Lattice-Based Non-Interactive Argument Systems

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Lattice-Based Non-Interactive Argument Systems LATTICE-BASED NON-INTERACTIVE ARGUMENT SYSTEMS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND THE COMMITTEE ON GRADUATE STUDIES OF STANFORD UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY David J. Wu August 2018 c Copyright by David J. Wu 2018 All Rights Reserved ii I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Dan Boneh) Principal Adviser I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Omer Reingold) I certify that I have read this dissertation and that, in my opinion, it is fully adequate in scope and quality as a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. (Mary Wootters) Approved for the Stanford University Committee on Graduate Studies iii Abstract Non-interactive argument systems are an important building block in many cryptographic protocols. In this work, we begin by studying non-interactive zero-knowledge (NIZK) arguments for general NP languages. In a NIZK argument system, a prover can convince a verifier that a statement is true without revealing anything more about the statement. Today, NIZK arguments can be instantiated from random oracles, or, in the common reference string (CRS) model, from trapdoor permutations, pairings, or indistinguishability obfuscation. Notably absent from this list are constructions from lattice assumptions, and realizing NIZKs (for general NP languages) from lattices has been a long- standing open problem. In this work, we make progress on this problem by giving the first construction of a multi-theorem NIZK argument from standard lattice assumptions in a relaxed model called the preprocessing model, where we additionally assume the existence of a trusted setup algorithm that generates a proving key (used to construct proofs) and a verification key (used to verify proofs). Moreover, by basing hardness on lattice assumptions, our construction gives the first candidate that plausibly resists quantum attacks. We then turn our attention to constructing succinct non-interactive arguments (SNARGs) for general NP languages. SNARGs enable verifying computations with substantially lower complexity than that required for classic NP verification. Prior to this work, all SNARG constructions relied on random oracles, pairings, or indistinguishability obfuscation. This work gives the first lattice- based SNARG candidates. In fact, we show that one of our new candidates satisfy an appealing property called \quasi-optimality," which means that the SNARG simultaneously minimizes both the prover complexity and the proof size (up to polylogarithmic factors). This is the first quasi-optimal SNARG from any concrete cryptographic assumption. Again, because of our reliance on lattice-based techniques, all of our new candidates resist quantum attacks (in contrast to existing pairing-based constructions). iv Acknowledgments Neither my journey into cryptography nor this thesis would have happened without the support and mentoring of my advisor, Dan Boneh. Six years ago, while I was still a starry-eyed undergrad at Stanford, I had the fortune of taking Dan's Introduction to Cryptography course. Dan's boundless energy and infectious enthusiasm for not only cryptography, but also research and life, was what first drew me into this field. Over the years, I can say without doubt that Dan has shown by example the sheer excitement and joy of research. As I now prepare for the next step of my own academic journey, I will strive to emulate the qualities of the ideal researcher that Dan so brilliantly exemplifies. I would like to say a special word of thanks to Yuval Ishai and Amit Sahai for all of the insights, advice, and guidance they have provided me in the last few years. I can easily say that my three visits to UCLA in the last two years have been some of the most exciting (and productive!) weeks of my PhD, and I am grateful to both of them for being such wonderful and generous hosts. It has been an absolute pleasure and privilege to collaborate with them on multiple projects (several of which are featured in this thesis), and I look forward to many more. The numerous discussions we had have certainly shaped how I think about and approach research. Over the years, I have also had the luxury of working with and learning from all of the students in the Stanford Applied Crypto group. I would like to thank all of them for patiently hearing out my half-baked ideas, kindly critiquing my papers, and sharing with me their cool ideas. I consider myself very lucky to be in the company of such a talented group of researchers. I especially would like to thank all of my student co-authors: Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Sam