INFOILVJ:Atlon to USERS a Note Will Indicate

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

INFOILVJ:Atlon to USERS a Note Will Indicate INFOILVJ:aTlON TO USERS This manuscriptPas been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted Thus, some thesis and dissenation' copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type ofcomputer printer. The quality of this reproductioD is depeDdent DpOD the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improperalignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete mam1script and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthoriZed copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right inequal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back ofthe book. Photographs included in the origiDal mam1script have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106-1346 USA 3131761-4700 800:521-0600 THE STATUS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PINEAPPLE MEALYBUGS IN HAWAD A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN ENTOMOLOGY DECEMBER 1995 By Hector Gonzalez-Hernandez Dissertation Committee: Marshall W. Johnson, Chairperson Neil 1. Reimer Diane E. Ullman John W. Beardsley Kenneth G. Rohrbach OMI Number: 9615523 UMI Microform 9615523 Copyright 1996, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 © Copyright 1995 by Hector Gonzalez-Hernandez III DEDICATION Dedicated to my wife Pili and my daughter Mariana whose love and dedication have enriched every day ofmy live. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to my major professor, Dr. Marshall W. Johnson, whose encouragement, teaching, valuable advisory work, and friendship made it possible to successfully finish this enterprise. Also to my advisor Dr. Neil 1. Reimer, for his effort, and time spent teaching me to work with ants, and for his friendship. I would like to thank my other committee members, Dr. John W. Beardsley, Dr. Diane E. Ullman, and Dr. Kenneth G. Rohrbach for all their suggestions and support to conduct this work. Thanks to Dr. Bruce E. Tabashnik for his suggestions through my experiments. I am pleased to thank the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia (National Council ofScience and Technology) and Colegio de Postgraduados ofthe Mexican government; Hawaii Governor's Agricultural Coordinating Committee and the Hawaii Sugar Planters Association for providing financial support to conduct this Ph. D. program. Many thanks to Calvin H. Oda, Vaeleti Tyrell, and Francisco Bareng from Del Monte Fresh Produce (Hawaii) Inc., and Dr. Herbert Fleisch from the Maui Land and Pineapple Co., for providing pineapple fields and technical support for my field experiments. Thanks to Claide Ragasa and Pamela Fukada for their technical support. I am grateful to all the Faculty, Staffand graduate students ofthe Department ofEntomology for their valuable help during my program. Special thanks to Mildred E. Uegawachi, Lynn H. Hata and Jamie L Wong, secretaries ofthe Department of Entomology for their hard work that was an essential part ofmy project. My gratitude goes to my parents Vicente Gonzalez Vaquera and Antelia Hernandez de Gonzalez, and my brothers, especially Alejandro Gonzalez Hernandez who always encouraged me to continue working for a higher education. v ABSTRACT The pink pineapple mealybug, Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), and the gray pineapple mealybug, D. neobrevipes Beardsley, (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) are associated with the disorder mealybug wilt ofpineapple (MWP). High mealybug densities promote the occurrence ofMWP, an important disease limiting pineapple production. In the absence ofants, such as the big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), mealybug densities are usually low. However, in the presence ofants, mealybug densities on pineapple may reach damaging levels, and ultimately result in the occurrence ofMWP. Several theories have been proposed to explain the relationships among the mealybugs and the ants. Studies were undertaken to better define the role ofestablished biological control agents in suppressing mealybug populations in Hawaii. In surveys in abandoned pineapple fields on the Hawaiian islands ofOahu and Maui from July 1992 to November 1993, mealybug densities ranged from a mean of22 to 157 mealybugs per plant. P. megacephala was the dominant ant species found. Five natural enemy species, previously introduced into Hawaii for mealybug control, were associated with D. brevipes and D. neobrevipes. Anagynls ananatis Gahan (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was the most common parasitoid associated with D. brevipes. The only predators that appeared to have any potential were Nephus bilucernarius Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Lobodiplosispseudococci (Felt.