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Prepared in Cooperation with the KANSAS DEPARTMENT of HEALTH and ENVIRONMENT

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STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION ON CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUND WATER AND BASE FLOW IN THREE RIVER VALLEYS IN NORTH-CENTRAL KANSAS By Timothy B. Spruill U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4156 Prepared in cooperation with the KANSAS DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT Lawrence, Kansas 1985 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR DONALD PAUL MODEL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Dallas L. Peck, Director For additional information write to Copies of this report can be purchased from: District Chief Open-File Services Section U.S. Geological Survey Western Distribution Branch Water Resources Division U.S. Geological Survey 1950 Constant Avenue - Campus West Box 25425, Federal Center Lawrence, Kansas 66046 Lakewood, Colorado 80225 [Telephone (913) 864-4321] [Telephone (303) 236-7476] CONTENTS Page Abstract ----------------------------- 1 Introduction --------------------------- l Methods of sample collection and laboratory analysis ------- 3 Sources of dissolved chemical constituents in ground water and base flow ------------------------- 8 Prairie Dog Creek valley, Almena Unit --------------- 8 History of irrigation development -------------- 8 Hydrogeology ------------------------- 10 Hydrologic conditions and chemical quality of water, 1981-82 -------------------------- 10 Republican River valley, Kansas-Bostwick Unit ----------- 11 History of irrigation development- -------------- 11 Hydrogeology ------------------------- 16 Hydrologic conditions and chemical quality of water, 1981-82- ---------------------- 16 Smoky Hill River valley, Cedar Bluff Unit ------------- 21 History of irrigation development- -------------- 21 Hydrogeology ------------------------- 22 Hydrologic conditions and chemical quality of water, 1981-82- ---------------------- 22 Evaluation of effects of irrigation on chemical quality of ground water and base flow ---------------------- 23 Possible factors affecting changes in chemical quality of water- ------------------------- 23 Methods of statistical analysis- --------------- 27 Ground-water chemical quality -------------- 27 Base-flow chemical quality- --------------- 28 Prairie Dog Creek valley - Almena Unit ------- 28 Republican River valley - Kansas-Bostwick Unit - - - 29 Smoky Hill River valley - Cedar Bluff Unit ----- 29 Effects of irrigation, Almena Unit, Prairie Dog Creek valley- -------------------------- 30 Results of statistical tests- -------------- 30 Interpretation of results ---------------- 32 Effects of irrigation, Kansas-Bostwick Unit, Republican River valley- ----------------------- 33 Results of statistical tests- -------------- 33 Interpretation of results ---------------- 33 Effects of irrigation, Cedar Bluff Unit, Smoky Hill River valley- -------------------------- 35 Results of statistical tests- -------------- 35 Interpretation of results ---------------- 35 Conclusions ---------------------------- 38 References cited- ------------------------- 39 Supplementary information --------------------- 43 m ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Graph showing average volume of irrigation water applied annually in Kansas for 5-year increments, 1955-80 ------ 2 2. Map showing location of study areas ------------- 4 3. Map showing location of ground- and surface-water sampling sites in Prairie Dog Creek valley -------------- 9 4. Graph showing instantaneous streamflow in Prairie Dog Creek from Norton Dam to the Kansas-Nebraska State line, March 1982- ---------------------------- 11 5. Map showing location of ground- and surface-water sampling sites in Republican River valley -------------- 15 6. Graph showing instantaneous streamflow in Republican River near the Kansas-Nebraska State line to sampling site 113.4 during April and October 1982 ---------------- 17 7. Map showing location of ground- and surface-water sampling sites in Smoky Hill River valley- -------------- 21 8. Graph showing instantaneous streamflow in Smoky Hill River from Cedar Bluff Dam to sampling site 335.0, November 1981 and March, August, and October 1982 ------------- 22 TABLES Table Page 1. Comparative quality-control information on laboratory analytical techniques for selected chemical constituents, physical properties, and organic pesticides in water samples collected before 1975 and during 1981-82 ---------- 5 2. Statistical summary of ground-water and base-flow chemical- quality data in the vicinity of the Almena Unit, Prairie Dog Creek valley, 1981-82 ------------------ 12 3. Statistical summary of ground-water and base-flow chemical - quality data in the vicinity of the Kansas-Bostwick Unit, Republican River valley, 1981-82- -------------- 18 4. Statistical summary of ground-water and base-flow chemical- quality data in the vicinity of the Cedar