THE LIFE-BOAT,

OB

JOURNAL OF THE NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION.

(ISSUED QUABTHBLY.)

VOL. XL—No. 119.] FEBEUARY 1, 1881. [WlTH IU.OSTRATIOS8.

OUE LIFE-BOAT WOBK. IP ~we eonld always have OUT own way in lutely safe from disaster, or any other this world, yte •would doubtless make all means for saving lives from wrecked or work easy, all work pleasant, all work stranded vessels without danger, under safe; we would fain do good to others, many circumstances, to those engaged in not only without risk of injury to our- its performance. selves, "but even without serious exertion All the more honour, therefore, to or patient endeavour and endurance on those brave men who, without any other our own part, and our whole lives would award than the payment of a few shillings be assimilated to a pleasant and only too and the approval of their own con- fleeting dream. sciences, in every winter's gale man the But wisely, and no doubt mercifully, noble, though comparatively puny, craft we have not been empowered to devise of our life-saving fleet, and, with their our own careers, to choose for ourselves lives in their hands, as it were, go forth what we shall do or what we shall suffer, to rescue their fellow-creatures, or perish and it has been ordained for us that great in the attempt. deeds, and, in the main, useful lives, Noble, though painful, illustrations of should only result from patient, syste- duty thus bravely done, have recently oc- matic, courageous, and self-denying work, curred by the upsetting of three Life* overcoming disappointment, discourage- boats, one at Wells, on the Norfolk coast, ment, neglect, ingratitude, and even con- on which occasion no less than eleven, tumely ; doing good work, and seeking no out of thirteen of its crew, perished; one other award than that of an approving at Great Yarmouth, when six were conscience and the purest of pleasures, drowned, and one at Harwich, where one that of pleasing and befriending others; died from cold and exhaustion after being in a \?otd, of doing good for its own rescued. sake. The Wells disaster was by far tie most And thus it happens that, in common fatal accident that had ever befallen a with other good work, that of saving Life-boat belonging to the NATIONAL lives from shipwrecks cannot be effected LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION, the largest num- without self-denial, physical endurance of ber of lives ever before lost, on any one hardship, severe labour, and risk of life. occasion, having been six. For human skill has'not yet devised, and From time to time these sad accidents in all probability never will devise, any are recorded, yet, jnst as in battle, when description of Life-boat which is abso- the front ranks of our soldiers are thinned

LIFE-BOAT JOUENAL.—Voi. XI.—No. 119. 210 THE LIFE-BOAT. [PKBBUABT 1,1881. by the enemy's fire, other brave men 3. The self-righting, or Northumber- instantly spring forward to fill the gaps land Life-boat, so called from its being the shot and shell have made, so, un- the only class of Life-boat which is con- deterred, other brave boatmen spring to structed to right itself if completely the front in the battle with the deadly upset. As is pretty generally known, storm and mighty sea, to incur the same the first of ibis class of boat was de- risk in saving life that their fellows had signed by Mr. James Beeching, ship and done before them. boatbuilder, of Great Yarmouth, in re- All the more, therefore, is the respon- sponse to the offer of a prize of 100?., in sibility which rests on those who invite the year 1850, by Algernon, the then them to incur such risks, that they should Duke of Northumberland, for the best provide them with the safest boats, and model of a Life-boat. every other available means, to lessen the 4. The tubular Life-boat, formed of risk to which they are exposed. two long cylinders placed several feet Since there is more than one recognised apart, with an open or light deck between class of Life-boat, as regards the relative them, which boats were designed by the safety and efficiency of which there is a late Henry Bichardson, Esq., of Bala difference of opinion, and as some adverse Hirnant, North Wales. reflections have been made by writers in 5. Lamb and White's Life-boat, chiefly the local press and others, on the class of in use on shipboard, and in the Coast- boats termed self-righting, to which the guard service on the coast. Wells and Harwich Life-boats pertained, The characteristics' of these several we think it may be of service to dis- boats are as follow:—' passionately consider the question as to 1. The Greathead.—These boats have their relative merits, basing our argument, great width in proportion to length, a however, on the fact that no kind of Life- shallow, short, and very curved keel, boat has ever yet been built which has raking and curved stem and stern-posts, not upset, and retaining the opinion that a water-tight deck, self-relief of all water none ever will be invented which will shipped by seas breaking on board, great not be liable to do so. width of beam, and a carved longitudinal The recognised classes of Life-boats to form corresponding to the curved surface which we have above referred are five in of the water between following waves. number, viz.:— They have neither rudders, nor masts and 1. The old north-country Life-boat, sails, and are therefore only suited for called the "Greathead" Life-boat, after surf-boats, to rescue the crews of vessels "Henry Greathead," who built the first stranded near the shore. These boats have boat of that class in about the year 1790. often done noble service, but several have They are now nearly obsolete, but three been upset from time to time, on which or four boats of that kind are still in use occasion, as they then lie keel up, many on the Northumberland and Yorkshire lives have been almost invariably lost. coasts, and are preferred by the local 2. The Norfolk Life-boat.—These boats boatmen to any others. are essentially different from the preced- 2. The Norfolk Life-boat, so termed ing. They number nineteen in all, of from their use being confined to a portion which eleven are large powerful sailing of the Norfolk and Suffolk coasts, where boats, from 42 to 46 feet long, and 11 they are also much appreciated. They to 13 feet wide. They sit very deep in have been in use in the neighbourhoods the water, carrying from 5i to 7 tons of of Yarmouth and Lowestoft for, we be- loose water as ballast, in addition to heavy lieve, more than half a century, but we iron keels. They can only be propelled can find no record of their original de- by sails, being too large and heavy to row. signer. They are very stiff, and sail well, owing FEBBUABY 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 211 to their comparatively deep immersion. these 249 boats, the majority are of They have a very large buoyant belt comparatively small size, requiring to be round their sides from stem to stern, manageable under oars as well as sails, projecting not less than from 16 to and it should be known and remembered 20 inches, and nearly as deep through that not one of them, of the two largest the greater part of its length. These sizes, has ever upset, the largest which belts were formerly made of solid cork, has been so being only 35 feet long by but are now made of wood, hollow and 9 feet wide. covered with cork, and an outer skin of In comparing these boats with those painted canvas, to make them water-tight; of the Norfolk plan, which has been done their interior being divided into numerous to the disparagement of the former since compartments. They undoubtedly add the Wells boat was upset, three circum- greatly to the stiffness or stability of these stances should be borne in mind: 1st. boats, by supporting their lee, or lower That there are 249 of the one in use, and side, on the least inclination of the boat, only nineteen of the other; 2nd. That the their lower sides being close to the water's great majority of the former are small surface when the boat has her water boats; 3rd. That whilst four of the ballast and crew in. They likewise add largest-sized of the Norfolk class of boats to their safety by enabling them to sail have upset, or, strictly speaking, that before a heavy sea without running their three of them have, and one of them a bows under water. Nevertheless, four of second time, none of the self-righting the larger and one of the smaller class ones, of even the second size, have done have upset, with a loss of 48 lives, which so. Indeed, we feel convinced that if loss was, however, no doubt much in- the 249 self-righting boats had all been creased in consequence of some of their of the Norfolk or any other class, a very crews being unprovided with life-belts. much greater number of lives would have The eight boats of smaller size are worked been lost from them, and very many less by oars; they are not, however, brought lives saved by them, since the knowledge so frequently into use as the larger boats. that their boats possessed the self-righting 3. The Self-righting Life-boat.—These property has undoubtedly, in numberless are the well-known Life-boats chiefly used cases, led their crews to incur greater by the NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION, risks in them than they would have done which possesses 249 of them, and they had they not possessed it. have likewise been adopted in France and 4. Tubular Life-boats.—Of these there some other countries. They are very are only three in use, two of which belong buoyant, relieve themselves of all water to the NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION, shipped, and have the special quality of the other to the Liverpool Dock Trustees. self-righting if upset, unless prevented They are very safe boats, having very from doing so by some such special circum- great stability, and being especially stances as those which delayed the right- adapted for towing, since they can be ing of the Wells Life-boat, which was towed at high speed with greater safety occasioned by her anchor falling out, with than any other kind of boat; hence they the cable attached to it, and by the fore- are especially suited for such a port as mast coming in contact with the ground. Liverpool, whence Life-boats have always Forty-three of these boats have been upset to be towed out of the river to the aid of from time to time during the last twenty- vessels stranded on the outlying banks eight years, and in the majority of cases which surround its entrance. Neverthe- their crews have regained them, without less one of these boats, that belonging to much difficulty and without any loss of the Dock Trustees, has been upset, with life. In all, however, 54 persons have loss of life. perished through their upsetting. Of 5. Lamb and White's Life-boot.—These

p 2 212 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FBBBTJAEY 1,1881. are good sea-boats, and row and sail well; 3. That they are therefore entitled to all but as they do not self-eject any water the honour and credit due to courageous shipped, and have but little stowage room men doing a brave and trying work. for rescued persons, they have not come 4. That the Life-boat adopted by the into use as coast Life-boats, but are found NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION is, on useful in the Coastguard service, when the whole, in our opinion, the best for the sea is too rough for their ordinary genera] use that could have been selected. open boats to be safely used, and they are 5. That in all probability much greater extensively adopted by yachts and some loss of life would have ensued had any of the ocean lines of steamers. other been adopted. We have endeavoured in the foregoing 6. That it does not follow that the remarks to give a fair description of all safest Life-boats will always be most the recognised kinds of Life-boats actually exempt from disaster, since the safer the in use. Each has its special good pro- boat, and the greater the confidence the perties, but we regard the property of crew have in her, the' greater risk will self-righting so important a one, especially they, as brave and daring men, be ready in cases of accident at long distances from to incur. the land, as to fully justify the Institu- Finally, we ask the Public not to tion in selecting boats of that class for take alarm because three sad accidents general use in preference to any other. to our Life-boats have quickly followed We desire, in conclusion, to impress on each other. That the brave men who our readers the following points to be work them have not done so is nobly borne in mind:— testified by the fact that within three 1. That no perfectly safe Life-boat, days of the Harwich Life-boat upsetting, under every circumstance of sea and wind, her brave crew again proceeded to the exists, or is likely to be invented. Sunk Sand, fifteen miles away, and 2. That the work of the Life-boat men rescued seven poor Dutchmen from the must, consequently, always be one of rigging of their ship, where they had been more or less danger. for three whole nights and days.

WEECK OP THE INDIAN CHIEF. NOBLE SERVICES OP THE "BRADFORD" LIFE-BOAT. THE accompanying graphic accounts of hours previously, to their terrible expo- the wreck of the Indian Chief, and of the sure in bitterly cold weather for nearly noble rescue of a portion of her crew by thirty hours. the Bradford self-righting Life-boat, sta- Indeed, Captain BBAINE, the zealous tioned at Eamsgate, appeared in the Daily Eamsgate harbour-master, states in an Telegraph on the llth and 18th Jan., as official letter of the 8th January, in re- related by the Mate of the Vessel and the ference to this noble service, that-— Coxswain of the Life-boat. The Life-boats of the NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION " Of all the meritorious services performed by the Eamsgate Tug and Life-boat, I consider this stationed at Aldborough (Suffolk), Clacton one of the best. The decision the coxswain and and Harwich (Essex), also proceeded to crew arrived at to remain till daylight, which was in effect to continue for fourteen hours cruising the scene of danger, but unfortunately about with the sea continually breaking over were unable to reach the wreck. Happily them in a heavy gale and tremendous sea, proves, the Bradford Life-boat persevered, amidst I consider, their gallantry and determination to do their duty. difficulties, hardships, and dangers hardly "The coxswain and crew of the Life-boat ever surpassed in the Life-boat service; speak in the highest terms of her good qualities ; but her reward was indeed great in saving they state that when sailing across the ' Long Sand,' after leaving the wreck, the seas were eleven of our fellow-creatures, who must tremendous, and the boat behaved most admirably. have succumbed, as their mates had a few Some of the shipwrecked crew have since stated FEBBUAET 1,1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 213

