Indus Society, 3000 BC

Study of the Golden Period (200BC-500AD)

Bijoy Misra

1 Golden Period • • • • • • • • • • fields: following the spanned researchContributions and Metallurgy, Chemistry Astronomy Hygiene Sciences, Medical Yoga,Mind, of Science Psychology Storytelling Dramatics, of Science Musicology Prosody of Science Speech of Science Cognition of Science Theory Number Science and Technologyand Science 2 Golden Period • • • • • • • • • • • • • • āryabhaṭiyaṁ Yogasūtraṁ Dattilam Mūlamādhyamakakārikā Gaṇitānuyoga Tattvārthasūtra Arthaśāstra Chandaḥśāstra Aṣṭādhyāyī Various internet resources Vākyapadīyaṁ Nāṭyaśāstra Carakasaṁhitā Rāmāyaṇaṁ (recompiledby Agnivaesha References ( दि�लम् ( ( अ�ा�ायी) by ( ( अथ�शा� योगसूत्रम् ) by Bharataना�शा� ( रामायणम् ( ( Science and Technologyand Science ( आय�भिटयम् गिणतानुयोग ( ( वा�पदीयम् ( चरकसंिहता छ�ःशा� त�ाथ�सूत्र ) by in in Dattila ) by ) by Kauṭilya 4 ) by ) by th ( century AD) Pāṇini Pātañjali मूलमा�मकका�रका ) by ) by ) by ) ) by ) by Jaina Vālmīki Umāsvāti Piṅgala Aryabhatta Charaka Bhartṛhari compilation ) by by ) Nāgārjuna 3 Golden Period • • • • • • lokākāśa a a finger) and unit of time through Measuring length unit of in the form of measurable universe. Jaina Beyond Infinitesmals, fractions and zero could conceivedbe concept arithmetic of in producing numbers. tohelped Boundedness conceive largeof numbers and the large but comprehensible expanse.term The universebounded The was conceived to- self be were discovered. the conceptthe of infinity, that has no boundary. extent Number Theory Philosophers by led Mahavira conceived but of a bounded अन� लोकाकाश referredto a finite innumerable extent. Ananta, no Science and Technologyand Science , there was the of idea “ ” end . was This firstthe definition of प� pakṣma आंगुल अलोकाकाश लोकाकाश āṁgula (wink (wink of an eye) contained with a with with an ( width width of 4 Golden Period • • • • • • Science of Cognition Science meaning multiple inferences. Various developed theories to define yoga Object reality was settled as realizationobject through सत् as Philosophydeveloped to argue the logic of reality, articulated have acceptance leading to a philosophyof Respect to human observations thatdemands all views need of perception. viewany and hence and scene canobject have multiple views Therewas discovery that mind the canindividual create its own optimum. gathering ability and our viewsimpression of could less be than Jainas , than than by object comprehensionby sensess. the sat discoveredthat our senses have limited information in the in the Vedas. Science and Technologyand Science “ reality. अनेका� ” anekānta, योग 5 Golden Period • • • • • • • Science of Speech Sound was considered tracerthe of evolution.the production.sound ��न while ��न वण� semanticthe information the of in objects universe.the The vocabulary of oldthe languages Empirically, sixrty four articulation, that has acoustic manifestation. consistedSpeech of expressing in wasSpeech considered an endowment for the humans. (s) were grouped into वण� �र was into divided eight groups quality the ofsignifying originating in body the carried thrustthe of articulation, was believed to be cosmic in origin, appearing to carry applied the renderingthe applied through vocalthe apparatus. Science and Technologyand Science वण� �र (s) (s) were identified through the ( svara . वण� ) and and ) ( varṇa ), unit the of ��न ( vyañjana ). 6 Golden Period • • • • • • • Science of Prosody ( छ�: vācikaprāṇa , life expressed as through the voice. छ�: measure ofthe life force. Prosody creationthe of harmony through mathematical progressions. patternsThe as naturalappear sets suggesting series, of binary patterns rhythm. in the embedded of a composition through voice rendering using binary the ProsodyScience of developedto capture emotional the thrust patterns,binary two time units, one other.double than the Classical Prosody declared that the rhythm is an arrangement of orchestrated with rhythms. VedasThe declared had that various parts the of universe were is an is expressed through voice,the termhence the छ�: आ�ादन was definedas Science and Technologyand Science ācchādana प्राणमात्रा , an envelope for the words. छ� prāṇamātrā :) ., time the वािचकप्राण 7 Golden Period • • • • • • • • • ( Musicology (Theory of Music) nimeṣa , wink the of an eye. लय “ श्रुित the Sequencing Three selection of The svara Seven locations in the chest, The pitchThe perception has three levels form a pitch hierarchy. Acoustic perception consists twentyof ताल medium from from is measured through is supported by ताल is guides लय guides , लय म� following natural external sounds Dattilam ” , can sustained,be madhya िवल��त laya, �र श्रुित Science and Technologyand Science , at throatthe and creates vilambita 1 in establishing a the rate.the st श्रुित century BC.) tāla, काल spectrum spectrum are matched to be द्र �ना न छ� ू म ु त the musical time measure kāla, “ slow druta mūrchanā an ” . तार �र – “ aggregate of - fast two two म� . , creates a tāra ” , श्रुित mandra म� (melody) at head. the śruti, which Madhya िनमेष ग्राम in the in the �र . grām a 8 Golden Period • • • • • • Science of Dramatics, Storytelling रस V climax through compositionthe of Storytelling and dramatization through wordsresulted in a storytelling, develop which helped oralthe literature. Thedramatics were possibly rooted in the empirical art of expressions through muscles. voice body or old empirical discovery ofrendering emotion through physical Detailed dramatical instructions in performing arts suggest an performing arts ofmusic, dance and drama. An elaborate model of called Perception and