Lichen Diversity in the Managed Forests of the Karnieszewice Forest Division and Its Surroundings (N Poland)
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Ecological Questions 22/2015: 55 – 66 http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/EQ.2015.023 Lichen diversity in the managed forests of the Karnieszewice Forest Division and its surroundings (N Poland) Wiesław Fałtynowicz1, Agnieszka Kowalewska2, Rafał Szymczyk3, Martin Kukwa4, Edyta Adamska5, Paweł Czarnota6, Dariusz Kubiak7, Katarzyna Pietrzykowska-Urban1 1 Department of Botany, Institute of Environmental Biology, Wrocław University, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wrocław, Poland; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Pomorski Group of Lanscape Parks in Słupsk, Gdańsk Division – Trójmiejski Landscape Park, Polanki 51, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland 3 Environmental Survey Laboratory Ekoprojekt, Nowica 24, 14-405 Wilczęta, Poland 4 Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature Protection, Gdańsk University, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland 5 Nicolaus Copernicus University, Faculty of Biology and Environment Protection, Chair of Geobotany and Landscape Planning Lwowska 1, 87-100 Toruń, Poland 6 Department of Agroecology, Rzeszów University, Ćwiklińskiej 1A, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland 7 Department of Mycology, Warmia and Mazury University in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland Abstract. The lichen biota of the Karnieszewice Forest Division (N Poland) is presented. Despite it is predominantly a strongly managed woodland area, 270 lichen species were found there including many rare species for Poland, as well as for European Low- land. Near 20% of the whole lichen biota are considered to be threatened in the country (categories CR, EN, VU), and 34 species are protected by law in Poland. Agonimia flabelliformis is reported for the second time from Polish lowlands. Key words: biodiversity, lichenized fungi, endangered species, Pomerania, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, rare species. 1. Introduction on trees in some cases better reflect forest state than vas- cular plants…in lichen flora distinctly is seen impact of Sensitivity of lichens against changes in habitat condi- cutting down of forest” (Krawiec 1934), and prof. J. Mo- tions is known and widely described in literature, begin- tyka observed that „List of lichen species is one of the ning with the classical work of Nylander (1866) and thou- best features of plant communities primarity” (Motyka sands books and articles, (e.g. Hawksworth 1971; Herzig 1934). Problems of the negative impact of forestry culture & Urech 1991; Fałtynowicz 1995; van Herk 2001; Zalew- on lichens has been widely discussed, e.g. by Czyżews- ska 2012; Adamska 2014; Jóźwiak 2014). Also impact of ka (1976), Cieśliński (2003), Łubek (2007) and Zalewska forest management on lichen biota have been mentioned in (2012), however, despite of the antropogenic changes in many publications. In 1934 dr. F. Krawiec wrote: „…Flora forests, in many such areas, particularly in northern Po- 56 W. Fałtynowicz, A. Kowalewska, R. Szymczyk, M. Kukwa, E. Adamska, P. Czarnota, D. Kubiak, K. Pietrzykowska-Urban land, numerous stenotopic or forest relict lichens have been trees (most often maple, sycamore and lime trees) and trees more and more often found (e.g., Cieśliński 2003; Zalews- around old churches. ka et al. 2004a, b; Wieczorek 2005; Zalewska 2012; Ku- biak et al. 2014). It may be a proof for the improvement of habitat conditions in forests, but it should be further 3. Materials and methods investigated in the future. The aim of this work was to know a lichen diversity in The article is based on observations and collections made managed lowland forests and to compare the list of species during field studies in 2013 (localities nos 1–23; see Kuk- with results of similar investigations made in other lowland wa et al. 2013) and 2014 (localities nos 24–53 and 60–69), woodlands in Poland including the old and long-term pre- and on published data (Erichsen 1936, 1940; Tobolewski served forest areas. 1964, 1966, 1979, 1980, 1981; Fałtynowicz 1992; Izydorek 2010 – localities nos 54–59). Specimens are deposited in the herbaria UGDA, GPN, OLS-L, OLTC and WRSL. Li- 2. Study area chen substances were analyzed by standard technique of thin-layer chromatography in solvent systems A, B, C and The area of Karnieszewice Forest Division has very rich G (Orange et al. 2001). The nomenclature follows mostly and diversified geomorphology. Ground moraines domi- Fałtynowicz and Kukwa (2006), excluding lichens from nate, but almost all geomorphological forms, typical for the Teloschistaceae family (Arup et al. 2013) and genera: zone of the last glaciation in northern Poland (e.g., frontal Alyxoria (Ertz & Tehler 2011), Caeruleum (Arcadia & moraines, pravalleys, narrow erosion valleys with steep Knudsen 2012), Circinaria (Nordin et al. 2010), Graphis slopes, numerous spring areas) are present here. Landscape (Neuwirth & Aptroot 2011), Varicellaria (Schmitt et al. is