that they were fearful, on seeing the frightful- having beheld more mental anguish and physical looking seas they were passing through, that they suffering than was expressed in the countenances were in more danger in the Life-boat than when and movements of these eleven sailors. Their lashed to the mast of their sunken ship, as they story as told to me is a striking and memorable thought it impossible for any boat to live through illustration of endurance and hardship on the one each a sea," hand, and of the finest heroical humanity on the other, in every sense worthy to be known to the The following are the newspaper ac- British public. I got the whole narrative direct counts of a Life-boat service that will from the chief mate, Mr. William Meldrum Lloyd, and it shall be related here as nearly as possible always be memorable in the annals of in bis own words. the services of the Life-boats of the NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION ; and No. 1.—THE MATE'S ACCOUNT. many and many such services reflect "Our ship was the Indian Chief, of 1,238 tons honour alike on the humanity of the age register; our skipper's name was Fraser, and we were bound, with a general cargo, to Yokohama. in which we live, and on the organisation There were twenty-nine souls on board, counting and liberality which have prompted and the North-country pilot. We were four days out called them into existence. from Middlesborough, but it had been thick weather ever since the afternoon of the Sunday " On the afternoon of Thursday, the 6th Jan., on which we sailed. All had gone well with us, I made one of a great crowd assembled on the however, so far, and on Wednesday morning, at Bamsgate east pier to witness the arrival of the half-past two, we made the Knock Light. Ton survivors of the crew of a large ship which had must know, sir, that hereabouts the water is just gone ashore on the Long Sand early on the pre- a network of shoals; for to the southward lies ceding Wednesday morning. A heavy gale had the Knock, and close over against it stretches the been blowing for two days from the north and Long Sand, and beyond, down to the westward, is | east; it had moderated somewhat at noon, but the Sunk Sand. Shortly after the Knock Light still stormed fiercely over the surging waters, had hove in sight, the wind shifted to the east- though a brilliant blue sky arched overhead and ward and brought a squall of rain. We were a sun shone that made the sea a dazzling surface under all plain sail at the time, with the exception of broken silver all away in the south and west. of the royals, which were furled, and the mainsail Plunging bows under as she came along, the that hung in the buntlines. The Long Sand was steamer towed the Life-boat through a haze of to leeward, and finding that we were drifting that spray; but amid this veil of foam, the flags of way the order was given to put flie snip about. the two vessels denoting that shipwrecked men It was very dark, the wind breezing up sharper were in the boat streamed like well-understood and sharper, and cold as death. The helm was words from the mastheads. The people crowded put down, but the main braces fouled, and before thickly about the landing-steps when the Life- they could be cleared the vessel had missed stays boat entered the harbour. Whispers flew from and was in irons. We then went to work to wear mouth to mouth. Some said the rescued men were the ship, but there was much confusion, the vessel Frenchmen, others that they were Danes, tat all heeling over, and al\ of TIB knew that the Sands were agreed that there was a dead body among were close aboard. The ship paid off, but at a them. One by one the survivors came along the critical moment the spanker-boom sheet fouled pier, the most dismal procession it was ever my the wheel; still, we managed to get the vessel lot to behold—eleven live but scarcely living men, round, but scarcely were the braces belayed and most of them clad in oilskins, and walking with the ship on the starboard tack, when she struck bowed backs, drooping heads and nerveless arms. the ground broadside on. She was a soft-wood There was blood on the faces of some, ciicled •with built ship, and she trembled, sir, as though she a white encrustation of salt, and this same salt would go to pieces at once like a pack of cards. filled the hollows of their eyes and streaked their Sheets and halliards were let go, but no man durst hair with lines which looked like snow. The first enture aloft. Every moment threatened to bring man, who was the chief mate, walked leaning bhe spars crushing about us, and the thundering heavily on the arm of the kindly-hearted harbour- and beating of the canvas made the masts buckle master, Captain Braine. The second man, whose and jump like fishing-rods. We then kindled a collar-bone was broken, moved as one might sup- great flare and sent up rockets, and our signals pose a galvanised corpse would. A third man's were answered by the Sunk Lightship and the wan face wore a forced smile, which only seemed Knock. We could see one another's faces in the to light up the piteous, underlying expression of light of the big blaze, and sung out cheerily to the features. They were all saturated with brine; keep our hearts up; and, indeed, sir, although we they were soaked with sea water to the very all knew that our ship was hard and fast and marrow of the bones. Shivering, and with a likely to leave her bones on that sand, we none of stupefied rolling of the eyes, their teeth clenched, us reckoned upon dying. The sky had cleared, their chilled fingers pressed into the palms of the easterly wind made the stars sharp and bright, their hands, they passed out of sight. As the and it was comforting to watch the lightships' last man came I held my breath; he was alive rockets rushing up and bursting into smoke and when taken from the wreck, but had died in the sparks over our heads, for they made us see that our boat. Four men bore him on their shoulders, and position was known, and they were as good as an a flag flung over the face mercifully concealed assurance that help would come along soon and what was most shocking of the dreadful sight; that we need not lose heart. But all this while but they had removed his boots and socks to chafe the wind was gradually sweeping up into a gale— his feet before he died, and had slipped a pair of and oh, the cold, good Lord! the bitter cold of mittens over the toes, which left the ankles naked. that wind! This was the body of Howard Primrose Fraser, "It seemed as long as a month before the the second mate of the lost ship, and her drowned morning broke, and just before the grey grew captain's brother. I had often met men newly- broad in the sky, one of the men yelled out some- rescued from shipwreck, but never remember thing, and then came sprawling and splashing aft 214 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBBUABY 1, 1881. to tell us that he had caught sight of the sail of a hearing the captain sing out, but the rest held Life-boat * dodging among the heavy seas. We on and gained the foretop. Seventeen of us got rushed to the side to look, half-blinded by the over the mizentop, and with our knives fell to flying spray and the wind, and clutching at what- hacking away at such running gear as we could ever offered to our hands, and when at last we come at to serve as lashings. None of us touched caught sight of the Life-boat we cheered, and the the mainmast, for we all knew, now the ship had leaping of my heart made me feel sick and death- broken her back, that that spar was doomed, and like. As the dawn brightened we could see more the reason why the captain had called to the men plainly, and it was frightful to notice how the men to come aft was because he was afraid that when looked at her, meeting the stinging spray borne the mainmast went it would drag the foremast, upon the wind without a wink of the eye, that that rocked in its step with every move, with it. they might not lose sight of the boat for an I was next the captain in the mizentop, and near instant ;• the salt whitening their faces all the him was his brother, a stout-built, handsome while like a layer of flour as they watched. She young fellow, twenty-two years old, as fine a was a good distance away, and sue stood on and specimen of the English sailor as ever I was off, on and off, never coming closer, and evidently shipmate with. He was calling about him cheer- shirking the huge seas which were now boiling fully, bidding us not be down-hearted, and telling around us. At last she hauled her sheet aft, put us to look sharply around for the Life-boats. He her helm over, and went away. One of our crew helped several of the benumbed men to lash them- groaned, but no other man uttered a sound, and we selves, saying encouraging things to them as he returned to the shelter of the deckhouses. made them fast. As the sun sank the wind grew " Though the gale was not at its height when more freezing, and I saw the strength of some of the sun rose, it was not far from it. We plucked the men lashed over me leaving them fast. The up spirits again when the sun shot out of the captain shook hands with me and, on the chance raging sea, but as we lay broadside on to the of my being saved, gave me some messages to waves, the sheets of flying water soon made the take home, too sacred to be written down, sir. He sloping decks a dangerous place for a man to stand likewise handed me his watch and chain, and I on, and the crew and officers kept the shelter put them in my pocket. The canvas streamed in of the deck-cabins, though the captain and his ribbons from the yards, and the noise was like a brother and I were constantly going out to see if continuous roll of thunder overhead. It was any help was coming. But now the flood was dreadful to look down and watch the decks ripping making, and this was a fresh and fearful danger, up, and notice how every sea that rolled over the as we all knew, for at sunrise the water had been wreck left less of her than it found. too low to knock the ship out of her sandy bed, " The moon went quickly away—it was a young but as the tide rose it lifted the vessel, bumping moon with little power—but the white water and and straining her frightfully. The pilot advised the starlight kept the night from being black, and the skipper to let go the starboard anchor, hoping the frame of the vessel stood out like a sketch done that the set of the tide would slue the ship's stem in ink every time the dark seas ran clear of her round, and make her lie head on to the seas; so and left her visible upon the foam. There was no the anchor was dropped, but it did not alter the bilking, no calling to one another, the men hung in position of the ship. To know, sir, what the the topmast rigging like corpses, and I noticed the cracking and straining of that vessel was like, as second mate to windward of his brother in the top, bit by bit she slowly went to pieces, you must sheltering him, as best he could, poor fellow, with have been aboard of her. When she broke her his body from the wind that went through our back a sort of panic seized many of us, and the skins like showers of arrows. On a sudden I took captain roared out to the men to get the boats it into my head to fancy that the mizenmast wasn't over, and see if any use could be made of them. so secure as the foremast It came into my mind Three boats were launched, but the second boat, like a fright, and I called to the captain that I with two hands in her, went adrift, and was meant to make for the foretop. I don't know instantly engulphed, and the poor fellows in her whether he heard me or whether he made any vanished just as you might blow out a light. The answer. Maybe it was a sort of craze of mine for other boats filled as soon as they touched the the moment, but I was wild with eagerness to water. There was no help for us in that way, and leave that mast as soon as ever I began to fear for again we withdrew to the cabins. A little before it. I cast my lashings adrift and gave a look at five o'clock in the afternoon a huge sea swept over the deck, and saw that I must not go that way if I the vessel, clearing the decks fore and aft, and did not want to be drowned. So I climbed into leaving little but the uprights of the deck-houses the crosstrees, and swung myself on to the stay, standing. It was a dreadful sea, but we knew so reaching the maintop, and then I scrambled on worse was behind it, and that we must climb the to the main topmast crosstrees, and went hand over rigging if we wanted to prolong our lives. The hand down the topmast stay into the foretop. Had hold was already full of water, and portions of the I reflected before I left the mizentop, I should not deck had been blown out, so that everywhere great have believed that I had the strength to work my yawning gulf 8 met the eye, with the black water way for'rards like that; my hands felt as if they washing almost flush. Some of the men made for were skinned and my finger-joints appeared to the fore-rigging, but the captain shouted to all have no use in them. There were nine or ten men hands to take to the mizenmast, as that one, in in the foretop, all lashed and huddled together. his opinion, was the securest. A number of the The mast rocked sharply, and the throbbing of it men who were scrambling forward returned on to the blowing of the great tatters of canvas was a horrible sensation. From time to time they sent * [This clearly is an error, for no Life-boat could pos- sibly have been near the wreck at this early hour. The up rockets from the Sunk lightship—once every ship struck at half-past two o'clock on the morning of the hour, I think—but we had long since ceased to 5th January, and at daybreak the rescue mentioned was notice those signals. There was not a man but attempted, clearly, by a smack, for no Life-boat heaid of thought his time was come, and, though death the wreck until eleven o'clock of the same day. Probably seemed terrible when I looked down upon the it was that smack which afterwards conveyed the news of the wreck to Harwich at 11 A.M. Another fishing smack boiling waters below, yet the anguish of the cold proceeded at once to Ramsgate,-and arrived there at noon, almost killed the craving for life. It was nowabout having received the information of the wreck from, the three o'clock on Thursday morning ; the air was Kentish Knock Light-ship.] full of the strange, dim light of the foam and the FKBBUABT 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 215 stars, and I could very plainly see the black swarm together, and securing a piece of wood to this line, of men in the top and rigging of the mizenmast. threw it overboard, and let it drift to the boat. It I was looking that way, when a great sea fell upon was seized, a hawser made fast, and we dragged the hull of the ship with a fearful crash; a the great rope on board. By means of this hawser moment after, the mainmast went. It fell quickly, the Life-boat men hauled their craft under our and, as it fell, it bore down the mizenmast. There quarter, clear of the raffle. But there was no such was a horrible noise of splintering wood and some rush made for her as might be thought. No! I piercing cries, and then another great sea swept owe it to my shipmates to say this. Two of them over the after-deck, and we who were in the fore- shinned out upon the mizenmast to the body of top looked and saw the stumps of the two masts the second mate, that was lashed eight or nine sticking up from the bottom of the hold, the feet away over the side, and got him into the boat mizeumast slanting over the bulwarks into the before they entered it themselves. I heard the water, and the men lashed to it drowning. There coxswain of the boat—Charles Fish by name, the never was a more shocking sight, and the wonder fittest man in the world for that berth and this is that some of us who saw it did not go raving work—cry out, ' Take that poor fellow in there!' mad. The foremast still stood, complete to the and he pointed to the body of the captain, who royal mast and all the yards across, but every was lashed in the top with his arms over the mast instant I expected to find myself hurling through and his head erect and his eyes wide open. But the air. By this time the ship was completely one of our crew called out,' He's been dead four gutted, the upper part of her a mere frame of hours, sir,' and then the rest of us scrambled into ribs, and the gale still blew furiously; indeed, I the boat, looking away from the dreadful group gave up hope when the mizenmast fell and I saw of drowned men that lay in a cluster round the my shipmates drowning on it. prostrate mast. The second mate was Btill alive, " It was half an hour after this that a man, who but a maniac; it was heartbreaking to hear his was jammed cJose against me, pointed oat into broken, feeble cries for his brother, but he lay the darkness and cried in a wild hoarse voice,' Isn't quiet after a bit, and died in half an hour, though that a steamer's light? I looked, but what with we chafed his feet and poured rum into hia mouth, grief and suffering and cold, I was nearly blinded, and did what men in our miserable plight could and could see nothing. But presently another for a fellow-sufferer. Nor were we out of danger man called out that he could see a light, and this yet, for the broken water was enough to turn a was echoed by yet another; so I told them to man's hair grey to look at. It was a fearful sea keep their eyes upon it and watch if it moved. for us men to find ourselves in the midst of, after They said by and by that it was stationary; and having looked at it from a great height, and I felt though we could not guess that it meant anything at the beginning almost as though I should have good for us, yet this light heaving in sight and been safer on the wreck than in that boat. Never our talking of it gave ns some comfort. When . could I have believed that so small a vessel could the dawn broke we saw the smoke of a steamer, meet such a sea and live. Yet she rose like a and agreed that it was her light we had seen; but duck to the great roaring waves which followed I made nothing of that smoke, and "was looking her, draining every drop of •water fiom her bottom heart-brokenly at the mizenmast and the cluster as" she was hove up, and falling with terrible of drowned men washing about it, when a loud suddenness into a hollow, only to bound like a cry made me turn my head, and then I saw a living thing to the summit of the next gigantic Life-boat under a reefed foresail heading direct crest. for us. It was a sight, sir, to make one crazy " When I looked at the Life-boat's crew and with joy, and it put the strength of ten men into thought of our situation a short while since, and every one of us. A man named Gillmore—I think our safety now, and how to rescue us these great- it was Gillmore—stood up and waved a long strip hearted man had imperilled their own lives, I was of canvas. But I believe they had seen there unmanned; I could not thank them, I could not were living men aboard us before that signal was trust myself to speak. They told us they had left made. The boat had to cross the broken water to Kamsgate harbour early on the preceding after- fetch us, and in my agony of mind I cried out, noon, and had fetched the Knock at dusk, and not ' She'll never face it! She'll leave us when she seeing our wreck had lain to in that raging sea, suf- sees that water!' for the sea was frightful all to fering almost as severely as ourselves, afi through windward of the sand and over it, a tremendous the piercing tempestuous night. What do you play of broken waters, raging one with another, think of such a service, sir? How can such de- and making the whole surface resemble a boiling voted heroism be written of, so that every man cauldron. Yet they never swerved a hair's breadth. who can read shall know how great and beautiful Oh, sir, she was a noble boat! We could see her it is ? Our own sufferings came to us as a part of crew—twelve of them—sitting on the thwarts, all our calling as seamen. But theirs was bravely looking our way, motionless as carved figures, and courted and endured for the sake of their fellow- there was not a stir among them as, in an instant, creatures. Believe me, sir, it was a1 splendid piece of the boat leapt from the crest of a towering sea service; nothing grander in its way was ever done right into the monstrous broken tumble. The before, even by Englishmen. I am a plain seaman, peril of these men, who were risking their lives and can say no more about it all than this. But for ours, made us forget our own situation. Over when I think of what must have come to us eleven and over again the boat was buried, but as regu- men before another hour had passed, if the Life- larly did she emerge with hen crew fixedly looking boat crew had not run down to us, I feel like a our way, and their oilskins and the light-coloured little child, sir, and my heart grows too full for side of the boat sparkling in the sunshine, while my eyes." the coxswain, leaning forward from the helm, watched our ship with a face of iron. By this time we knew that this boat was here to save us, "Two.days had elapsed (continues the Writer and that she would save us, and, with wildly in the Daily Telegraph) since the rescue of the beating hearts, we unlashed ourselves, and dropped survivors or the crew of the Indian Chief, and over the top into the rigging. We were all I was gazing with much interest at the victorious sailors, you see, sir, and knew what the Life-boat Life-boat as she lay motionless upon the water men wanted, and what was to be done. Swift of the harbour. It was a very calm day, the sea as thought we had bent a number of ropes' ends stretching from the pier-sides as smooth as a piece 216 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBBTJABY 1, 1881.

