Ethiopians and Eritreans? • Ethiopians and Eritreans in the Atlanta Economy Region and Connects Them with Nonprofit Organizations and Their Interests
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Chad1 Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda
East and Hornof Africa Chad1 Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda 1As of January 2011, Chad will be included in the East and Horn of Africa subregion. 58 UNHCR Global Appeal 2011 Update Refugees who have been displaced by the recent escalation in conflict in Somalia wait to be registered at Ifo camp in Kenya. Working environment The significant outflow of Eritreans into Ethiopia and Sudan—estimated at some 3,000 a month—continues to present The working environment in the East and Horn of Africa region, challenges. Moreover, Eritreans and Somalis en route to Europe including Chad and Sudan, continues to be influenced by the or the Middle East in growing mixed migration movements ever-deteriorating situation in Somalia, the ongoing population often fall victim to traffickers. movement from Eritrea and the uncertainty surrounding the outcome of the forthcoming referendum scheduled to take place Strategy in 2011 inSudaninJanuary2011. With armed groups in south and central Somalia becoming UNHCR will monitor early warning signs in order to adapt to increasingly radicalized and the Transitional Federal the changing environment, and will regularly update the Government in Mogadishu weakened by internal power contingency plans it has developed in 2010 for Somalia and struggles, no peaceful solution appears to be in sight for Somalia. Sudan. In Somalia, the Office will increase its presence in The bomb attacks in Kampala, Uganda, in July 2010, for which “Puntland” and “Somaliland” as well as the southern and the Al Shabaab militia has claimed responsibility,were intended to central parts of the country. Efforts to strictly monitor the use persuade the Ugandan Government to withdraw its troops from of humanitarian assistance in the Somalia context will Somalia. -
Post-Colonial Journeys: Historical Roots of Immigration Andintegration
Post-Colonial Journeys: Historical Roots of Immigration andIntegration DYLAN RILEY AND REBECCA JEAN EMIGH* ABSTRACT The effect ofItalian colonialismon migration to Italy differedaccording to the pre-colonialsocial structure, afactor previouslyneglected byimmigration theories. In Eritrea,pre- colonialChristianity, sharp class distinctions,and a strong state promotedinteraction between colonizers andcolonized. Eritrean nationalismemerged against Ethiopia; thus, nosharp breakbetween Eritreans andItalians emerged.Two outgrowths ofcolonialism, the Eritrean nationalmovement andreligious ties,facilitate immigration and integration. In contrast, in Somalia,there was nostrong state, few class differences, the dominantreligion was Islam, andnationalists opposed Italian rule.Consequently, Somali developed few institutionalties to colonialauthorities and few institutionsprovided resources to immigrants.Thus, Somaliimmigrants are few andare not well integratedinto Italian society. * Direct allcorrespondence to Rebecca Jean Emigh, Department ofSociology, 264 HainesHall, Box 951551,Los Angeles, CA 90095-1551;e-mail: [email protected]. ucla.edu.We would like to thank Caroline Brettell, RogerWaldinger, and Roy Pateman for their helpfulcomments. ChaseLangford made the map.A versionof this paperwas presentedat the Tenth International Conference ofEuropeanists,March 1996.Grants from the Center forGerman andEuropean Studies at the University ofCalifornia,Berkeley and the UCLA FacultySenate supported this research. ComparativeSociology, Volume 1,issue 2 -
A New "Abraha Inscription Fiom the Great Dam of Märib*
proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Sfudies 34 (2004): 221-230 A new "Abrahainscription fiom the Great Dam of Märib* Forty-three inscnptions and hgments of inscriptions legal texts.' The implication is that these hgments are are now visible on the walls of the No& Sluice at the much older than the constmction date of the North Great Dam at Märib.' Some of thern have been known Sluice. But this is not the topic of this Paper. since the first European travellers visited Märib in the By far the most important find was no longer in the nineteenth century: but a significant number are new to walls of the North Sluice when it was discovered, but us. With a few exceptions, these inscnptions do not re- lay in the sand, close to the outside of the wall of the fer to the building of the Great Dam, the stones on Great Basin (Fig. 1, and see Vogt 2004). It is a lirne- which they were carved having simply been re-used as stone column, C. 1.30 m high, which is inscribed on all buildiig materials. Among them, we have found dedica- four sides. The author was 'Abraha, the Ethiopian king tions from the sanctuaries Imown as ~ar'än' and of Yemen, from whorn we have the long inscription fiarünum, the latter being situated within the city walls recording the breaking of the Great Dam (C 541), which of Märib? We have also found various fragments of was also erected close to the North Sluice. Our new find GROSSER DAMM IN MARI8 - NOROBAU SCYEMATISCUIO ERUNOOIIS STAND: 2/04 TOSBECKEN --______--ZC G2 = The "new cotuhlelion" B + C =R.=paid Pm of (qab~) tüc 'A& C 541 / 103-110 DAI GDN Zm?-zO / L5.24 45 mbim in leogtb 45 mbim in im@ 14 cubim m Mdtü 14 cubia in widtü ii35 mbia in hnght 35 mbim b hcigbt FIGURE1. -
Starving Tigray
Starving Tigray How Armed Conflict and Mass Atrocities Have Destroyed an Ethiopian Region’s Economy and Food System and Are Threatening Famine Foreword by Helen Clark April 6, 2021 ABOUT The World Peace Foundation, an operating foundation affiliated solely with the Fletcher School at Tufts University, aims to provide intellectual leadership on issues of peace, justice and security. We believe that innovative research and teaching are critical to the challenges of making peace around the world, and should go hand-in- hand with advocacy and practical engagement with the toughest issues. To respond to organized violence today, we not only need new instruments and tools—we need a new vision of peace. Our challenge is to reinvent peace. This report has benefited from the research, analysis and review of a number of individuals, most of whom preferred to remain anonymous. For that reason, we are attributing authorship solely to the World Peace Foundation. World Peace Foundation at the Fletcher School Tufts University 169 Holland Street, Suite 209 Somerville, MA 02144 ph: (617) 627-2255 worldpeacefoundation.org © 2021 by the World Peace Foundation. All rights reserved. Cover photo: A Tigrayan child at the refugee registration center near Kassala, Sudan Starving Tigray | I FOREWORD The calamitous humanitarian dimensions of the conflict in Tigray are becoming painfully clear. The international community must respond quickly and effectively now to save many hundreds of thou- sands of lives. The human tragedy which has unfolded in Tigray is a man-made disaster. Reports of mass atrocities there are heart breaking, as are those of starvation crimes. -
Ethnicity and Nationality Among Ethiopians in Canada's Census Data: a Consideration of Overlapping and Divergent Identities
UC Merced UC Merced Previously Published Works Title Ethnicity and nationality among Ethiopians in Canada's census data: a consideration of overlapping and divergent identities. Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pt9v7fp Journal Comparative migration studies, 6(1) ISSN 2214-594X Author Thompson, Daniel K Publication Date 2018 DOI 10.1186/s40878-018-0075-5 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Thompson Comparative Migration Studies (2018) 6:6 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-018-0075-5 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access Ethnicity and nationality among Ethiopians in Canada’s census data: a consideration of overlapping and divergent identities Daniel K. Thompson1,2 Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract 1 Department of Anthropology, ‘ ’ Emory University, 1557 Dickey Drive, This article addresses the intersection of homeland politics and diaspora identities Atlanta, GA 30322, USA by assessing whether geopolitical changes in Ethiopia affect ethno-national identifications 2College of Social Sciences and among Ethiopian-origin populations living abroad. Officials in Ethiopia’slargestethnically- Humanities, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia defined states recently began working to improve diaspora-homeland relations, historically characterised by ethnically-mobilized support for opposition and insurgency. The emergence of an ‘Ethiopian-Somali’ identity indicated in recent research, previously regarded as a contradiction in terms, is the most striking of a series of realignments -
