that the lectures had then library keeper, 1667, were probably dispersed any immediate influence in the profession, or indeed that when those sons of Belial ransacked his chambers at the subject matter ever got beyond the circle of the Whitehall. College. We are not without a first-hand account by the 'Still the die is cast, and my trust is in the love of author of his reception: "These views as usual pleased truth and the candour that inheres in cultivated minds." some more, others less; some chid and calumniated me, With these words he consoles himself, knowing from and laid it-to me as a crime that I had dared to depart experience that the publication of even a portion of the from the precepts and opinions of all anatomists; others work, as in one place he calls the little book, would raise desired further explanation of the novelties." a tempest. Zachariah Wood in the preface to the English It is difficult for us to realize the mental attitude of the what of his contemporaries " edition, 1673, expresses many men who listened year by year as the turn of the Parlour must have felt,"Truly a bold man indeed, 0 disturber Lecture" came. Their opinions, no less firmly held than of the quiet of physicians! 0 seditious citizen of the is our positive knowledge, did not get much beyond: Physical Commonwealth! who first of all durst oppose an "The great dictator Hippocrates puts us in mind of it, opinion conformed for so many ages by the consent of Galen has a thousand times inculcated the same, the all." De Bach of Amsterdam describes the dilemma in prince of the Arabian tribe, Avicen, has set his seal unto which teachers found themselves:" This new thing I did it." This expresses their mental state, and such a heresy examine, which the first entrance did seem very easily to as a general circulation could scarcely be appreciated; be refuted, but being weighed in a just balance, and and in a man of such good parts as Harvey would in pity having added to reason my own ey-sight it was found be condoned, just as we overlook the mild intellectual inexpugnable, nay (the very prick of truth enforcing) to vagaries of our friends. be embraced with both arms. What should I doe? Must Bootless to ask, impossible to answer, is the question Hippocrates be left, Galen slighted? No, if we follow why Harvey delayed for twelve years the publication of the truth senced with reason and our sense, we are his views. He seems to have belonged to that interesting still Hippocrates his, we are still Galens " (English type of man, not uncommon in every age, who knows too edition, 1653). much to write. It is not a little remarkable that this The history of the next thirty years illustrates the reticence of learning has been a strong mental feature in truth of Locke's dictum in the struggle for acceptance. some of the greatest of discoverers. Perhaps it was the Not the least interesting part of the story. it should be motive of Copernicus, who so dreaded the prejudices of told at greater length and with more detail than it has mankind that for thirty years he is said to have detained yet received-more than I am able to give it. That the in his closet the Treatise of Revolutions. From what repeated demonstrations, aided by the strong personal Harvey says, very much the same reasons restrained the influence of the man, brought the College, as a body, to publication of his work. To the lesser circulation, with the new views is witnessed rather by the esteem and the authority of Galen and Columbus to support it, men affection the Fellows bore to him than by any direct " " will give their adhesion," but the general circulation is evidence. The appearance of the book in 1628 made of so novel and unheard-of character that I not only fear no great stir; it was not a literary sensation-a not injury to myself from the envy of a few, but I tremble lest uncommon fate of epoch-making works, the authors of I have mankind at large for my enemies, so much doth which are too far ahead of their contemporaries to be wont and custom, that has become as another nature, and appreciated. The same event happened to Newton's doctrine once sown and that hath struck deep root and Principia; as Sir William Petty remarks, "I have not rested from antiquity, influence all men." He felt, as he met with one man that put an extraordinary value on says to Riolan, that it was in some sort criminal to call in the book." question doctrines that had descended through a long Among Englishmen, Primrose alone, brought up among succession of ages and carry the authority of the ancients ; the strictest sect of the Galenists, and at the time not a but he appealed unto Nature that bowed to no antiquity Fellow-wrote a criticism from the old standpoint (1632), and was of still higher authority than the ancients. Men