of green silk, and growing vague in the wintry haze stem of her showing. We were towing head to of the horizon, while the white cliffs were brilliant wind, and the water was flying over the boat in with the silver sunshine. It filled the mind with clouds. Every man of us was soaked to the skin, strange and moving thoughts to look at that in spite of our overalls, by the time we had sleeping Life-boat, with her image as sharp as a brought the Ramsgate Sands abeam; but there ' coloured photograph shining in the clear water were a good many miles to be gone over before under her, and then reflect upon the furious con- w« should fetch the Knock Lightship, and so you flict she had been concerned in only two nights see, sir, it was much too early for us to take notice before, the freight of half-drowned men that had that things were not over and above comfortable. loaded her, the dead body on her thwart, the We got out the sail-covet—a piece of tarpaulin—to bitter cold of the howling gale, the deadly peril make a shelter of, and rigged it up against the that had attended every heave of the huge black mast, seizing it to the burtons; but it hadn't b«en seas. Within a few hundred yards of her lay the up two minutes when a heavy sea hit and washed tug, the sturdy steamer that had towed her to the it right aft in rags; so there was nothing to do Long Sand, that had held her astern all night, but to hold on to the thwarts and shake ourselves and brought her back safe on the following when the water came over. I never remember a afternoon. The tug had suffered much from the colder wind. I don't say this because I happened frightful tossing she had received, and her in- to be out in it. Old Tom Cooper, one of the best juries had not yet been dealt with; she had lost boatmen in all England, sir, who made one of our her sponsons, her starboard side-house was gone, crew, agreed with me that it was more like a flay- the port side of her bridge had been started and ing machine than a natural gale of wind. The the iron railing warped, her decks still seemed feel of it in the face was like being gnawed by dank from the remorseless washing, her funnel a dog. I only wonder it didn't freeze the tears it was brown with rust, and the tough craft looked f etched out of our eyes. We were heading N.E., a hundred years old. Remembering what these and the wind was blowing from N.E. The North vessels had gone through, how they had but two Foreland had been a bit of shelter, like; but when days since topped a long series of merciful and we had gone clear of that, and the ocean lay ahead dangerous errands by as brilliant an act of of us, the seas were furious—they seemed miles heroism and humanity aa any on record, it was long, air, like an. Atlantic sea, and it was enough, difficult to behold them without a quickened to make a man hold his breath to watch how the pulse. I recalled the coming ashore of their tug wallowed and tumbled into them. I sung out crews, the Life-boatmen with their great cork- to Dick Goldsmith, ' Dick,' I says, ' she's slowed, jackets around them, the steamer's men in stream- do you see, she'll never be able to meet it, for she ing oilskins, the faces of many of them livid with had slackened her engines down into a mere crawl, the cold, their eyes dim with the bitter vigil they and I really did think they meant to give up. I had kept and the furious blowing of the spray ; could see Alf Page—the master of her, sir—on the and I remembered the bright smile that here and bridge, coming and going like the moon when the there lighted up the weary faces, as first one and clouds sweep over it, as the seas smothered him then another caught sight of a wife or a sister in up one moment, and left him shining in the sun the crowd waiting to greet and accompany th'e the next. But there was to be no giving up with brave hearts to the warmth of their humble the tug's crew anymore than with the Life-boat's; homes. I felt that while these crews' sufferings she held on, and we followed. and the courage and resolution they had shown " Somewhere abreast of the Elbow Buoy a smack remained unwritten, only half of a very stirring that was running ported her helm to speak us. and manful story had been recorded. The narra- Her skipper had just time to yell out, ' A vessel tive, as related to me by the coxswain of the on the Long Sand!' and we to wave our hands, Life-boat, is a necessary pendant to the tale told when she was astern and out of sight in a'haze of last week by tae mate of the "wrecked saip *, and spiay. Presently a collier named the Fanny, with, as he and his colleagues, both of the Life-boat and her foretopgallant yard gone, passed us. She was the steam-tig, want no better introduction than cracking on to bring the news of the wreck to their own deeds to the sympathy and attention of Ramsgate, and was making a heavy sputter under the public, let Charles Edward Fish begin his her topsails and foresail. They raised a cheer, for yarn without further preface. they knew our errand, and then, like the smack, in a minute she was astern and gone. By this No. 2.—THE COXSWAIN'S ACCOUNT. time the cold and the wet and the fearful plunging were beginning to tell, and one of the men called " News had been brought to Ramsgate, as you for a nip of rum. The quantity we generally take know, sir, that a large ship was ashore on the is half a gallon, and it is always my rule to be Long Sand, and Captain Braine, the harbour- sparing with that drink for the sake of the ship- master, immediately ordered the tug and Life- wrecked men we may have to bring home, and boat to proceed to her assistance. It was blowing who are pretty sure to be in greater need of the a heavy gale of wind, though it came much harder stuff than us. I never drink myself, sir, and that's some hours afterwards ; and the moment we were one reason, I think, why I manage to meet the clear of the piers we felt the sea. Our boat is cold and wet middling well, and rather better than considered a very fine one. I know there is no some men who look stronger than me. However, better on the coasts, and there are only two in I told Charlie Verrion to measure the rum out and Great Britain bigger. She-was presented to the serve it round, and it T»o\il4 have made you laugh, LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION by Bradford, and is called I do believe, sir, to have seen the care the men after that town. But it is ridiculous to talk of took of the big bottle—Charlie cocking his finger bigness when it means only forty-two feet long, into the cork-hole, and Davy Berry clapping his and when a sea is raging round you heavy enough hand over the pewter measure whenever a sea to swamp a line-of-battle ship. I had my eye on came to prevent the salt water from spoiling the the tug—named the Vulcan, sir—when she met liquor. Bad as our plight was, the tug's crew the first of the seas, and she was thrown up like were no better off; their wheel is f orrard, and so a ball, and you could see her starboard paddle yon may suppose the fellow that steered had his revolving in the air high enough out for a coach share of the seas; the others stood by to relieve to pass under; and when she struck the hollow him; and, for the matter of water, she was just she dished a sea over her bows that left only the like a rock, the waves striking her bows and flying PKBBUAET 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 217 pretty nigh as high as the top of her funnel, and lights, and whenever I set one flaring I couldn't blowing the whole length of her aft with a fall help taking notice of the appearance of the men. like the tumble of half-a-dozen cartloads of bricks. It was a queer sight, I assure you, to see them all I like to speak of what they went through, for as green as leaves, with their cork jackets swelling the way they were knocked about was something out their bodies so as scarcely to seem like human fearful, to be sure. beings, and the black water as high as our mast- " By half-past four o'clock in the afternoon it head, or howling a long way below us, on either was drawing on dusk, and about that hour we side. They burned hand-signals on the tug, too, sighted the revolving light of the Kentish Knock but nothing came of them. There was no sign of Lightship, and a little after five we were pretty the wreck, and staring over the edge of the boat, close to her. She is a big red-hulled boat, with with the spray and the darkness, was like trying the words 'Kentish Knock' written in long white to see through the bottom of a well. So we began letters on her sides, and, dark as it was, we could to talk the matter over, and Tom Cooper says, see her flung up, and rushing down fit to roll her ' We had better stop here and wait for daylight.' over and over; and the way she pitched and went ' I'm for stopping,' says Steve Goldsmith; and out of sight, and then ran up on the black heights Bob Penny says, ' We're here to fetch the wreck, of water, gave me a better notion of the f earf ulness and fetch it we will, if we wait a week.' ' Eight,' of that sea than I had got by watching the tug or says I; and all hands being agreed—without any noticing our own lively dancing. The tug hailed fuss, sir, though I dare say most of our hearts were her first, and two men looking over her side at home, and our wishes alongside our hearths, answered; but what they said didn't reach us in and the warm fires in them—we all of us put our the Life-boat. Then the steamer towed us abreast, hands to our mouths and made one great cry of but the tide caught our warp and gave us a sheer ' Vulcan ahoy! * The tug dropped astern. ' What that brought us much too close alongside of her. do you want ?' sings out the skipper, when he gets When the sea took her she seemed to hang right within speaking distance. ' There's nothing to be over us, and the sight of that great dark hull, seen of the vessel, and so we had better lie-to for looking as if, when it fell, it must come right the night,' I answered. ' Very good,' he says, and atop of us, made us want to sheer off, I can tell then the steamer, without another word from her you. I sung out, ' Have you seen the ship ?' And crew, and the water tumbling over her bows like one of the men bawled back, ' Yes.' ' How does cliffs, resumed her station ahead, her paddles she bear ?' ' Nor'-west by north.' ' Have you seen revolving just fast enough to keep her from anything go to her?' The answer I caught was,' A dropping astern. As coxswain of the Life-boat, boat.' Some of our men said the answer was,' A sir, I take no credit for resolving to lie-to all Life-boat,' but most of us only heard, ' A boat.' night. But I am bound to say a word for the two The tug was now towing ahead, and we went crews, who made up their minds without a murmur, past the lightship, but ten minutes after Tom without a second's hesitation, to face the bitter Friend sings out, ' They're burning a light aboard cold and fierce seas of that long winter darkness, her!' and looking astern"! saw they had fired a that they might be on the spot to help their red signal light that was blazing over the bulwark fellow-creatures when the dawn broke and showed in a long shower of sparks. The tug put her helm them where they were. I know there are scores of down to return, and we were brought broadside to sailors round our coasts who would have done the sea. Then we felt the power of those waves, likewise. Only read, sir, what was done in the sir. It looked a wonder that we were not rolled north, Newcastle way, during the gales last over and drowned, every man of us. We held on October. But surely, sir, no matter -who may be with our teeth clenched, and twice the boat was the men who do what they think their duty, filled, and the water up to our throats. ' Look out whether they belong to the North or the South, for it, men!' was always the cry. But every they deserve the encouragement of praise. A man upward send emptied the noble little craft, like likes to feel, when he has done his best, that his pulling out a plug in a washbasin, and in a few fellow-men think well of his work. If I had not minutes we were again alongside the light-vessel. been one of that crew I should wish to say more ; This time there were six or seven men looking but no false pride shall make me say less, sir, and over the side. ' What do you want ?' we shouted. I thank God for the resolution He put into us, and 'Did you see the Sunk Lightship's rocket?' they for the strength He gave us to keep that resolu- all yelled out together. ' Yes. Did you say you tion. saw a boat?' 'No,' they answered, showing we "All that we had to do now was to make our- had mistaken their first reply. On which I selves as comfortable as we could. Our tow- shouted to the tug,' Pull us round to the Long rope veered us out a long way, too far astern of Sand Head Buoy!' and then we were under weigh the tug for her to help us as a breakwater, and again, meeting the tremendous seas. There was the manner in which we were flung towards the only a little bit of moon, westering fast, and what sky with half our keel out of water and then there was of it showed but now and _ again, as the dropped into a hollow—like falling from the top heavy clouds opened and let the ligh't of it down. of a house, sir—while the heads of the seas blew Indeed, it was very dark, though there was some into and tumbled over us all the time, made us kind of glimmer in the foam which enabled us to all reckon that, so far from getting any rest, most mark the tug ahead. ' Bitter cold work, Charlie,' of our time would be spent in preventing ourselves says old Tom Cooper to me: ' but,' says he, ' it's from being washed overboard. We turned to and colder for the poor wretches aboard the wreck, if got the foresail aft, and made a kind of roof of it. they're alive to feel it.' The thought of them This was no easy job, for the wind was so furious made onr own sufferings small, and we kept look- that wrestling even with that bit of a sail was like ing and looking into the darkness around, but there fighting with a steam-engine. When it was up ten was nothing to be spied, only now and again, and of us snugged ourselves away under it, and two long whiles apart the flash of a rocket in the sky men stood on the after-grating thwart keeping a from the Sunk Lightship. Meanwhile, from time look-out, with the life-lines around them. As y«u to time, we burnt a hand-signal—a light, sir, that's know, sir, we .carry a binnacle, and the lamp hf it fired something after the manner of a gun. You was alight and gave out just enough haze for us to fit it into a wooden tube, and give a sort of hammer see each other in. We all lay ia a lump together at the end a smart blow, and the flame rushes out, for warmth, and a fine show we made, I dare say; and a, bright light it makes, sir. Ours were green for a cork jacket, even when a man stands upright, WRECK OF THE INDIAN CHIEF, AND SERVICES OF THE RAMSGATE LIFEBOAT.

218 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBBTJABY 1, 1881.

isn't calculated to improve his figure, and as we all we were dead before the wind, onr storm of us had cork jackets on and oil-skins, and many foresail taut as a drum-skin, our boat's stem of us sea boots, you may guess what a raffle of legs heading full for the broken seas and the lonely and arms we snowed, and what a rum heap of odds stranded vessel in the midst of them. It was and ends we looked, as we sprawled in the bottom well that there was something in front of us to of the boat upon one another. Sometimes it would keep our eyes that way, and that none of us be Johnny Goldsmith—for we had three Gold- thought of looking astern, or the sight of the high smiths—Steve and Dick and Johnny — growling and frightful seas which raged after us might underneath that somebody was lying on his leg; have played old Harry with weak nerves. Some and then maybe Harry Meader would bawl out of them came with such force that they leapt that there was a man sitting on his head ; and once right over the boat, and the air was dark with Tom Friend swore his arm was broke ; but my water flying a dozen yards high over us in broad opinion is, sir, that it was too cold to feel incon- solid sheets, which fell with a roar like the veniences of this kind, and I believe that some explosion of a gun ten and a dozen fathoms ahead. among us would not have known if their arms and But we took no notice of these seas even when we legs really had been broke, until they tried to use were in the thick of the broken waters, and all the 'em, for the cold seemed to take away all feeling hands holding on to the thwarts for dear life. out of the blood. As the seas flew over the boat Every thought was upon the mast that was the water filled the sail that was stretched over- growing bigger and clearer, and sometimes when head and bellied it down upon us, and that gave us a sea hove us high we could just see the hull, less room, so that some had to lie flat on their with the water as white as milk flying over it. faces ; but when this bellying got too bad we'd all The mast was what they call 'bright,' that is, get up and make one heave with our backs under scraped and varnished, and we knew that if there the sail, and chuck the water out of it in that way. was anything living aboard that doomed ship we ' Charlie Fish,' says Tom Cooper to me, in a grave should find it on that mast; and we strained our voice, ' what would some of them young gen'lmen eyes with all our might, but could see nothing as comes to Eamsgate in the summer, and says that looked like a man. But ,on a sudden I they'd like to go out in the Life-boat, think of caught sight of a length of canvas streaming out this ?' This made me laugh, and then young of the top, and all of us seeing it we raised a Tom Cooper votes for another nipper of rum all shout, and a few minutes after we saw the men. round; and as it was drawing on for one o'clock They were all dressed in yellow oilskins, and the • in the morning, and some of the men were groaning mast being of that colour was the reason why we with cold, and pressing themselves against the did not see them sooner. They looked a whole thwarts with the pain of it, I made no objection, mob of people, and one of us roared out, 'All and the liquor went round. I always take a cake hands are there, men!' and I answered, ' Aye, of Fry's chocolate with me when I go out in the the whole ship's company, and we'll have them Life-boat, as I find it very supporting, and I had a all!' for though, as we afterwards knew, there mind to have a mouthful now; but when I opened were only eleven of them, yet, as I have said, the locker I found it full of water, my chocolate they looked a great number huddled together in nothing but paste and the biscuit a mass of pulp. that top, and I made sure the whole ship's com- This was rather hard, as there was nothing else to pany were there. By this time we were pretty eat, and there was no getting near the tug in that close to the ship, and a fearful wreck she looked, sea unless we wanted to be smashed into staves. with her mainmast and mizenmast gone, and her However, we hadn't come out to enjoy ourselves ; bulwarks washed away, and great lumps of timber nothing was said, and so we lay in a heap, hugging and planking ripping out of her and going over- one another for warmth, until the morning broke. board with every pour of the seas. We let go " The first man to look to leeward was old our anchor fifteen fathoms to windward of her, Tom's son—young Tom Cooper—and in a moment and as we did so we saw the poor fellows un- he bawled out, ' There she is!' pointing like a lashing themselves and dropping one by one over madman. The morning had only just broke, and the top into the lee rigging. As we veered out the light was grey and dim, and down in the west cable and drove down under her stern, I shouted it still seemed to be night; the air was full of to the men on the wreck to bend a piece of wood spray, and scarcely were we a-top of a sea than we on to a line and throw it overboard for us to lay were rushing like an arrow into the hollow again, hold of. They did this, but they had to get aft so that young Tom must have had eyes like a first, and I feared for the poor half-perished hawk to have seen her. Yet the moment he sung creatures again and again as I saw them scramb- out and pointed, all hands cried out, ' There she ling along the lee rail, stopping and holding on as is !' But what was it, sir ? Only a mast about the mountainous seas swept over the hull, and three miles off—just one single mast sticking up then creeping a bit further aft in the pause. out of the white water, as thin and faint as a There was a horrible muddle of spars and torn spider's line. Yet that was the ship we had been canvas and. rigging under her lee. but we waiting all night to see. There she was, and my could not guess what a fearful sight was there heart thumped in my ears the moment my eye fell until our hawser having been made fast to the on that mast. But Laid, sir, the fearful sea that wreck, we had hauled the Life-boat close under was raging between her and us! for where we her quarter. There looked to be a whole score were was deepish water, and the waves regular; of dead bodies knocking about among the spars. but all about the wreck was the Sand, and the It stunned me for a moment, for I had thought water on it was running in fury all sorts of ways, all hands were in the f oretop, and never dreamt rushing up in tall columns of foam as high as a of so many lives having been lost. Seventeen ship's mainyard, and thundering so loudly that, were drowned, and there they were, most of though we were to windward, we could hear it them, and the body of the captain lashed to the above the gale and the boiling of the seas around head of the mizenmastj so as to look as if he us. It might have shook even a man who wanted were leaning over it, his head stiff upright and to die to look at it, if he didn't know what the his eyes watching us, and the stir of the seas ' Bradford' can go through. I ran my eye over made him appear to be struggling to get to us. the men's faces. 'Let slip the tow-rope,'"bawled I thought he was alive, and cried to the men to Dick Goldsmith. 'Up foresail,' I shouted, and hand him in, but someone said he was killed when two minutes after we had sighted that mast the mizeumast fell, and had been dead four or five FEBBTJABY 1,1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 219

hours. This was a dreadful shock; I never re- of the Life-boat, I would like to say that all hands member the like of it. I can't hardly get those concerned in this rescue, them in the tug as well as fixed eyes out of my sight, sir, and I lie awake the crew of the boat, did what might be expected for hours of a night, and so does Tom Cooper, and of English sailors—for such they are, whether you others of us, seeing those bodies torn by the spars call some of them boatmen or not; and I know in and bleeding, floating in the water alongside the my heart, and say it without fear, that from miserable ship. the hour of leaving Ramsgate Harbour to the " Well, sir, the rest of this lamentable story has moment when we sighted the wreck's mast, there been told by the mate of the vessel, and I don't was only one thought in all of us, and that was know that I could add anything to it. We saved that the Almighty would give us the strength and the eleven men, and I have since heard that all of direct us how to save the lives of the poor fellows them are doing well. If I may speak, as coxswain to whose assistance we had been sent."

