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Microchip Drug Delivery New Era of Drug Delivery System Debjit Bhowmik

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Microchip Drug Delivery New Era of Drug Delivery System Debjit Bhowmik 13925 Debjit Bhowmik/ Elixir Pharmacy 57 (2013) 13925-13929 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Pharmacy Elixir Pharmacy 57 (2013) 13925-13929 Microchip drug delivery new Era of drug delivery system Debjit Bhowmik ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Microchip drug delivery system is the most wonderful system of delivering the drug for a Received: 1 October 2012; great span of time without the intervention of the patient to whom it is fixed. it consists of Received in revised form: varied number of sockets containing drug (generally ranging from 50-300) which release the 21 March 2013; drug at the fixed intervals each at a time. Microchips has developed its core technology for Accepted: 27 March 2013; drug delivery by hermetically sealing small quantities of drug in the microreservoirs, and releasing that drug on schedule or demand. In drug delivery, there are several fundamental Keywords challenges: Long-term storage and protection of the compound, Appropriate delivery (i.e., Microchip, timing and pharmacokinetics), Release of precise amounts of a compound at desired interval Delivery, Compliance to prescribed therapy. A microchip system has the ability to store a large System. number of drugs or chemicals, control the time at which release begins, and control the rate at which the chemicals are released. Drug delivery device is capable of controlled, pulsatile or continuous release of a wide variety of drugs that can be safely implanted inside the body. The microchip could be integrated with a tiny power supply and controlled by a microprocessor, remote control , or biosensors. © 2013 Elixir All rights reserved. Introduction aforementioned devices that attempt to controldrug release rate Much Research has been going to find ideal system for drug (i.e. electro-mechanical or polymer systems). The microchip can delivey within body. Drug delivery is very important aspect of be created by general micro fabrication techniques and can also medical treatment. It is great advantage to find drug delivery be self-contained, which eliminates the need forpatient or doctor device that is capable of controlled,or continous release of wide intervention. The proposed device described(assuming one dose variety of drug. Polymeric device provide control release of drug per day) can last over a year; however, the delivery abilities do over a period of time. The problem with this device sometime depend on patient need. The microchip delivery system consists polymer degrade too fast in body. Microchip are provided, of a substrate containing multiple reservoirs which are capable which control both the rate and the time release of molecule. of holding chemicals in the solid, liquid, or gel form. Each This allows release of wide variety of molecule in either reservoir is capped with a conductive membrane and wired with continues or pulsatile manner. The device consist of substrate the final circuitry. This is controlled by a microprocessor. The containing multiple reservoir is capped with conductive central processor should be able to control electrically the exact membrane (gold) and wired with final circuitry controlled by time of release and the amount of drugs dispersed by controlling microprocessor. Reservoir are etched into substrate using either the dissolution of the gold membrane .The design of a release chemical etching or ion beam etching techniques. Hundreds to system depends on the treatment required by the patient whether thousands reservoirs can be fabricated on a single microchip it is a continuous or pulsed release. Drug delivery can be using microfabrication .The molecule to be delivered are achieved by a passive or active release system. In the passive inserted into reservoir by injection. The reservoir can contain system, the drugs diffuse through a membrane or enter the body multiple drug or other molecule in variable dosages. The filled by the degradation of the substrate. In the Active systems are reservoirs can be capped with material that degrade or allow the triggered by a microprocessor and they are preferred due to a molecule to diffuse out of reservoir over time or materials that more predictable release profile. The exact time release and oxidize and dissolve upon application of electric current. amounts of drugs can then be controlled. Much research has Release from an active device can be controlled by a been ongoing in the quest to find an ideal system for drug preprogrammed microprocessor. It is used in diabetes, delivery within the human body. Drug delivery is a very Parkinson’s disease, congestive heart failure, anti coagulation. important aspect of medical treatment. The effectiveness of The development and success of drug discovery iscrucially many drugs is directly related to the way in which they are dependent on available technologies. In key areas of administered. Unfortunately, this can make it very difficult to drugdiscovery, such