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Mathematics in African History and Cultures
Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar MATHEMATICS IN AFRICAN HISTORY AND CULTURES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY African Mathematical Union Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA) Mathematics in African History and Cultures Second edition, 2007 First edition: African Mathematical Union, Cape Town, South Africa, 2004 ISBN: 978-1-4303-1537-7 Published by Lulu. Copyright © 2007 by Paulus Gerdes & Ahmed Djebbar Authors Paulus Gerdes Research Centre for Mathematics, Culture and Education, C.P. 915, Maputo, Mozambique E-mail: [email protected] Ahmed Djebbar Département de mathématiques, Bt. M 2, Université de Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve D’Asq Cedex, France E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Cover design inspired by a pattern on a mat woven in the 19th century by a Yombe woman from the Lower Congo area (Cf. GER-04b, p. 96). 2 Table of contents page Preface by the President of the African 7 Mathematical Union (Prof. Jan Persens) Introduction 9 Introduction to the new edition 14 Bibliography A 15 B 43 C 65 D 77 E 105 F 115 G 121 H 162 I 173 J 179 K 182 L 194 M 207 N 223 O 228 P 234 R 241 S 252 T 274 U 281 V 283 3 Mathematics in African History and Cultures page W 290 Y 296 Z 298 Appendices 1 On mathematicians of African descent / 307 Diaspora 2 Publications by Africans on the History of 313 Mathematics outside Africa (including reviews of these publications) 3 On Time-reckoning and Astronomy in 317 African History and Cultures 4 String figures in Africa 338 5 Examples of other Mathematical Books and 343 -
OUT of AFRICA: Byting Down on Wildlife Cybercrime CONTENTS
OUT OF AFRICA: Byting Down on Wildlife Cybercrime CONTENTS 1 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 2 | BACKGROUND 4 3 | RESEARCHING ONLINE WILDLIFE TRADE IN AFRICA 5 4 | KEY RESULTS AT A GLANCE 7 5 | METHODOLOGY 9 6 | CITES AND WILDLIFE CYBERCRIME 10 7 | OUR PARTNERS 11 8 | INTERNET USE IN AFRICA 13 9 | SUMMARY RESULTS 14 10 | RESULTS BY COUNTRY 19 SOUTH AFRICA • NIGERIA • IVORY COAST • KENYA • TANZANIA • UGANDA • ETHIOPIA 11 | CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 29 1 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW) This research is part of a broader project to has been researching the threat that online wildlife address wildlife cybercrime in Africa, funded by the trade poses to endangered species since 2004. During US government’s Department of State’s Bureau of that time, our research in over 25 countries around International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs the globe has revealed the vast scale of trade in wildlife (INL). The wider project included researching trade in and their parts and products on the world’s largest elephant, rhino and tiger products over the 'Darknet'; marketplace, the Internet - a market that is open for providing training on investigating wildlife cybercrime business 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. to enforcers in South Africa and Kenya; ensuring policy Whilst legal trade exists in respect of many species makers addressed the threat of wildlife cybercrime of wildlife, online platforms can provide easy opportunities through adopting Decision 17.92 entitled Combatting for criminal activities. Trade over the Internet is often Wildlife Cybercrime at the CoP17 of the Convention largely unregulated and anonymous, often with little to on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild no monitoring or enforcement action being taken against Fauna and Flora (CITES) in Johannesburg 2016; carrying wildlife cybercriminals. -
Virtual Seminar on Social Infrastructure: Financing and Use of Digital Technologies
Virtual Seminar on Social Infrastructure: Financing and Use of Digital Technologies Participants’ Biographies 1. Inaugural Session Mr. Ajay Seth, Alternate Governor of NDB, Secretary (EA) of the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance of India Mr. Seth is a member of Indian Administrative Service with most of his professional experience in the domains of public finance, social sector administration, urban transport and infrastructure dealing with matters concerning public expenditure, tax policy and administration, budget, accounts, project appraisal, foreign investments, bilateral and multilateral financial cooperation, development financing, public-private-partnerships, school education, health, urban transport and infrastructure. Out of his career of 33 years, he has been in the public finance and taxation domains for 18 years and in the social sector and urban transport & infrastructure domains for almost 3 years each in different positions in the Government of India, Government of Karnataka and the Asian Development Bank. He is a recipient of the Prime Minister’s Award for Excellence in Public Administration in 2013, being a member of the team for “transformation of commercial tax administration in Karnataka”. University of Roorkee and Ateneo de Manila University are his alma maters. He assumed the position of Secretary- EA on April 15, 2021. Mr. Marcos Troyjo, President, New Development Bank Prior to his appointment as President of the NDB, Mr. Marcos Troyjo pursued a successful multi-layered career in government, business, academia and the public debate on economic development. He recently served as Brazil’s Deputy Economy Minister and Special Secretary for Foreign Trade and International Affairs and represented the Brazilian Government on the boards of multilateral development institutions. -