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Field evaluation studies using the biological check method suggested that A. ananatis was predominantly responsible for the decline ofD. brevipes densities in the VI absence ofants. A study combining the biological check method and the paired-cage exclusion technique indicated that in the absence ofP. megacephala, D. brevipes densities were heavily impacted by natural enemies and probably the lack ofsanitation (e.g., honeydew removal). Laboratory studies indicated that P. megacephala significantly decreased mealybug parasitization and predation by adult A. ananatis and N. bilucernarius by 73 and 48 percent, respectively. Biological studies were conducted on A. ananatis and N. bilucemarius to define and quantify biological characteristics such as mealybug host and stage preference, developmental times, longevity and fecundity. Additionally, the functional response ofA. ananatis was determined when using D. brevipes as a host species. VII TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments v Abstract vi List ofTables xiii List ofFigures xv I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Worldwide Pest Status ofMealybugs 3 Mealybugs Infesting Pineapples and Other Crops 4 Nature ofMealybug Damage to Pineapple 5 Direct Damage 5 Indirect Damage...................................................................... 6 Factors Impacting Mealybug Population Ecology 7 Host Plants in Hawaii 7 Honeydew Accumulation 8 Association with Various Ant Species 8 Role ofAnts in Survival ofPM 9 Natural Enemies 10 Current Understanding ofMealybug Wilt ofPineapple Disease 10 Causes ofMealybug Wilt ofPineapple 10 Distribution ofMealybug Wilt ofPineapple 10 VlIl Management ofDysmicoccils Species 14 Management Options and Constraints 15 Chemical Control 15 Physical and Cultural Control 16 Host Plant Resistance 17 Biological Control 17 Interactions ofAnts and Biological Control Agents 19 Control ofAnts to Conserve Natural Enemies 22 Conclusions and Recommendations 23 References Cited 25 III. SURVEY OF THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE PINEAPPLE l\1EALYBUGS 36 Introduction 36 Materials and Methods 37 Results 41 Parasitoids 41 Predators 45 Discussion 49 References Cited 53 IV. IMPACT OF PHEIDOLEMEGACEPHALA (F.) (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) ON THE CONTROL OF DYSMICOCCUS BREVIPES (COCKERELL) (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) .. 58 ix Introduction 58 Materials and Methods 60 Biological Check Method 60 Combined Biological Check and Exclusion Method 62 Impact ofP. megacephala on Mealybug Natural Enemies 64 Nephus billicernarius 64 Anagynls ananatis 68 Results 68 Biological Check Method 68 Combined Biological Check and Exclusion Method 75 Impact ofP. megacephala on Mealybug Natural Enemies 79 Nephus billicernarius 79 Anagyrus ananatis 79 Discussion 80 References Cited 85 V. HOST PREFERENCE, REPRODUCTION, AND FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF ANANGYRUS ANANATIS GAHAN (HYMENOPTERA: ENCYRTIDAE), A PARASITOID OF DYSMICOCCUS BREVIPES (COCKERELL) (HOMOPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) 89 Introduction 89 Materials and Methods 91 Host Species Preference 92 x Host Stage Preference 93 Reproduction, Longevity, and Sex Ratio 93 Functional Response ofAnagynls ananatis 94 Results 95 Host Species Preference 95 Host Stage Preference 95 Reproduction, Longevity, and Sex Ratio 98 Functional Response ofAnagynls anana/is . 98 Discussion 102 References Cited 106 VI. PREY PREFERENCE, AND FECUNDITY OF NEPHUS BILUCERNARIUS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), A PREDATOR OF DYSMICOCCUS BREVIPES (COCKERELL) 110 Introduction 110 Materials and ~.1ethods III Prey Species Preference 112 Prey Stage Preference 112 Fecundity ofN. bilucemarius 113 Results 114 Prey Species Preference 114 Prey Stage Preference 114 Fecundity ofN. bilucemarius 114 Xl Discussion 116 References Cited 120 VII. CONCLUSIONS 123 Xli LIST OF TABLES Table Page 2.1. Predators introduced into Hawaii from 1894 to 1936 for controlling pineapple mealybugs 11 2.2. Parasitoids introduced into Hawaii from 1894 to 1936 for controlling pineapple mealybugs in the genus Dysmicoccus spp. 13 3. 1. Locations and dates (1992-1993) that Anagyros
Recommended publications
  • For Control of the Big-Headed Ant, Pheidole Megacephala (Fabricius)1
    Vol. XIII, No. 1, April 1979 119 Laboratory Tests with Candidate Insecticides for Control of the Big-Headed Ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius)1 F.L. McEwen, J.W. Beardsley, Jr. M. Hapai and T.H. Su DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY, COLLEGE OF TROPICAL AGRICULTURE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII, HONOLULU, HAWAII The big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala (Fabr.) is the dominant ant species in pineapple fields in Hawaii (Phillips, 1934). Its main importance is the role it plays in nursing mealybugs; in particular the gray mealybug, Dysmicoccus neobrevipes Beardsley, the principal vector of mealybug wilt to pineapple. According to Carter (1967) the ant is essential to the well-being of the mealybug in that it ''fights off predators and parasites, cleans up the masses of honey dew secreted by the mealybugs and eats dead and dying members of the colony." Carter (1967) pointed out further that the ants move mealybugs from one plant to another and that in the absence of ants, "mealybug infestations either die out or are very small in num bers." Prior to 1945, ant control in pineapple plantations was difficult to achieve, the only methods available being the use of ant fences and long intercycles between plantings. Mealybugs were abundant and pineapple wilt a serious factor in produc tion. When DDT became available it was found that this insecticide provided con trol of the big-headed ant and the practice was adopted of using a broadcast spray of 4 lbs. active per acre as soon as possible after the pineapples were planted followed by three more applications of 2 lbs.