and remained unconvinced twelve years later, as his con- have been for years in conscious possession of some of the troversy with Regius shows. And only one special greatest of truths before venturing to publish them. Napier treatise in favour of the circulation was written in spent twenty years developing the theory of Logarithms, England-that of Sir George Ent, a pupil and friend of and Bacon kept the Novum Organum by him for twelve Harvey, who wrote (1641) specially against Parisanus, a years, and year by year touched it up-indeed, Rowley states Venetian, a foeman quite unworthy of his quill. In the that he saw twelve copies. Two other famous discoveries universities the new doctrine rapidly gained acceptance- by Englishmen have the same curious his'ory-the two in Cambridge through the influence of Glisson, while in which can alone be said to be greater than the demonstra- part to Harvey's work and influence may be attributed tion of the circulation of the blood. Zaehariah Wood that only too brief but golden renaissance of science at speaks of Harvey as the surmiser of the little world, to Oxford. A little incident mentioned in the auto- distinguish him from another Englishman who first went biographical notes of the celebrated Wallis shows how about the greater world. But a greater than both-Isaac the subject was taken up quite early in the universities: Newton-had grasped the secret of a cosmic circulation, "And I took into it the speculative part of physick and and brooded in silence over the motion of the spheres for anatomy as parts of natural philosophy, and, as Dr. more than twenty years before publishing the Principia. Glisson has since told me, I was the first of his sons who TM Ban= I I 083 KimicAL JotmxATJ THE GROWTH OF TRUTH. [OCT. 27, 1906- = I (in a public disputation) maintained the circulation of the tice of Physic, and so have been but little use to the blood, which was then a new doctrine, though I had no world, though, perhaps, of much honour to the authors.", design of practising physick." This was in the early It is pleasant to notice that our old friend, Sir Thomas "thirties." But the older views were very hard to dis- Browne, with his love of paradox, declared that he pre- place, and as late as 1651 we find such intelligent members ferred the circulation of the blood to the discovery of of the " invisible college " as Boyle and Petty carrying out America. experiments together in Ireland to satisfy themselves as Of the reception of Harvey's views in Holland and to the truth of the circulation of the blood. Germany there is nothing to add to the admirable account It took much longer for the new views to reach the given by Willis. The early and strenuous advocacy of textbooks of the day. From no work of the period does Descartes must have influenced the Dutch physicians; one get a better idea of the current anatomical and but in this, as in so many other things, the infection of physiological teaching in London than from Crooke's Body his early years proved too powerful, and he could not get of Man (1615 and 1631). Collected out of Vesalius, Plan- rid of the "ancient spirits." Of the discovery of the tinus, Platerius, Laurentius, Valverdatus, Bauchinus, and circulation he says7 it is "Ila plus belle et la plus utile que others, it is an epitome of their opinions, with the l'on put faire en medecine." " Toute A fait contraire au comments of the professor who read the anatomy lecture sien touchant le mouvement du coeur," which h;e held to to the Company of the Barber-Surgeons. In the preface be due to an ebullition of the spirits-a sort of ferment to the first edition he speaks of the contentment (espe'ce de levain) existing in it. Much more actively dis- and profit he had received from Dr. Davies's Lamleian cussed in Holland than elsewhere, the writings of Drake, Lectures at the College of Physicians. There is no indi- Walaeus, Regius, Plempius, Sylvius, de Bach, Conringius, cation in the second edition that he had benefited by the T. Bartholini (the Dane), and others threshed out the instruction of Dr. Davies's successor. Galen is followed whole question very thoroughly, and their views, with implicitly, with here and there minor deviations. The those of Hoffman, Slegel, and others, are referred to by views of Columbus on the Jesser circulation are mentioned Willis and given in greater detail by Riolan. only to be dismissed as superfluous and erroneous. The In the oft-quoted statement that Harvey, "conquering Gresham Professor of the day. Dr. Winston, makes no envy, hath established a new doctrine in his lifetime," mention of the new doctrine in his Anatomy Lectures, Hobbes was, right so far as England and Holland are con- which were published after his death, 1651, and are of cerned. But it was far