THE JOEDAN GLYCERINE BAROMETER. ON the 25th of October last The Times gravity of pure glycerine is 1-26, or less than one-tenth that of mercury; so that the mean published for the first time a remarkable height of the glycerine column is 27 ft. at sea level. alteration in its usual daily chart of the A variation, therefore, of one-tenth of an inch in the barometer, and considering the import- height of the mercurial column is shown on the glycerine, as already stated, by a variation of ance of the subject, we append its intro- more than an inch, and with this vastly increased ductory remarks, and also an exact copy range and visibility and sensitiveness, the only of the illustration of the barometer chart serious drawback found by Mr. Jordan was the tendency of glycerine to absorb moisture from the as it appeared on the above-named day. atmosphere. He ingeniously overcame that de- fect by covering the surface of the liquid in the "We commence publishing to-day the indica- barometer cistern with a shallow layer of heavy tions of this barometer, reduced to mean sea level, petroleum oil, thus neutralizing its absorbing ten- and corrected for temperature. Our first edition dency, while the atmospheric pressure remained will contain the heights of the column of glycerine intact. The tube forming the body of the instru- at intervals of two hours, from 2 P.M. to 2 A.M., ment is an ordinary composition metal gas-pipe, according to the actual scale readings of the in- three-eighths of an inch internal diameter, and strument; and in pur second edition will be furnished at the top with a gun-metal socket, into similarly given the indications from midnight to which is cemented a glass tube 4 ft. long, and noon. Our readers will thus have vividly brought having an inside diameter of one inch. The upper before them the fluctuations of pressure constantly end of this glass tube is formed in the shape of an taking place in the great atmospheric ocean at the open cup, fitted at its neck with an indiarubber bottom of which we live. Insignificant as these stopper. In this tube the fluctuations of the top fluctuations may seem to the uninformed, it is of the column are observed, and the height read impossible to over-estimate their real importance. off on brass scales placed on either side of the A fall or rise of one-tenth of an inch in the mer- tube, and fitted with indices and verniers, moved curial column attracts little attention, and is apt by milled heads. The scale on the right-hand to be thought of no consequence; but when the side is divided into inches and tenths of absolute same causes are shown to make a difference of measure, numbered from the level of the liquid in more than an inch in the height of the glycerine the cistern, while that on the left shows equivalent column, no intelligent person can fail to be im- values reduced to a column of mercury, and ressed by their meaning. We still know very divided into tenths and hundredths, each hun- Sttle about the vibrations of atmospheric pressure, dredth being equal to about l-10th of an actual because to a great extent the minute scale of the inch. The main tube, 27 ft. long, is connected at mercurial barometer has placed great difficulties the base with a copper cistern, tinned inside, 5 in. in the path of meteorological students. Admirable deep and 10 in. in diameter. This cistern is fitted and convenient as that instrument is, the want of with a screwed cover, through a small hole in the an atmospheric balance, constructed with a fluid cup of which the air has access, while cotton wool of lower density, so as to give a wider direct is used for filtering out dust. The glycerine, range of movement in the column, has long been coloured red by aniline, and heated to a tempera- felt. In 1830, Professor Daniell made for the ture of 100 F. to render it limpid, is poured into Royal Society a water barometer, but the effect of the cistern. By means of an air-pump connected changing temperatures on the water vapour in the to the top of the glass tube, the air in the tube is Torricellian vacuum masked the indications of exhausted, and the liquid is raised therein by varying pressure, and the attempt failed. Other atmospheric pressure to a height of 322 • 571 inches, experiments in the same direction gave similar equivalent to 30 inches of mercury. The plug of unsatisfactory results, and it was not until Mr. the cistern is then screwed in its place to support Jordan, of the Museum of Practical Geology, in the column, the pump connections removed, and Jermyn Street, constructed his glycerine barometer the air admitted at the top. A sufficient quantity that the problem, simple as it appears, could be of glycerine to fill the tube being poured in from considered solved. The boiling-point of glycerine above, the indiarubber stopper is inserted. The is 440 F., and a very low temperature is required screw plug of the cistern being removed for a few to solidify it. It has, therefore, a very low ten- seconds to allow the column to fall an inch or two sion of vapour at ordinary atmospheric tempera- and then replaced, the instrument is now allowed tures, and these only produce changes in the to rest until all traces of air in the liquid have length of the glycerine column by expansion or ascended into the Torricellian vacuum. Then the contraction of the liquid itself. The specific indiarubber in the top cup is again withdrawn, 220 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBRUARY 1,1881.

and the tube finally filled up with glycerine, when, He says:—" The system of forecasting the screw plug in the cistern being withdrawn, the column gradually falls until balanced by the is carried on with a good measure of suc- pressure of the atmosphere. A small quantity of cess. The United Kingdom is divided glycerine left in the cup above the indiarubber into eleven districts, and a forecast is stopper, with a plate-glass cover on the top to keep out the dust, hermetically seals the vacuum drawn for each of these twice a day. and completes the arrangement. One of these "The results of the first year's fore- barometers has been constructed at the Kew casting, ending with April, 1880, as Observatory, the Royal Society Committee devot- ing a small grant from the Government fund at its estimated by the Meteorological Office, disposal for the purpose. Another has been placed have yielded above 25 per cent, of un- in the Museum of Practical Geology in Jermyn Street. There is a third in operation at South qualified successes. In addition, one half Kensington, and the fourth is now in operation at of the entire number of predictions were this office. It seems unquestionable that an in- so nearly correct as to justify their being strument of this kind is admirably suited for practical use at meteorological stations, at sea- classed as successful, while 25 per cent, ports, in collieries, and in all other situations of the whole appear as misses, 5 per cent, where it is of importance for the unpractised eye being utterly astray. The proportion, to notice frequently and easily the changes taking over the different districts of the United place in atmospheric pressure." Kingdom, was pretty nearly uniform, the The subjoined Diagram gives the indications at extreme variations being, on the one hand, intervals of two hours from 2 P.M. to 2 A.M. of the a total success of 83 per cent, in the Jordan Glycerine Barometer in use at this Office, the readings being corrected for temperature and South of England, and, on the other, of reduced to mean sea level. 68 per cent, in the West of Scotland. Such a difference is but natural, for as London is in the south-east corner of the j~, 2 p.m. 4 p.m. 6 p.m. 8 p.m. 10 p.m. M. 2 a.m. kingdom, it is most distant from the s extreme north and north-west stations, an- so that the task of predicting the weather for such localities is most difficult." « 4 * _j • « 1 1 1 EEWAKDS OF THE ROYAL HUMANE. \ I SOCIETY. The National Life-boat Institution has IT has been our custom from time to time one hundred and twenty barometers on to record the noble deeds of our Life- the coast, whose indications during un- boat crews, who, acting on the promptings settled weather are carefully and anxiously of an innate heroism, have, during winter watched by our seafaring population and storms, performed deeds of such desperate others. All these instruments are of a courage and patient endurance as to standard class, and accordingly are im- excite general admiration. plicitly relied on. In fact, they forecast It is thus that the skill and daring weather with no uncertain sound, and of the British Life-boat men have become thus these one hundred and twenty baro- renowned and conspicuous, resulting in meters hare no doubt contributed to the the saving of a large number of persons saving of a large number of lives, and of from shipwreck who would otherwise much property, by distinctly and oppor- inevitably perish on our shores. tunely warning our seamen and fishermen It would be wrong, however, to sup- of the coming storm, which, if unheeded, pose that such deeds of gallantry in might often have proved destructive, both saving persons from drowning are limited to their lives and property. exclusively to Life-boat men, for acts of bravery and skill are often performed on the high seas and in inland waters, which FORECASTING WEATHER. undoubtedly entitle the brave men who While making a few observations on perform them to the greatest honour, this important subject, we seize the credit, and esteem. opportunity of republishing recent re- Very striking cases of this latter class marks of Mr. Scott, the able and scientific are sometimes brought under public chief of the London Weather Office. notice by the BOYAL HUMANE SOCIETY, FEBRUARY 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 221 from whose recent records we select the state. Afterwards he swam towards the following cases illustrative of our re- boat, which was drifting outwards with marks:— the tide, and brought the plucky little Not long ago two white men, Charles fellow upon it safe to land. Gumbs and Adolphus Franklin, being at Having cited the above cases as illus- San Fernando Wharf, in the Gulf of Paria, trative of the rewards often granted by a place infested by sharks, leapt into the the EOTAL HUMANE SOCIETY, we feel con- water to save the life of Samuel Goldson, strained to make one or two remarks con- a negro. cerning its operations. From its last It is, however, somewhat curious that Annual Eeport, we observe with regret only a short time previously a black man that its receipts arising from annual had performed a like feat, under precisely subscriptions and donations for the year similar circumstances, in rescuing some 1879 were actually only 223Z., exclusive white persons from drowning. of the interest on its funded capital. Again, William Morton Jones, a cripple, It is thus clear that this valuable happened to be upon a wall which over- society must be very much restricted in its looks the Menai Straits at Carnarvon, work, particularly within the Metropolitan when a namesake of his, a boy, standing district, where it is most essential and near him, accidentally fell off the wall useful. into the water, and was in danger of Founded more than a hundred years perishing. Thereupon Jones, being, in ago by Dr. Hawes, whose descendants still spite of his wooden leg, a man quick of take an active part in its management, and, perception and ready at action, cast away surrounded as it is by a population of close his crutches and jumped down twelve feet upon four millions, one would imagine into the water. He soon managed to lay that its claims would be acknowledged hold of the youngster, and paddled with and liberally responded to, and we trust him to the sheer side of the neighbouring to be able, at no distant period, to report quay, where he succeeded in supporting that such is actually the case. his burden for the space of a quarter of an hour, until a boat could be brought round to pick them both up. Another case is that of Thomas Lewis, LAST YEAR'S WRECKS. who is fifteen years of age, and is a mid- THE approximate value of vessels of all nation- shipman in the Merchant Service. He, alities, with their cargoes, lost in all parts of the world during the year 1880, was no less than together with his sister, six young cousins, 68,327,000?., including British property 47,495,000?. and a nurse, was capsized out of a small The grand total number of wrecks reported was boat in deep water off Hythe, Kent. The 1,680, which compared with the total at the end of 1879 shows a decrease of eight. British-owned youth was the only one of the party who ships numbered 913, and those of all flags wrecked could swim. ' He first of all rescued the on the coasts of the British Isles were 480. The younger children, with the exception of a registered tonnage aggregated upwards of 900,000 tons, inclusive of 160 steam vessels, mostly owned little boy, whose peril was not so im- in the United Kingdom. About 4,000 lives were minent, as he was clinging to the upturned lost, and about 200 vessels were lost through col- bottom of the boat. Lewis then pro- lision. IMmng the week ending 51st December last 34 British and foreign wrecks, of which 14 ceeded to save his sister and the nurse, were British, were reported, the estimated value who were by that time in an unconscious being 3,100,000?., including British, 1,800,000?.

THE LIFE-BOAT STATIONS OP THE UNITED KINGDOM. sified character, in some places ending in bluff XLIII.—POOLE. headlands and in others sloping gradually down to The Joseph and Mary, 84 feet by &i feet, 10 oars. meet the water, both islands and ahore being richly and profusely wooded. THE port of Poole is situated on the N.E. shore of The approaches to the harbour are to a certain the picturesque bay of that name. When the tide extent intricate, as the channel runs for some dis- is in, and the extensive mud flats covered, the tance between sand-banks which, although well scenery is striking and pretty, the estuary being buoyed, are not to be used by strangers without studded with islands of different sizes and broken considerable risk. The channel is constantly outlines, and surrounded by a shore of very diver- moving to the westward, and there has been, at

p 4 222 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBHUABY 1, 1881. times, an alarm that the depth of water in it was In 1224 Poole is included in a list of the principal decreasing; but it seems incredible that this can ports of England to which Henry III. sent orders occur so long as the vast volume of water rushing to detain all French vessels that might arrive.' in and out every tide is not lessened by the recla- In 1295, it furnished three ships and fifty-nine mation of any of the enormous flats that lie so mariners for the war with France. temptingly on its shores. The entrance to the bay In 1340 it earned the unenviable notoriety of lies between two low sandy points about half a being one of the first places at which the plague mile apart, guarded at a short distance by Brownsea broke out that so fearfully devastated England as Island with its old castle, now a peaceful and well as the rest of Europe. picturesque marine residence, but which in the Richard III. favoured Poole considerably, com- middle ages was a fortress of considerable im- mencing and taking a considerable share in the portance to the peace and safety of the port and erection of the town wall, besides promising to harbour. It appears then to have been kept well do great things for the town, the hopes of which garrisoned, and during the civil wars, together the loss of the battle of Bosworth dashed to the with Poole, was held by the parliamentary forces. ground; but, after a short period of decline, it The early history of the port is wrapt in ob- continued steadily to rise in importance as a scurity, but there is no doubt the bay was visited commercial port, until its prosperity culminated in by the Romans, as shown by the Roman road from its connection with the North American colonies, the harbour that has heen traced near Upton which lasted until their separation, after the War House, and the coins that have from time to time of Independence, and with the fisheries of New- been dug up in the vicinity. An important dis- foundland, then carried on from this country. In covery of these took place so lately as 1832, when a this Fortune again behaved to the ancient borough vase of fine pottery containing several hundreds, with her proverbial fickleness, the march of events bearing dates from A,D. 253 to 274, was dug up almost entirely changing the channels of this about a quarter of a mile from the town. In the trade. year 998 the Danes entered the harbour and sta- It still, however, has a very considerable com- tioned their fleet at the mouth of the Frome. In merce both in general merchandise and plaster 1015 Canute made the bay the headquarters of his clay, of which very large quantities are snipped fleet until the following year, when he moved it to from here for the Staffordshire and other pot- Greenwich. teries. The rise of Poole, in commercial and municipal It is easy to conceive that many a distressing importance, began in the 12th century, when wreck, accompanied by loss of life, has occurred it profited much in those respects through the off this port in the days when the cry of the troubles brought upon Wareham by the wars seaman in distress awoke little sympathy in the between Stephen and Queen Maud. In 1142 the country, especially if we bear in mind that since latter place was taken by Stephen and the town the BOYAD NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION burnt, being retaken again by the Earl of Glou- first established a station here in 1864, its boats cester in the same year: and four 5 ears afterwards have rescued 63 lives. it was again taken by the king after a bloody The station is situated on the north point of the siege. Such a course of events would naturally entrance to the harbour, where a good and appro- drive away the more peaceable inhabitants, espe- priate Boat-house was built, and the Life-boat, cially those engaged in trade, who all removed to the gift of a lady, placed there in 1865. Poole, where trade seems to have flourished.