Kim, Kevin Lewi, Hart Montgomery, and Joe Zimmerman. I thank Joe for teaching me how to reason precisely about abstract concepts and how to communicate my ideas with technical rigor. I thank Kevin for introducing me to the marvelous world of theoretical cryptography and for keeping me motivated and optimistic through all the times we got stuck on problems. I thank Hart for always being willing to share his ideas and for providing a healthy dose of skepticism for my ill-contrived constructions. I thank Henry for not only being an amazing officemate, but also for being so willing to share with me his deep insights into both cryptography and computer security; I am always impressed by the breadth of his knowledge and the depth of his intuition. Finally, I thank Sam for our many fruitful collaborations in the last few years. I cannot count how many hours we have now spent talking about cryptography and life. v And of course, I thank him for patiently bringing me up to speed on lattice-based cryptography. It has truly been an honor and a pleasure. One of the greatest joys of research is having the opportunity to collaborate with brilliant individuals spanning a wide range of disciplines (and time zones). I would like to thank all of my wonderful collaborators from the last five years: Shashank Agrawal, Gill Bejerano, Bonnie Berger, Johannes Birgmeier, Dan Boneh, Nathan Chenette, Hyunghoon Cho, Henry Corrigan-Gibbs, Tony Feng, Yuval Ishai, Karthik Jagadeesh, Sam Kim, Kristin Lauter, Kevin Lewi, Avradip Mandal, John Mitchell, Hart Montgomery, Michael Naehrig, Alain Passel`egue,J´er´emy Planul, Arnab Roy, Amit Sahai, Asim Shankar, Ankur Taly, Steve Weis, and Joe Zimmerman. I thank them for making my time in grad school so enjoyable and for always reminding me why I chose to pursue research. I would also like to thank the members of my thesis committee for all of the helpful feedback they have provided to improve this work: Dan Boneh, Moses Charikar, Brian Conrad, Omer Reingold, and Mary Wootters. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family who have stood with me over all these years. I will forever be grateful for their support and encouragement. After all, this quixotic quest for truth and understanding would be a lot less exciting if I could not share the joy with all of them. This work was supported in part by an NSF Graduate Research Fellowship. vi Contents Abstract iv Acknowledgments v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Arguments.......................2 1.2 Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments...........................4 1.3 Why Lattices?.......................................5 1.4 Works Contained in this Thesis..............................7 2 Preliminaries 8 2.1 Background on Lattice-Based Cryptography....................... 10 3 Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge Arguments 14 3.1 Construction Overview................................... 14 3.1.1 Additional Related Work............................. 18 3.2 Homomorphic Signatures................................. 19 3.2.1 Selectively-Secure Homomorphic Signatures................... 28 3.2.2 From Selective Security to Adaptive Security.................. 31 3.3 Preprocessing NIZKs from Homomorphic Signatures.................. 35 3.4 Blind Homomorphic Signatures.............................. 42 3.4.1 The Universal Composability Framework.................... 42 3.4.2 The Blind Homomorphic Signature Functionality................ 46 3.4.3 Constructing Blind Homomorphic Signatures.................. 49 3.5 Universally-Composable Preprocessing NIZKs...................... 53 3.5.1 Applications to MPC............................... 55 3.6 Proofs from this Chapter................................. 59 3.6.1 Proof of Theorem 3.26............................... 59 3.6.2 Proof of Theorem 3.36............................... 62 vii 3.6.3 Proof of Theorem 3.40............................... 78 3.7 Chapter Summary..................................... 85 4 Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments (SNARGs) 86 4.1 Summary of Results and Technical Overview...................... 88 4.2 Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments........................... 90 4.3 Linear PCPs........................................ 92 4.3.1 Constructing Linear PCPs with Strong Soundness............... 94 4.4 SNARGs from Linear-Only Vector Encryption...................... 97 4.4.1 Linear-Only Vector Encryption.......................... 98 4.4.2 From Linear-Only Vector Encryption to Preprocessing SNARGs....... 100 4.4.3 Multi-Theorem Designated-Verifier SNARGs.................. 102 4.5 Constructing Lattice-Based SNARGs........................... 103 4.5.1 The Peikert-Vaikuntanathan-Waters Encryption Scheme...........
