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Recent Results on Galactic Cosmic Rays with the DAMPE Experiment Recent results on galactic cosmic rays with the DAMPE experiment Xin Wu Department of Nuclear and Particle Physics University of Geneva, Switzerland XSCRC2019, CERN 14 November, 2019 Outline • Introduction to the DAMPE experiment • Description and performance of the detector • Recent cosmic ray results Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 2 DAMPE Launched ~4 years ago (17/12/2015) High energy particle physics experiment in space Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 3 The Detector Plastic Scintillator Detector (PSD) Silicon-Tungsten Tracker (STK) BGO Calorimeter (BGO) Neutron Detector (NUD) ü Charge measurements (PSD and STK) ü Precise tracking with Si strip detectors (STK) high energy g-ray, ü Tungsten photon converters in tracker (STK) electron and cosmic ray ü Thick imaging calorimeter (BGO of 32 X0, 1.6 l) nuclei telescope ü Extra hadron rejection (NUD) Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 4 The Collaboration • China – Purple Mountain Observatory, CAS, Nanjing – Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS, Beijing – National Space Science Center, CAS, Beijing – University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei – Institute of Modern Physics, CAS, Lanzhou • Switzerland – University of Geneva, Switzerland • Italy – INFN Perugia and University of Perugia – INFN Bari and University of Bari – INFN Lecce and University of Salento – INFN LNGS and Gran Sasso Science Institute Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 5 The DAMPE Satellite EQM, Oct. 2014, CERN Integrated satellite, Sept. 2015, Shanghai Weight : 1450/1850 kg (payload/satellite) Power: 300/500 W (payload/satellite) Readout channels: 75,916 (STK 73,728) Size: 1.2m x 1.2 m x 1.0 m Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 6 The Orbit • Altitude: 500 km • Inclination: 97.4065 • Period: 95 minutes • Orbit: sun-synchronous Launched Dec. 17 2015 • Dec. 20: all detectors powered on, except the HV for PMTs • Dec. 24: HV on! • Dec. 30: stable trigger condition Xin Wu XSCRC2019,• Very 14/11/2019 smooth operation since! 7 Particle hit counts vs orbit • 15 orbits/day, 96 minutes/orbit • ~50 Hz average trigger rate, ~5 M events/day – Main high energy trigger and prescaled low energy and MIP triggers Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 8 Plastic Scintillator Detector (PSD) 2 layers (x, y) of strips 1 cm thick, 2.8 cm wide and 88.4 cm long Sensitive area 82.5 cm x 82.5 cm, no dead zone • Strip staggered by 0.8 cm Readout both ends with PMT, each uses 2 dynode signals (factor ~40) to extend the Xin Wu XSCRC2019,dynamic 14/11/2019 range to cover Z = 1, 26 9 Silicon-Tungsten Tracker (STK) • Outer envelop 1.12m x 1.12m x 25.2 cm • Detection area 76 x 76 cm2 • ~7 m2 of silicon • Total weight: 154.8 Kg • Total power consumption: ~85W Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 10 The STK structure • 12 layers (6x, 6y) of single-sided Si strip detector mounted on 7 support trays • Tungsten plates (1mm thick) integrated in trays 2, 3, 4 (from the top) – Total 0.85 X 0 for photon conversion 192 ladders 768 silicon sensors 95 x 95 x 0.32 mm3 1,152 ASICs 73,728 channels Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 11 BGO Calorimeter (BGO) • 14-layer BGO, 7 x-layers + 7 y-layers – BGO bar 2.5 cm2.5 cm x 60 cm, readout both ends with PMT • Use 3 dynode (2, 5, 8) signals to extend the dynamic range – Charge readout/Trigger: ASIC with dynamic range up to 12 pC Detection area 60cm60cm X Layer (22 BGO bars) Y Layer 14 Layers Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 Total thickness 32 X0/1.6 l 12 Neutron Detector (NUD) • 4 large area boron-doped plastic scintillators ( 30 cm30 cm1 cm) – Detect the delayed thermal neutron capture signal to help e/h separation – Gating circuit to detect delayed signal with a settable delay (0-20µs) after the trigger from the BGO n + 10B → α + 7Li + g Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 13 On-ground calibration • Several weeks at CERN PS and SPS beams from Oct. 2012 – Nov. 2015 (EQM) – Plus many cosmic muon data (FM) Nov. 2014 Oct. 2012 Nov. 2015 XinMarcH Wu 2015 XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 14 Electron energy linearity and resolution 1-20 GeV 50-243 GeV Linearity DE/E < 1.5% for > 100 GeV Good linearity and resolution, good agreement between test beam and simulation Xin Wu Energy correction:XSCRC2019, ~6-7% 14/11/2019 for 100 GeV – 1 TeV 15 Proton energy resolution Good agreement between test beam and simulation Proton energy cannot be easily corrected. Need unfolding! Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 16 BGO in-flight MIP calibration • “MIP” calibration: ADC → MeV and equalization, use events near the equator, 20 MIP spectrum of a BGO bar Geomagnetic MIP MPV shift % cut-off effect MPV of a BGO bar After “temperature correction” MeV ADC BGO Helium MIP Xin WuProton “MIP” MPV vs temperatureXSCRC2019, (time) 14/11/2019Helium “MIP” mean vs time, stable17 <1% Absolute energy scale validation • Overall energy scale can be checked with geomagnetic cut-off effects – Charge particles detected in a geomagnetic zone have specific cut-off in the flux (deflection by the magnetic shield) • Use L in 1 – 1.14, cut-off ~ 13 GeV • Measured cut-off compared to MC simulation with IGRF-12 model and back-tracing code Cdata/Cpred = 1.0120.017(stat.) 0.013(sys.) McIlwain L shells Energy scale agrees with expectation within 2% Stable with time (small decrease in cut-off due to solar modulation) Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 18 PSD in-orbit charge measurement Astropart. Phys., 105, 31 (2019) Element sZ H 0.07 He 0.10 Li 0.14 Be 0.21 B 0.17 C 0.18 N 0.21 O 0.20 Excellent for cosmic-ray measurements Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 19 STK noise very stable since launch 1 year Average noise 2.84-2.88 ADC Very small temperature variation Xin Wu ~4 year in orbit, >99.5%XSCRC2019, channels 14/11/2019 are still working perfectly! 20 STK in-flight alignment • Good thermal stability guaranteed a good short term mechanical stability 300 x2 x1 Re-align every 2 weeks to x3 x6 200 x4 y1 correct for long term shift x5 y6 y2 aligned m) y3 non-aligned µ y4 y5 100 90 80 70 60 Outside layers with larger extrapolation errors Effective resolution ( 50 40 Intrinsic position resolution 40 -50 µm 30 10 20 30 40 50 θx(θy) (deg) Unbiased hit residual of 12 layers before/after (re)alignment, as function of incidence angle Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 21 X Residual width variation: aligned 1.6 0° < Q < 10° 1.6 10° < Q < 20° 1.5 x x1 x2 1.5 x 1.4 x3 x4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 x5 x6 1.2 1.1 1.1 1 1 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 1.6 Dec-3120°Jul-01 < QDec-31 < 30Jul-01° Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 1.6 Dec-3130° Jul-01< Q Dec-31 < 40Jul-01° Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.4 1.4 (January,1st) 1.3 1.3 1 1.2 1.2 s 1.1 1.1 / 1 1 1 s 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 1.6 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 1.6 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 40° < Q < 50° Q > 50° 1.5 x 1.5 x 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1 1 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 Xin Wu Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 9thDec-31 DAMPEJul-02 Workshop,Dec-31 15/06/2019Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 22 X Residual width variation: not aligned 1.6 0° < Q < 10° 1.6 10° < Q < 20° 1.5 y y1 y2 1.5 y 1.4 y3 y4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 y5 y6 1.2 1.1 1.1 1 1 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 1.6 Dec-3120°Jul-01 < QDec-31 < 30Jul-01° Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 1.6 Dec-3130° Jul-01< Q Dec-31 < 40Jul-01° Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 1.5 y 1.5 y 1.4 1.4 (January,1st) 1.3 1.3 1 1.2 1.2 s 1.1 1.1 / 1 1 1 s 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 1.6 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 1.6 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 40° < Q < 50° Q > 50° 1.5 y 1.5 y 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1 1 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 2015 2016 2016 2017 2017 2018 2018 2019 Xin Wu Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 9thDec-31 DAMPEJul-02 Workshop,Dec-31 15/06/2019Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-01 Dec-31 Jul-02 Dec-31 Jul-02 23 Very stable operation • Basically no important down time for 46 months and counting … Energy bins DAC calibration STK threshold update HV reset ~5.2 M events recoded per day More than 7 billion events collected Skimmed datasets: number of events per energy interval very stable Xin Wu XSCRC2019, 14/11/2019 24 Proton flux • Published in 17 September 2019 in Science Advances (Sci.
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