SERVICES OF THE LIFE-BOATS OF THE NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION (continued). WHITBY.—On the 1st October, at 4 P.M., was extremely high. The Life-boat Robert the Life-boat Harriott Forteath was Whitworth put off to her assistance, and launched and put four of the crew of a with great difficulty and danger succeeded Cornish fishing-boat, the Matchless, on in rescuing her crew, consisting of four board their vessel, which was riding at men. She proved to be the schooner Reaper, anchor near Whitby Kock, and was in of Douglas, bound from Ostend to Sunder- great danger in consequence of a very land, in ballast. strong" wind and heavy sea having sud- At 1.30 P.M, a large fishing yawl, the denly sprung up. The Life-boat also Good Intent, of Staithes, was observed brought ashore a man from a coble which running for Whitby Sands, and as it was was unable to make the harbour or to evident that she was in great distress, land on the beach. the Life-boat again put off through a On the 28th October, about noon, a fearful sea, and, with great danger and vessel was observed to be fast drifting difficulty, saved the crew, consisting of on Whitby Bocks. She, however, suc- eight men. ceeded in clearing the rocks, and was At 4.30 F.M. the schooner John Snefl, driven with tremendous force on the of Great Yarmouth, bound thence to New- beach. The wind was then blowing a castle with a cargo of wheat, was also hurricane from the E.N.E., and the sea seen to be making for the beach. It was FEBRUARY 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 223

feared that she would not succeed in land, in ballast, was seen to be drifting reaching the shore, as the tremendous rapidly towards the beach. The second seas continually swept over her, com- Life-boat at Whitby, the Harriott Forteath, pletely hiding her from view at times. was immediately launched, and, upon the She fortunately, however, kept her steer- vessel stranding, her crew of five men age-way, and eventually struck the beach. were with difficulty taken into the Life- The same Life-boat, after being pulled boat and brought safely ashore. for some distance through the seething The Second Service Clasp of the Insti- mass of broken water, ultimately reached tution was awarded to HBNBT FBEEMAN, the vessel, and succeeded in landing her Coxswain of the Life-boats, in acknow- crew, consisting of fiTe men. ledgment of his gallant services in the At 3.15 P.M. the schooner Elizabeth boats on these four occasions. He had Austin, of Eye, bound thence to Sunder- already received the Silver Medal of the

-allSsS^ ;^~^g

Institution for previous good services in broke up. She was bound from Brevig the Life-boats. The crews also received to West Hartlepool with a cargo of pit extra rewards for the above-mentioned props and mining timber. excellent services. On the 27th October, at abont 7 P.M., the brig Naiad, of Whitby, bound from HABTLEPOOL.—At about 9 A.M. on the London to Hartlepool, in ballast, was 5th October the brig Frannaes, of Brevig, endeavouring to enter Hartlepool Harbour, Norway, was observed to be making for but owing to the easterly gale blowing at Hartlepool, in tow of a steam-tug, during the time, and a very heavy sea, she an easterly gale and in a heavy sea. She stranded on Middleton Beach. The Life- grounded on Middleton Beach and filled boat John Clay Barlow put off and re- with water, and signals of distress were mained by her for about two hours, when shown from her, whereupon the John steam-tugs succeeded in getting her off Clay Barlow Life-boat proceeded to her and towed her safely into harbour. assistance, and took off the crew of seven The brigantine Folkestone, of Folkestone, men and the pilot. The vessel afterwards was seen to be making for Hartlepool at 224 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBEUAET 1, 1881.

about 8 P.M. on the 28th October during Signals of distress were exhibited by the a hurricane from the E.N.E. As she two fishermen on board, and the Life-boat showed signals of distress, the Charles Richard, stationed at Donna Nook, went Ingleby Life-boat put off to her assistance to their assistance, and rescued them. and finding that all her sails had been The weather at the time was very stormy, blown away, and that she was unmanage- a strong gale of wind blowing from the able, her crew of seven men were taken N.E., accompanied by a rough sea. on board the Life-boat and were safely landed. The vessel, which was bound PALLING, NORFOLK.—On the llth Oc- from Folkestone to Sunderland, in ballast, tober the Parse e Life-boat was launched afterwards drifted ashore near Middleton to the aid of the barque Saga, of Carls- hamn, Sweden, which had stranded on ABEKTSTWTTH.-—The Life-boat Lady the Hasborough Sand during a strong Haberfield put off at about 8 A.M. on the N.E. wind and heavy sea. She had pre- 7th October to the aid of the Danish brig viously grounded on the Leman and Ower Julia, which was showing a signal of Sands, but had floated off in a very distress in the bay during a strong E.N.E. damaged condition, and had then been wind. On reaching her it was found abandoned by her crew. The Life-boat that she had lost her course, and one of remained alongside the vessel until she the Life-boatmen was therefore put on again floated with the aid of steam-tugs, board to pilot her. She was on a voyage when she was taken to Harwich. from the Baltic to Aberdovey with timber, and carried a crew of seven men. LOOK, CORNWALL.—On the morning of the 22nd October, during rough weather, CULLEHCOATS.—On the morning of the the Looe Life-boat was launched and 9th October a heavy sea rose up, and as proceeded through a heavy ground sea to several cobles had gone out early, some a small fishing-boat named the Ada, of fishing and some piloting, it was feared Devonport, which had lost her foresail, that some accident might occur to them jib, and mizen, and had become unman- in coming in over the bar. The Life-boat ageable. She was fast drifting on to a Palmerston was therefore launched, and dangerous reef of rocks, and would un- accompanied each of the boats, as they doubtedly have been wrecked had not the arrived, safely over the bar. In two Life-boat promptly moored her in a safe instances the danger was considered to position, after which she took her crew of be so great that the crews were taken two men safely ashore amidst the cheers into the Life-boat, and the cobles were of the spectators. The two men were towed ashore. These services occupied quite benumbed with the cold, and they some hours, and the Life-boatmen being expressed their deep gratitude for the exhausted by the repeated rowing about help they had received, stating that they in the heavy sea, a fresh crew were taken had given up all hope of being saved. in the boat, when she again went out and took the crew of another coble on board, EAMSEY, ISLE OP MAN.—The brigantine and towed the boat safely ashore. Four- Victoire, of Irvine, bound thence to Dublin teen boats in all were thus assisted by with a cargo of coal, showed signals of the Life-boat, and eleven men of their distress when about two miles east of crews were taken on board her. Eamsey Harbour on the 26th October. The wind was blowing from the E.N.E. DONNA NOOK, LINCOLNSHIRE.—On the at the time, and the sea was very heavy. 6th October the trawler Dr. Eenealy, of The Life-boat Two Sisters was with much Hull, when about 150 miles from the difficulty launched, and succeeded in Humber, found the Eussian schooner Eva, bringing the vessel, which had a crew of of Abo, dismasted, and abandoned by her five men on board, safely into harbour. crew. She took her in tow, and two of On the following day the same Life- the trawler's crew were put on board. boat went, in a heavy sea, to the assist- When abreast of Spurn Lighthouse on ance of the brig William Sill, of Dundalk, the 10th October the tow-rope became which had shown signals of distress while detached, and the schooner ultimately lying in the bay about two miles from the became a total wreck near Tetney Haven. shore. It was found that the vessel's FEBBITABY 1,1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 225 cable had given way, and that she was bound from Wales to London with a rolling heavily. With the aid of the Cargo of paving-stones. Life-boat this vessel was also brought safely into harbour. She was on a voyage POBTHDINLLAEN.—The schooner City of from Dundalk to Ardrossan, in ballast, Bangor, of Bangor, was seen riding heavily and carried a crew of five men. (Vide at her anchors in Porthdinllaen Bay also service rendered to the crew of this during a heavy N.E. gale, at about 9 A.M. vessel by the Ayr Life-boat, page 230.) on the 28th October. In reply to her On the 14th November, at about 5.30 signals of distress the George Moore Life- P.M., an easterly gale suddenly sprang up, boat put off to her, and found that she accompanied by a heavy sea. The schooner had just parted one of her chains, and as Ada, of Beaumaris, bound from Plymouth there was a likelihood of her parting the to Buncorn, with china clay, had taken other, the crew, four in number, wished refuge in the bay, as she was leaking to be brought ashore. With considerable badly, and her crew had been for forty- difficulty they were taken into the Life- eight hours at the pumps. As the gale boat and landed at Porthdinllaen. increased she slipped her cable and ran At 11 P.M. on the 14th November for the harbour, but missed it and went signals of distress were shown by the ashore. The Two Sisters Life-boat pro- schooner Queen of the Isles, of Carnarvon. ceeded to her assistance, and safely landed The wind was blowing a whole gale from her crew of four men, who were in a very the N.N.E., and a heavy sea was running. exhausted condition. The George Moore Life-boat proceeded to her, and brought ashore her crew of three FEBBYSIDE, CABMABTHEN BAT. — At men. about 1.30 A.M., on the 28th October, it At about 1 P.M. on the 16th November was reported that a vessel was ashore on the gale again sprang up, accompanied the Langhame Sands, about eight miles by a very heavy sea, and the schooner's west of Ferryside. The wind was blowing crew, who had meanwhile gone back to a gale from the S.W., with heavy squalls, her, were afraid that she would part her and the sea was heavy. The Life-boat chains. They therefore made signals of City of Manchester was launched, and after distress, in response to which the Life- a severe pull against the wind and sea, boat went out and again brought them she succeeded in reaching the vessel, ashore. which proved to be the schooner Magdalen Esther, of New Quay, bound from New SCABBOBOTJGH.—During a severe storm Boss to Cardiff with pitwood. She had on the 28th October, at about 9.30 A.M., carried away both her anchors, and had the brig Mary, of South Shields, in trying stranded on the sands. She had lost her to make the harbour, was driven by the bulwarks and foremast, and the sea was wind and heavy sea on the shore. The breaking completely over her. Her crew Life-boat Lady Leigh was launched, and, of four men were taken into the Life-boat after a severe struggle, reached the vessel, and brought safely to land. and saved her crew of six men and a boy. A minute or two after the crew had been PLYMOUTH.—Sockets were sent up from taken off, the vessel's mainmast broke Batten Coastguard Station during a very close by the deck, and fell overboard with heavy gale from S.W. to W.S.W. at 6 A.M. a crash, taking with it the foretop-mast. on the 28th October. The Life-boat The crew, and also the Life-boat, had a Clemency went out to render assistance to very narrow escape. any vessel in distress, and found four At 11 A.M., the Life-boat again went vessels ashore. The crews of three of them out, and rescued the crew of five men had been taken off by the rocket appa- from the schooner Slack-Eyed Susan, of ratus, but the fourth, the schooner For- Bideford, which had also gone ashore, and tuna, of Grimsby, was found sunk about subsequently broke up. The Life-boat a mile and a half from Batten, with her had to be pulled with great difficulty crew, consisting of three men, lashed in along the front of the Spa, being amongst the rigging. The Life-boat succeeded in heavy breakers the whole of the time. taking the men off the wreck, and brought i At about 3 P.M., the brig Jeune Adolf he, them safely ashore. The schooner was ! of Nantes, went ashore on the South 226 THE LITE-BOAT. 1, 1881.