Recommended publications
  • Reproducibility and Pseudo-Determinism in Log-Space
    Reproducibility and Pseudo-determinism in Log-Space by Ofer Grossman S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2017) Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY May 2020 c Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2020. All rights reserved. Author...................................................................... Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science May 15, 2020 Certified by.................................................................. Shafi Goldwasser RSA Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Thesis Supervisor Accepted by................................................................. Leslie A. Kolodziejski Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Chair, Department Committee on Graduate Students 2 Reproducibility and Pseudo-determinism in Log-Space by Ofer Grossman Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on May 15, 2020, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Abstract Acuriouspropertyofrandomizedlog-spacesearchalgorithmsisthattheiroutputsareoften longer than their workspace. This leads to the question: how can we reproduce the results of a randomized log space computation without storing the output or randomness verbatim? Running the algorithm again with new
    [Show full text]
  • FOCS 2005 Program SUNDAY October 23, 2005
    FOCS 2005 Program SUNDAY October 23, 2005 Talks in Grand Ballroom, 17th floor Session 1: 8:50am – 10:10am Chair: Eva´ Tardos 8:50 Agnostically Learning Halfspaces Adam Kalai, Adam Klivans, Yishay Mansour and Rocco Servedio 9:10 Noise stability of functions with low influences: invari- ance and optimality The 46th Annual IEEE Symposium on Elchanan Mossel, Ryan O’Donnell and Krzysztof Foundations of Computer Science Oleszkiewicz October 22-25, 2005 Omni William Penn Hotel, 9:30 Every decision tree has an influential variable Pittsburgh, PA Ryan O’Donnell, Michael Saks, Oded Schramm and Rocco Servedio Sponsored by the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Mathematical Foundations of Computing 9:50 Lower Bounds for the Noisy Broadcast Problem In cooperation with ACM SIGACT Navin Goyal, Guy Kindler and Michael Saks Break 10:10am – 10:30am FOCS ’05 gratefully acknowledges financial support from Microsoft Research, Yahoo! Research, and the CMU Aladdin center Session 2: 10:30am – 12:10pm Chair: Satish Rao SATURDAY October 22, 2005 10:30 The Unique Games Conjecture, Integrality Gap for Cut Problems and Embeddability of Negative Type Metrics Tutorials held at CMU University Center into `1 [Best paper award] Reception at Omni William Penn Hotel, Monongahela Room, Subhash Khot and Nisheeth Vishnoi 17th floor 10:50 The Closest Substring problem with small distances Tutorial 1: 1:30pm – 3:30pm Daniel Marx (McConomy Auditorium) Chair: Irit Dinur 11:10 Fitting tree metrics: Hierarchical clustering and Phy- logeny Subhash Khot Nir Ailon and Moses Charikar On the Unique Games Conjecture 11:30 Metric Embeddings with Relaxed Guarantees Break 3:30pm – 4:00pm Ittai Abraham, Yair Bartal, T-H.
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Multi-Party Computation in Practice
    SECURE MULTI-PARTY COMPUTATION IN PRACTICE Marcella Christine Hastings A DISSERTATION in Computer and Information Science Presented to the Faculties of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy 2021 Supervisor of Dissertation Nadia Heninger Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Pennsylvania Associate Professor, University of California, San Diego Graduate Group Chairperson Mayur Naik Professor and Computer and Information Science Graduate Group Chair Dissertation Committee Brett Hemenway Falk, Research Assistant Professor Stephan A. Zdancewic, Professor Sebastian Angel, Raj and Neera Singh Term Assistant Professor abhi shelat, Associate Professor at Khoury College of Computer Sciences, Northeastern University ACKNOWLEDGMENT This dissertation would have been much less pleasant to produce without the presence of many people in my life. I would like to thank my advisor and my dissertation committee for their helpful advice, direction, and long-distance phone calls over the past six years. I would like to thank my fellow PhD students at the University of Pennsylvania, especially the ever-changing but consistently lovely office mates in the Distributed Systems Laboratory and my cohort. Our shared tea-time, cookies, disappointments, and achievements provided an essential community that brought me great joy during my time at Penn. I would like to thank the mentors and colleagues who hosted me at the Security and Privacy Lab at the University of Washington in 2018, the Software & Application Innovation Lab at Boston University in 2019, and the Cryptography and Privacy Research group at Microsoft Research in 2020. My career and happiness greatly benefited from spending these summers exploring fresh research directions and rediscovering the world outside my own work.