Ethiopians and Somalis Interviewed in Yemen
Greenland Iceland Finland Norway Sweden Estonia Latvia Denmark Lithuania Northern Ireland Canada Ireland United Belarus Kingdom Netherlands Poland Germany Belgium Czechia Ukraine Slovakia Russia Austria Switzerland Hungary Moldova France Slovenia Kazakhstan Croatia Romania Mongolia Bosnia and HerzegovinaSerbia Montenegro Bulgaria MMC East AfricaKosovo and Yemen 4Mi Snapshot - JuneGeorgia 2020 Macedonia Uzbekistan Kyrgyzstan Italy Albania Armenia Azerbaijan United States Ethiopians and Somalis Interviewed in Yemen North Portugal Greece Turkmenistan Tajikistan Korea Spain Turkey South The ‘Eastern Route’ is the mixed migration route from East Africa to the Gulf (through Overall, 60% of the respondents were from Ethiopia’s Oromia Region (n=76, 62 men and Korea Japan Yemen) and is the largest mixed migration route out of East Africa. An estimated 138,213 14Cyprus women). OromiaSyria Region is a highly populated region which hosts Ethiopia’s capital city refugees and migrants arrived in Yemen in 2019, and at least 29,643 reportedly arrived Addis Ababa.Lebanon Oromos face persecution in Ethiopia, and partner reports show that Oromos Iraq Afghanistan China Moroccobetween January and April 2020Tunisia. Ethiopians made up around 92% of the arrivals into typically make up the largest proportion of Ethiopians travelingIran through Yemen, where they Jordan Yemen in 2019 and Somalis around 8%. are particularly subject to abuse. The highest number of Somali respondents come from Israel Banadir Region (n=18), which some of the highest numbers of internally displaced people Every year, tensAlgeria of thousands of Ethiopians and Somalis travel through harsh terrain in in Africa. The capital city of Mogadishu isKuwait located in Banadir Region and areas around it Libya Egypt Nepal Djibouti and Puntland, Somalia to reach departure areas along the coastline where they host many displaced people seeking safety and jobs. -
The Role of the Ethiopian Diaspora in Ethiopia
The Role of the Ethiopian Diaspora in Ethiopia Solomon Getahun Paper presented at Ethiopia Forum: Challenges and Prospects for Constitutional Democracy in Ethiopia International Center, Michigan State University East Lansing, Michigan, March 22-24, 2019 Abstract: The Ethiopian diaspora is a post-1970s phenomenon. Ethiopian government sources has it that there are more than 3 million Ethiopians scattered throughout the world: From America to Australia, from Norway to South Africa. However, the majority of these Ethiopians reside in the US, the Arab Middle East, and Israel in that order. Currently, a little more than a quarter of a million Ethiopians live in the US. The Ethiopian diaspora in the US, like its compatriots in other parts of the world, is one of the most vocal critic of the government in Ethiopia. However, its views are as diverse as the ethnic and regional origins, manners of entry into the US, generation, and levels of education. However, the intent of this paper is not to discuss the migration history of Ethiopians but to explore some of the reasons that caused the political fallout between the various regimes in Ethiopia and the Diaspora- Ethiopians. In the meantime, the paper examines the potential and actual roles that the Ethiopian diaspora can play in Ethiopia. The Making of the Ethiopian Diaspora in the US: A Synopsis One can trace back the roots of the Ethiopian diaspora in the US to the establishment of diplomatic ties between the Government of Ethiopia and the US in 1903. In that year, the US government sent a delegation, the Skinner Mission, to Ethiopia.1 It was during this time that Menelik II, King of Kings of Ethiopia, in addition to signing trade deals with the US, expressed his interest in sending students to the United States. -
Mixed Migration in the Horn of Africa and Yemen