Sands, and the Life-boat immediately Piel. She was the schooner Jane Hughes, went to her assistance, and saved her of Carnarvon, from Morecambe to Duddon. crew, consisting of eight men. At about 8.30 P.M., the Life-boat was WEST HABTLEPOOL. — The Life-boat launched for the fourth time this day, Bochdale proceeded to the assistance of and rescued the crew, consisting of four the schooner Eoyal Albert, of Maldon, men and the master's wife, from the sloop which was in imminent danger during a J. Prizeman, of Plymouth, which had also hurricane from the E.N.E. on the 28th stranded. This service was even more October. The vessel's crew of five men difficult and dangerous than the previous were taken into the Life-boat, and the ones, as it was now dark, and the gale schooner afterwards beat up alongside the had, if possible, increased in its fury. pier and became a total wreck. On the following morning the gale had somewhat moderated, after a terrible EEDCAB. —It was reported, on the night; but the sea was still very rough. morning of the 28th October, that a At about noon the Dutch galliot Her- vessel was ashore about a mile south of Iruder went ashore, and the Life-boat Iledcar pier. The Life-boat Burton-on- was again promptly manned, and brought Trent was launched, and succeeded in safely ashore the crew of three men. rescuing the crew, consisting of seven The Silver Medal of the Institution men. She proved to be the brig Emanuel was awarded to JOHN OWSTON, coxswain Bouteher, of Whitby, bound to that port of the Life-boat, in acknowledgment of from Botterdam in ballast. Her sails his gallant services in the Boat on these had been blown away, and she ultimately and previous occasions, and extra rewards became a total wreck. were granted to the crew of the Life-boat. Early on the following day the brig Hazard, of Grimstead, bound to that port SCILLT.—During the night of the 27th from Dover, in ballast, showed signals of October the wind blew a very heavy gale distress in the offing. She appeared to be from the W.S.W., and early on the morn- trying to work off the land, but could not ing of the 28th signals of distress were do so, owing to the heavy wind and sea. observed from the direction of Trescoe. When close in shore, and near the Thp Henry Dundas Life-boat went out, breakers, she was headed to the land and and found the brig Messenger, of Sal- run ashore. The Life-boat went to her, combe, lying on a reef. The rocket rescued the crew, numbering nine men, apparatus had just established communi- and landed them at Marske. cation, but the hawser had fouled. Five of the crew were taken off by the Life- NOBTH SOTOWBLAND.—On the afternoon boat, the captain and two men remaining of the 28th October the Life-boat Joseph by the vessel. The Life-boat stayed by Anstice put off in a very heavy sea, and her until daylight, 'and then returned rescued the crew, consisting of nine men, to the shore. The vessel afterwards from the Swedish brig Alice, which was floated; she was bound from Cardiff totally wrecked under Bamborough Castle. to Portsmouth, with steam coal. WELLS, NORFOLK.—The brig Sharon's PIBL.—A schooner was observed at Base, of Whitby, bound from Shields to daylight, on the 28th October, in a dan- Dieppe with coal, was seen to run on the gerous position midway between Piel and beach at Holkham, during a strong breeze Fleetwood; she had a signal of distress from N.N.E. and a very heavy sea, at flying, and was apparently drifting help- about 1 P.M. on the 29th October. The lessly in the heavy gale which was then Eliza Adams Life-boat proceeded to her blowing from the E.N.E. The William aid, and succeeded in rescuing the crew, BirJcett Life-boat proceeded to her, and numbering seven men. The Boat was found that although she had three anchors then taken in tow by the steam-tug down, she was dragging them fast, and Promise, of Wells, and the shipwrecked was drifting to leeward. At the master's men were safely landed at Wells Quay. request, the Life-boat remained alongside the vessel until a steam-tug arrived, and CAISTEB.—At about 3 A.M. on the 1st towed her and the Life-boat safely into November, signals of distress were ob- FBBHUAKY 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 227 served, and the Life-boat Covent Garden was seen ashore on the Sands. The put off. She proceeded in the direction Bradford Life-boat proceeded to her as- of the signals, across the Scroby Sand, sistance, in tow of the harbour steam-tug and found the fishing smack Iron Duke, Vulcan, and when nearing her the masts of London, drifting with her cable paid were seen to fall over. The Life-boat out, but no anchor, close to the middle was then slipped from the tug, and made Cross Sand; she had also lost her main- sail for the vessel. On arriving near, the mast. The Life-boat men boarded her, boat's anchor was let go, and she sailed to hove in her cable, and, with the aid of a leeward among the wreckage, but could steam-tug, took her, with her crew of not get alongside. The crew of the six men, safely into harbour. The vessel barque then watched their opportunity had been in tow of another smack, but between the heavy seas, which were had got adrift during the night. breaking completely over the vessel, and On the 6th November, at 7 P.M., the climbed along the broken masts to the same Life-boat put off to the s.s. Swan, of Life-boat, and thus the whole of the men, Liverpool, which had gone on Hasborough eleven in number, were rescued. Tho Sand. With the aid of two steam-tugs, barque was the Freden, of Krageroe, the vessel, which was leaking badly, was Norway, with a cargo of deals. taken to Harwich. At about 5 A.M. on the 16th November, MONTBOSE, N.B.—At about 10 A.M., on in reply to signals of distress, the same the 22nd November, a strong E.S.E. wind Life-boat proceeded to the Middle Scroby sprang up, and the sea became very Sand, and found the s.s. Ringdove, of heavy. About thirty of the Ferryden Liverpool, ashore there in the midst of fishing boats had proceeded to sea earlier the breakers. With great difficulty and in the morning, and several of them ran risk, the Life-boat succeeded in getting back, some of them losing their lines. At near the vessel, and communication about noon some of the boats were seen having been effected, some of the ship- to be in considerable danger, and the wrecked men were hauled on board the Life-boat Mincing Lane went out and Life-boat by means of lines, and as the attended about twenty of them safely stern of the Life-boat sheered to the ship, over the bar. The last one—the Nautilus others of the crew came down the mizen —a large decked herring boat, went rigging, and eventually sixteen men were broadside on to the sea, in a lull, when got on board. Only one seaman remained; approaching the bar, and would have been he was lowering himself down by a rope, driven on to the rocks and lost, had not when he was unfortunately crushed be- the Life-boat got a line from her and tween the boat and the ship, and perished. towed her clear of the rocks and safely Heavy seas were breaking over the boat over the bar. She had a crew of six and ship all the time. The vessel was on men. a voyage from Eiga to Newport, Mon. At about 3 A.M., on the 23rd November, the Life-boat Mincing Lane put off to the HOLYHEAD.—At 12.30 P.M. on the 16th aid of a schooner which was reported to November, the schooner Jane Louisa, of be showing signals southward of Montrose. Londonderry, bound from Liverpool to With great difficulty and danger the Life- Dublin with a cargo of coal, was seen in boat was forced over the bar, on which the distress outside the breakwater, during a sea was breaking very heavily, and went heavy N. gale and very high sea. The alongside the vessel. She proved to be Life-boat Thomas Fielden went to her the Morton Castle, of Montrose, bound to assistance in tow of a steam-tug, and with that port from Sunderland, with coal. She great difficulty put six men on board the was waiting for a tug, but was in a very vessel to assist, and eventually she was perilous position near the rocks, and in towed safely into the old harbour. She much danger of being driven on to them. had a crew of five men. The master, on account of the foggy haze, was not aware that he was so near them, BAMSOATE.—During a fresh gale from and on being informed of his position, all the E.N.E., with snow and hail, on the sail was made, and a light breeze from 20th November, signals were fired by the the N.W. springing up, the vessel was Goodwin Sands Lightships, and a barque enabled to stand off. Had it not been 228 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBBUABY 1, 1881. for the Life-boat there is little doubt that Her crew of five men were clinging to the the vessel would have gone on the rocks, foretopmast rigging, and were in a most and that her crew of five men would have exhausted state. They were taken into been lost. the Life-boat, and landed safely at Port Talbot. The vessel became a total wreck. WHITBITBN.—On the 22nd November the Thomas Wilson Life-boat brought ST. ANDREWS, N.B.—The Ladies' Own ashore eight men from the steam-tug Life-boat put off on the morning of the Crusader, of Sunderland, which had 16th November to the assistance of the stranded on Whitburn Bocks during schooner Eoseneath, of Hull, which was foggy weather. The eight men had gone near the breakers on the sandbanks off on board to try to get her afloat, but St. Andrews during a strong E. gale and towards high water a very strong sea rose, very heavy sea, accompanied by heavy and they were compelled to make signals showers of sleet. It was found that the for the Life-boat. master had lost his reckoning. His real position was explained to him, and as the STAITHES, YOBKSHIBE.—On the evening wind had then veered round to the N. he of the 23rd November a steamer was made sail to the eastward and proceeded reported to be ashore about a mile north- out of the bay. ward of Staithes. The Life-boat Hannah On the 23rd November the same Somerset put off to her assistance, and Life-boat again put off and rendered found she was the s.s. Madeline, of West assistance to two fishing boats which Hartlepool, bound from the Baltic to were in danger while making for the Grimsby. The Life-boat remained by harbour. ' the vessel during the night, at the request of the master, in readiness to land the PAKEFIELD.—The Life-boat Two Sisters, crew if necessary; but fortunately her Mary and Hannah, put off on the 22ud services were not further needed. October to the assistance of the schooner Effigo, of Goole, which had stranded on NEWBIGGIN, NOBTHTJMBEBLAND. — The the Newcome Sand during a strong E. schooner Braes of Moray, of Peterhead, breeze. The vessel had floated off, and was observed ashore on the Out Carrs was riding at anchor when the Life-boat rocks, at about 6 A.M., on the 26th arrived. Some of the Life-boatmen November. The Life-boat William Hop- boarded her, and found that she was kinson of Srighouse was at once got out, leaking, and that her rudder was un- several of the fishermen's wives assisting shipped. The Lowestoft tng, which was to launch her, and the boat then pro- alongside, took her in tow, and with the ceeded through a very heavy sea, to the assistance of the Life-boat in steering her, vessel. The wind was blowing a strong she was taken safely into harbour. She gale from the S.E. On reaching her it was bound from London to Goole, with was found that she was fast filling with wheat, and had seven persons on board. water; the crew of five men were then taken into the Life-boat, and safely landed. FLAMBOBOUGH.—The Life-boat Gfrace Before the Boat regained the shore, and Lolly of Broad Oak went out at about nothing could be seen of the vessel, ex- 10.45 P.M., on the 23rd November, and cept a small portion of her topmast. rescued the crew, consisting of eight men, from the brig Tartar, of Salcombe, which SWANSEA.—The coxswain of the Life- was wrecked on the rocks off Flamborough boat received a telegram from the harbour during a S. by E. gale and very heavy master at Port Talbot shortly before sea. The vessel was on a voyage from 5 P.M. on the 1st December, stating that Whitstable to Shields with a cargo of a vessel was ashore on Port Talbot bar. chalk. The wind was blowing from the N., with a heavy ground swell. The Life-boat CAENSOBE, Co. WEXFOBD.—On the night Woiverhampton at once put off and pro- of the 26th November intelligence reached ceeded to the vessel, which proved to be this Life-boat station that a ship was in the schooner Pet, of Falmouth, bound distress about two miles and a half to the thence to Port Talbot, with copper ore. westward of Kilmore, which is twelve FEBKUABY 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 229 miles from Carnsore. Without loss of and had the wind gone a little more to time the coxswain procured horses, and the northward the sea would have been the Life-boat started on its carriage by driven into Scrabster Eoads, and the four land, arriving at Kilmore about 7 o'clock vessels would have been in imminent on the following morning. The coxswain, peril of being wrecked. however, thought it would not be desir- able to launch the boat there, so he took LTDD AND NEW BOMNEY, KENT.—On her to Ballyhealy, where, after some delay, the morning of the 25th November, during a volunteer crew was mustered and the a fresh gale from the W.S.W., and a heavy boat launched. All efforts to make the sea, the barque Eadb, of Moss, Norway, wreck were, however, unsuccessful, prin- bound from New York to Rotterdam, with cipally on account of the very heavy seas a cargo of grain, grounded on the outer and the wreckage floating about in the end of the Boar Bank off this part of the vicinity. Ultimately the boat returned coast, and commenced to strike heavily to the shore, and remained there until on the sand. After .a time she hoisted the next morning, when her crew manned a signal of distress, in response to which her and proceeded out. She was then the Lydd Life-boat David Hulett, and happily the means of saving all on the the New Eomney Life-boat Dr. Hatton, stranded ship, consisting of the master, promptly proceeded to her assistance. mate, fourteen seamen, a boy, and two She was found to be in a leaky state when women. The barque was the John A. the Life-boatmen boarded her, but in the Harvie, of Windsor, N.S., bound from New course of an hour or so she was got afloat York to Dublin, with a cargo of Indian and proceeded to Dover, which, with the corn. help of steam-tugs, was reached in safety, the Life-boats keeping in company in case BLACKPOOL.—At about 9 A.M., on the of accident, and some men of their crews 27th November, the Robert William Life- helping at the pumps. boat proceeded to the aid of the barque Medora, of Laurvig, which was observed BALLTWALTEB, Co. DOWN.—On the 9th to be drifting into a dangerous position. December the wind suddenly became One of the Life-boatmen was put on board squally, increasing to a gale from the W. the vessel and piloted her to Fleetwood, off the land. A large open boat, manned to which port she was bound with a by two men and a boy, and having but cargo of timber. one broken oar on board, was swept some distance out to sea, as she was unable to THUBSO, N.B.—During a gale of wind stand up to her sail. As the gale was from the W.S.W., with rain, on the increasing, and the boat was in great 26th November, the schooners Caroline danger and showing signals of distress, and Phoenician, at anchor in Scrabster the Life-boat Admiral Henry Meynell put Eoads, exhibited signals of distress, in off to her assistance, and brought her response to which the Life-boat Charley safely ashore. Lloyd was launched, and brought ashore their crews, numbering eight men. EXMOUTH.—At noon on the 13th De- Again, on the 1st December, the Life- cember a mounted messenger came from boat went out in response to signals of Budleigh Salterton and reported a fishing distress shown from the schooner Catherine boat in great danger about three miles & Ellen, which had been overtaken by east of Exmouth. The Victoria Life-boat a strong gale from the N.N.W., and which was speedily launched, and proceeded to had brought up far out in the bay. The the boat, which was found to be in danger crew of six men were taken into the boat of being driven on to the rocks, her crew and safely landed at Scrabster. being totally exhausted. The Life-boat Similar service was rendered on the took the boat in tow, and brought her and 10th December by the Life-boat to the the four men on board safely to Exmouth. crews, numbering in all eighteen men, of the schooners Caroline, Seaward, Phoe- HAUXLEY, NOBTHCMBEBLAND.—On the nician, and Reaper. A very severe gale afternoon of the 18th December, the brig from the W.N.W. had suddenly sprung Warkworth Castle, of Amble, bound to up, causing a tremendous sea in the bay, that port from Gloucester in ballast, drove 230 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBBUABY I, 1881.

ashore in a snowstorm on Bondicar Bocks, Swedish brig Clio, which had stranded at near this Life-boat station. Her signals the back of the Montgomerie Street of distress were observed, and the Coast- Breakwater while making for Ardrossan guard, by means of the rocket appa- Harbour. The brig was bound from ratus, sent a line on board; the Life-boat Troon to Demerara with coal. Algernon and Eleanor also proceeded to the wreck through a rough sea. She soon PALLING, NORFOLK.—On the 23rd De- reached the spot, and saved the crew of cember, at 5.30 A.M., the British Workman nine men, who were landed about 8 o'clock Life-boat proceeded to the Hasborough in the evening. On this occasion the Sand, in reply to signals of distress, women helped to launch the Life-boat, as during a strong W.N.W. wind and heavy many of the men were engaged with the sea. On arriving there, she found the Rocket Brigade. s.s. Earl Percy, of Newcastle, ashore, having on board fifty passengers, a crew ATB, N.B.—At about 10 o'clock on the of twenty-one, and a general cargo. The morning of Sunday, the 19th December, Life-boat remained by her and rendered the brig William Hill, of Dundalk, was assistance, and after a time she came off seen making for Ayr Harbour, during a the sand, with loss of rudder. A steam- S.W. gale. She was unmanageable, from tug then arrived and took her in tow, some loss of the greater part of her canvas and of the Life-boatmen going on board her, the weakness of her crew from long ex- and the Life-boat steering; but they had posure. In approaching the harbour, she not gone far when the Life-boat broke struck the North Pier with considerable adrift, and had to return to her station. force, and drifted on to the gravel bank The steamer completed her voyage in on the N. side of the harbour, where she safety. was totally wrecked. The Glasgow Work- man Life-boat was launched, and, after WINTBBTON . — At 1 o'clock on the two attempts, reached the wreck and morning of the 24th December a flare rescued three of the crew. The vessel was observed about a mile north of Win- carried a crew of five men. One of them terton. The crew of the Life-boat Husband had been washed overboard, and another assembled, and the Boat went out and died before he was brought ashore. found the schooner Barbara, of Carnarvon, stranded on the beach. She remained by AEDBOSSAN.—On the 19th December, her until 10 P.M., and then got her afloat during a very heavy gale from the W.N.W., and took her to Yarmouth. She was the Life-boat Fair Maid of Perth was bound from Newcastle to London, with launched, at 3.50 P.M., and rescued the firebricks, tiles, and clay, and had a crew crew, consisting of eight men, from the of four men.