psychology developed aesthetics,of a theory as a part of literature, blossoming in ālmīki theory helped develop helped theory रस rasa, an Science and Technologyand Science upaniṣad रस manifestation was created through अलंकार word denoting रामायण alaṁkāra, Kalidasa’ rāmāyaṇa “ essence” s “ ornamentation” poetry. . by 9 Golden Period • • • • • • • Science of Mind, Yoga,Psychology kaivalya, pure through practicing restraint operationin the of life. The principles ofprinciples The Stray thoughts infest providesus reasoningthe faculty and the powercognition. of Mind has a cognitive substratum called fortuned different parts of body.the Mind concentration can achievedbe by chanting to and activity other sense organs. Mind can haveconcentration thus providing and psychic energy organs. Mind was considered a organ,sense controlling the other sense Mind Mind can made be a a state noof personal bias, a state pureof joy. योग Science and Technologyand Science शू� िच� yoga śūnya to us leading statea , of as a part of our psychological makeup. declared that िच� िच� citta can retainedbe , म� which which mantra, ैव� व कै 10 Golden Period • • • • • • • Medical Sciences, Hygiene Medical infants, young and old in nutrition and hygiene.individuals procedures with a listing of meat of variousanimals as medicine. Therewas empirical analysis of foodsupplements in treatment and tongue cleaning were part of basic the hygiene. Charaka as far as Greece popularized Indian medicine and health system Massive exports herbsofto and medicines neighboring countries products as nutritional supplements and as medicines. Physicians discovered the emprical use of herbs and other plant advocated. Good was health dependenton nutrition, vegetarianism was body. A happy wasmind declared to a prebe Charaka stressed the clean water use of and a daily bath. Teeth prescribed habits health for pregnant women, mothers, Science and Technologyand Science - requisite for a healthy 11 Golden Period • • • • • • • ( Astronomy decimal decimal representation. alphabet The was structured in groupsfive of allowing the alphabet. Numerals were expressed as constructed from the Sanskrit Decimal system was applied in counting the scales. leading to generationthe of massive numbers. Small time measures and small space measures were conceived geometry was used to calculate the shadows(not correct). by the shadowson Moonthe Earthand the and projective solar the eclipses The lunar and were determined to causedbe suggested relativethe motion the of stars. Aryabhatta of starsthe Sun the and of and Moon. Various instruments were fabricated to observethe movement Following declared rotationthe of Earththe in Aryabhatia Science and Technologyand Science , 500 AD) 24 hours and 12 Golden Period Technology • • • • • • • • • • • developmentthe of : Technological developments to during this led period Marine engineering Silk making and weaving Farming and agriculture TerracottaIvory of work, Use Civil Constructionengineering, Dyes, Application dyesof Forest products, barks, leaves discovery,Herb Preparation Medicine Epigraphy, Calligraphy Stone carving, rock Steel making, metallurgy Science and Technologyand Science - cut cut caves and temples 13 Golden Period • • • • • • Steel Silver and gold ornaments were used Metallurgy involvedalloy making through copper, zinc, tin and iron. Itplasticity added to iron in making daggers and knives. Carbon deposit was made by adding freshbamboo and leaves. Layer Carbon of was deposited through a crucible smelting process. Ukku steel from South India - making, Metallurgy making, Science and Technologyand Science 14 Golden Period • • Stone Carvings, Rock Mountains were cut for meditative habitation and for worshipplaces of With the iron use of tools, stone carvings were popular and skilled. Science and Technologyand Science - cut Temples 15 Golden Period • • Epigraphy, Calligraphy A A pointed stylus with carbon soot and other dyes produce helped calligraphy. Writing appeared through a local syllable Science and Technologyand Science - engineered Brahmi script 16 Golden Period • • Herb Discovery,Herb PreparationMedicine Herbs were used raw mixturesorby used in dried grinding, by powdering Healing herbs were located at mountain slopes and at high altitudes. Science and Technologyand Science Golden Period • • ForestProducts, Barks and Leaves Wild fruits, roots and berries were highly prized as healing agents. Discovery of forest products encouraged profitable exports. Science and Technologyand Science Golden Period • • Dyes, Dyesof Fixing and Application Dyes were plant or animal products, some natural, some processed. Frescos were created. Silk was dyed. Science and Technologyand Science 19 Golden Period • • Civil Engineering, Construction Tanks and roads. Brick work, construction.urban Plant wasglue used as grouts. Science and Technologyand Science Golden Period • • Terracotta Work,of Ivory Use Ivory became export item. Art in pottery. Quality ofwork excelled. Science and Technologyand Science 21 Golden Period Farming and Farming Tools • • • Farm tools Wheat, rice, cotton, oilseeds and sugarcane was cultivated. Farm produce was principal the revenuegenerator. Science and Technologyand Science 22 Golden Period • • Weavingmaking, Silk Silk weaving was a art. fine Fine silk was an export product. Silk making was a cottage industry. Science and Technologyand Science 23 Golden Period • • Marine Engineering Boats in pictures Boat making was a well developedtechnology. Science and Technologyand Science 24 Golden Period Science and Technologyand Science 25 Golden Period Thank you! Science and Technologyand Science 26