"On the Seventh Day There Shall Be to You an Holy Day, a Sabbath of Rest to the LORD":The Religious Effects of Sunday
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Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Theses and Dissertations 2016-03-01 "On the Seventh Day there Shall be to you an Holy Day, a Sabbath of Rest to the LORD":The Religious Effects of Sunday Play on Latter-day Saints in the NFL Daniel Scott cKinleM y Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Religion Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation McKinley, Daniel Scott, ""On the Seventh Day there Shall be to you an Holy Day, a Sabbath of Rest to the LORD":The Religious Effects of Sunday Play on Latter-day Saints in the NFL" (2016). All Theses and Dissertations. 6220. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6220 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. “On the Seventh Day there Shall be to you an Holy Day, a Sabbath of Rest to the LORD”: The Religious Effects of Sunday Play on Latter-day Saints in the NFL Daniel Scott McKinley A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Lincoln H. Blumell, Chair Mikaela Dufur Camille Fronk Olson Department of Religious Education Brigham Young University March 2016 Copyright © 2016 Daniel Scott McKinley All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT “On the Seventh Day there Shall be to you an Holy Day, a Sabbath of Rest to the LORD”: The Religious Effects of Sunday Play on Latter-day Saints in the NFL Daniel Scott McKinley Religious Education, BYU Masters of Arts For members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Ten Commandments are very much in effect today. The fourth commandment, to remember the Sabbath day and keep it holy, is heavily emphasized within church doctrine and culture (Exodus 20:8; Deuteronomy 5:12). This command to set apart the Sabbath is observed on Sundays for the LDS Church as well as the majority of the Christian world, rather than the traditional Saturday. Though the Ten Commandments collectively have both individual and societal implications, the spiritual outcome from following them is indeed an introspective pursuit. This thesis seeks to address how members of the Church seek to keep the Sabbath day holy in a profession that is heavily involved in Sunday work. With the universality of sports among Latter-day Saints, and large numbers of youth hoping to play sports professionally, this study is timely because it seeks to elucidate the effects that playing professional sports, particularly in the NFL, have on church activity. Chapter One details the history of the Sabbath from the Old Testament to the present day. It then discusses the doctrine of the Sabbath as taught by the LDS Church. It also discusses what the highest officers in the church, the First Presidency, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and other auxiliary leaders have said about sports and Sunday play. It finishes off with a description of the research methodology and the interview process for thirty Latter-day Saints who played in the NFL. Chapter Two introduces the data and some of the main findings regarding Sabbath day worship in the NFL; it highlights the sacrament, church attendance, and other personal religious habits for these athletes. Chapter Three continues the discussion of the data and more particularly addresses some of the challenges more pertinent to LDS NFL players. It was apparent after the interview process that these participants found it challenging to be in an atmosphere so incompatible to their personal beliefs, including religious criticism from teammates, harsh language, lewdness in and out of the locker room, and many other difficult circumstances. Marriage is addressed and how it was a major factor for these players. It also includes quantitative information about the athletes’ backgrounds and faith experiences leading up to their careers in the NFL. Chapter Four summarizes the thesis and draws conclusions upon the data. It also recommends areas for further research. In the Appendix, redacted interviews of all thirty NFL players are included. Keywords: The Sabbath, commandment, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, LDS, sacrament, Sunday play, NFL, church activity ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS So what now? After four years of coursework, papers, deadlines, and so much more, it will be nice to focus on my main roles as husband and father. To my wife, Jessie, I owe the most. I don’t know how I was lucky enough to marry someone as inherently good as she is. She has been patient, encouraging, and has endured to the end of this thesis as much as anyone. Marrying her was far and away the greatest thing I have ever done. Two of our children, Maxwell and Avery, were along for the ride all throughout the program, and Graham was born smack dab in the middle. Jessie has raised our three children mostly in my absence and has done a profound job, so well in fact that we are adding another one to the mix this summer. There are so many mentors who have guided me through this process, and I wish to express my deepest gratitude to them. I want to sincerely thank my entire thesis committee for their time in editing and polishing; their sacrifice of time is honorable. Lincoln Blumell has helped me write this thesis in an intelligent and readable way, and I never could have imagined having such a brilliant and hard-working thesis chair. His passion for writing was contagious. Mikaela Dufur is the greatest professor-friend a college student could ever ask for. Her sociological expertise made the interviewing process possible, not to mention her help tackling the IRB! All of the professors in the program deserve a huge metaphorical hug for all their guidance and wisdom. Richard E. Bennett and Brent L. Top first gave wings to my dream of interviewing NFL players, and Ray Huntington further encouraged my research. Clint Mortensen gave me the inkling of hope necessary to apply to the program in the first place. Dave Walton and Mary Lee were kind enough to dig up something good to write about me in their letters of recommendation. My teaching faculties at the Nephi and Provo Seminaries were very forgiving as I was so often distracted with other things. My cohort became great friends who constantly pushed me to do my best. This would have been a very short and boring thesis without the thirty NFL players who agreed to participate; they were kind, honest, and happy to see this topic being discussed. Finally, I am undeserving to have such wonderful parents and siblings. My parents have encouraged me to do things even when it seemed to me that I could not. But time and time again my mother has proved that she is always right. A huge thanks to them for never giving up on me. Also, I lucked out with amazing in-laws. They are far too good to us and have helped us countless times. I thank my great God for his mercy and grace. It is evident that he has helped me through both good and bad, and will surely continue to do so. Table of Contents ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................................ v List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ vii Chapter 1 ......................................................................................................................................... 1 The Sabbath is Not Surrendered ..................................................................................................... 1 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 5 Limitations ................................................................................................................................ 10 The Sabbath Day ....................................................................................................................... 12 A History of the Sabbath ........................................................................................................... 14 The Sabbath for Latter-day Saints ............................................................................................. 16 Prophetic Commentary on Sports and the Sabbath ................................................................... 18 Authoritative Statements on Sports and the Sabbath ................................................................ 26 Working on the Sabbath ............................................................................................................ 28 Chapter 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 31 Sunday Aspects Pertaining to Latter-day Saints in the NFL ........................................................ 31 Counsel Received Prior to the NFL .......................................................................................... 31 Counsel from Priesthood Leaders ............................................................................................