PEE MAKE, PEE TEEEAM. THE above well-known motto of the whose courage is, in the ordinary course British " Eoyal Marines " has been nobly of .their careers, only called into action illustrated by the deeds of that dis- and only expected on the land. tinguished corps in every part of the All the more, however, is credit due to globe, and wherever, on land or sea, its them, and all the more we welcome their services have been required, its famous alliance with that valiant band of heroes, motto has been remembered, and its our Life-boat men, whose victories over prowess has been maintained. the winds and waves, to rescue their We have now, however, to record a fellow-men, are like the stormy petrel of valiant deed, equally illustrative of British the sea, the almost certain accompaniment pluck "by land or sea," although on a of every winter's storm. smaller scale, and performed by those To proceed, however, with our narra- FKBBUABY 1, 1881.] THE LIFE-BOAT. 231

tive. On the night of the 27th October the beach. In fact, the mere getting it last, the schooner Bobert Brown, coal- afloat and clear of the shore was a most laden, and with a crew of four men, was dangerous work, not only to those in it, overtaken by a gale from E.N.E., with a but to the large number of soldiers and heavy sea, and, becoming unmanageable, others who, under the guidance of" Dr. was driven ashore near the Pigeonhouse Cox and Mr. B. W. Jackson, chief engineer Port in Dublin Bay. Before striking the of the Government hired steamer Stanley, ground, one of the crew was washed strenuously worked, often up to their overboard by a heavy sea and drowned, waists in water. The Boat, at one moment and immediately after her grounding floated high by the sea, was the next another was swept away and lost, the two dashed again on the stones, and only survivors securing themselves to the saved from destruction by its great rigging. Without any means of making strength and peculiar build, whilst those known their perilous condition, they were who stuck manfully to it ran serious risk undiscovered until after daylight on the of losing their lives by being drowned or morning of the 28th, when they were first crushed beneath it. seen by a Coastguardman from the shore. But, through indomitable pluck and Unfortunately, the Coastguardmen who energy all round, the Boat was got at last form the usual crew of the NATIONAL afloat, and, after half an hour's severe LIFE-BO AT INSTITUTION in the neighbour- struggle with the waves, reached the hood were absent on board H.M.S. Belleisle, sunken craft and rescued the two sur- the Coastguard ship at Kingstown, under- vivors of her crew, who, half dead from going their periodical drill. Hence there exposure and cold, were safely lauded and was a necessity for extemporizing a crew carried by the soldiers to their barracks, of the most competent men who could be where they received every possible atten- obtained, or to allow the two poor fellows tion, and were so far recovered on the to perish within a short distance of the following day as to be able to proceed on shore. their way. In the effort to do so, considerable time The Managing Committee of the EOTAL was lost, and a sufficient number of- sea- NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION, con- faring men, or practical boatmen, could not sidering this gallant service doubly credit- be found. Fortunately, however, though able to men wholly inexperienced in Life- " blue-jackets " were scarce, "red-jackets" boat work, or the management of boats were at hand, and quickly a number of in heavy seas, yet who, be the danger what soldiers from the Fort, led by Lieutenant it might, hesitated not a moment to J. A. W. O'Neil Torrens, of the Second encounter it in the absence of the Boat's Dragoons (Eoyal Scots Greys), and Dr. practised crew, voted the Society's Gold H. L. Cox, of the Army Medical Depart- Medal to Lieutenant Torrens, and its ment, together with a few boatmen, dragged Silver Medal to the three soldiers who the Life-boat from its house to the shore, accompanied him, and to Dr. Cox; also its where, with great difficulty and some risk thanks, on vellum, to Mr. Jackson, and of life, it was launched, Lieutenant thanks and pecuniary payments to the Torrens taking the helm and command, non-commissioned officers and private and three private soldiers, viz., Wm. soldiers who launched the Boat. Smith, bombardier Eoyal Artillery; P. These well-earned honours have been Howard, private 57th Eegiment, and presented through His Eoyal Highness the F. Eeilly, private Army Service Corps, Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, .together with five fishermen and three who, like the Commander-in-Chief of the seamen, forming the crew. Forces in Ireland, has taken great interest Before leaving the shore the Boat was in this case; and we have no doubt the badly stove, the spot where it was neces- medals presented to Lieutenant Torreus sary to launch being thickly strewed and the three brother soldiers of his crew, with boulder-stones, and abounding with will be as much prized by them as if they stumps of broken piles projecting through had been won on the battle-field. 232 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FEBRUARY 1, 1881.

Reported that the following Legacies had been bequeathed to the Institution:— SUMMABT OF THE £ s. d. The late Mrs. S. H. BRADSHAW, of MEETINGS OF THE COMMITTEE. Reading (stock) 1500 0 0 The late Lieut-Colonel J. D. WILSON, THURSDAY, 7th October, 1880. of Cheltenham 1000 0 0 The late Mrs. ELEANOB BEST, of THOMAS CHAPMAN, Esq., F.R.S., V.P., Chairman Kelston Milbrook, Southampton . 200 0 0 of the Institution, in the Chair. The late ADAM HAMILTON, Esq., of Glasgow (to Glasgow Branch) . . 19 19 0 Read and approved the Minutes of the previous Meeting, and those of the Finance and Correspond- The Committee expressed their deep regret at ence, and Wreck and Reward Sub-Committees. the death of Admiral Sir J. WALTER TARLETON, Also the Reports of the five District Inspectors K.C.B., who had for many years been a Member of Life-boats to the Institution on their visits to of the Committee of Management of the Institu- the following Stations:— tion, and who was ever ready, when in office and No. 1. District Capt. the Hon. H. W. CHET- at other times, to promote its interests. WYND, R.N., London—Alderney, Hayling Island, Reported the transmission to their Stations of and Kingsgate. the new Life-boats for Kingsgate, Kent, Fraser- No. 2 District. Commander C. LAPKIMATJDAYE, burgh, N.B., and Tramore and Ardmore, Ireland. R.N., Bristol—Cardigan, Newquay, Watchet, Looe, The two first-named Life-boats had been pub- Fowey, Mevagissey, Portloe, Falmouth, Cadgwith, licly named and launched at their Stations in the Lizard, Mullion, Porthoustock, and St Ives. presence of large numbers of persons, great No. 3 District. Lieut. H. T. G. TIPPING, R.N., interest having been taken in the proceedings. Dublin— Dungarvan, Duncannon, Giles' Quay, Toted the thanks of the Committee to Mr. Tramore, and Ardmore. EDWARD JACOB, in acknowledgment of his long No. 4 District Lieut H. A. MONTEITH, R.N., and valuable co-operation as Honorary Secretary Edinburgh—Bronghty Ferry, Anstruther, Fraser- of the Tramore branch of the Institution. burgh, Stromness, Longhope, Thnrso, Huna, Acker- Ordered various works to be carried out at the gill, Moray Firth, and Lossiemouth. Sunderland and St. Anne's Life-boat Stations, at No. 6 District. Commander ST. VINCENT an expense of 338J. 12s. 10tZ. NEPEAN, R.N., Hull—Hunstanton, Brancaster, Paid 2,756Z. for sundry charges on various Life- Wells, Blakeney, Sheringham, Mundesley, Cromer, boat Establishments. Bacton, Hasborough, Palling (two Boats), Winter- ton (two Boats), Caister (two Boats), Gorleston, Voted Til. 3s. 6d. to pay the expenses of the Lowestoft (two Boats), Pakefield (two Boats), Fishguard, Clovelly, St. Ives, Hartlepool, Hayle, Skegness, Chapel, Donna Nook, Theddlethorpe, and North Deal Life-boats, in rendering the following Services:— and Sutton. Lives Reported the receipt of a contribution of 9001. saved. from a gentleman, a native of Lancashire, to Smack Catherine, of Cardigan . . . . 2 defray the cost of a Life-boat Establishment for Brigantine Osnabrick, of Papeuburg . . 7 the coast of that county, the Boat to be named the Smack Delabole, of Fowey s Child of Hale. Schooner Jane Smith, of Plymouth ... 6 Decided that the donor be thanked for his Brig Frannaes, of Brevig 8 munificent gift, and that it be appropriated to the Schooner Bonne Adele, of Isigny .... 5 Fleetwood new Life-boat establishment Ship Paul JBoyton, of Yarmouth, N.S. ... 22 Reported also that a lady had presented 6001. to the Institution for the purpose of placing a Life- The Ramsgate Life-boat had also rescued boat on the north-east coast, to be named the 5 persons from the last-named ship. William and Charles, in memory of two deceased [The details of these Life-boat services will be brothers. found on pages 202-5 and 223 of the Life-boat Decided that the donor be thanked, and that the Journal.] new Life-boat about to be sent to Whitburn, near Voted also 1667.19s. 6d. to pav the expenses of Sunderland, be named accordingly. the Life-boats at Courtown, Exmouth, Teign- Reported also the receipt of the following other mouth, Skegness, Burnham, Carmarthen Bay, Special Contributions since the last meeting:— St. Ives, Walmer, Appledore, Saltburn, Penarth, and Caister, in putting off in reply to signals of £ s. d. distress shown by vessels which did not ultimately Collected by HUGHMAIN, Esq., H.B.M. require the aid of the Boats. Consulate, Alexandria .... 44 0 6 Voted the Second Service Clasp of the Insti- Collected at the Harvest Thanksgiving tution to JAMES MURPHT, Assistant Coxswain Service at Lytham Parish Church of the St Ives Life-boat, in acknowledgment of on 23rd September, per Rev. H. B. his skilful and intrepid services in the boat on HAWKINS 38 16 1 the occasion of the rescue of the crew of the- Contents of Contribution Boxes at schooner Jane Smith, of Plymouth, on the 15th of Ramsgate, per Capt. R. BRAISE September. (additional) 10 0 0 Also the thanks of the Institution, inscribed on Collected by Lieut-Colonel BROCK- vellum, to Mr. T. B. WILLIAMS, Honorary Secre- MAN, Exeter, in aid of the Out tary of the St. Ives branch, and to Captain JOHN Pensioner Life-boat at Arklow (ad- HODGE, a member of the St. Ives Life-boat ditional) 500 Committee, both of whom went out in the Life- Contents of Contribution Box, per boat on the above-named occasion. Miss FARKAR, Brixton (additional) 206 Also the thanks of the Institution, inscribed on Collected in Park Chapel Sunday vellum, to Captain D. GEORGE, Lloyd's sub- School, Camden Town, per Mr. E. agent at Fishguard, for taking command of the WENCH (additional) 1 10 6 Fishguard Life-boat twice on the 15th September, —To be severally thanked. when she saved the crews, numbering in all nine FEBBUARY 1, 1881.] THE LITE-BOAT. 233

men, from the smack Catherine, of Cardigan, and Guernsey, Drogheda, Gorleston, and Padstow Life- brigantine Osnabrick, of Papenburg, Hanover. boat stations, at an expense of 5107. 15s. 6d. Also the thanks of the Institution, inscribed on Paid 1,540?. 5s. 3d. for sundry charges on vellum, to Mr. T. G. PEARSON, Honorary Secretary various Life-boat establishments. of the Saltburn branch of the Institution, who Voted 350?. 14s. Id. to pay the expenses of the went out in the Saltburn Life-boat on the 1st of Life-boats at Wells, Cullercoats, Donna Nook, October, with the view of assisting some fishing- Looe, Carmarthen Bay, Hartlepool, Plymouth, cobles. Porthdinllaen, Redcar, Scarborough, Whitby, Also II: to three men foi rescuing the crew of SciUy, West Haitlepooi, North Sraadeiland, Pool- two men from the schooner Esther Mary, of begj Aberystwith and Piel, in rendering the fol- Cardigan, which was wrecked near Balbriggan, co. lowing services:— Dublin, during stormy weather on the 9th of May. Lives saved. THURSDAY, 4th November: Brig Sharon's Rose, of Whitby 7 Cullercoats cobles, saved three boats and . . 11 The Chairman of the Institution in the Chair. and rendered assistance to several others. Read and approved the Minutes of the previous Schooner Eva, of Abo, Russia 2 Meeting, and those of the Finance and Correspond- Fishing-boat Ada, of Devonport .... 2 ence, and Wreck and Reward Sub-Committees. Schooner Magdalen Esther, of New Quay . 4 Also the Report of Vice-Admiral J. R. WAED, Brigantine Folkestone, of Folkestone ... 7 the Chief Inspector of Life-boats, on his recent Brig Naiad, of Whitby. Remained by vessel. visits to the Kingsgate and Broadstairs Life-boat Schooner Fortuna, of Grimsby 3 stations, and those of the five District Inspectors Schooner City of Bangor, of Bangor ... 4 on their visits to the f ollowing places:— Brig Emanuel Boutcher, of Whitby ... 7 1. Kingsgate, Broadstairs, Hastings, Worthing, Brig Hazard, of Grimstad 9 Chichester Harbour, Selsey, Shoreham, and Brig Mary, of Shields 7 Brighton. Schooner Slack-eyed-Susan, of Bideford . . 5 2. Hayle, St. Ives, Sennen, Penzauce, Porth- Brig Jeune Adolphe, of Nantes 8 leven, Scilly, Newquay, Padstow, Port Isaac, Sloop J. Prizeman, of Plymouth .... 5 Bude, Burnham, Aberystwith, and Cheltenham. Dutch galliot Herbrnder 3 3. Ardmore, New Brighton (two Boats), South- Schooner Reaper, of Douglas 4 port, Lytham, Blackpool, Douglas (two Boats), Fishing-boat Good Intent, of Staithes ... 8 Castletown, and Ramsey. Schooner John Snell, of Great Yarmouth . . 5 4. Buckie, Banff, Whitelink Bay, and Peter- Schooner Elisabeth Austin, of Rye.... 5 head. Brig Messenger, of Salcombe 5 5. Cleethorpes, Seaham, Whitburn, Sunderland Schooner Royal Albert, of Maldon .... 5 (four Boats), Seaton Carew, West Hartlepool Swedish brig Alice 9 (two Boats), Hartlepool (three Boats), Middles- Schooner Robert Brown, of Warrenpoint . . 2 borough, Redcar, Saltburn, Staithes, Runswick, Danish brig Julia. Rendered assistance. Whitby (two Boats), Upgang, Scarborough, Filey, Schooner Jane Hughes, of Carnarvon. Re- Flamborough (two Boats), and Wells. mained by vessel. Reported the receipt of 2,0007. from CHARLES The Whitby, Palling, Pakefield, Ramsey, and ARKCOLL, Esq., of Chatham, for a Life-boat Caister Life-boats had also rendered the following Station on the coast of Sussex, the Boat to be services:— named the Charles Arkcoll, in memory of his late Lives father. saved. Decided that the best thanks of the Committee Fishing-boat Matchless. Rendered assistance. be conveyed to Mr. ARKCOLL for his munificent A coble in distress off Whitby 1 contribution, that it be appropriated to the Barque Saga, of Carlshamn. Assisted to save Hastings New Life-boat establishment, and in aid vessel. of its future renovation and maintenance. Schooner Effigo, of Goole. Assisted to save Also the receipt of the following other Special vessel and 7 Contributions since the last meeting:— Brigantine Victoire, of Irvine. Saved vessel and 5 £ *. d. Smack Iron Duke, of London. Assisted to Mrs. GOMONDE, Pau (additional) . . 20 0 0 save vessel and 6 Half of collection in Cromer Church, [The details of these services will be found on on Sunday, 10th October, per Rev. pages 222-8 and 231 of this Journal.'] F. FITCH 13 3 6 Half of collection in St. John's Church, Voted also 4007. 9s. to pay the expenses of the Wes ton-Super-Mare, on Sunday,17th Life-boats at North Berwick, Piel, Penarth, Giles's October, per Rev. G. BUCKLE and Quay, Penzance, Cleethorpes, Kessingland, Fal- Captain R. D. CRAWFORD (addi- mouth, Poole, Caister, Donna Nook, Barmouth. tional) 11 14 0 Cahore, Brldlington, Fleetwood, Holy Island, Readers of The Christian, per Messrs. Hope Cove, Newbiggin, Courtown, Middles- MORGAN & SCOTT (additional) . . 6 12 0 borough, Hunstanton, Seatou Carew, Gorleston, Dalston Junction Sunday Schools, per Winterton, Palling, Skegness, Theddlethorpe, Mr. F. CLEMENTS 110 Cresswell, Montrose, Drogheda, and Chapel, in —To be severally thanked. assembling their crews or putting off to the aid of vessels not ultimately needing the assistance of Also that the late R. W. PARMETER, Esq., had the boats. bequeathed a legacy of nineteen guineas to the The Ramsgate Life-boat had also been out in Institution. reply to distress signals, but her services were not Voted the thanks of the Committee to Captain eventually needed. W. M. SANCTUARY, R.N., in acknowledgment of Voted the Silver Medal of the Institution, and his kind co-operation while holding the office of a copy of the vote inscribed on vellum, to Honorary Secretary of the Goodwin Sands and JOHN OWSTON, coxswain of the Scarborough Downs branch of the Institution. life-boat, in acknowledgment of his general Ordered various works to be carried out at the gallant services in that Boat, and particularly for 234 THE LIFE-BOAT. [FlSBKUABY 1, 1881 going out four times in the Life-boat during the £. ». d. severe gale of the 28th and 29th October, and The late Miss JESSIE LANDSEER, of assisting to rescue the crews, numbering in all Kensington Park Gardens (duty twenty-eight persons, from five different wrecks. free) 100 0 0 Extra rewards were also granted to the crew of The late General JOHN KYNASTON the Life-boat for their gallant exertions on these LUABD, of Gloucester Gardens . . 50 0 0 occasions. The late Mrs. A. M. DOBSON, of Pall Also the Second Service Clasp of the Institution Mall 19 19 0 to HENRY FREEMAN, coxswain of the Whitby The late Miss ANN BABTBAM, of Hull Life-boats, in acknowledgment of his gallant (duty free) 19 19 0 services in taking command of the Life-boats on four occasions on the 28th October, and assisting Voted the thanks of the Committee to Admiral to save the erews, numbering in all twenty-two RALPH BARTON, Captain THOMAS JONES, and men, from four distressed vessels. A. J. LAW, Esq., in acknowledgment of their long Extra rewards were also granted to the crews of and valuable co-operation as Honorary Secretaries, the Life-boats for their gallant conduct on these respectively, of the Southport, Newquay (Car- occasions. diganshire), and Barnstaple and Brauntou branches Also the Silver Medal of the Institution, and a of the Institution. copy of the vote inscribed on vellum, to Mr. N. G. Elected Lieutenant GERALD R. MALTBY, R.N., HATCH, mate of the ship Berkshire, of London, and Inspector of Life-boats for the Scotch District, in 41. to four of the crew of that vessel, for putting succession to Lieutenant H. A. MONTEITH, R.N., off in a boat and saying two of the crew of the who had resigned. brig Marys, of Whitby, which was wrecked on Paid 35322. 2*. 2