otherwise in France, where it met special interest as showing that at so late a date a work with a bitter and protracted hostility. The Medical could be issued with the Galenical physiology unchanged. School of the University of Paris, at the time one of the In Alexander Reid's Manual, the popular textbook of the best-organized and most important in Europe, declined to day, the Harveian views are given in Dart in the fifth accept the circulation of the blood during his lifetime and edition, in which, as he says in the preface, " the book of for some years after his death. The history of the period the breast " is altogether new-an item of no little is pictured for us in vivid colours in that journal intime interest, since he was a man advanced in years, and, as he which Gui Patin kept up with his friends, Spohn and says, "the hourglass hasteneth, and but a few sands Falkeonet of Lyons and the Belins (pere et fils). With remain unrun." IHighmore. the distinguished Doreetshire all his faults, particularly his scandalous lack of charity, anatomist, and a pupil of Harvey, in his well-known one cannot but feel the keenest sympathy with this Anatomy published in 1651, gives the ablest exposition of dear old man. Devoted to his saints, Hippocrates his master's views that had appeared in any systematic and Galen, Fernel and Duret, and to his teachers, work of the period, and he urges his readers to study the PiAtre and Riolan, to him the circulation of the blood wVs De Motu Cordis as "fontem ipsum" from which to get never more than an ingenious paradox. To such a lover clearer knowledge. He quotes an appropriate motto for of books and of good literature everything can be forgiven, the period-laudamus veteres: sed nostris utimur annis. and in his letters we follow with deepest interest his But even so late as 1671 the old views were maintained in vigorous campaign against his dear enemies, the Culisiniers the English edition of Riolan. And yet the knowledge of Arabesques, who had enslaved people and physicians alike, Harvey's views must have spread broadcast, not only in the haemophobies, the chemists, the astrologers and the the profession, but in that large outside circle of distin- stibiate, or as he calls it, the Stygiate group. To him the guished men who felt the new spirit of science working in Koran was less dangerous than the works of Paracelsus, their veins. From converse or from the Lumleian lec- the appearance of the new Geneva edition of which he tures, which no doubt he often attended, Kenelm deeply deplores. Reverence for Galen and friendship with Digby must have had the information about Riolan, rather than any deep interest in the question, Harvey's views on generation, as at the date inspired his opposition. To him the new doctrine was of the issue of his Two Treatises, 1644, they had ridiculous, and it was he who called the partisans of it not been published anywhere. While he knew well circulateurs in allusion to the Latin word, circulator, the motion of the blood as expounded by Harvey, and meaning charlatan. In 1652 he writes to Spohn that the having, in making his great antidote, studied the action of question is still open whether the blood passes through the viper's heart, Digby, like Descartes, could not eman- the septum of the heart or through the lungs. In 1659 cipate himself from the old views, as shown in the follow- he promises to send him a work of Vinean against the ing passage: "But if you desire to follow the blood all circulation. More extraordinary still is the fact that as along every steppe, in its progresse from the hart round late as 1670, twelve years after Harvey's death, the thesis about the body, till it returne back againe to its center, of one Cordelle, a bachelor of medicine, publicly discussed Doctor Harvey, who most acutely teacheth this doctrine, the circulation of the blood, and Gui Patin, who presided, must be your guide. He will show you how it issueth decided in the negative. The fiction of an ingenious from the hart by the arteries: from whence it goeth on narrator, le doux songe of Harvey, are the terms in which warming the flesh, untill it arrive to some of the extremi- he speaks of it. The whole passage is worth quoting as ties of the body: and by then it is grown so coole (by long possibly the last public denouncement of what seemed a absence from the fountaine of its heate ; and by evapo- rank heresy to the old Galenists: " Supposer que le sang rating its owne stocke of spirits, without any new supply) se meut toujours circulairement, que de la veine cava that it hath need of being warmed anew; it findeth itself ascendante il tombe dans l'oreillette droit du coeur, que de returned backe againe to the hart, and is there heated IA il aille traverser tout la substance du poumon pour