Bluff Unit, Smoky Hill River valley, 1981-82- -------------- 24 IV TABLES--Continued Table Page 5. Results of Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs test comparing pre- and postirrigation-period concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in water from supply wells in the Almena Unit-------------------------- 30 6. Results of Spearman-rho test for correlation between stream- flow and concentrations of selected chemical constituents, Prairie Dog Creek, between sampling sites 62.0 and 43.0, May 1964- ------------------------31 7. Results of Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs test comparing pre- and postirrigation-period concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in base flow of Prairie Dog Creek be­ tween sampling sites 62.0 and 43.0- --------------31 8. Results of Spearman-rho test for trend in concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in water released from Keith Sebelius Lake for 1971-82- -------------33 9. Results of Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs test comparing pre- and postirrigation-period concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in ground-water supplies from the Kansas-Bostwick Unit, Republican River valley ---------34 10. Results of Spearman-rho test for trend in concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents at sampling sites upstream and within the Kansas-Bostwick Unit, Republican River valley, 1966-82 ---------------------34 11. Results of Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs test comparing pre- and postirrigation-period concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in ground-water supplies in the Cedar Bluff Unit- --------------------------36 12. Results of Spearman-rho test for trend in concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents at sampling sites upstream and downstream from the Cedar Bluff Unit -------36 13. Results of one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's Multiple- Range test on comparison of concentrations of selected dis­ solved chemical constituents at sampling sites upstream and downstream from the Cedar Bluff Unit- -------------37 14. Ground-water chemical-quality data, Prairie Dog Creek valley ----------------------------44 15. Ground-water chemical-quality data, Republican River valley ----------------------------46 TABLES--Continued Table Page 16. Ground-water chemical-quality data, Smoky Hill River valley --------------------------- 50 17. Base-flow chemical-quality data, Prairie Dog Creek- ----- 52 18. Base-flow chemical-quality data, Republican River ------ 54 19. Base-flow chemical-quality data, Smoky Hill River ------ 56 20. Estimated relative error of sodium plus potassium reported before 1950 ------------------------- 58 21. Chemical-quality data used in Matched-Pairs comparison of pre- and postirrigation-period concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in water from supply wells in the Prairie Dog Creek valley in the vicinity of the Almena Unit------------------------- 59 22. Chemical-quality data used in Matched-Pairs comparison of pre- and postirrigation-period concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in water from supply wells in the Republican River valley in the vicinity of the Kansas-Bostwick Unit- -------------------- 60 23. Chemical-quality data used in Matched-Pairs comparison of pre- and postirrigation-period concentrations of selected dissolved chemical constituents in water from supply wells in the Smoky Hill River valley in vicinity of the Cedar Bluff Unit- ------------------------- 61 24. Streamflow and chemical-quality data from seepage-salinity survey on Prairie Dog Creek, May 1964, from sampling sites 62.0 to 43.0- ------------------------ 62 25. Selected chemical-quality data from Keith Sebelius Lake near Norton, Kansas ----------------------- 63 26. Selected streamflow and chemical-quality data from sampling site 154.0 near Guide Rock, Nebraska, and site 121.3 near Scandia, Kansas -------------------- 64 VI CONVERSION FACTORS For those readers who would prefer to use the International System of Units (SI) rather than the inch-pound units given in this report, the following conversion factors are presented: Multiply To obtain inch-pound unit SI unit foot (ft) 0.3048 meter mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer acre 4,047 square meter gallon (gal) 3.785 liter acre-foot (acre-ft) 1,233 cubic meter cubic foot per second 0.02832 cubic meter per second degree Fahrenheit (°F) >C = 5/9 (°F-32) degree Celsius (°C) vn STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION ON CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUND WATER AND BASE FLOW IN THREE RIVER VALLEYS IN NORTH-CENTRAL KANSAS By Timothy B. Spruill ABSTRACT Agricultural irrigation practices have caused long-term changes in the chemical quality of ground water and base flow in Prairie Dog Creek, and the Republican and Smoky Hill River valleys in north-central Kansas. All
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