SVP's Letter to Editors of Journals and Publishers on Burmese Amber And
Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 7918 Jones Branch Drive, Suite 300 McLean, VA 22102 USA Phone: (301) 634-7024 Email: [email protected] Web: www.vertpaleo.org FEIN: 06-0906643 April 21, 2020 Subject: Fossils from conflict zones and reproducibility of fossil-based scientific data Dear Editors, We are writing you today to promote the awareness of a couple of troubling matters in our scientific discipline, paleontology, because we value your professional academic publication as an important ‘gatekeeper’ to set high ethical standards in our scientific field. We represent the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP: http://vertpaleo.org/), a non-profit international scientific organization with over 2,000 researchers, educators, students, and enthusiasts, to advance the science of vertebrate palaeontology and to support and encourage the discovery, preservation, and protection of vertebrate fossils, fossil sites, and their geological and paleontological contexts. The first troubling matter concerns situations surrounding fossils in and from conflict zones. One particularly alarming example is with the so-called ‘Burmese amber’ that contains exquisitely well-preserved fossils trapped in 100-million-year-old (Cretaceous) tree sap from Myanmar. They include insects and plants, as well as various vertebrates such as lizards, snakes, birds, and dinosaurs, which have provided a wealth of biological information about the ‘dinosaur-era’ terrestrial ecosystem. Yet, the scientific value of these specimens comes at a cost (https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/science/amber-myanmar-paleontologists.html). Where Burmese amber is mined in hazardous conditions, smuggled out of the country, and sold as gemstones, the most disheartening issue is that the recent surge of exciting scientific discoveries, particularly involving vertebrate fossils, has in part fueled the commercial trading of amber. -
Inkululeko * Freedom Newsleher of the Michigan Anti-Apartheid Coordinating Council No.1
March -April aa Inkululeko * Freedom NewsleHer of the Michigan Anti-Apartheid Coordinating Council No.1 .~ =-===_~- i1 = r 4::a5"I'''' rra-.~ ~ ""'<:t==:=..__~ j Apartheid'Regime J ~ Launches Nevv Attacks! ~ Political Activities cJ I}_Civic ~ Ldx>r Groups Bamed .. On February 24th, the apartheid state This October all race groups will issued orders forbidding 17 anti-racist be able to vote in "their" res organizations "from carrying out or pective municipal elections. By performing any activity or acts obstructing political campaigns by whatsoever". Groups affected range the liberation_movement either with from the nation's largest anti in or in opposition to this round apartheid coalition, the multi-racial of elections the racist state hopes United Democratic Front (UDF) to the to foster an appearance of legiti smaller but influential Black Conscious macy and fake mass support for the ness Azanian Peoples Organization collaborators and the Botha reqimes' (AZAPO) and its National Forum Committee bogus reform stance. Messages' alliance. The Conqress of South African supporting the freedom movement can Trade Unions (COSATU) was ordered to be sent to: cease all its political activities COSATU and confine itself to narrow collective P.O. Box 1019 bargaining issues. Johannesburg 2000 South Africa Most press reports stressed the ru Telex: 486519 linq Nationalist Party took these steps to appear tough on "law and Weekly Mail order" for two whites I only by p.0. Box 260425 elections. These elections were Excom 2023 subsequently lost to the even more South. Africa extreme racist Conservative Party. Telex: 486379 The ruling party·s main intent how ever is to block resistence to those The New Nation forces in the Black community willing P.O. -
2001 Lecture
THE JAMES BACKHOUSE LECTURE 2001 RECONCILING OPPOSITES: REFLECTIONS ON PEACEMAKING IN SOUTH AFRICA Hendrik W van der Merwe The James Backhouse Lectures The lectures were instituted by Australia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) on the its establishment of that Yearly Meeting in 1964. James Backhouse and his companion, George Washington Walker were English Friends who visited Australia from 1832 to 1838. They travelled widely, but spent most of their time in Tasmania. It was through their visit that Quaker Meetings were first established in Australia. Coming to Australia under a concern for the conditions of convicts, the two men had access to people with authority in the young colonies, and with influence in Britain, both in Parliament and in the social reform movement. In meticulous reports and personal letters, they made practical suggestions and urged legislative action on penal reform, on the rum trade, and on land rights and the treatment of Aborigines. James Backhouse was a general naturalist and a botanist. He made careful observations and published full accounts of what he saw, in addition to encouraging Friends in the colonies and following the deep concern that had brought him to Australia. Australian Friends hope that this series of Lectures will bring fresh insights into the Truth, and speak to the needs and aspirations of Australian Quakerism. This particular lecture was delivered in Melbourne on 8 January 2001, during the annual meeting of the Society. Colin Wendell-Smith Presiding Clerk Australia Yearly Meeting © Copyright 2001 by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Australia Incorporated. -