againe, which returne is made by the veines, as its going retomber de Ih dans l'oreillette gauche en passant par la forwardes is performed only by the arteries." veine pulmonaire, et qu'enfin de ]A il soit projet6 dans Sir William Temple well expresses the attitude of mind l'aorte et toutes les arteres qui le feront passer dans les of the intellectual Philistine of the time, who looked for veines, et dans le coeur, lui faisant par ce moyen suivre immediate results. Speaking of the work of Harvey and un circuit, voilahe doux songe de Harvey, la fiction d'un of Copernicus he says: " Whether either of these be narrateur ingdnieux, mais nullement prouv6e par modern discoveries or derived from old foundations is l'6vidence. La circulation du sang, son transport circu- disputed; nay, it is so too, whether they are true or no; laire par les vaisseaux, c'est l'enfantement d'un esprit for though reason may seem to favour them more than the oisif, un vrai nuage qu'embrassent les Ixions pour contrary opinions, yet sense can hardly allow them, and procr6er les Centaures et les monstres."8 to satisfy pmankind both these must concur. But if they* As I said, we can forgive a great deal to the man who are true, yet these two great discoveries have made no has left us such a picture of seventeenth-century life, change in the conclusions of Astronomy nor in the prac- drawn, all unconsciously, with a master hand; and IOCT. 27, Ig0o. HARVEIAN ORATION. Jovuom °Az = [rDI through the mists of prejudice and hate we can recognize the men of the Alexandrian school nor the brilliant the good sense which had the eourage to protest against labours of the most encylopaedic mind that has ever the forfanterie Arabesque et b6zoardesque in much of the been given to medicine sufficed to replenish them. therapeutics of the day. Fortunately, here and there amid the embers of the Though a professor in the Paris Faculty and a brilliant Middle Ages glowed the coals from which we have lecturer, Patin at that time did not occupy such a distin- lighted the fires of modern progress. The special dis- guished position, nor was his opposition of such impor- tinction which divides modern from ancient science is its tance as that of Riolan-" John Riolan, the Son, the most fraitful application to human needs-not that this was experienced Physician in the Universitie of Paris, the unknown to the Greeks; but the practical recognition of Prince of 'Dissection of Bodies, and the King's professor, the laws of life and matter has in the past century re- and Dean of Anatomie and of the knowledge of simples, made the world. In making knowledge effective we have chief physician to the queen-motlher of Louis XIII "-as succeeded where our masters failed. But this last and he is quaintly, but very truly, described by Harvey.9 final stage, always of slow and painful consummation, is Brought up by his father to regard Hippocrates and Galen evolved directly from truths which cannot be translated as the sources of all wisdom, the intensity of his zeal into terms intelligible to ordinary minds. Newton's great increased with his years until at last " to see the physic work influenced neither the morals nor the manners of his of Galen kept in good repair " became the passion of his age, nor was there any immediate tangible benefit that life. The deep pity of it all is that such mental blindness could be explained to the edification or appreciation of the should have stricken a really great man, for he was a " ordinary man" of his day; yet it set forward at a bound brilliant anatomist and teacher, the author of the best the human mind, as did such truths as were proclaimed anatomical textbook of its day, a man of affairs, pro- by Copernicus, by Kepler, by Darwin, and. others. In a foundly versed in literature, a successful practitioner, and less conspicuous manner Harvey's triumph was on the for years the head of the profession in France. same high plane. There was nothing in it which could be The opposition of such a man was serious, and natu- converted immediately into practical benefit, nothing that rally had a profound influence. Not content with ths even the Sydenhams of his day could take hold of and comparatively brief statement in the Encheiridion, 1648, use. Not so much really in the demonstration of the fact Riolan published in England the following year his of the circulation as in the demonstration of the method Op4scula Anatomica nova, one very large section of which -the inventum mirabile sought for by Descartes, the is taken up with the problem of circulation. It was this Novum Organum of Bacon-lies the true merit of Harvey's probably as much as a present of the Encheiridion that work. While Bacon was thinking, Harvey was acting; induced Harvey to break his long silence and to reply. and