MIXED MIGRATION Member agency data inventory (2-4 pages max) SuggestedIN HORN ‘template’ approach: OF AFRICA AND YEMEN Reflection:October Identify 2012the key areas of expertise that your agency specifically deals with that intersect with mixed migration issues. (if you need to be sure about mixed migration go to www.regionalmms.com to learn more) Egypt 'Secondary movement': Some migrants go through the Gulf into the Middle East and Europe, working along the way. If they can afford it Saudi Arabia: Saudi Arabia appears to have an Towards Egypt: Eritreans, Somalis and Ethiopians and have sufficient contacts / documentation migrants always prefer to ambivalent attitude to irregular migrants. While it (and other migrants) use the 'northern' route into fly. claims to be intolerant and strict, officially, in practice, Egypt where Cairo is a destination or a transit point many thousands of Ethiopians, Somalis, Kenyans and to pass into the Sinai region and into Israel. During others live and work in Saudi Arabia. Yemenis also the month of October security forces in Egypt Saudia Arabia Abuse: Most of the Ethiopians cross into KSA irregularly in large numbers. Many arrested 10 undocumented African migrants who arriving in Yemen are enroute migrants (economic) are detained and deported back were trying to enter Israel illegally through the Sinai to Saudi Arabia. They normally into Yemen. border. travel along the eastern side with smugglers (benign or violent) up to Haradh area in order to cross into KSA. The Trafficking of women: . incidences of kidnapping, There are reports of torture, rape and extorion of women being separated Red Sea new arrivals is very high. -
Caravan Kingdoms: Y Emen and the Ancient Incense Trade
Caravan Kingdoms: Y emen and the Ancient Incense Trade A Study of Visitors Offi ce of Policy and Analysis Smithsonian Institution Washington, DC February 2006 ii Caravan Kingdoms Table of Contents Foreword . v Conclusions and Observations: “Atlantis of the Sands Rediscovered” . 1 Appendix A: Study Findings . 9 Appendix B: Background to the Study . 21 Appendix C: Frequencies of Survey Responses and the Questionnaire . 27 Image Credits . 33 Caravan Kingdoms iii iv Caravan Kingdoms Foreword An important part of the Offi ce of Policy and Analysis’s (OP&A) broad mandate is to study visitors and their experiences at Smithsonian museums. Julian Raby, the director of the Freer Gallery of Art and the Arthur M. Sackler Gallery (FSG), has given OP&A the opportunity to study an array of exhibitions to learn more about the interests, needs, and perceptions of the public. Although the methods of conducting these studies vary, understanding visitors’ reactions to exhibitions, attempting to determine what exhibi- tions mean to them, and ultimately changing a museum’s relationships with its audiences are always challenging. Caravan Kingdoms: Yemen and the Ancient Incense Trade sought to make connections with and build bridges between visitors and impressive objects from a lost civilization. Th e OP&A study has resulted in deeper understanding of fi rst-time visitors as well as repeat visitors, and illustrated what a single exhibition can do: provide aesthetic plea- sure, increase knowledge, place objects in their cultural context, lead to discoveries, and stimulate interest. Plumbing these results could not have occurred without the assistance of FSG staff members Th eresa Esterlund, manager of in-gallery interpretation, as well as Ann Gunter, curator of the exhibition, and Massumeh Farhad, chief curator at FSG. -
Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War Sandra F
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Richmond University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Political Science Faculty Publications Political Science 2000 Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War Sandra F. Joireman University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/polisci-faculty-publications Part of the African Studies Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Joireman, Sandra F. "Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War." In History Behind the Headlines: The Origins of Conflicts Worldwide, edited by Sonia G. Benson, Nancy Matuszak, and Meghan Appel O'Meara, 1-11. Vol. 1. Detroit: Gale Group, 2001. This Book Chapter is brought to you for free and open access by the Political Science at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Political Science Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ethiopia and Eritrea: Border War History Behind the Headlines, 2001 The Conflict The war between Ethiopia and Eritrea—two of the poorest countries in the world— began in 1998. Eritrea was once part of the Ethiopian empire, but it was colonized by Italy from 1869 to 1941. Following Italy's defeat in World War II, the United Nations determined that Eritrea would become part of Ethiopia, though Eritrea would maintain a great deal of autonomy. In 1961 Ethiopia removed Eritrea's independence, and Eritrea became just another Ethiopian province. In 1991 following a revolution in Ethiopia, Eritrea gained its independence. However, the borders between Ethiopia and Eritrea had never been clearly marked. -