    [Show full text]
  • Big-Headed Ant (361) Relates To: Ants
    Pacific Pests, Pathogens & Weeds - Fact Sheets https://apps.lucidcentral.org/ppp/ Big-headed ant (361) Relates to: Ants Photo 1. Side view of 'major' worker, big-headed ant, Photo 2. Front view, head of 'major' worker, big- Pheidole megacephala. headed ant, Pheidole megacephala. Photo 3. Front view, head of 'minor' worker, big- headed ant, Pheidole megacephala. Common Name Big-headed ant, African big-headed ant, coastal brown ant. Scientific Name Pheidole megacephala Distribution Worldwide. Asia, Africa, North, South, and Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, Oceania. it is recorded from Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna Islands. Hosts Nests of Pheidole megacephala are found under rotten logs, stones, tree bark and within leaf litter. More occasionally, nests occur in wall cavities and ceilings, and the ants forage in kitchens and bathrooms. Symptoms & Life Cycle Pheidole megacephala is one of the world's most invasive ant species. Direct damage occurs when seeds are taken as food, affecting agriculture, and home invasions result in chewed electrical and telephone cables. Indirect damage results from the ants' association with aphids, mealybugs, scale insects and whiteflies. They feed on the honeydew from these pests and protect them from their natural enemies and, consequently, pest populations increase to damaging levels. Furthermore, the honeydew excreted by these insects is colonised by sooty moulds turning leave black and blocking photosynthesis. Big-headed ants prefer disturbed habitats, agricultural and urban areas in tropical and subtropical countries, but they also invade rainforests.
    [Show full text]
  • Anet Newsletter 8
    30 APRIL 2006 No. 8 ANeT Newsletter International Network for the Study of Asian Ants / DIWPA Network for Social Insect Collections / DIVERSITAS in West Pacific and Asia Proceedings of Committee Meeting of 5th ANeT Workshop Minutes prepared by: Prof. Datin Dr. Maryati Mohamed Institute for Tropical Biology & Conservation Universiti Malaysia Sabah, MALAYSIA Place and Date of the Committee Meeting Committee meeting of 5th ANeT Workshop was held on 30th November 2005 at the National Museum, Kuala Lumpur. The meeting started at 12.30 with a discussion on the draft of Action Plan tabled by Dr. John Fellowes and meeting then chaired by Prof. Maryati Mohamed at 1.00 pm. Meeting adjourned at 3.00 p.m. Members Attending Prof. Maryati Mohamed, the President of ANeT (Malaysia) Prof. Seiki Yamane (Japan) Prof. Kazuo Ogata (Japan) Dr. Rudy Kohout (Australia) Dr. John R. Fellowes (Hong Kong/UK) Mr. Suputa (Indonesia) Dr. Yoshiaki Hashimoto (Japan) Dr. Decha Wiwatwitaya (Thailand) Dr. Bui Tuan Viet (Vietnam) Dr. Himender Bharti (India) Dr. Sriyani Dias (Sri Lanka) Mr. Bakhtiar Effendi Yahya, the Secretariat of ANeT (Japan) Ms. Petherine Jimbau, the Secretariat of ANeT (Malaysia) Agenda Agreed 1. Discussion on Proposal on Action Plan as tabled by Dr. John Fellowes 2. Proceedings/Journal 3. Next meeting - 6th ANeT Seminar and Meeting (date and venue) 4. New members and structure of committee membership 5. Any other business ANeT Newsletter No. 8. 30 April 2006 Agenda Item 1: Discussion on Proposal on Action Plan as tabled by Dr. John Fellowes Draft of Proposal was distributed. During the discussion no amendments were proposed to the draft Action Plan objectives.