before Descartes had left his happy school at After a report of a discussion upon a thesis in 1645 and a le Fleche Harvey was using le nouvelle m6thode; and it is statement of objections, a most interesting discussion in this way that the De Motu Cordis marks the break of the follows of the literature, in which the opinions of various modern spirit with the old traditions. No longer were writers are examined, particularly those of Cartesius, men to rest content with careful observation and with Conringius, Wallaeus, and Plempius. accurate description; no longer were men to be content It ig quite possible that the second Disquisition of Harvey with finely-spun theories and dreams, which " serve as a to Riolan, published with the first in duodecimo form at common subterfuge of ignorance"; but here for the first Cambridge in 1649, was brought out by Riolan's latter time a great physiological problem was approached fromn publication, though it is not directly referred to. Little the experimental side by a man with a modern scientific did Harvey appreciate that his old friend was both blind mind, who could weigh evidence and not go beyond it, and deaf-incapable of seeing obvious facts. It was not a and who had the sense to let the conclusions emerge question of being conversant with anatomy or of having naturally but firmly from the observations. To the age had experience, on both of which points Harvey dwells at of the hearer, in which men had heard, and heard only, length. Riolan knew his anatomy as well as, or better had succeeded the age of the eye, in which men had seen than, any man of his generation. It was not that he and had been content only to see. But at last came the would not-but that he could not-see the truth which was age bf the hand-the thinking, devising, planning hand; staring him in the face. As Raynaud'0 mentions, an the hand as an instrument of the mind, now reintroduced occasional thesis (Fagon, 1663; Mattol, 1665) supporting into the world in a modest little monograph of seventy- the circulation did slip through the Faculty; but the two pages, from which we may date the beginning of official recognition in France did not come until 1673, experimental medicine. when Louis XIV founded a special Chair of Anatomy at No great discovery in science is ever without a corre- the Jardin des Plantes for the propagation of the new sponding influence on medical thought, not always evident discoveries. at first, and apt to be characteriSed by the usual vagaries The satire of Moli6re and the A-ret Burlesque of associated with human effort. Very marked in each genera- Boileau completed the disoomfiture of the "anticircula. tion has been the change wrought in the conceptions of teurs," but it had taken nearly half a century to overcome disease and in its treatment by epoch-making discoveries the opposition of those who saw in the new doctrines the as to the functions of the body. We ourselves are complete destruction of the.ancient system of medicine. deeply involved to-day in toxins and antitoxins, in opsonins, tulases, and extracts as a direct result of the IV. researches in bacteriology and in internal secretion. Even when full grown in the conscious stage Truth There were sanguine souls in Harvey's day, who lamented may remain sterile without influence or progress upon any with Floyer that the discovery had not brought great and aspects of human activity. One of the most remarkable general innovations into the whole practice of physic. But of phenomena in mental biography is the failure of the had the old Lichfield physician lived he would have seen Greeks to succeed after giving the world such a glorious the rise of a school based directly upon the studies of start. They had every essential for permanent success: Harvey and Sanctorius, the brilliant reasonings of scientific imagination, keen powers of observation; and Descartes and the works of Bellini and Borelli. The if in the days of Hippocrates the mathematical method mechanical school rose in its pride on solid foundations of interrogating Nature prevailed rather than the experi- which appealed to practical men with singular force. mental, Galen carried the latter to a degree of perfection Very soon that " beatific epitome of creation," man, never again reached until the time of Harvey. Only was " marked out like a spot of earth or a piece of when placed in its true position in relation to Greek timber with rules and compasses," and the medical ter- religion and philosophy, as has been done so skillfully minology of the day became unintelligible to the older by Gomperz,* do we realize the immensity of the debt practitioners who could make nothing of the " wheels and we owe to those " our young light-hearted masters." pulley, wedges, levers, screws, cords, canals and