enriched by seashore with mosaices of dunes, sandbars, 2012), Violella (Spribille et al. 2011) and Zwackhia (Ertz shore of large lakes and peatbogs. & Tehler 2011), and species: Brianaria sylvicola (Ekman Such geomorphology gives a great diversity of habitats & Svensson 2014), Cladonia floerkeana (Santesson et al. for plant communities. Coniferous habitats dominate in the 2004), Lecanora filamentosa (Palice et al. 2011), L. pan- forests (nearly 45%), however other forest associations are nonica (Brodo et al. 1994), L. saxicola (Laundon 2010), also known from this area: Melico-Fagetum, Luzulo pilo- Lepraria finkii (Lendemer 2011), Melanelixia glabratula sae-Fagetum, Stellario-Carpinetum, Ribeso nigri-Alnetum, (Arup & Sandler Berlin 2011), Punctelia jeckeri (Kalb and smalles areas covered by phytocoenoses of Betuletum 2007), Rinodina oleae (Santesson et al. 2004) and Usnea pubescentis, Circaeo-Alnetum and Betulo-Quercetum. dasopoga (Arcadia 2013). Non-forest associations important for the occurrence of Categories of threat follow Cieśliński et al. (2006) and lichens are mainly Helichryso-Jasionetum and heaths in are included in text and Table 2: CR – critically endan- coniferous complexes. gered, EN – endangered, VU – vulnerable. Following ab- Tree stands in the Karnieszewice Forest Division pos- breviations are used: for. – forest district; fs – forest sec- ses relatively high average of age (65 years). The dominant tion; Ah – Aesculus hippocastanum, Al – Alnus glutino- tree species is Pinus sylvestris (52%), and a great share sa; Apl – Acer platanoides; Aps – Acer pseudoplatanus; has also Picea abies (9%). Decidous trees are almost 40% Bet – Betula spp.; Cav – Corylus avellana; Cb – Carpinus of forests, with dominating Fagus sylvatica (14%), Betu- betu lus; dw – decaying wood; Fr – Fraxinus excelsior; Fs la spp. (10,5%), Alnus glutinosa (6%) and Quercus spp. – Fagus sylvatica; La – Larix spp.; Pa – Picea abies; Pav (5.5%). Trees and shrubs growing along roadsides are also – Padus avium; Pm – Pseudotsuga menziesii; Ps – Pinus very important for lichens, with the most frequent: Acer sylvestris; Pt – Populus tremula; Ra – Ribes alpinum, Rr platanoides, A. pseudoplatanus, Carpinus betulus, Fraxi- – Rosa rugosa, Q – Quercus spp.; Sal – Salix spp.; Sor – nus excelsior, Corylus avellana, Larix spp., Padus avium, Sorbus aucuparia; Tc – Tilia cordata; gl – soil. Populus spp., Sorbus aucuparia and Tilia cordata. More than a half of the forests of Karnieszewice Forest Division (10 560 ha) is protected in different ways: Nature List of localities: 2000 areas, nature reserves, areas of protected landscape, etc. Since 2011 the whole Karnieszewice Forest Division 1 – 54°13.690’N, 16°20.130’E, Kacza Island; is the part of Forest Promotion Complex „Lasy Środko- 2 – 54°13.274’N, 16°25.874’E, for. Sieciemin, fs 421b, wopomorskie”. pine forest; The study area includes also areas not belonging to 3 – 54°12.817’N, 16°26.971’E, for. Sieciemin, fs 421c, the Karnieszewice Forest Division – agriculture and rural pine forest; areas. They are places with rich and completely different 4 – 54°14.490’N, 16°29.401’E, for. Sieciemin, fs 221f, lichen biota. Particularly interesting habitats were roadside beech forest; Lichen diversity in the managed forests of the Karnieszewice Forest Division and its surroundings (N Poland) 57 5 – 54°14.333’N, 16°29.587’E, for. Sieciemin, fs 246, 38 – 54o13.030’N, 16o29.222’E;mixed forest; beech forest; 39 – 54o13.161’N, 16o29.462’E; pine forest; 6 – 54°10.002’N, 16°29.444’E, for. Sieciemin, fs 411c, 40 – 54o13.240’N, 16o30.490’E; trees along road; mixed forest; 41 – 54o14.313’N, 16o32.553’E; trees along road and 7 – 54°15.262’N, 16°34.701’E, for. Lejkowo, trees along stones; road, buildings; 42 – 54o12.038’N, 16o27.447’E; Kościernica village, trees 8 – 54°15.564’N, 16°34.347’E, for. Lejkowo, fs 115a and along road and stones; 111a, water-headwith marshy meadow, beech forest; 43 – 54o11.094’N, 16o20.428’E; peatbog; 9 – 54°12.345’N, 16°34.070’E, for. Lejkowo, fs 152, 44 – 54o11.059’N, 16o20.361’E; peatbog; mixed forest; 45 – 54o10.266’N, 16o23.385’E; Maszkowo village, trees 10 – 54°11.333’N, 16°27.156’E, for. Szczeglino, fs 563f, along road; beech forest and stones on cemetary; 46 – 54o08.372’N, 16o29.434’E; pine forest; 11 – 54°11.561’N, 16°30.862’E, trees along road between 47 – 54o08.578’N, 16o30.019’E; pine forest and wall; villages Ratajki and Sowno; 48 – 54o11.132’N, 16o31.056’E; trees along road; 12 – 54°12.585’N, 16°27.774 ‘E, Ratajki village, church 49 – 54o11.515’N, 16o34.134’E; trees along road; and trees; 50 – 54o11.024’N, 16o33.394’E; Sierakowo Słowieńskie 13 – 54°14.626’N, 16°22.221’E, for. Sianów, fs 192a; village, church, walls, stones; 14 – 54°13.354’N, 16°20.864’E, for. Sianów, fs 240c; 51 – 54o13.302’N, 16o31.246’E; trees, wall, stones; 15 – 54°17.772’N, 16°16.589’E, Iwięcino, church; 52 – 54o12.112’N, 16o30.157’E; buildings, trees, 16 – 54°18.252’N, 16°13.488’E, for. Iwięcino, “Łazy” na- 53 – 54o18.585’N, 16o12.315’E; Spit of Kopań Lake; ture reserve, fs 673f, peatbog with pine forest; 54 – 54°15.331’N, 16°02.317’E; Mielno town; 17 – 54°18.333’N, 16°13.688’E, for.