    [Show full text]
  • The Functions and Evolution of Social Fluid Exchange in Ant Colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C
    ISSN 1997-3500 Myrmecological News myrmecologicalnews.org Myrmecol. News 31: 1-30 doi: 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:001 13 January 2021 Review Article Trophallaxis: the functions and evolution of social fluid exchange in ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C. LeBoeuf Abstract Trophallaxis is a complex social fluid exchange emblematic of social insects and of ants in particular. Trophallaxis behaviors are present in approximately half of all ant genera, distributed over 11 subfamilies. Across biological life, intra- and inter-species exchanged fluids tend to occur in only the most fitness-relevant behavioral contexts, typically transmitting endogenously produced molecules adapted to exert influence on the receiver’s physiology or behavior. Despite this, many aspects of trophallaxis remain poorly understood, such as the prevalence of the different forms of trophallaxis, the components transmitted, their roles in colony physiology and how these behaviors have evolved. With this review, we define the forms of trophallaxis observed in ants and bring together current knowledge on the mechanics of trophallaxis, the contents of the fluids transmitted, the contexts in which trophallaxis occurs and the roles these behaviors play in colony life. We identify six contexts where trophallaxis occurs: nourishment, short- and long-term decision making, immune defense, social maintenance, aggression, and inoculation and maintenance of the gut microbiota. Though many ideas have been put forth on the evolution of trophallaxis, our analyses support the idea that stomodeal trophallaxis has become a fixed aspect of colony life primarily in species that drink liquid food and, further, that the adoption of this behavior was key for some lineages in establishing ecological dominance.
    [Show full text]
  • Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    Forestry Department Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Forest Health & Biosecurity Working Papers OVERVIEW OF FOREST PESTS KENYA January 2007 Forest Resources Development Service Working Paper FBS/20E Forest Management Division FAO, Rome, Italy Forestry Department DISCLAIMER The aim of this document is to give an overview of the forest pest1 situation in Kenya. It is not intended to be a comprehensive review. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. © FAO 2007 1 Pest: Any species, strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants or plant products (FAO, 2004). Overview of forest pests - Kenya TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Forest pests...................................................................................................................... 1 Naturally regenerating forests..................................................................................... 1 Insects ..................................................................................................................... 1 Diseases..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ben Hoffmann CV
    CURRICULUM VITAE - BEN HOFFMANN Personal details Name : Benjamin Daniel Hoffmann Date of Birth : 4th December 1975 Contact Details (work) (home) CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences PO Box 1682 PMB 44 Winnellie Humpty Doo NT 0822 NT 0835 Ph. +61 8 89448432 Ph. +61 8 8988 1315 Mobile +61 418 820 718 Email [email protected] Education Undergraduate Bachelor of Science (Bsc). 1993-1995, Northern Territory University, Darwin Bsc. (Honours). 1996 , Northern Territory University, Darwin Honours Project Title - Ecology of the introduced ant Pheidole megacephala in the Howard Springs region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Postgraduate PhD. 1997-2001 , Northern Territory University, Darwin Thesis Title - Responses of ant communities to land use impacts in Australia. Employment of Relevance 2004 – present CSIRO Darwin. Research of invasive ant biology, ecology, impacts and management. Coordinating exotic ant eradications. Member on scientific advisory panels providing advise to other ant management programs. Research into disturbance ecology particularly minesite rehabilitation, utilizing ants as biological indicators. 1998 – 2004 CSIRO Darwin, Numerous small consultancies, particularly minesite rehabilitation assessments and sorting ants for other researchers. Journal articles (51) Hoffmann BD , Courchamp F (in review) Biological invasions and natural colonisations: are they different? Trends in Ecology and Evolution Hoffmann BD , Broadhurst LM (in review) The economic cost of invasive species to Australia. BioScience Gibb H, Sanders NJ, Dunn RR, Photakis M, Abril S, Andersen AN, Angulo E, Armbrecht I, Arnan, X, Baccaro FB, Boulay R, Castracani C, Del Toro I, Delsinne T, Diaz M, Donoso DA, Enríquez ML, Fayle TM, Feener Jr DH, Fitzpatrick M, Gómez C, Grasso DA, Groc S, Heterick B, Hoffmann BD , Lach L, Lattke J, Leponce M, Lessard JP, Longino J, Lucky A, Majer J, Menke SB, Mezger D, Mori A, Nia OP, Perace-Duvet J, Pfeiffer M, Philpott S, de Souza JLP, Tista M, Vonshak M, Parr CL (in review) Climate regulates the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on ant assemblage structure.