cisterns, And Gomperz makes clear the nature of the debt of sieves and strainers," and they cracked their jokes on Greek thought to the practical sense of the physicians. "angles, cylinders, celerity, percussion, resistance, and But alas! upon the fires they kindled were poured the such-like terms which they said had no more to do with dust and ashes of contending philosophies, and neither]iphysic on the human body than a carpenter has in making I I * The three volumes of his Greek Thinkers, now in English dress, Venice treacle or caring a fever." Once accepted, men should be studied by every young man who wishes to get at the Ihad a feeling that so important a discovery mu3t foundations of philosophy. The picturesque style of Professor change Gomperz and his strong sympathy with science add greatly to the aall the usual conceptions of disease. As has been said interest of the work. Ibefore, Harvey tells that he had in preparation a Practice IO84 M{XTDICA A ] B°r HOSPITAL TREATMENT OF CURABLE INSANITY. [OCT. 27, [906. of Medicine conformable to his Thesis of the Circulation of can appreciate how much was resisted in those days when the Blood, and it soon became customary to put in the title tongue and pen were free. Over and over again he must pages of works some reference to the new doctrine. Even have restrained himself as he did in the controversy withl Riolan's Opuscula Anatomica makes an allusion to it. Riolan, of whom, for the sake of old friendship, he could Walaeus, a keen defender of Harvey, published in 1660 a not find it in his heart to say anything severe. To-day his little compendium of practice ad circulationem sanguinis commands are easier to follow, when the deepened adornata, but there is nothing in it to suggest any radical courtesies of life have made us all more tolerant of those change in treatment. Rolfinck's Dissertationes Anatomtcae, small weaknesses, inherent in our nature, which give 1650, embracing the older and more recent views in diversity to character without necessarily marring it. To medicine are ad circulationem accommodatae, and even as no man does the right spirit in these matters come by late as 1690 the well-known anatomy of Dionis wassuivant nature, and I would urge upon our younger Fellows and la circulation. With the loss of his work on the Practice of Members, weighing well these winged words, to emulate Medicine it is impossible to say whether Harvey's own our. great exemplar, whose work shed such lustre upon practice was modified in any way. To part from the British Medicine, and whom we honour in this College not spirits and humours must have left his attitude of mind less for the scientific method which he inculcated thati for very sceptical, and that his "therapeutic way" was not the admirable virtues of his character. admired (as Aubrey tells us) speaks for a change which REFRENCES. may have set many against him. More important than l Syphilis. Englished by E. Tate,. 1686. 2 Italian Renaissance !n any influence upon treatment was the irresistible Entglaud, Einstein. Macmillan. 1902. 3 Willis's Harvey, pp. 21-22. change 4 Copy in Bodleian Library. 5 Munk, Roil of the College, vol. i, p. 132. in the conceptions of disease caused by destruction of the 6 Works, 1814, vol. iii, p. 293. 7 Cousins's edition, vol. ix. p. 159. doctrine of spirits and humours, which had prevailed 8 Gui Patin, par F6lix Larrieu. 9 Title-page of English edition of the from the days of Hippocrates. While Harvey, as he says, Letter. 10 Les M6ddecinc au Temps de &oliere, 1863. had in places to use the language of physiology, that is, the language of the day, he makes it very clear, particularly in the second letter to Riolan, that he will have none of the old doctrine to which the De Motu Cordig dealt the death blow. ON THE But the moving hand reminds your orator, Mr. Presi- HOSPITAL TREATMENT OF CU RABLE dent, of a bounden duty laid upon him by our great Dictator to commemorate on this occasion by name all of CASES OF MENTAL DISORDER. to ourbenefactors; urge others to follow theirexample; DELIVERED BEFORE THE SOUTH-WEST WALES DIVISION OF to exhort the Fellows and Members to study out the secrets ASSOCIATION. of Nature by way of experiment; and, lastly, for the THE BRITISH MEDICAL honour of the profession, to continue in love and affection By EDWIN GOODALL, M.D.LoND., B.S., F.R.C.PR, among ourselves. No greater tribute to Harvey exists MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT, CARDIFF CITY ASYLUM; CHAIRMAN than in these simple sentences in which he established OF THU DIVISION. this lectureship, breathing as they do the very spirit of the man, and revealing to us his heart of hearts. Doubt- THE following remarks bear upon the question of the less, no one more than he rejoices that our benefactors