The Ethio-Eritrea Common Market (1991 to 1998)
Asymmetric Benefits: The Ethio-Eritrea Common Market (1991-1998) Worku Aberra, Dawson College, Westmount, Quebec Abstract Economic theory suggests that a common market between two or more countries improves overall well-being, but it creates winners and losers in each country. Recent empirical findings also show that the overall impact of a common market on per capita income depends on the similarity of economic development between member countries. A common market among developed countries results in the convergence of per capita income while a common market among developing countries results in the divergence of per capita income. The difference in outcome, some economists suggest, is due to variations in comparative advantage between member states and the rest of the world. But the theory of comparative advantage does not fully explain the results of the de facto common market between Ethiopia and Eritrea (1991-1998). The empirical findings of this study demonstrate that the Ethio-Eritrea preferential trade arrangement benefited Eritrea and harmed Ethiopia. The main reason for these asymmetric consequences was acceptance by the Ethiopian government of the unfavourable terms of the preferential trade arrangement between the two countries. Background Economic theory suggests that a common market between two or more countries improves overall well-being, but such a market also creates winners and losers in each country because of the flow of capital, labor, goods, and services across the member countries (Venables, 2016). When capital flows from countries with a low rate of profit (capital-abundant countries) to countries with a high rate of profit (capital-poor countries), it reduces the difference in the rate of profit, and owners of capital in countries with a high rate of profit lose while owners of capital in countries with a low rate of profit gain. -
Eritrean Diaspora in Germany: the Case of the Eritrean Refugees in Baden-Württemberg
Eritrean Diaspora in Germany: The case of the Eritrean refugees in Baden-Württemberg Beatris de Oliveira Santos Dissertação de Mestrado em Migrações, Inter-Etnicidades e Transnacionalismo September, 2019 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisites necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Migrações, Inter-Etnicidades e Transnacionalismo, realizada sob orientação científica da Prof. Dr. Alexandra Magnólia Dias - NOVA/FCSH e Prof. Dr. Karin Sauer - Duale Hochschule Baden-Württemberg. This dissertation is presented as a final requirement for obtaining the Master's degree in Migration, Inter-Ethnicity and Transnationalism, under the scientific guidance of Prof. Dr. Alexandra Magnólia Dias of NOVA/FCSH, and co-orientation of Prof. Dr. Karin Sauer of DHBW. Financial Support of Baden-Württemberg Stiftung ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my thesis advisors Prof. Dr. Alexandra Magnólia Dias of the New University of Lisbon and Prof. Dr. Karin Sauer of the Duale Hochschule Villingen-Schwenningen. The access to both advisors was always open whenever I ran into trouble or had a question about my research or writing. I would also like to thank the experts who were involved in the validation survey for this research project: Jasmina Brancazio, Felicia Afryie, Karin Voigt, Orland Esser, Uwe Teztel, Werner Heinz, Volker Geisler, Abraham Haile, Tekeste Baire, Semainesh Gebrey, Inge Begger, Isaac, Natnael, Maximillian Begger, Alexsander Siyum, Robel, Dawit Woldu, Herr Kreuz, Hadassa and Teclu Lebasse. Without their passionate participation and inputs, this research could not have been successfully conducted. For all refugees who shared me their experiences with generosity, trust, knowledge and time, my sincerely thank you all.