The SAT-3/WASC Cable Ghana Case Study Eric Osiakwan1
The Case for “Open Access” Communications Infrastructure in Africa: The SAT-3/WASC cable Ghana case study Eric Osiakwan1 ASSOCIATION FOR PROGRESSIVE COMMUNICATIONS (APC) APC-200805-CIPP-R-EN-PDF-0047 ISBN 92-95049-49-7 COMMISSIONED BY THE ASSOCIATION FOR PROGRESSIVE COMMUNICATIONS (APC) CREATIVE COMMONS ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE 3.0 LICENCE GRAPHICS: COURTESY OF AUTHOR 1Eric Osiakwan is an ICT specialist with extensive experience in the African internet market. He is Executive Secretary of the African Internet Service Providers Association and the Ghana Internet Service Providers Association, and consults on ICT developments in Africa. Table of Contents 1 Overview of report.............................................................................................. 3 2 Background .......................................................................................................... 4 2.1 Brief country profile..................................................................................... 4 2.2 Overview of Ghana’s telecommunications market................................. 5 2.3 History of the SAT-3/WASC cable in Ghana .......................................... 9 2.4 The impact of SAT-3/WASC in Ghana................................................... 12 3 Performance indicators – successes and failures.......................................... 14 3.1 Subscription, usage and capacity utilisation.......................................... 14 3.2 Cost and tariffs........................................................................................... -
The Black Sash, Vol. 16, No. 7
The Black Sash, Vol. 16, No. 7 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org/. Page 1 of 41 Alternative title The Black SashThe Black Sash Author/Creator The Black Sash (Johannesburg) Contributor Duncan, Sheena Publisher The Black Sash (Johannesburg) Date 1973-11 Resource type Journals (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) South Africa Coverage (temporal) 1973 Source Digital Imaging South Africa (DISA) Relation The Black Sash (1956-1969); continued by Sash (1969-1994) Rights By kind permission of Black Sash. Format extent 39 page(s) (length/size) Page 2 of 41 SASHVol. 16. No. 7Nov. 1973Price: 40cThe Black Sash magazine Page 3 of 41 BLACK SASH OFFICE BEARERSIlEADQUARTERSNational President: Mrs. -
Engineering Change – Towards a Sustainable Future in the Developing
Engineering Change Towards a sustainable future in the developing world Edited by Peter Guthrie, Calestous Juma and Hayaatun Sillem Engineering Change Towards a sustainable future in the developing world Edited by: Professor Peter Guthrie OBE FREng Professor of Engineering for Sustainable Development Centre for Sustainable Development Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge Professor Calestous Juma HonFREng FRS Professor of the Practice of International Development Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Dr Hayaatun Sillem International Manager The Royal Academy of Engineering Consultant editor: Ian Jones, Director, Isinglass Consultancy Ltd Published: October 2008 ISBN No: 1-903496-41-1 Engineering Change Towards a sustainable future in the developing world Table of Contents Foreword 3 Engineering a better world 5 Calestous Juma Profile: Rajendra K Pachauri 11 Engineering growth: Technology, innovation and policy making in Rwanda 13 Romain Murenzi and Mike Hughes Water and waste: Engineering solutions that work 21 Sandy Cairncross Globalising innovation: Engineers and innovation in a networked world 25 Gordon Conway Profile: Dato Lee Yee-Cheong 32 Engineering, wealth creation and disaster recovery: The case of Afghanistan 35 M Masoom Stanekzai and Heather Cruickshank Untapped potential: The role of women engineers in African development 41 Joanna Maduka Scarce skills or skills gaps: Assessing needs and developing solutions 47 Allyson Lawless Profile: Irenilza de Alencar -
AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2017 the Business of Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa
AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2017 The Business of Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2017 01 Africa Agriculture Status Report 2017 THE BUSINESS OF SMALLHOLDER AGRICULTURE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Copyright @2017 by the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) All rights reserved. The publisher encourages fair use of this material provided proper citation is made. ISSN: 2313-5387 Correct Citation: AGRA. (2017). Africa Agriculture Status Report: The Business of Smallholder Agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa (Issue 5). Nairobi, Kenya: Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA). Issue No. 5 Managing Editor: Daudi Sumba, (AGRA) Project Coordinator: Jane Njuguna (AGRA) Editor: Anne Marie Nyamu, Editorial, Publishing and Training Consultant Data Table Coordinators: Jane Njuguna, Josephine Njau, Alice Thuita (AGRA) Design and Layout: Kristina Just Cover Concept: Communication Unit AGRA Cover Photos: Shutterstock, AGRA, Ecomedia Printing: Ecomedia AGRA wishes to acknowledge the following contributing institutions: The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the policies or position of Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA) or its employees. Although AGRA has made every effort to ensure accuracy and completeness of information entered in this book, we assume no responsibilities for errors, inaccuracies, omissions or inconsistencies included herein. The mention of specific companies, manufacturers or their products, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply endorsement or recommendation or approval by AGRA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The descriptions, charts and maps used do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of AGRA concerning the development, legal or constitutional status of any country. -
SCIENCE CITATION INDEX EXPANDED - JOURNAL LIST Total Journals: 8631
SCIENCE CITATION INDEX EXPANDED - JOURNAL LIST Total journals: 8631 1. 4OR-A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF OPERATIONS RESEARCH 2. AAPG BULLETIN 3. AAPS JOURNAL 4. AAPS PHARMSCITECH 5. AATCC REVIEW 6. ABDOMINAL IMAGING 7. ABHANDLUNGEN AUS DEM MATHEMATISCHEN SEMINAR DER UNIVERSITAT HAMBURG 8. ABSTRACT AND APPLIED ANALYSIS 9. ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 10. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 11. ACADEMIC MEDICINE 12. ACADEMIC PEDIATRICS 13. ACADEMIC RADIOLOGY 14. ACCOUNTABILITY IN RESEARCH-POLICIES AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 15. ACCOUNTS OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 16. ACCREDITATION AND QUALITY ASSURANCE 17. ACI MATERIALS JOURNAL 18. ACI STRUCTURAL JOURNAL 19. ACM COMPUTING SURVEYS 20. ACM JOURNAL ON EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES IN COMPUTING SYSTEMS 21. ACM SIGCOMM COMPUTER COMMUNICATION REVIEW 22. ACM SIGPLAN NOTICES 23. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON ALGORITHMS 24. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED PERCEPTION 25. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON ARCHITECTURE AND CODE OPTIMIZATION 26. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON AUTONOMOUS AND ADAPTIVE SYSTEMS 27. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL LOGIC 28. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER SYSTEMS 29. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-HUMAN INTERACTION 30. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON DATABASE SYSTEMS 31. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON DESIGN AUTOMATION OF ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS 32. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON EMBEDDED COMPUTING SYSTEMS 33. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON GRAPHICS 34. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION AND SYSTEM SECURITY 35. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION SYSTEMS 36. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGY 37. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON INTERNET TECHNOLOGY 38. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY FROM DATA 39. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MATHEMATICAL SOFTWARE 40. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MODELING AND COMPUTER SIMULATION 41. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON MULTIMEDIA COMPUTING COMMUNICATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 42. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES AND SYSTEMS 43. ACM TRANSACTIONS ON RECONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY AND SYSTEMS 44. -
Biko Met I Must Say, He Nontsikelelo (Ntsiki) Mashalaba
LOVE AND MARRIAGE In Durban in early 1970, Biko met I must say, he Nontsikelelo (Ntsiki) Mashalaba Steve Biko Foundation was very politically who came from Umthatha in the Transkei. She was pursuing involved then as her nursing training at King Edward Hospital while Biko was president of SASO. a medical student at the I remember we University of Natal. used to make appointments and if he does come he says, “Take me to the station – I’ve Daily Dispatch got a meeting in Johannesburg tomorrow”. So I happened to know him that way, and somehow I fell for him. Ntsiki Biko Daily Dispatch During his years at Ntsiki and Steve university in Natal, Steve had two sons together, became very close to his eldest Nkosinathi (left) and sister, Bukelwa, who was a student Samora (right) pictured nurse at King Edward Hospital. here with Bandi. Though Bukelwa was homesick In all Biko had four and wanted to return to the Eastern children — Nkosinathi, Cape, she expresses concern Samora, Hlumelo about leaving Steve in Natal and Motlatsi. in this letter to her mother in1967: He used to say to his friends, “Meet my lady ... she is the actual embodiment of blackness - black is beautiful”. Ntsiki Biko Daily Dispatch AN ATTITUDE OF MIND, A WAY OF LIFE SASO spread like wildfire through the black campuses. It was not long before the organisation became the most formidable political force on black campuses across the country and beyond. SASO encouraged black students to see themselves as black before they saw themselves as students. SASO saw itself Harry Nengwekhulu was the SRC president at as part of the black the University of the North liberation movement (Turfloop) during the late before it saw itself as a Bailey’s African History Archive 1960s.