general treatment of the insane. Many of the general have now become so numerous as to nullify the first public conceive the medical superintendent of an asylum injunction; and the best one can do is to give a general for the insane as a being of indefinite status, a kind of expression of our thanks, and to mention here and there, cross between a head gaoler and a workhouse master,; as I have done, the more notable among them. But this is a hawk-eyed person, withal, able to recognize a lunatic at not enough. While we are praising famous men, honoured a glance; to that extent to be respected, but beyond that in their day and still the glory of this College, the to be suspected. To the medical profession at large he touching words of the son of Sirach remind us: " Some appears, I think, as a glorified custodian, with certain of there be that have no memory, who are perished as though the attributes and qualifications of farm bailiff, -steward, they had never been, and are become as though they had and overseer; sadly in need, however, of post-graduate never been born." Such renown as they had, time has instruction. Misce,fiat miastura. The result is the asylum blotted out; and on them the iniquity of oblivion has medical superintendent, or what the Lunacy Act grace- blindly scattered her poppy. A few are embalmed in the fully describes as the "Manager of an Institution for biographical dictionaries; a few are dragged to light every Lunatics." There was a time, no doubt, when he, too, year at Sotheby's, or the memory is stirred to reminiscence wrote prescriptions, even as many in their youth foolishly as one takes down an old volume from our shelves. But wrote poetry. for the immense majority on the long roll of our Fellows- I am forced to admit that for this unhappy conception names! names! names !-nothing more; a catalogue as grounds undoubtedly exist in my opinion, but I shall here dry and meaningless as that of the ships, or as the say no more on this topic, beyond remarking that, if in genealogy of David in the Book of Chronicles. Even the our British asylums the administrator takes precedence of dignity of the Presidential chair does not suffice to float the scientific physician, the cause is inherent, in my a man down the few centuries that have passed since belief, in the national aptitude for administration, the the foundation of the College. Who was Richard Forster? national admiration for the "practical" man, and. the Who was Henry Atkins? Perhaps two or three among us national failure to appreciate the importance of scientific could tell at once. And yet by these men the continuity ideas, and indifference towards the trained scientific and organic life of the College has been carried on, and in worker, unless and until he has produced something which maintaining its honour, and furthering its welfare, each is dividend-producing. one in his day was a benefactor, whose memory it is our But whilst I hope to call your attention to a better way duty, as well as our pleasure, to recall. Much of the of dealing with curable cases of insanity than at present nobility of the profession depends upon this great cloud obtains in this country, I would fain have you admit of witnesses, who pass into the silent land-pass, and that even under existing circumstances our work is leave no sign, becoming as though they had never been remedial and not merely custodial. Thus, taking the born. And it was the pathos of this fate, not less pathetic average for the ten years ending 1904, the Blue 'Book because common to all but a few, that wrung from the shows that the proportions per cent. of recoveries to poet that sadly true comparison of the race of man to the admissions was 37.27 for county and borough asylums, race of leaves ! 47;60 for registered hospitals for the insane, and 34.72 and The story of Harvey's life, and a knowledge of the 38.58 respectively for metropolitan and provincial licensed method of his work, should be the best stimulus to the houses (private asyltms). -When it is remembered that Fellows and Members to carry out the second and third of county and borough asylums have to receive all cases sent his commands; and the final one, to continue in love and to them, curable or incurable, their results cannot be affection among ourselves, should not be difficult to called unsatisfactory. To compare them with those of realize. Sorely tried as lie must have been, and naturally general hospitals would be unfair; the comparison should testy, only once in his writings, so far as I havre read, does rather be with the registered hospitals, which are subject the old Adam break out. With his temperament, and with to no such compulsion, but deal imainly with cases such provocation, this is an unexampled record, andone favourable for treatment.