by means of a rope, the crew, eleven in number, of THE LAY OF THE LIFE-BOAT.* the German barque Minna, which had stranded off GENTLEMEN all, are your glasses charged? for Kedcar, on the 28th November. I've a toast for the winter weather. Also 71. 15s. to twenty-three Whitby men, for Answer it, then, with a three times three; voice rescuing, by means of a hawser, the crew, con- and heart, if you please, together. sisting of five men, from the schooner Sarah, of It is not a sorrowful theme I sing, though the red Portsmouth, which was wrecked at Upgang, leaves rot in the winter garden. Yorkshire, during a hurricane from the E.N.E., on And east winds meet the embrace of the north, our the 28th October. throats to scourge and muscles to harden. Also 61. to eleven men, for saving, by means of Come far away from the weary fogs, those winding- lines, the crew, consisting of six men, from the sheets of our London life; brig Violet, of Whitby, which was wrecked on Away from the prowl of the burglar-sneak, and Holkham Beach, Norfolk, during a heavy gale the thud of the brute who has kicked his wife. from the E.N.E. on the 29th October. I'd tell to-day of the rock-bound coast, the scream- Also 61. 10s, to eleven men, for putting off in a ing surf, and the sea-blown sand; coble and rescuing the crew of two men from the And drink to the men who are off to sea, when the ketch Isabella, of Lynn, which was wrecked on the sailors shout that the Life-boat's manned. rocks off Kedcar, Yorkshire, during a strong S.W. gale, on the 25th November. They talk of battles, and rank and file; they call the roll, count cannon and loss; And Tom he wears a corporal's stripe, and brave little Jim the Victoria Cross. They march to the front with fife and drum, and follow the beat of the regiment's band; INCREASE OF BRITISH SHIPPING. They see their flag as it waves, and hear the jolly THOSE who are old enough to remember the repeal old colonel's clear command. of the navigation laws describe the state of feeling But there's never a sound in the battle at sea, but that prevailed among the shipowning class when the howling storm and the scream afar; the measure was carried safely through Parliament And it's only duty points the way when the ships as one of absolute panic. Nothing but the utter break up on the harbour-bar. ruin of the carrying trade was expected. America It is dark unto death on the midnight sea, and had inexhaustible supplies of cheap timber, and darker still on the sleeping land; neither British shipowners nor British shipbuilders But only women are left on the shore to cry, could hope to hold their own against American " They're off!" when the Life-boat's manned. competition. No one dreamed of the complete Certain risk and a chance reward—this is the tale re volution which iron and steel in the construction, that the Life-boat tells. and steam in the propulsion, of vessels were about What was their prize but the lives of men, those to produce, nor of the effect these agencies were splendid fellows who died at Wells ? destined to have upon the English shipping trade. Love and pleasure were theirs at home, danger and The contrast between the results feared forty death they faced at sea; years ago and the results actually achieved to-day Their lives were swallowed in waves of Fate when is accordingly very remarkable. On the 1st July the men they hurried to save were free. last the steamship tonnage owned in Great Britain Out they went in the terrible storm, hurricane-hard amounted to 4,265,619 tons, against 634,292 tons on the Norfolk coast. owned in the United States, 423,767 tons owned in Women they weep, as women will do; but never a France, and 289,429 tons owned in Germany— sailor quits his post. British tonnage being thus more than three times Seizing the oar, the rocket, and rope, out they went greater than the combined tonnage of the other from the sheltering land: three chief commercial countries of the world. Never again will they wake to hear their comrades This lead in the trade we appear to have main- shout when the Life-boat's manned. tained with success, even during the recent years of commercial depression. The figures relating to Gentlemen all, when the storms are out, the roof- the last two years are very striking in regard to tree shakes, and the windows rattle, this point. During the period from July 1, 1878, Just think a little of ships at sea, the wave's to July 1, 1880, British owned steam-vessels attack, and the sailor's battle. showed an increase of 571, and tonnage an increase You close the shutters and bar the door, in cosy of 508,398 tons, the American figures being 32 homes of the sheltered city ; vessels and 21,301 tons, the French 60 vessels and You give one sigh for the Life-boat—yes, and you 55,982 tons, and the German 57 vessels and 30,390 offer her crew a grain of pity. tons. Thus the mere increase of British tonnage But, on my honour, I'd like to know if pluckier during the past two years is nearly equal to the men in the world exist, total tonnage owned in America ; or to the total Than those who buckle the life-belt on, when tonnage of France and Germany combined. The wives are left and children kissed. profits accruing to England from this gigantic So again I ask, are your glasses charged ? will you carrying trade are immense. They go a very long send a cheer from the friends on shore way indeed to redress the balance which, as the To the men who gp to their death at sea, and do Board of Trade figures appear to show, always their duty ? men can't do more, exists against this country in her commercial in- Hope departs when the land is lost; love is blown tercourse with the rest of the world. Look at the from the rocks and sand. American grain trade alone. For a long time past Ready to die is the motto of men—and this is the 'we have imported on an average about 200,000 reason the Life-boat's manned. quarters of wheat per week, and probably a CLEMENT SCOTT, similar quantity of Indian corn from the United * From the Christmas Number of The World. States; and as these supplies come to us for the most part in British bottoms the shipowners of this country are earning at present from this NOTICE.—The next number of the ' lAfe-Tmat source alone at the rate of not less than three Journal,' containing the Annual Report, &c., millions sterling per annum.—Pall Mall Gazette. will be published on the 1st May next. ROYAL NATIONAL LIFE-BOAT INSTITUTION, SOPFOBTED 8OLELT BT VOLDSTARr COKTKIBCTIONa.

« Post «nuura» |3«sibtttt — His GBACE THE DUSK or NOBTHUHBBBI.AHT>, P.O. d^wntlSIt —THOMA S CHAPMAN, ESQ., F.B.S., V.p. SetTctanj — RIOHABD LEWIS, of the Inner Temple, Esq., Barrister-at-Law. Services of the Life-boats of the Institution in 1880. Ada, fishing boat, of Devonport. 2 Guiding Star, barque, of Sal- Omabriclc, brigantine, of Papen- Aiia, schooner, of Beanmaris.... 4 combe 10 burg, Hanover ...... 7 Alice, Swedish brig 9 Habb, barque, of Moss, Norway Pacific, barque, of Swansea— ren- Amcott, s.8., of West Hartlepool —rendered assistance. dered assistance. —assisted to save vessel. Hankow, s.s., of London—ren- Pater, barque, of Sundswall .... 12 Anatolian, s.s., of Liverpool..., 26 dered assistance. Paul Boyton, ship, of Yarmouth, Andover, brigantine, of Dublin Saroan, brig, of Porsgrund, Nor- N.S...... 27 —assisted to save vessel and.. 6 way—assisted to save vessel and 9 Pet, schooner, of Falmouth ..... 6 Atkins, fishing boat, of Liver- Sarnette, smack, of Barnstaple. 2 Phoenician, schooner, of Isle of pool—rendered assistance. Hazard, brig 9 Man ...... 8 Barbara, schooner, of Carnarvon Herbruder, Dutch galliot 3 Pride of the Isles, schooner, of —saved vessel and crew 4 Iron Duke, dandy, of London... 6 Bridport ...... 6 Bessie Janes, schooner, of Fleet- Isabella, schooner, of Beaumaris Queen of the Jsles, schooner, of wood 4 —assisted to save vessel and .. 4 Carnarvon ...... 3 Betty, brig, of Tonsberg, Norway J. Prizeman, sloop, of Plymouth 5 Red Rose, s.s., of Cardiff— ren- —assisted to beach vessel and 8 James, fishing boat, of Liverpool dered assistance. Black Diamond, brigantine, of —rendered assistance. Reaper, schooner, of Douglas .... 4 Guernsey 6 James, schooner, of Kefyn—ren- Reaper, schooner, of Banff ...... 6 Black-Eyed Susan, schooner, of dered assistance. Ringdove, steamer, of Liverpool 16 Bideford 6 Jane Smith, schooner, of Ply- Rival, billyboy ketch, of London 6 Bonne Adele, schooner, of Isigny, mouth 6 Robert Brawn, schooner, ot War- Caen 6 Jane Hughes, schooner, of Car- renpoint ...... 2 Braes of Moray, schooner, of narvon—remained by vessel, Roseneatk, schooner, of Hull — Peterhead 6 Jane Louisa, schooner, of London- rendered assistance. Brune, schooner, of Bridgwater . 7 d»rry—assisted to save vessel Caroline, schooner, of Solway and 5 Runswick fishing cobles — ren- Firth., 8 Jeune Aaolphe, brig, of Nantes.. 8 dered assistance. Catharine and Etten, schooner.. 6 John and Mary, brigantine, of Saga, barque, of Carlsbamn — as- Catherine, smack, of Cardigan.. 2 Belfast 5 sisted to save vessel. City of Bangor, schooner, of John Wesley, schooner, of Abe- Sea flower, coble, saved vessel Bangor ..• 4 rystwyth 5 and ...... 4 Clio, Swedish brig 8 John Snell, schooner, of Great Seaward, schooner, of Glasgow. . 4 Colombo, ship, of Greenock—as- Yarmouth 6 Sharon's Rose, brig, of Whitby . . 7 sisted to save vessel and 26 John A.Harvie, barque, of Windsor, Shannon, barque, of London . . 4 Columbus, steamer, of Liverpool N.S ? 19 Southend fishing smack — ren- —rendered assistance. Jonah, schooner, of Wexford.... 6 dered assistance. Content, coble—saved vessel and 4 Julia, Danish brig—rendered as- Star of Peace, fishing coble — ren- Corea, barque, of Boston—as- sistance. dered assistance. sisted to eave vessel and 14 Lady Morris, fishing coble—ren- St. Andrew's fishing boats- ren- Crusader, steam-tug, of Snnder- dered assistance. dered assistance. land 8 Livingston, ship, of Yarmouth, Surinam, barque, of Amsterdam Cullercoats fishing cobles—ren- N.S.—remained by vessel. —assisted to save vessel and.. 10 dered assistance. Louisa, ketch, of Bideford 4 Swan, B.B., of Liverpool — assisted Dawlish fishing boat—saved boat Mabel, B.S., of Hartlepool—re- to save vessel, and 4 mained by vessel. Tartar, brig, of Whitetable ..... 8 Delabole, smack, of Fowey 8 Madeline, s.s., of West Hartlepool Temperance Star, smack, of Bed- Donaffhadee, Oonnty Down, a boat —remained by vessel. car — saved vessel and ...... 2 of—saved boat and 3 Magdalen Esther, schooner, of Thetis, schooner, of Pwllheli — Duguesclin, ketch, of Newcastle Newquay 4 rendered assistance. —assisted to save vessel and .. 4 Mary, brig, of South Shields 7 rictoire, brigantine, of Irvine- Earl Percy, s.s., of Newcastle— JUatrMess, fishing boat—rendered saved vessel and ...... 5 rendered assistance. assistance. WarJcworth Castle, brig, of Amble 9 Effigo, schooner—assisted to save Matilda Billiard, barque, of Yar- Wave, yawl, of Goole — rendered vessel and 7 mouth, N.S. 10 assistance. Elizabeth Austin, schooner, of Medora, barque, of Lauvig, Nor- Whitby, fishing coble ...... 1 Bye 5 way—rendered assistance. William Rill, brig, of Dnndalk Emannrl Boutcher, brig, of Messenger, brig, of Salcombe.... 6 Whitby 7 Morton Castle, schooner, of Mont- saved vessel and ...... 6 Eva, schooner of Abo 2 rose—saved vessel and 5 William Bill, brig, of Dnndalk Excel, smack, of Grimsby 4 Naiad, brig, of Whitby —re- (off Ayr) ...... 3 Ferryden fishing boats—rendered mained by vessel. assistance. Nautilus, fishing boat of Ferry- Total lives saved by Life-boats, In Folkestone, brigantine, of Folke- den—saved vessel and 6 1880, in addition to Twenty- stone 7 tfewbiffffin, fishing cobles—ren- . 677 Forager, ketch, of Portsmouth— dered assistance. During the same period the Insti- assisted to save vessel and .... 4 ffimrod, sloop, of Jersey—assisted tution gran ted rewards for saving Fortuna, schooner, of Grimsby . '3 to save vessel and 4 lives by fishing and other boats 130 Fortuna, Danish schooner 3 Nonpareil, coble—saved vessel Frannaes, brig, of Brevig 8 and 3 Freden, barque, of Krageroe, Orient, barque, of Liverpool— Norway...... 11 rendered assistance. Good Intent, yawl, of Staithes .. 8 Orion, barque—remained by vessel. The number of lives saved either by the Lite-boats of the Institution or by special exertions lor which it has granted rewards, since ite formation, is 27,600; for which services 94 Gold Medals, 911 Silver Medals, and £62,700 in cash have been granted as rewards. The expense of a Life-boat, its equipment, transporting-carriage, and Boat-honue, averages £1,000, in addition to £70 a year needed to keep the Establishment in a state of efficiency. Donations and Annual Subscriptions are thankfully received by the Bankers of the Institution, Messrs. CODTTS AND Co., 59 Strand; Messrs. HEBKIES, FABXJCBAB, AND Co., 16 St. James's Street; Messrs. HOABK, 37 Fleet Street, London; by all the other Bankers in the Gnited Kingdom ; by all the Life-boat Branches; and by the Secretary, at the Institution, 14 Jams STBEET, ADEIPHI, London,W.C —Feb. 1st, 1881.