    [Show full text]
  • A Decade of Lattice Cryptography
    Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0400000074 A Decade of Lattice Cryptography Chris Peikert Computer Science and Engineering University of Michigan, United States Boston — Delft Full text available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.1561/0400000074 Foundations and Trends R in Theoretical Computer Science Published, sold and distributed by: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 1024 Hanover, MA 02339 United States Tel. +1-781-985-4510 www.nowpublishers.com sales@nowpublishers.com Outside North America: now Publishers Inc. PO Box 179 2600 AD Delft The Netherlands Tel. +31-6-51115274 The preferred citation for this publication is C. Peikert. A Decade of Lattice Cryptography. Foundations and Trends R in Theoretical Computer Science, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 283–424, 2014. R This Foundations and Trends issue was typeset in LATEX using a class file designed by Neal Parikh. Printed on acid-free paper. ISBN: 978-1-68083-113-9 c 2016 C. Peikert All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publishers. Photocopying. In the USA: This journal is registered at the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923. Authorization to photocopy items for in- ternal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by now Publishers Inc for users registered with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC). The ‘services’ for users can be found on the internet at: www.copyright.com For those organizations that have been granted a photocopy license, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
    [Show full text]
  • Hard Communication Channels for Steganography
    Hard Communication Channels for Steganography Sebastian Berndt1 and Maciej Liśkiewicz2 1 University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany berndt@tcs.uni-luebeck.de 2 University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany liskiewi@tcs.uni-luebeck.de Abstract This paper considers steganography – the concept of hiding the presence of secret messages in legal communications – in the computational setting and its relation to cryptography. Very re- cently the first (non-polynomial time) steganographic protocol has been shown which, for any communication channel, is provably secure, reliable, and has nearly optimal bandwidth. The security is unconditional, i.e. it does not rely on any unproven complexity-theoretic assumption. This disproves the claim that the existence of one-way functions and access to a communication channel oracle are both necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of secure steganogra- phy in the sense that secure and reliable steganography exists independently of the existence of one-way functions. In this paper, we prove that this equivalence also does not hold in the more realistic setting, where the stegosystem is polynomial time bounded. We prove this by construct- ing (a) a channel for which secure steganography exists if and only if one-way functions exist and (b) another channel such that secure steganography implies that no one-way functions exist. We therefore show that security-preserving reductions between cryptography and steganography need to be treated very carefully. 1998 ACM Subject Classification E.3 Data Encryption Keywords and phrases provable secure steganography, cryptographic assumptions, pseudoran- dom functions, one-way functions, signature schemes Digital Object Identifier 10.4230/LIPIcs.ISAAC.2016.16 1 Introduction Digital steganography has recently received substantial interest in modern computer science since it allows secret communication without revealing its presence.
    [Show full text]
  • Algebraic Pseudorandom Functions with Improved Efficiency from the Augmented Cascade*
    Algebraic Pseudorandom Functions with Improved Efficiency from the Augmented Cascade* DAN BONEH† HART MONTGOMERY‡ ANANTH RAGHUNATHAN§ Department of Computer Science, Stanford University fdabo,hartm,ananthrg@cs.stanford.edu September 8, 2020 Abstract We construct an algebraic pseudorandom function (PRF) that is more efficient than the classic Naor- Reingold algebraic PRF. Our PRF is the result of adapting the cascade construction, which is the basis of HMAC, to the algebraic settings. To do so we define an augmented cascade and prove it secure when the underlying PRF satisfies a property called parallel security. We then use the augmented cascade to build new algebraic PRFs. The algebraic structure of our PRF leads to an efficient large-domain Verifiable Random Function (VRF) and a large-domain simulatable VRF. 1 Introduction Pseudorandom functions (PRFs), first defined by Goldreich, Goldwasser, and Micali [GGM86], are a fun- damental building block in cryptography and have numerous applications. They are used for encryption, message integrity, signatures, key derivation, user authentication, and many other cryptographic mecha- nisms. Beyond cryptography, PRFs are used to defend against denial of service attacks [Ber96, CW03] and even to prove lower bounds in learning theory. In a nutshell, a PRF is indistinguishable from a truly random function. We give precise definitions in the next section. The fastest PRFs are built from block ciphers like AES and security is based on ad-hoc inter- active assumptions. In 1996, Naor and Reingold [NR97] presented an elegant PRF whose security can be deduced from the hardness of the Decision Diffie-Hellman problem (DDH) defined in the next section.