    [Show full text]
  • Hymenoptera: Formicidae
    16 The Weta 30: 16-18 (2005) Changes to the classification of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Darren F. Ward School of Biological Sciences, Tamaki Campus, Auckland University, Private Bag 92019, Auckland ([email protected]) Introduction This short note aims to update the reader on changes to the subfamily classification of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Although the New Zealand ant fauna is very small, these changes affect the classification and phylogeny of both endemic and exotic ant species in New Zealand. Bolton (2003) has recently proposed a new subfamily classification for ants. Two new subfamilies have been created, a revised status for one, and new status for four. Worldwide, there are now 21 extant subfamilies of ants. The endemic fauna of New Zealand is now classified into six subfamilies (Table 1), as a result of three subfamilies, Amblyoponinae, Heteroponerinae and Proceratiinae, being split from the traditional subfamily Ponerinae. Bolton’s (2003) classification also affects several exotic species in New Zealand. Three species have been transferred from Ponerinae: Amblyopone australis to Amblyoponinae, and Rhytidoponera chalybaea and R. metallica to Ectatomminae. Currently there are 28 exotic species in New Zealand (Table 1). Eighteen species have most likely come from Australia, where they are native. Eight are global tramp species, commonly transported by human activities, and two species are of African origin. Nineteen of the currently established exotic species are recorded for the first time in New Zealand as occurring outside their native range. This may result in difficulty in obtaining species-specific biological knowledge and assessing their likelihood of becoming successful invaders. In addition to the work by Bolton (2003), Phil Ward and colleagues at UC Davis have started to resolve the phylogenetic relationships among subfamilies and genera of all ants using molecular data (Ward et al, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • 36 Wood Destroying Insects
    CHAPTER 36 THE BEST CONTROL OR HOW TO PERMANENTLY AND SAFELY CONTROL ALL WOOD DESTROYING ORGANISMS http://www.pctonline.com/copesan/ (without killing yourself) The February 1999 issue of Pest Control magazine on page 18 quotes Dr. Austin Frishman as saying, “We know that termiticides alone will not solve most termite problems.” This chapter will show you how to safely solve them without using any volatile termiticide poisons. At the time a live tree is cut down, nearly half its weight consists of water! The most destructive factor to wood in structures is excessive moisture, not wood destroying insects. Correct all moisture and humidity problems and you will also control almost all wood destroying insect problems without using any poisons. Use ventilation, moisture barriers, fans, air conditioners and/or dehumidifiers first, last and always. 1347 FORWARD Far more volatile, “registered,” synthetic pesticide poison is used to control termites than any other structural pest you will ever encounter. No volatile synthetic residual insecticide or economic poison is completely safe no matter what the professional pest control industry claims. The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), when it approves one of the economic poisons, basically is only concerned with the harmful effects that occur from a single exposure of only the active ingredient by any route of entry or its acute toxicity expressed as its LD50 or LC50 value which is the lethal dose or concentration (relative amount) of only the active ingredient required to kill 50 % of a test population, e.g., male rats. LD50 values are recorded in milligrams of active ingredient per kilogram of body weight of the test animal.
