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The Eurasian Agenda: the International Relations of Kyrgyzstan

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The Eurasian Agenda: the International Relations of Kyrgyzstan The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Master's Theses Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects Fall 12-19-2016 The urE asian Agenda: The nI ternational Relations of Kyrgyzstan Azamat Baiyzbekov University of San Francisco, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/thes Part of the Asian Studies Commons, Political History Commons, Russian Literature Commons, Social History Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Baiyzbekov, Azamat, "The urE asian Agenda: The nI ternational Relations of Kyrgyzstan" (2016). Master's Theses. 214. https://repository.usfca.edu/thes/214 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, Capstones and Projects at USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EURASIAN AGENDA: THE INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS OF KYRGYZSTAN AZAMAT BAIYZBEKOV UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO NOVEMBER 2016 MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL STUDIES THE EURASIAN AGENDA: THE INTERNATIOANAL RELATIONS OF KYRGYZSTAN In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS In INTERNATIONAL STUDIES By AZAMAT BAIYZBEKOV November 23, 2016 UNIVERSITY OF SAN FRANCISCO Under the guidance and approval of the committee, and approval by all the members, this thesis project has been accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree. APPROVED: ________________________________ ____________________ Advisor Date ________________________________ ____________________ Academic Director Date i Abstract The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the emergence of the newly independent states in Central Asia are among the most important historical events of the 20th century. As one of these newly independent and sovereign state, Kyrgyzstan found itself in the sphere of the geopolitical rivalry among the Great Powers, such as the U.S., Russia, and China. Even though a relatively small and militarily weak state, Kyrgyzstan came to play an important role in their Eurasian agenda. In this thesis, I examine in detail the international relations of Kyrgyzstan with all its neighboring states, but focus extensively on Russia. I analyze the relation between Kyrgyzstan and Russia in the framework of the ideology of Eurasianism. As a counterpoint to the Russian influence, I also chronicle the relations between Kyrgyzstan and the U.S. and the mechanisms of the "soft power" used by the latter. I consult the relevant academic literature in both English and Russian language in order to be able to present a more complete picture. My hope is that this thesis will deepen the understanding of the geopolitical dynamics in Central Asia and provoke more interest for this region of the world. ii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: .................................................................................................................................. v Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 Kyrgyzstan ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 Basics of Kyrgyz History................................................................................................................................. 6 Independent Kyrgyzstan ............................................................................................................................... 9 The Ethnic Factor in Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................................................. 12 The Perspectives of Kyrgyzstan's Political Development ............................................................................ 14 Chapter 2 ..................................................................................................................................................... 18 What is Eurasianism? .................................................................................................................................. 18 Eurasianism and the Russian Foreign Policy ............................................................................................... 22 Russia and Kyrgyzstan ................................................................................................................................. 24 Chapter 3 ................................................................................................................................................. 32 United States and Central Asia ............................................................................................................... 32 United States and Kyrgyzstan ..................................................................................................................... 33 The Central Asian Energy Resources ........................................................................................................... 36 The Presence of the U.S. Soft Power in Kyrgyzstan .................................................................................... 37 The U.S. Financial Aid to Kyrgyzstan ........................................................................................................... 39 The Case of Azimjan Askarov and the Worsening of the Kyrgyz-U.S. Relations ......................................... 40 Chapter 4 ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 Relations between Kyrgyzstan and the Neighboring States ....................................................................... 42 China-Kyrgyzstan Relations ......................................................................................................................... 42 Iran-Central Asia/Kyrgyzstan Relations ....................................................................................................... 46 Turkey-Kyrgyzstan Relations ....................................................................................................................... 47 European Union-Kyrgyzstan Relations ........................................................................................................ 50 Chapter 5 ..................................................................................................................................................... 53 What Will the Future Bring? ....................................................................................................................... 53 The Future of the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU)..................................................................................... 53 The EEU Relations with China ..................................................................................................................... 55 The Future of the U.S.-Kyrgyzstan Relations .............................................................................................. 57 iii The Future of the Russia-Kyrgyzstan Relations ........................................................................................... 59 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................................................ 65 iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: There are many great people, who have made this journey possible. I was very lucky and fortunate to write my graduate thesis under the supervision of Professor Filip Kovacevic. It has been an enjoyable and motivating experience to write my thesis, work with from Professor Kovacevic under his supportive guidance and gain so much knowledge about Eurasia. I am greatly thankful for Professor’s time and enthusiasm to work with me on this particular topic. I also thank all my friends in Kyrgyzstan and United States for their great support. I would like to thank the University of San Francisco for the institutional support and academic liberty. There are many professors at the department of International Studies to whom I express my gratitude for their effort to teach and help succeed the students. Special thanks go to Professor Lucia Cantero, Lindsay Gifford, Susana Kaiser and Dorothy Kidd. I also thank the graduate administrative director for the MAIS program Christie Meno for her big support and assistance. Finally, I am sincerely grateful to my incredible family. I would like thank my mother and father for being my true motivation and for great support that they are providing for me. I always feel their love and encouragement. v 1 Introduction The research question in this thesis deals with the international relations of Kyrgyzstan. It focuses extensively on the foreign policies
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