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Conceptual Drainage Improvement Plans for the Maong River Catchment Area

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Conceptual Drainage Improvement Plans for the Maong River Catchment Area PL AYS ý 't, -Q W> > Z .a .ý . NI M Pý m Faculty of Engineering CONCEPTUAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT PLANS FOR THE MAONG RIVER CATCHMENT AREA Peter Bruwa Ak Minah g 07 Bachelor of Engineering with Honours P478 (Civil Engineering) 2004 2004 Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Kota Samarahan fk BORANG PENYERAHAN TESIS Judul: CONCEPTUAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT PLANS FOR THE MAONG RIVER CATCHMENT AREA SESI PENGAJIAN: 2000 - 2004 Saya PETER BRUWA AK MINAH (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: I. Hakmilik kertas projek adalah di bawah nama penulis melainkan penulisan sebagai projek bersama dan dibiayai oleh UNIMAS, hakmiliknya adalah kepunyaan UNIMAS. 2. Naskhah salinan di dalam bentuk kertas atau mikro hanya boleh dibuat dengan kebenaran bertulis daripada penulis. 3. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UNIMAS dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk pengajian mereka. 4. Kertas projek hanya boleh diterbitkan dengan kebenaran penulis. Bayaran royalti adalah mengikut kadar yang dipersetujui kelak. 5. * Saya membenarkan/tidak membenarkan Perpustakaan membuat salinan kertas projek ini sebagai bahan pertukaran di antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 6. ** Sila tandakan () I SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972). I TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/ badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan). 0 TIDAK TERHAD isahkan oleh --- A ýfi., / (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDrATANGAN PENYELIA) Alamat tetap: 9F, JLN TUN AHMAD ZAIDI Assoc. Prof. Dr. F.J. Putuhena ADRUCE, 93150 KUCHING, SARAWAK. ( Nama Penyelia ) Tarikh: 30 Mac 2004 Tarikh: 30 Mac 2004 CATATAN * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika Kerins Projek ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/ organisasi berkenaan dengan menyertakan sekali tempoh kertas projek. Ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SU LIT stau TERHAD. Pks 2000 The Following Final Year Project: Title: CONCEPTUAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT PLANS FOR THE MAONG RIVER CATCHMENT AREA Name of the author: PETER BRUWA AK MINAH Matrix number: 5287 was read and certified by: 30" Aa-)y Assoc. Prof. Dr. F.J. Putuhena Date (Supervisor) P.KHIDMATMAKLUMATAKADEMIK UNIMAS immiiniiMUUNm1000125605 CONCEPTUAL DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT PLANS FOR THE MAONG RIVER CATCHMENT AREA PETER BRUWA AK MINAH This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Engineering with Honours (Civil Engineering) Faculty of Engineering UNNERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK 2004 1 To my beloved mother, Madam Jenifer Nyim. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, thank you Jesusfor the love and blessings that you have given me through the years. To my supervisor, Associate Professor Dr. F.J. Putuhena, thank you for your guidance and endlesspatience that you have shown me throughout the duration of the project. To all my lecturers, thank you. To my family, especially mom; I love you all. 111 ABSTRACT The study is particularly evolves around the strategic ideas to tackle flood problem in the Maong river catchment area vis-ä-vis the development cycles that of the study area. In other words, both of the variables are in `direct relation' towards each other. It is based on the February 2003 flood event; refer to Appendix B. The February 2003 flood event flood is associated with a 20-years return period of rainfall. It is computed by using the recorded rainfall data from the Kuching Airport rainfall station. Plenty of areas in the upstream of the barrage were inundated during the event as well as some parts of the area in the Maong river catchment area. For that reason, the conceptual drainage improvement plans are generated. Among the proposed structures in this study are levees or flood walls, storage, tidal control device and pumping facilities. Several data collection and calculation processes will follow through in this project. Whereby, the computed value of Qp k by using the modified rational method is 263.58m3/s and estimated storm water volume to be stored is 2,851,200m3. The computed data will be used in the discussion section. This study is still in the identification stage of the stages in project planning. In addition, according to Carpenter (2002), "the protection of areas of floodplain reduces out of bank storage and changes the shape of the flood wave... potentially increasing flood risk downstream". In short, there is no total solution for flood problem. iv ABSTRAK Kajian ini berkisar terhadap idea-idea strategik untuk