as chemical syntheses, screening of select the proper drug delivery system. Some therapies require compoundsand preclinical testing of drugs in living cells, that the drug be repeatedly administered to the patient over a microfluidic tools can make a useful contribution, and indeed long period of time, or in specific amounts at a time in order to represent animprovement on existing technologies. The maximize drug effectiveness. In many cases, patients often designedmicrochip fordrug delivery allows for storage and forget, are unwilling, or are unable to take their medication. dependable controlled releaseof multiple drugs. This device is Furthermore, some drugs are too potent for systemic drug less complex and much moredependable than the delivery and may cause more harm than good. Therefore, it is of Tele: E-mail addresses: [email protected] © 2013 Elixir All rights reserved 13926 Debjit Bhowmik/ Elixir Pharmacy 57 (2013) 13925-13929 a great advantage to find a drug delivery device that is capable they received teriparatide (FORTEO) either via the implant or of controlled, pulsatile or continuous release of a wide variety of via injections, Robert Farra, PhD, and colleagues reported drugs and other therapeutics that can be safely implanted inside in Science Translational Medicine. Farra is president of the body. Biocompatability, material reliability, method of drug Waltham, Mass.-based MicroChips, which developed the release, and processibility, are only a few of the many device."The key advantage is that it can free patients from the significant factors that need to be considered in creating a burden of managing their own disease on a daily basis, and it successful and effective drug delivery system of this type. can ensure compliance," Farra told MedPage Today .Several Some drug delivery systems already exist that attempt to control researchers said the device is promising and the technology the release rate of drugs. One such system includes polymeric compelling, but pointed out that it's still years away from devices that have been designed to provide drug release over a clinical use. Mansoor Amiji, PhD, RPh, of Northeastern period of time via diffusion of the drug out of the polymer University, who wasn't involved in the work, said regulatory and/or degradation of the polymer 7. This system, however, is approval could pose a challenge -- especially since there are too simple to have the ability to precisely control the amount or other treatments for osteoporosis already available on the rate of drug released. In some cases, the polymer degrades too market.The chip also would have to gain FDA approval as both fast because of unexpected environmental conditions within the a drug and a device, Amiji said, which could take far beyond the body (i.e. in the presence of enzymes that increase the four years that the study authors currently estimate for market degradation rates of biodegradable polymers). Other devices are availability.If the chip were used to treat a disease that would ones that are electromechanically driven and include features give it orphan drug status, however, it could be approved much such as inlet and outlet valves and/or micropumps to dispense quicker, he added. The tiny chip used in the study contains 20 medication into the body 8. These devices include miniature micro-reservoirs that hold individual doses, and each is power-driven mechanical parts that are required to either retract, hermetically sealed to preserve the drug. A dose is released dispense, or pump in order to deliver drugs in the body. These when an electrical signal -- which can be pre-programmed or devices, however, are complicated and are subject to breakdown initiated wirelessly -- melts the metallic membrane covering the (i.e. fatigue or fracture). Furthermore, due to complexity and reservoir, releasing the drug.Farra said the chip sits on the size restrictions, they are unsuitable to deliver more than a few surface of another device that contains control and drugs or drug mixtures at a time. communications electronics, and is altogether the size of a USB Microchips and controlled-release drug reservoirs flash memory stick. It's implanted in the subcutaneous space of This review summarizes and updates the development of the abdomen, just below the waistline, in a procedure that can be implantable microchip-containing devices that control dosing done in a half hour at a clinician's office under local anesthesia. from drug reservoirs integrated with the devices. As the expense Other implantable devices, such as the buprenorphine and risk of new drug development continues to increase, pump Probuphine, deliver a continuous dose of drug; in contrast, technologies that make the best use of existing therapeutics may Farra said, his company's microchip can instead release a precise add significant value. Trends of future medical care that may dose at a specific time.The aim of implantable devices is to require advanced drug delivery systems include individualized improve compliance by making it easier for patients to take therapy and the capability to automate drug delivery.
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