    [Show full text]
  • Omer Reingold, June 2017
    Omer Reingold, June 2017 My research is focused on a wide range of topics within the Foundations of Computer Science. In particular, my core areas, which include my most significant contributions, are Computational Complexity and the Foundations of Cryptography, with an emphasis on Randomness, Derandomization and Explicit Combinatorial Constructions. However, I am interested in a much broader range of topics (some closer and some further away from my core areas). Examples include Differential Privacy and Fairness, Game Theory, Hashing and Data Structures, Resource Allocation and Data Analysis. Current Academic Employment: Professor of Computer Science, Stanford University, Since Feb. 2015. Education: • 1994-1998 Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. Ph.D. in Computer Science. Thesis title: Pseudo-random synthesizers, functions and permutations. Advisor: Prof. Moni Naor. • 1991-1994 Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. B.Sc in Mathematics and Computer Science - Summa Cum Laude. Selected Awards and distinctions (additional awards below): • The 2009 Gödel Prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science (jointly with Salil Vadhan and Avi Wigderson). • 2005 ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award. Awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to “the outstanding young computer professional of the year.” • ACM Fellow (2014) Previous Academic Employment and Short Term Visits: • Feb 2015 – September 2016 Principal Research Engineer, Samsung Research America (SRA) • Nov 2014 – Feb 2015 (while on leave from
    [Show full text]
  • Immunizing Encryption Schemes from Decryption Errors
    Immunizing Encryption Schemes from Decryption Errors Cynthia Dwork1, Moni Naor2, and Omer Reingold2 1 Microsoft Research, SVC 1065 L’Avenida Mountain View, CA 94043 dwork@microsoft.com 2 Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 76100, Israel {moni.naor,omer.reingold}@weizmann.ac.il Abstract. We provide methods for transforming an encryption scheme susceptible to decryption errors into one that is immune to these errors. Immunity to decryption errors is vital when constructing non-malleable and chosen ciphertext secure encryption schemes via current techniques; in addition, it may help defend against certain cryptanalytic techniques, such as the attack of Proos [33] on the NTRU scheme. When decryption errors are very infrequent, our transformation is ex- tremely simple and efficient, almost free. To deal with significant error probabilities, we apply amplification techniques translated from a re- lated information theoretic setting. These techniques allow us to correct even very weak encryption schemes where in addition to decryption er- rors, an adversary has substantial probability of breaking the scheme by decrypting random messages (without knowledge of the secret key). In other words, under these weak encryption schemes, the only guaranteed difference between the legitimate recipient and the adversary is in the frequency of decryption errors. All the above transformations work in a standard cryptographic model; specifically, they do not rely on a random oracle. We also consider the random oracle model, where we give a simple trans- formation from a one-way encryption scheme which is error-prone into one that is immune to errors. We conclude that error-prone cryptosystems can be used in order to create more secure cryptosystems.
    [Show full text]
  • Computational Hardness of Optimal Fair Computation: Beyond Minicrypt
    Computational Hardness of Optimal Fair Computation: Beyond Minicrypt Hemanta K. Maji Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, USA hmaji@purdue.edu Mingyuan Wang Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, USA wang1929@purdue.edu Abstract Secure multi-party computation allows mutually distrusting parties to compute securely over their private data. However, guaranteeing output delivery to honest parties when the adversarial parties may abort the protocol has been a challenging objective. As a representative task, this work considers two-party coin-tossing protocols with guaranteed output delivery, a.k.a., fair coin- tossing. In the information-theoretic plain model, as in two-party zero-sum games, one of the parties can force an output with certainty. In the commitment-hybrid, any r-message coin-tossing proto- √ √ col is 1/ r-unfair, i.e., the adversary can change the honest party’s output distribution by 1/ r in the statistical distance. Moran, Naor, and Segev (TCC–2009) constructed the first 1/r-unfair protocol in the oblivious transfer-hybrid. No further security improvement is possible because Cleve (STOC–1986) proved that 1/r-unfairness is unavoidable. Therefore, Moran, Naor, and Segev’s coin-tossing protocol is optimal. However, is oblivious transfer necessary for optimal fair coin-tossing? Maji and Wang (CRYPTO–2020) proved that any coin-tossing protocol using one-way func- √ tions in a black-box manner is at least 1/ r-unfair. That is, optimal fair coin-tossing is impossible in Minicrypt. Our work focuses on tightly characterizing the hardness of computation assump- tion necessary and sufficient for optimal fair coin-tossing within Cryptomania, outside Minicrypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Fall 2016 Dear Computer Science Alumni and Friends, These Are
    Alex Aiken Alcatel-Lucent Professor Tencent Chair, Department of Computer Science Fall 2016 Dear Computer Science Alumni and Friends, These are exciting times in computer science, with research, education, and the industry continuing to evolve at a rapid and seemingly increasing rate. The role of computer science is also changing, shifting from being a dynamic, exciting intellectual field driving technological change to becoming a dynamic, exciting intellectual field that is a significant component of many other fields of inquiry as well as a major social and cultural force. The effects of these changes on academic computer science departments, at least in the United States, are well known: soaring enrollments at all levels; a major expansion of research efforts, particularly in collaborations with other fields; and the stresses associated with trying to adapt and grow to meet these challenges and opportunities. The CS department at Stanford has been riding this wave with excitement and enthusiasm—and sometimes exhaustion! In this newsletter, I’ll talk about some of the changes that are taking place. A key part of this process has been discussions with the alumni and friends of the department; many of you have helped by sharing your thoughts with me and other faculty, for which we are sincerely grateful. Faculty Hiring The School of Engineering and the department have agreed that the CS department will grow by a net of 10 full-time faculty positions, from about 40 full-time positions today to about 50. Many of you will no doubt recognize that this won’t change our hiring rate (we’ve been hiring as fast as we can for several years), but it will allow us to take a step back and think about the future composition of the department.