    [Show full text]
  • Terrestrial Arthropod Surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Marianas
    Terrestrial Arthropod Surveys on Pagan Island, Northern Marianas Neal L. Evenhuis, Lucius G. Eldredge, Keith T. Arakaki, Darcy Oishi, Janis N. Garcia & William P. Haines Pacific Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 Final Report November 2010 Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Pacific Islands Fish & Wildlife Office Honolulu, Hawaii Evenhuis et al. — Pagan Island Arthropod Survey 2 BISHOP MUSEUM The State Museum of Natural and Cultural History 1525 Bernice Street Honolulu, Hawai’i 96817–2704, USA Copyright© 2010 Bishop Museum All Rights Reserved Printed in the United States of America Contribution No. 2010-015 to the Pacific Biological Survey Evenhuis et al. — Pagan Island Arthropod Survey 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... 5 Background ..................................................................................................................... 7 General History .............................................................................................................. 10 Previous Expeditions to Pagan Surveying Terrestrial Arthropods ................................ 12 Current Survey and List of Collecting Sites .................................................................. 18 Sampling Methods ......................................................................................................... 25 Survey Results ..............................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Ants - White-Footed Ant (360)
    Pacific Pests and Pathogens - Fact Sheets https://apps.lucidcentral.org/ppp/ Ants - white-footed ant (360) Photo 1. White-footed ant, Technomyrmex species, Photo 2. White-footed ant, Technomyrmex species, tending an infestation of Icerya seychellarum on tending an infestation of mealybugs on noni (Morinda avocado for their honeydew. citrifolia) for their honeydew. Photo 3. White-footed ant, Technomyrmex albipes, side Photo 4. White-footed ant, Technomyrmex albipes, view. from above. Photo 5. White-footed ant, Technomyrmex albipes; view of head. Common Name White-footed ant; white-footed house ant. Scientific Name Technomyrmex albipes. Identification of the ant requires expert examination as there are several other species that are similar. Many specimens previously identified as Technomyrmex albipes have subsequently been reidentified as Technomyrmex difficilis (difficult white-footed ant) or as Technomyrmex vitiensis (Fijian white-footed ant), which also occurs worldwide. Distribution Worldwide. Asia, Africa, North and South America (restricted), Caribbean, Europe (restricted), Oceania. It is recorded from Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, Guam, Marshall Islands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Pitcairn, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Wallis and Futuna. Hosts Tent-like nests made of debris occur on the ground within leaf litter, under stones or wood, among leaves of low vegetation, in holes, crevices and crotches of stems and trunks, in the canopies of trees, and on fruit. The ants also make nests in wall cavities of houses, foraging in kitchens and bathrooms. Symptoms & Life Cycle Damage to plants is not done directly by Technomyrmex albipes, but indirectly. The ants feed on honeydew of aphids, mealybugs, scale insects and whiteflies, and prevent the natural enemies of these pests from attacking them.
    [Show full text]
  • Zootaxa, Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae
    Zootaxa 964: 1–8 (2005) ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ ZOOTAXA 964 Copyright © 2005 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) A new pest of tomato and other records of mealybugs (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Espírito Santo, Brazil MARK P. CULIK1 & PENNY J. GULLAN2 1Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural — INCAPER, Rua Afonso Sarlo 160, CEP 29052-010, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, e-mail: [email protected]; 2Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8584, USA, e-mail: [email protected]. Abstract Three mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) plant pest species: Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, and Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret), are recorded for the first time in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. This is the first record of Phenacoccus solenopsis in Bra- zil, where it was found infesting tomato plants. The species Antonina graminis (Maskell), a com- mon pest of Bermuda grass, and Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), a major pest of pineapple, also were encountered. Key words: Antonina graminis, Dysmicoccus boninsis, Dysmicoccus brevipes, Phenacoccus sole- nopsis, Pseudococcus viburni, Solanum lycopersicum Uma nova praga do tomateiro e outros registros de cochonilhas-farinhentas (Hemi- ptera: Pseudococcidae) no Espírito Santo, Brasil Resumo: São registradas pela primeira vez a ocorrência das cochonilhas-farinhentas (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) Dysmicoccus boninsis (Kuwana), Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley, e Pseudococ- cus viburni (Signoret) no estado do Espírito Santo. Destaca-se que o registro de Phenacoccus sole- nopsis, encontrada no tomateiro, é o primeiro no Brasil. Também foram encontradas em capim Bermuda a espécie Antonina graminis (Maskell) e em abacaxi e abóbora a espécie Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell), ambas já relatadas no estado do Espírito Santo.
    [Show full text]
  • Blank Document
    Application to release the microhymenopteran parasitoid Tachardiaephagus somervillei for the control of the invasive scale insect Tachardina aurantiaca on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean Prepared by Peter T. Green, Dennis J. O’Dowd and Gabor Neumann (La Trobe University, Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora 3086) on behalf the Director of National Parks. Submitted by The Director of National Parks, for assessment by the Australian Government Department of Agriculture 1 December 2014 Contents Executive Summary ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..iii Preamble ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. vi Acknowledgments ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… viii 1. Information on the target species, the yellow lac scale Tachardina aurantiaca ……………………………. 1 1.1 Taxonomy ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.2 Description ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 1.3 Distribution ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 1 1.4 Australian Range ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2 1.5 Ecology ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 2 1.6 Impacts ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 3 1.7 Information on all other relevant Commonwealth, State and Territory legislative controls of the target species …………………………………………………………………………… 7 1.8 When the target was approved for biological control ………………………………………………………. 7 1.9 History of biological control ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7 2. Information on the potential agent Tachardiaephagus somervillei …………………………………………….
    [Show full text]