environments Article Rapid Urban Growth in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal: Monitoring Land Use Land Cover Dynamics of a Himalayan City with Landsat Imageries Asif Ishtiaque 1,*, Milan Shrestha 2 ID and Netra Chhetri 3 1 School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA 2 School of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
[email protected] 3 School for the Future of Innovation in Society, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
[email protected] * Correspondence:
[email protected]; Tel.: +1-480-358-5962 Received: 11 September 2017; Accepted: 7 October 2017; Published: 8 October 2017 Abstract: The Kathmandu Valley of Nepal epitomizes the growing urbanization trend spreading across the Himalayan foothills. This metropolitan valley has experienced a significant transformation of its landscapes in the last four decades resulting in substantial land use and land cover (LULC) change; however, no major systematic analysis of the urbanization trend and LULC has been conducted on this valley since 2000. When considering the importance of using LULC change as a window to study the broader changes in socio-ecological systems of this valley, our study first detected LULC change trajectories of this valley using four Landsat images of the year 1989, 1999, 2009, and 2016, and then analyzed the detected change in the light of a set of proximate causes and factors driving those changes. A pixel-based hybrid classification (unsupervised followed by supervised) approach was employed to classify these images into five LULC categories and analyze the LULC trajectories detected from them.