    [Show full text]
  • Omer Reingold, June 2019
    Omer Reingold, June 2019 My research is focused on a wide range of topics within the Foundations of Computer Science. Some of my most significant contributions are in Computational Complexity and the Foundations of Cryptography, with an emphasis on Randomness, Derandomization and Explicit Combinatorial Constructions. Much of my current work is in Algorithmic Fairness. Current Academic Employment: The Rajeev Motwani Professor of Computer Science, Stanford University. In Stanford since September. 2016. Education: • 1994-1998 Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel. Ph.D. in Computer Science. Thesis title: Pseudo-random synthesizers, functions and permutations. Advisor: Prof. Moni Naor. • 1991-1994 Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel. B.Sc in Mathematics and Computer Science - Summa Cum Laude. Selected Awards and distinctions (additional awards below): • The 2009 Gödel Prize for outstanding papers in the area of theoretical computer science (jointly with Salil Vadhan and Avi Wigderson). • 2005 ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award. Awarded by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to “the outstanding young computer professional of the year.” • ACM Fellow (2014) Previous Academic Employment and Short Term Visits: • Feb 2015 – September 2016 Principal Research Engineer, Samsung Research America (SRA) • Nov 2014 – Feb 2015 (while on leave from Weizmann) Visiting Professor, Computer Science, Stanford University • July 2009 – Nov 2014 (while on leave from Weizmann) Principal Researcher, Microsoft Research Silicon Valley, Mountain View, CA, USA • Jan 2004 – June 2015 Professor (full Professor since October 2011), Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, The Weizmann Institute of Science On sabbatical and leave of absence July 2009 – June 2015 • August 17 – November 15, 2005 Visiting scholar, Center for Research on Computation and Society, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University.
    [Show full text]
  • Trustworthy AI: a Computational Perspective
    Trustworthy AI: A Computational Perspective HAOCHEN LIU∗, Michigan State University, USA YIQI WANG∗, Michigan State University, USA WENQI FAN, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong XIAORUI LIU, Michigan State University, USA YAXIN LI, Michigan State University, USA SHAILI JAIN, Twitter, USA YUNHAO LIU, Tsinghua University, China ANIL K. JAIN, Michigan State University, USA JILIANG TANG, Michigan State University, USA In the past few decades, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has experienced swift developments, changing everyone’s daily life and profoundly altering the course of human society. The intention behind developing AI was and is to benefit humans by reducing labor, increasing everyday conveniences, and promoting social good. However, recent research and AI applications indicate that AI can cause unintentional harm to humans by, for example, making unreliable decisions in safety-critical scenarios or undermining fairness by inadvertently discriminating against a group or groups. Consequently, trustworthy AI has recently garnered increased attention regarding the need to avoid the adverse effects that AI could bring to people, so people can fully trust and live in harmony with AI technologies. A tremendous amount of research on trustworthy AI has been conducted and witnessed in recent years. In this survey, we present a comprehensive appraisal of trustworthy AI from a computational perspective to help readers understand the latest technologies for achieving trustworthy AI. Trustworthy AI is a large and complex subject, involving various dimensions. In this work, we focus on six of the most crucial dimensions in achieving trustworthy AI: (i) Safety & Robustness, (ii) Nondiscrimination & Fairness, (iii) Explainability, (iv) Privacy, (v) Accountability & Auditability, and (vi) Environmental Well-being.
    [Show full text]