mengatasi masalah banjir di kawasan tadahan Sungai Maong di mana is berkadar terus dengan kitaran pembangunan di kawasan kajian. Kajian adalah berdasarkan kepada kejadian banjir pada Februari 2003, rujuk Appendix B. Kejadian banjir pada Februari 2003 dikaitkan dengan `return period' 20 tahun. Keputusan yang diperolehi adalah berdasarkan data yang direkodkan di stesen hujan Kuching Airport. Beberapa kawasan yang berada di hulu `barrage' termasuk beberapa kawasan di kawasan tadahan Sungai Maong turnt dibanjiri. Di atas sebab itu, pelan-pelan pembaikan perparitan secara teori telah disediakan. Antara struktur-struktur yang dicadangkan dalam kajian ini ialah tetambak penghalang ombak atau tembok banjir, `storage', struktur penghalang ombak dan kemudahan mengepam. Proses pengumpulan maklumat dan pengiraan akan dilakukan sepanjang projek. Di mana, nilai Qpeakyang diperolehi melalui kaedah `modified rational method' ialah 263.58m3/s dan anggaran bagi isipadu air hujan yang perlu di takung ialah 2,851,200m3. Data-data yang telah dikira akan digunakan dalam bahagian diskusi. Kajian ini berada pada peringkat identifikasi untuk peringkat-peringkat dalam `project planning'. Tambahan pula, menurut Carpenter (2002), "the protection of areas of floodplain reduces out of bank storage and changes the shape of the flood wave... potentially increasing flood risk downstream". Secara ringkas, tiada penyelesaian yang menyeluruh untuk masalah banjir. V Table of Contents Content Page Number Acknowledgement iii Abstract iv Abstrak V List of Tables X List of Figures R1 Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Background I 1.2 Statementof Problem 1 1.2.1 Floods in Maong River Catchment Area 2 1.2.2 The Current Drainage System 3 1.3 Objective 4 1.4 Scope of Work 4 Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Planning 5 2.2 Floods 6 2.3 River Flood Control 7 2.3.1 Structural Alternatives 8 2.3.1.1 Flood-Control Reservoir 8 V1 2.3.1.2 Diversion 8 2.3.1.3 Levees or Floodwalls 8 2.3.1.4 Channel Modifications 10 2.3.2 Non-Structural Measures 11 2.3.2.1 Flood Proofing 11 2.3.2.2 Flood Warning Preparedness(FWP plan) 11 2.3.2.3 Land-Use control 11 2.4 Example of Flood Control Failures 12 2.5 Flap-gates or Flood-gates 13 2.6 Drainage System 13 2.6.1 External System 14 2.6.2 Internal System 14 2.6.3 Functions 14 2.6.4 Hydrological Cycle 15 2.6.4.1 Interception 15 2.6.4.2 The Rainfall-Runoff Relationship 17 2.6.4.2.1 Runoff 18 2.6.4.3 Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) 18 2.6.5 Watershed 20 2.6.6 The Modified Rational Method 21 2.6.6.1 Runoff Coefficient, C 21 2.6.6.2 Time Parameters 22 2.6.6.3 Time of Concentration, tc 23 2.6.6.4 Storage Coefficient, CS 23 vii 2.6.6.5 Rainfall Intensity 23 2.6.6.6 Drainage Area 24 2.6.6.7 Assumptions 24 2.7 Brasby-Williams Formula 25 2.8 Frequency Analysis 25 2.8.1 Gumbel's Distribution 25 2.8.2 Standard Deviation 26 2.9 Reservoir Routing 26 Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 General 28 3.1.1 Data Collection 28 3.1.2 Delineating the Catchment Area 29 3.1.3 Determination of the Return Period of Rainfall 29 3.1.4 Calculating the Design Discharge, Qp k 29 3.1.5 Estimating the storm water volume to be stored 30 3.2 Conceptual Drainage Improvement Plans 30 3.3 Improvement versus Degree of Developments 30 Chapter 4: Data and Analysis 4.1 Delineating the Catchment Area 31 4.2 Determination of the Return Period of Rainfall 33 4.3 Calculating the Design Discharge, Qpaik 35 viii 4.4 Estimating the Storm Water Volume to be Stored 44 4.5 Discussion 45 4.5.1 Limitations 45 4.5.2 Assumptions 46 4.5.3 Comments on Results 46 Chapter 5: Conceptual Drainage Improvement Plans 5.1 Conceptual Drainage Improvement Plans 48 5.1.1 Keep the Maong River as it is 48 5.1.2 Extensive Protection of the Study Area 49 5.2 Improvement versus Degreeof Developments 51 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendations 6.1 Conclusion 52 6.2 Recommendations 53 References 55 Appendix A 56 Appendix B 57 Appendix C 58 Appendix D 59 ix List of Tables Table Page Number 2.1 Runoff coefficient, C 21 4.1 Sub-catchmentsarea 31 4.2 Data to calculate return period of rainfall 34 4.3 Year 2000 land use in Kuching City (%) 36 4.4 Determining, t,, and td 37 4.5 Possible routes and calculating, tc 40 4.6 Summation of AC 42 4.7 Intensity, I 43 4.8 Storagecoefficient, CS 43 X List of Figures Figure Page Number 2.1 Flood protection levee constructions 10 2.2 Hydrologic cycle of a natural environment 16 2.3 Hydrologic cycle of a developed environment 17 2.4 IDF curve for Kuching Airport 19 2.5 Delineation of watershed boundary 20 4.1 Schematic representations of the flow paths 35 4.2 Retarding storage volume 44 4.3 Maximum observed flood peaks 47 5.1 Structures for river control 50 R1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The nature of this study is basically based on the February 2003 flood event that hit Kuching town.
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